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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "E-consent"
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Mueller, Melissa J., und Jason Kadrmas. „2388“. Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 1, S1 (September 2017): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2017.149.
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The goal of the eResearch platform is to make consenting for clinical trials more convenient, accessible, and faster while retaining an ethical and informed consenting process. eResearch e-consent also allows for enhanced standardization and efficiency for research collaborations across academic research institutions, which, ultimately, helps drive discovery of better health care for our patients and communities. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The UMN’s CTSI and AHC Information Systems developed software, called eResearch Suite, for electronic consenting. The eResearch Suite includes viewing a consent, a “Check Your Understanding” quiz to assess comprehension of critical study details, and a signature block that captures the participant signature electronically and with an automatic date and time stamp. The eResearch Suite also has the capability to randomize participants, track participants via a master list, collect participant data, collect internal study data, and generate emails to participants. The eResearch Suite platform is written in Ruby on Rails. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We have pilot tested the eResearch platform with one study thus far. Preliminary results of the study show that all participants consented via eResearch, with 64% of participants consenting remotely via eResearch before their first study visit. Participants e-consented using various devices including desktop computers, tablets, and smart phones. Participants also filled out surveys and questionnaires before their study visits, which saved the study team time and money. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: eResearch electronic consenting (e-consenting) changes the way potential participants consent for studies. e-Consenting is important because it allows individuals, or their Legally Authorized Representatives, to consent remotely. This may be faster, more convenient for people, reduce coercion, increase comprehension, and allow for consenting information or process to be shared with an individual’s family/friends. In acute and emergent settings we anticipate eResearch e-consenting will result in significant reduction of consent time by replacing faxed and paper consent with e-consent available via email and mobile devices. This allows legally authorized representatives to sign consent remotely, reduces the time physicians spend faxing consents, and allow them to avert more focus back on their patients. Time savings, whether for consent or study visits, may also result in a cost savings for studies.
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Recupero, Patricia R., und Samara E. Rainey. „Informed Consent to E-Therapy“. American Journal of Psychotherapy 59, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2005): 319–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2005.59.4.319.
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Wilbanks, John. „Design Issues in E-Consent“. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 46, Nr. 1 (2018): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110518766025.
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Electronic informed consent represents an opportunity to redesign the way that participants understand and elect to enroll in clinical research studies. However, electronic consent faces certain barriers common to all informed consent processes and other barriers specific to the technical environment. At Sage Bionetworks, we designed an electronic consent process as a software product and released it as an open source tool. We believe that using contemporary design processes to intentionally create cognitive friction, where potential study participants are confronted with interfaces that require them to slow down and contemplate study concepts, offers a significant opportunity for ethical design as research increasingly uses smartphones and digital methodologies.
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Wuyts, Kim, Riccardo Scandariato, Griet Verhenneman und Wouter Joosen. „Integrating Patient Consent in e-Health Access Control“. International Journal of Secure Software Engineering 2, Nr. 2 (April 2011): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jsse.2011040101.
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Many initiatives exist that integrate e-health systems on a large scale. One of the main technical challenges is access control, although several frameworks and solutions, like XACML, are becoming standard practice. Data is no longer shared within one affinity domain but becomes ubiquitous, which results in a loss of control. As patients will be less willing to participate without additional control strategies, patient consents are introduced that allow the patients to determine precise access rules on their medical data. This paper explores the consequences of integrating consent in e-health access control. First, consent requirements are examined, after which an architecture is proposed which incorporates patient consent in the access control service of an e-health system. To validate the proposed concepts, a proof-of-concept implementation is built and evaluated.
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Galpottage, P. A. B., und A. C. Norris. „Patient consent principles and guidelines for e-consent: a New Zealand perspective“. Health Informatics Journal 11, Nr. 1 (März 2005): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1460458205050681.
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Chhin, Veng, Jerry Roussos, Terry Michaelson, Mazaheer Bana, Andrea Bezjak, Sophie Foxcroft, Jasmine L. Hamilton und Fei-Fei Liu. „Leveraging Mobile Technology to Improve Efficiency of the Consent-to-Treatment Process“. JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics, Nr. 1 (November 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/cci.17.00041.
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Purpose This study reports on the implementation of an electronic consent-to-treatment system (e-Consent) in a busy radiation medicine program and compares it with the previous paper-based method of documenting patient consent. Methods A password-protected, electronic, e-Consent application was designed in-house and installed on iPad devices to document patient consent for radiation therapy treatments. A feasibility study, followed by a program-wide deployment of e-Consent, was executed. The effectiveness and impact of e-Consent on workflow were determined by comparing the number of problems arising from the paper-based consenting method with those from the e-Consent process. Staff satisfaction and perceived impact of e-Consent on workflow were determined by a program-wide survey of e-Consent users. Results The e-Consent completion rate was 94.2% (5,600 of 5,943 forms) 1 year after implementation, indicating successful uptake at the program level. Although the paper-based method of documenting patient consent was associated with an error rate of 7% (24 of 343 forms), e-Consent was associated with an error rate of 0.32% (18 of 5,600 forms) 1 year after deployment. Results of a 10-item e-Consent user survey indicated improvement in staff workflow and high overall satisfaction with e-Consent. Conclusion e-Consent is more efficient than paper-based methods for documenting patient consent. Moreover, replacing paper-based consent methods with an electronic version facilitated an improved workflow and staff satisfaction. Efforts aimed at implementing e-Consent throughout the entire cancer program are currently underway.
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Haussen, Diogo C., Leah Craft, Shannon Doppelheuer, Gabriel Martins Rodrigues, Alhamza R. Al-Bayati, Krishnan Ravindran, Meagan Schultz et al. „Legal authorized representative experience with smartphone-based electronic informed consent in an acute stroke trial“. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 12, Nr. 5 (17.09.2019): 483–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2019-015283.
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BackgroundThe pilot use of a smartphone platform for electronic informed consent (e-Consent) in large vessel occlusion acute stroke (LVOS) trials has recently been reported. The degree of satisfaction from Legal Authorized Representatives (LARs) with regard to this process remains to be established.MethodsA single-center study evaluating the experience of LARs with the use of e-Consent in a LVOS randomized trial of an investigational drug administered within 12 hours of last known normal was carried out. A structured survey was used to evaluate the experience of the LARs with the e-consenting process.ResultsFrom February to November 2018, 60 consecutive patients were e-Consented. Of these, 53 LARs completed the survey. The median (IQR) age of the patients was 63 (53–70) years, baseline/discharge National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 17 (12–20)/3(1–12), and 45% were independent at discharge. The survey was applied in person in 43% of cases and via telephone in 57%. Median LAR age was 48 (39–59) years, 64% were female, and a multi-ethnic composition was observed. Forty percent of LARs had less than tertiary level of education (high-school or less). Regarding the e-Consent, 98% of LARs reported to be ‘clear’ and 83% felt ‘very comfortable’ in signing. The overall experience was ‘excellent/good’ in 91%. Despite the positive general impression regarding the use of e-Consent, 12 LARs (22%) would have preferred paper consent. Multivariable regression indicated that lower educational status (tertiary education or less: OR 5.09, 95% CI 1.02 to 25.48; p=0.04) and lower baseline ASPECTS score (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.96; p=0.03) were independently associated with preference for paper consent.Conclusionse-Consent was overall very well perceived by LARs in a randomized clinical trial of LVOS. A minority of proxies, who were more commonly less formally educated, would have preferred paper consenting.
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Coiera, E. „e-Consent: The Design and Implementation of Consumer Consent Mechanisms in an Electronic Environment“. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 11, Nr. 2 (21.11.2003): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1197/jamia.m1480.
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Verreydt, Stef, Koen Yskout und Wouter Joosen. „Security and Privacy Requirements for Electronic Consent“. ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare 2, Nr. 2 (März 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3433995.
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Electronic consent (e-consent) has the potential to solve many paper-based consent approaches. Existing approaches, however, face challenges regarding privacy and security. This literature review aims to provide an overview of privacy and security challenges and requirements proposed by papers discussing e-consent implementations, as well as the manner in which state-of-the-art solutions address them. We conducted a systematic literature search using ACM Digital Library, IEEE Xplore, and PubMed Central. We included papers providing comprehensive discussions of one or more technical aspects of e-consent systems. Thirty-one papers met our inclusion criteria. Two distinct topics were identified, the first being discussions of e-consent representations and the second being implementations of e-consent in data sharing systems. The main challenge for e-consent representations is gathering the requirements for a “valid” consent. For the implementation papers, many provided some requirements but none provided a comprehensive overview. Blockchain is identified as a solution to transparency and trust issues in traditional client-server systems, but several challenges hinder it from being applied in practice. E-consent has the potential to grant data subjects control over their data. However, there is no agreed-upon set of security and privacy requirements that must be addressed by an e-consent platform. Therefore, security- and privacy-by-design techniques should be an essential part of the development lifecycle for such a platform.
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Harle, Christopher A., Elizabeth H. Golembiewski, Kiarash P. Rahmanian, Babette Brumback, Janice L. Krieger, Kenneth W. Goodman, Arch G. Mainous und Ray E. Moseley. „Does an interactive trust-enhanced electronic consent improve patient experiences when asked to share their health records for research? A randomized trial“. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 26, Nr. 7 (02.04.2019): 620–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocz015.
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Abstract Objective In the context of patient broad consent for future research uses of their identifiable health record data, we compare the effectiveness of interactive trust-enhanced e-consent, interactive-only e-consent, and standard e-consent (no interactivity, no trust enhancement). Materials and Methods A randomized trial was conducted involving adult participants making a scheduled primary care visit. Participants were randomized into 1 of the 3 e-consent conditions. Primary outcomes were patient-reported satisfaction with and subjective understanding of the e-consent. Secondary outcomes were objective knowledge, perceived voluntariness, trust in medical researchers, consent decision, and time spent using the application. Outcomes were assessed immediately after use of the e-consent and at 1-week follow-up. Results Across all conditions, participants (N = 734) reported moderate-to-high satisfaction with consent (mean 4.3 of 5) and subjective understanding (79.1 of 100). Over 94% agreed to share their health record data. No statistically significant differences in outcomes were observed between conditions. Irrespective of condition, black participants and those with lower education reported lower satisfaction, subjective understanding, knowledge, perceived voluntariness, and trust in medical researchers, as well as spent more time consenting. Conclusions A large majority of patients were willing to share their identifiable health records for research, and they reported positive consent experiences. However, incorporating optional additional information and messages designed to enhance trust in the research process did not improve consent experiences. To improve poorer consent experiences of racial and ethnic minority participants and those with lower education, other novel consent technologies and processes may be valuable. (An Interactive Patient-Centered Consent for Research Using Medical Records; NCT03063268)
Dissertationen zum Thema "E-consent"
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Południak-Gierz, Katarzyna [Verfasser]. „Defects of Consent in Consumer E-Commerce from the Polish Law Perspective / Katarzyna Południak-Gierz“. Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, V&R unipress, 2021. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2021100114134127035136.
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Bento, Silvana Bento. „Processo de obtenção do consentimento livre e esclarecido : opinião de mulheres“. [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/309101.
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Orientadores: Ellen E. Hardy, Maria Jose Duarte OsisDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: Os documentos nacionais e internacionais que estabelecem as normas que regulamentam as pesquisas em seres humanos, fazem menção ao consentimento informado. O consentimento de um possível voluntário para participar de uma pesquisa deve ser obtido através de um processo que permita à pessoa compreender as informações dadas. Esse processo envolve respeito mútuo, diálogo, paciência e persistência. Começa no primeiro contato do pesquisador com o possível participante e continua durante todo o estudo. No Brasil, a Resolução 196/96 determina que toda pesquisa que envolva seres humanos deve ter um Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) a ser assinado pelos sujeitos. Objetivo: Identificar as informações que as mulheres ¿ possíveis voluntárias - gostariam de receber antes de aceitar participar ou não de uma pesquisa, bem como o que pensam com relação ao processo a ser seguido para obter seu consentimento. Conhecer a opinião de mulheres voluntárias de um ensaio clínico sobre que informações gostariam de receber e sobre como deveria ser o processo de obtenção do consentimento informado. Sujeitos e Método: estudo qualitativo, utilizando a técnica de grupos focais. Realizaram-se oito grupos com mulheres, moradoras da Região Metropolitana de Campinas e que estavam participando ou haviam participado de um ensaio clínico na área de saúde da mulher nos doze meses anteriores ao estudo. Ao todo participaram 51 mulheres, alocadas em grupos distintos conforme a idade e a escolaridade. O roteiro para as discussões abordava questões sobre quais informações mulheres convidadas a participar de uma pesquisa sobre um método contraceptivo gostariam de receber, e como achavam que essas informações deveriam ser dadas. As discussões nos grupos foram gravadas e transcritas para realizar a análise temática de seu conteúdo. As categorias de análise estudadas foram: profissional que deveria fornecer as informações sobre a pesquisa, atitude do profissional, quantidade de informação, forma de passar a informação, informações que gostariam de receber, recursos didáticos que poderiam ser utilizados. O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Unicamp. Resultados: Na opinião das participantes, em geral, quem deve convidar uma mulher para participar é um membro da equipe de pesquisa e não o pesquisador responsável, por estar ocupado e distante da realidade delas. As informações deveriam ser dadas oralmente e por escrito, individualmente e em grupo. As participantes entendiam que não existe uma quantidade de informações específica a ser dada aos possíveis sujeitos de pesquisa. Enfatizaram que o mais importante não é a quantidade de informações, mas a maneira como são dadas, de forma clara e objetiva para que as mulheres as entendam. Segundo elas, para poder tomar uma decisão consciente, as possíveis voluntárias de uma pesquisa devem ser informadas, entre outros aspectos, sobre os riscos, possíveis efeitos colaterais e desconfortos, inclusive a longo prazo. Sugeriram o uso de recursos audiovisuais: vídeos, cartilhas e folhetos. Conclusão: As informações que as mulheres, possíveis voluntárias, gostariam de receber são, em geral, as mesmas estabelecidas pela Resolução 196/96. Elas não consideraram o processo de obtenção do consentimento como um mero ritual, mas como um meio de estabelecer um vínculo entre as possíveis voluntárias e o pesquisador/ equipe de pesquisa. Além disso, consideraram que os recursos audiovisuais facilitariam a compreensão das informações
Abstract: The national and intemational documents that establish the norms regulating research with human subjects refer to informed consent. The agreement of a potential volunteer to participate in research should be obtained by means of a process that ensures that the person understands the information given. This process involves mutual respect, dialogue, patience and persistence. It begins with the first contact of the investigator with the potential participant and continues throughout the study. In Brazil, the Resolution 196/96 determines that ali research involving human subjects should have an Informed Consent form to be signed by the subjects. Objective: To evaluate the opinion of women regarding the information they would like to receive before accepting or refusing to participate in a study, as well as how the process to obtain informed consent should be conducted. Subjects and Methods: This was a qualitative study carried out with the focus group technique. Eight focus groups were carried out with women who lived in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas (São Paulo state, Brazil) and who were participating or had participated in a clinical trial in the field of women's health during the twelve-month period preceding the investigation. Fifty one women participated, divided into distinct groups according to age and schooling. The discussion guide included questions on what information women invited to participate in a study on a contraceptive method would like to receive, and how they believed this information should be provided. Group discussions were tape recorded and transcribed for subsequent thematic analysis. The categories of analysis studied were: professional who should supply the information on the study; attitude of that professional; amount of information to be provided; manner in which the information should be given; information they would like to receive; teaching aids that could be used. The research project was approved by the IRB of the School of Medical Sciences of the Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). Results: According to the participants, in general the person who invites a woman to participate should be a member of the research team - and not the principal investigator, who is busy and distant from the women's reality. The information should be given orally and in writing, individually and in a group. The participants believed that there is no specific amount of information to be given to potential study subjects. They emphasized that the amount of information was not the most important but, rather, the process followed to provide it, clearly and objectively so that the women understand. consent as a mere ritual, but as a means to establish a bond between the potential volunteers and the investigator/research team. Furthermore, they believed that audiovisual . aids would facilitate the understanding of the information provided.
Mestrado
Ciencias Biomedicas
Mestre em Tocoginecologia
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Quadros, Carmen Regina Teixeira de. „Termos de consentimento livre e esclarecido: o gênero e sua estruturação“. Universidade do Vale do Rio do Sinos, 2006. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/2548.
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Este estudo objetiva analisar textos do gênero Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE), utilizados no encaminhamento de projetos de pesquisa para avaliações nos Comitês de Ética, conforme a Resolução 196/96. Esse tipo de estudo é relevante devido à necessidade da comunidade científica de elaborar tais textos de maneira clara, coesa, de forma a permitir a compreensão de quem os lê. Para o estudo, foram analisados 30 textos de três instituições diferentes, todos aprovados pelos Comitês de Ética. Essa análise foi constituída por três momentos distintos, a partir da teoria desenvolvida por Jean Paul Bronckart (1999), a qual concebe a organização do texto como um folhado constituído por três camadas superpostas. O primeiro momento refere-se à infra-estrutura geral do texto, que compreende os seguintes parâmetros: a temática do TCLE, o tipo de discurso predominante, as seqüências textuais presentes, a articulação entre essas seqüências. O segundo diz respeito à analise dos mecanismos de textualização, se
The goal of this work is to analyze Informed Consent texts (TCLE), used at the referring of research projects to Ethics Committees’ evaluations, concerning to the Resolution 196/96. This kind of study is relevant because of the research community’s necessity to elaborate those texts in a clear and cohesive way, so that people are able to understand them. To the study, 30 texts of three different institutions were analyzed, all of them approved by the institutions’ Ethics Committees. This material was analyzed in three different moments, and it is based on Jean Paul Bronckart’s theory (1999), which understands the text organization as a leaf with three layers. The first moment is about the general structure of the text, which has the following parameters: the TCLE thematic, predominant kind of discourse, presented textual sequences, joint between these sequences; the second is about the analyses of the texts mechanisms, where the parameters thematic coherence, nominal and verbal cohesion, as well as logical-ti
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Longaray, Vanessa Kenne. „Frequência de doação de tecido cerebral para pesquisa após suicídio“. reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/156639.
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INTRODUÇÃO: A obtenção de órgãos para pesquisa é essencial para o estudo da neurobiologia da doença mental. Na comunidade científica internacional há uma demanda crescente para a disponibilização de tecido cerebral humano para estudos sobre a neurobiologia das doenças neuropsiquiátricas, com grande interesse no uso desses tecidos para a investigação dos processos biológicos básicos associados às doenças mentais. No cenário atual, entretanto, biobancos de tecido cerebral dedicados às doenças psiquiátricas são extremamente escassos. OBJETIVO: Descrever a frequência de doação de tecido cerebral para pesquisa por familiares de pessoas que cometeram suicídio MÉTODO: Foram incluídas solicitações para doação de encéfalo a familiares de indivíduos que cometeram suicídio com idade entre 18 a 60 anos cuja necropsia foi realizada entre março de 2014 e fevereiro de 2016. Foram excluídos casos com lesões no tecido cerebral devido a trauma na hora da morte. RESULTADOS: Tivemos acesso a 56 casos de suicídio. Destes, 24 estavam dentre os critérios de exclusão do projeto. Foram excluídos do estudo 11 casos por falta de responsáveis para assinar o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE). Finalmente, dos 21 remanescentes, 9 responsáveis autorizaram a doação de tecido cerebral, em sete casos de fragmento de córtex e dois do encéfalo. CONCLUSÕES: As doações de tecido cerebral para pesquisa são indispensáveis para a elucidação de causas biológicas, e há uma escassez de material biológico disponível para a investigação do sistema nervoso central em doenças neuropsiquiátricas. Neste estudo demostra-se que a doação para pesquisa em nosso meio é possível, com uma proporção de consentimento similar àquela relatada em doenças neurodegenerativas.INTRODUCTION: Obtaining organs for research is essential to study the neurobiology of mental illness. The international scientific community there is a growing demand for the availability of human brain tissue for studies of the neurobiology of neuropsychiatric diseases, with great interest in the use of these tissues for investigation of basic biological processes associated with mental illness. In the current scenario, however, brain tissue biobanks dedicated to psychiatric disorders are extremely scarce. OBJECTIVES: To describe the frequency of brain tissue donation for research purposes by families of individuals that committed suicide. METHODS: All the requests for brain tissue donation for a brain biorepository made to the families of individuals aged 18-60 years that committed suicide between March 2014 and February 2016 were included. Cases presenting with brain damage due to acute trauma were excluded. RESULTS: Fifty-six suicide cases were reported. 24 fulfilled the exclusion criteria; 11 were excluded because no next of kin was found to sign the informed consent. Finally, of the 21 remaining cases, brain tissue donation was authorized in 9 - – 7 fragments of brain tissue and 2 the entire organ. CONCLUSIONS: The donation of brain tissue for research is essential for the elucidation of the neurobiology of neuropsychiatric illness. In the present study, we report the feasibility of brain tissue donation for research purposes. Moreover, that the rates of this sort of donation is similar to the rates reported for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Franck, Adéle. „Personlig integritet på internet : Webbkakor och risken för kränkning av användares personliga integritet“. Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-191162.
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The purpose of the essay is to examine and analyze if individuals are ensured anefficient protection against violations of personal integrity when using cookiesonline. This is done through both a de lege lata and a de lege ferenda perspective.To do this a technical perspective of what cookies are is applied, as well as howthey can amount to a threat to personal integrity. What personal integrity is andhow it can be protected are questions which are answered through the methodof legal dogmatics as well as the EU legal method, while the question if the protectionis sufficient is answered through the method of legal informatics. The investigation in the matter led to the result of a definition of what is tobe understood by personal integrity within the framework of the essay, whichcan be described as the right to have control over the spread of sensitive information.In addition to this it is shown in the essay that personal integrity in relationto cookies is protected through the means of collecting consent before placingcookies. The mechanism of collecting consent is in theory an appropriate wayto ensure control for the individual. Even so, practical studies in the field indicatethat the regulation does not meet compliance by the market participants sufficientlywhen collecting consent to the use of cookies. Due to this it cannot beclaimed that personal integrity is efficiently protected in practice. Since the de lege lata result show indications of lack of compliance the conclusionis that the current regulations are not sufficiently enough protecting personalintegrity of individuals. The forthcoming e-Data protection Regulationmight offer some solutions to this compliance issue, but as shown in the de legeferenda-discussion there is a need to combine regulatory solutions with technicaltools to enforce a comprehensive compliance by the market participants in practice.The combined solution will give both individuals and supervisory authoritiesthe tools necessary to protect personal integrity, while the collection of consentcan continue to be the regulatory mechanism used to protect personal integrity.
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Rodrigues, Lívia Graziele. „Análise do uso do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE) por cirurgiões-dentistas que executam tratamento restaurador“. Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/5929.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of dentists that perform restorative treatment about the Consent Informed (CI) used in your dental clinical practice and to collect data that would allow subsidize the construction of an CI that can be used in this practice dental. For this, a structured questionnaire was applied to Dentists who perform restorative treatment in order to make a diagnosis of use of relationship and knowledge of the importance of informed consent. After distributing 731 questionnaires, 179 professionals returned these questionnaires. Of the respondents, 169 said that the discipline of forensic dentistry was studied for them at graduation, 128 studied the subject of Ethics and Law for graduate school, 139 received lessons on the importance and composition of CI in restorative practice, and 171 of them claim give verbal explanations of treatment for patients. However, 67 of these professionals do not use the CI, but 165 of all respondents believe that the use of this document may endorse the Dentists in a possible lawsuit. When asked about what information should be explicit in the CI, 157 of these professionals felt it necessary to contain the risks inherent in the type of treatment; 150, the limitations of the case; 138, the obligations of the patient; 85, treatment costs and 76 stages of the restorative treatment. The Dentists also said they talk to their patients about risks or needs associated with restorative treatment, and 143 professionals talk about tooth sensitivity; 140, need for endodontic treatment; 141, risk of restoration fracture / facet; 127, decay; 71, pulp necrosis and 66 dental darkening. These findings showed that although many of the interviewees possess some level of knowledge of the importance of the use of this document, 67 professionals do not use in their clinical practice. However, most of them fulfills the requirements of the Consumer Protection Code (CDC) and the Dental Code of Ethics (CEO), providing verbal explanations of treatment to patients.
O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o conhecimento de Cirurgiões-dentistas que executam tratamento restaurador sobre o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido utilizado (TCLE) em sua prática clínica odontológica e levantar dados que permitissem subsidiar a construção de um TCLE que possa ser utilizado nessa prática odontológica. Para isso, um questionário estruturado foi aplicado aos Cirurgiões-dentistas que executam tratamento restaurador com o intuito de fazer um diagnóstico da relação de uso e conhecimento da importância do TCLE. Após distribuir 731 questionários, 179 profissionais retornaram esses questionários respondidos. Dos respondentes, 169 afirmaram que a disciplina de Odontologia Legal foi cursada por eles na graduação, 128 tiveram a disciplina de Ética e Legislação durante a pós-graduação, 139 receberam aulas sobre a importância e composição do TCLE na prática restauradora, e 171 deles afirmam dar explicações verbais sobre o tratamento para os pacientes. Entretanto, 67 desses profissionais não utiliza o TCLE, mas 165 do total de participantes acreditam que a utilização desse documento pode respaldar o Cirurgião-dentista numa possível ação judicial. Quando questionados sobre quais informações devem estar explícitas no TCLE, 157 desses profissionais julgaram ser necessário conter os riscos inerentes ao tipo de tratamento; 150, as limitações do caso clínico; 138, as obrigações do paciente; 85, os custos do tratamento e 76, as etapas do tratamento restaurador. Os Cirurgiões-dentistas afirmaram ainda que conversam com seus pacientes sobre riscos ou necessidades associadas ao tratamento restaurador, sendo que 143 profissionais falam sobre sensibilidade dental; 140, necessidade de tratamento endodôntico; 141, risco de fratura de restauração/faceta; 127, cárie; 71, necrose pulpar e 66, escurecimento dental. Esses achados demonstraram que, apesar de grande parte dos entrevistados possuírem algum nível de conhecimento da importância da utilização desse documento, 67 profissionais não utilizam em sua prática clínica. Entretanto, a maioria deles cumpre as determinações do Código de Defesa do Consumidor (CDC) e do Código de Ética Odontológica (CEO), oferecendo explicações verbais sobre o tratamento aos pacientes.
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Ruan, Chun, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College und School of Computing and Information Technology. „Models for authorization and conflict resolution“. THESIS_CSTE_CIT_Ruan_C.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/546.
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Access control is a significant issue in any secure computer system. Authorization models provide a formalism and framework for specifying and evaluating access control policies that determine how access is granted and delegated among particular users. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate flexible decentralized authorization model supporting authorization delegation, both positive and negative authorization, and conflict resolution. A graph based authorization framework is proposed which can support authorization delegations and both positive and negative authorizations. In particular, it is shown that the existing conflict resolution methods are limited when applied to decentralized authorization models and cyclic authorizations can even lead to undesirable situations. A new conflict resolution policy is then proposed, which can support well controlled delegation by giving predecessors higher priorities along the delegation path. The thesis provides a formal description of the proposed model and detailed descriptions of algorithms to implement it. The model is represented using labelled digraphs, which provide a formal basis for proving the semantic correctness of the model. A weighted graph based model is presented which allows grantors to further express degrees of certainties about their granting of authorizations. The work is further extended to consider more complex domains where subjects, objects and access rights are hierarchically structured and authorization inheritance along the hierarchies taken into account. A precise semantics is given which is based on stable model semantics, and, several important properties of delegatable authorization programs investigated. The framework provides users a reasonable method to express complex security policy. To address the many situations in which users may need to be granted or delegated authorizations for a limited period of time, a temporal decentralized authorization model is proposed in which temporal authorization delegations and negations are allowable. Proper semantic properties are further investigated. Finally, as an application, the thesis shows how the proposed authorization model can be used in a e-consent system on health data. A system architecture for e-consent is presented and different types of e-consent models discussed. The proposed model is shown to provide users a good framework for representing and evaluating these models.Doctor of Philosphy (PhD)
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Silva, Ana Gabriela Costelha Rocha Borges da. „O consentimento informado em utentes que se encontram a realizar tratamento de fisioterapia“. Bachelor's thesis, [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/2493.
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Trabalho apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciada em FisioterapiaO objectivo deste estudo é avaliar se os utentes que se encontram a realizar tratamento de fisioterapia sabem o significado de Consentimento Informado, e relacionar com o sexo, idade, grau de escolaridade, zona de residência, hábitos de leitura, primeiro tratamento, entidade prestadora de serviços e com o conhecimento dos seus Direitos e Deveres. Foi elaborado um questionário aplicado a 60 utentes que se encontravam a realizar tratamento de fisioterapia em entidade pública ou privada. Verificou-se que 55% dos utentes não sabe o que significa Consentimento Informado e que este está directamente relacionado com o grau de escolaridade e hábitos de leitura, ou seja, estes utentes apresentam grau de escolaridade mais baixa e não apresentam hábitos de leitura. Conclui-se que a maioria dos utentes não estão informados e que os profissionais de saúde devem investir mais no sentido de os informar. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the knowledge of the meaning of Informed Consent by patients who are under physical therapy and relate it with several other parameters as gender, age, education level, area of residence, reading habits, first treatment, service’s providers and knowledge of their rights and duties. It was elaborated a questionnaire that was applied to 60 patients who were receiving physical therapy either in public or private entities. It was verified that 55% of patients isn’t aware of the meaning of Informed Consent and that this fact were directly related with their education level and reading habits, thus, these patients revealed lower levels of education and reading habits. It can be concluded that most patients are not duly informed and health professionals should take efforts in order to improve patient’s acquaintance.
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Sakaguti, Nelson Massanobu. „"O conhecimento de usuários de serviços públicos de saúde envolvidos em pesquisas clínicas, sobre seus direitos"“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23148/tde-06062005-155926/.
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O presente trabalho avaliou através de um questionário e entrevistas pessoais no período de maio a setembro de 2004, cinqüenta participantes voluntários sujeitos de pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos, nas unidades de saúde do âmbito da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde SMS, espalhadas pelo município de São Paulo e na Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo FOUSP. Colheu a opinião destes, sobre a experiência da voluntariedade nos experimentos de que participaram nestes locais, abordando questões como: o motivo de terem contribuído, grau de conhecimento do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido -TCLE e a importância dispensada a este documento, com que concordaram e autorizaram a participação, de acordo com a determinação da Resolução 196/96, diretriz nacional que regulamenta as pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos. O estudo observou que, passados oito anos da entrada em vigor da Resolução 196/96, o processo de obtenção do consentimento livre e esclarecido ainda carece de cuidados. Participantes efetivamente não são esclarecidos ou não entendem o que lhes foi proposto. Consideramos a necessidade de uma maior difusão, através de ações educativas, do assunto experimentação com seres humanos, para um maior entendimento dos voluntários de pesquisas dos seus direitos e deveres, no sentido de manter as pesquisas num elevado padrão ético. O presente estudo pretende contribuir com a hermenêutica desta Resolução e suscitar maiores discussões e reflexões sobre o assuntoThe present assignment evaluated through a questionnaire and personal interviews in the period within May and September 2004, fifty volunteered participants subjects of researches involving human beings, in the units of health SMS) in São Paulo city and at Odontology University of São Paulo - FOUSP. It collected the opinion of these volunteers about the experience of voluntariness in the experiments that took part in these locals, tackling matters as: their reason of having contributed, knowledge degree of free consent form TCLE and the dispensed importance of this document, to which they agreed and authorized the participation, according to the determination of the Resolution 196/96, national guideline that regulates the researches involving human beings. The study observed that eight years after the Resolution 196/96 was put into effect, the obtainment process of the informed consent still lacks of cares. Participants are not clear or do not understand what they were proposed. We consider the need of a larger diffusion through educational actions, of the subject experimentation with human beings, for volunteers larger understanding of their right and duties, in the sense to maintaining the researches in an elevated ethical standard. The present study intends to contribute with the hermeneutics of this Resolution and to raise larger discussions and reflections on the subject
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LOBIATI, PAOLO GIUSEPPE MARIA. „Libertà interna e libertà esterna nel consenso matrimoniale canonico. L'incidenza delle condotte pre e para suicidarie“. Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/96574.
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Nello studio si approfondisce il rapporto tra due realtà: l’una giuridica, il consenso matrimoniale, e l’altra appartenente all’ambito del fatto, la condotta pre e para suicidaria. La necessità concreta è stata comprendere in modo univoco l’interazione tra la libertà del consenso – quale dimensione fondamentale affinché questo possa dispiegare effetti giuridici – ed alcune condotte poste in essere da uno dei due nubenti o da terzi, così da valutare come queste possano incidere sulla validità dell’atto.
Si sono considerati due capi di nullità – il metus ed il gravis defectus discretionis iudicii – che dottrina e giurisprudenza considerano quelli che coinvolgono la facoltà volitiva, approfondendo nella prima parte il rapporto tra le condotte di fatto e la libertà esterna mentre nella seconda in merito alla libertà interna.
Il metodo è stato quello di analisi della giurisprudenza quale fonte che permette sia di interpretare la norma sia di precisarne ed incarnarne le fattispecie.
Conclusione è che le condotte pre e para suicidarie non possano inserirsi tra le circostanze che rendono manifesta la nullità del matrimonio in relazione alla libertà del consenso, infatti non è possibile sostenerne il valore presuntivo ma è necessario, volta per volta, confrontarle con gli altri fatti riportati nelle tavole processuali.The study examines the relationship between two realities: one legal, marriage consent, and the other belonging to the context of the fact, pre and para suicidal conduct. The concrete need was to understand in a univocal way the interaction between the freedom of consent - as a fundamental dimension for this to have legal effects - and some behaviors put in place by one of the two engaged or by third parties, so as to evaluate how these can affect on the validity of the deed. Two heads of nullity have been considered - the Grave fear and the Lake of discretion of judgment - which doctrine and jurisprudence consider those that involve the willful faculty, deepening in the first part the relationship between conduct and external freedom while in the second on the internal freedom. The method was to analyze the jurisprudence as a source that allows both to interpret the law and to specify and embody the cases in point. The conclusion is that the pre- and para-suicidal behaviors cannot be inserted among the circumstances that make the nullity of the marriage manifest in relation to the freedom of consent, in fact it is not possible to support the presumptive value but it is necessary, every time, to compare them with the other facts. reported in the procedural tables.
Bücher zum Thema "E-consent"
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Vendita e consenso traslativo. Milano: Giuffrè, 2010.
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Dipendenze psicologiche e consenso matrimoniale. [Città del Vaticano]: Libreria editrice vaticana, 2009.
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Canavacci, Laura. I confini del consenso: Un'indagine sui limiti e l'efficacia del consenso informato. Torino: CG edizioni medico scientifiche, 1999.
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Canavacci, Laura. I confini del consenso: Un'indagine sui limiti e l'efficacia del consenso informato. Torino: CG edizioni medico scientifiche, 1999.
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Congresso, Associazione canonistica italiana. Errore e dolo nel consenso matrimoniale canonico. Città del Vaticano: Libreria editrice vaticana, 1995.
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Vettori, Giuseppe. Consenso traslativo e circolazione dei beni: Analisi di un principio. Milano: Giuffrè, 1995.
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Salvo, Vitulia Ivone. Vulnerabilità del corpo e diritto al consenso: Note sull'inizio della vita. Napoli: Edizioni scientifiche italiane, 2013.
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Vergallo, Gianluca Montanari. Il rapporto medico-paziente: Consenso e informazione tra libertà e responsabilità : aggiornato a Cass. civ., n. 21748 del 16 ottobre 2007, e Trip. pen. Roma, n. 2049 del 17 ottobre 2007, in materia di consenso informato e di refiuto della nutrizione e della ventilazione artificiali. Milano: Giuffrè, 2008.
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Cazzetta, Giovanni. Praesumitur seducta: Onestà e consenso femminile nella cultura giuridica moderna. Milano: Giuffrè, 1999.
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Tacelli, Maria Luisa. Sessualità e consenso: Ratio peccati e ratio contractus nella disciplina canonistica delle nozze cristiane. Napoli: Jovene, 2006.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "E-consent"
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Ruan, Chun, und Vijay Varadharajan. „Supporting E-consent on Health Data by Logic“. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 392–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39592-8_54.
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Ruan, Chun, und Vijay Varadharajan. „An Authorization Model for E-consent Requirement in a Health Care Application“. In Applied Cryptography and Network Security, 191–205. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45203-4_15.
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Huang, Echo, Shao-Fu Liao und Shing-Lung Chen. „e-Health Informed Foreign Patient and Physician Communication: The Perspective of Informed Consent“. In Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16480-9_1.
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Zazaza, Lelethu, H. S. Venter und George Sibiya. „The Current State of Electronic Consent Systems in e-Health for Privacy Preservation“. In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 76–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11407-7_6.
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Oliver-Lalana, A. Daniel. „Consent as a Threat. A Critical Approach to Privacy Negotiation in e-Commerce Practices“. In Trust and Privacy in Digital Business, 110–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30079-3_12.
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Zazaza, Lelethu, H. S. Venter und George Sibiya. „A Conceptual Model for Consent Management in South African e-Health Systems for Privacy Preservation“. In Information and Cyber Security, 69–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43276-8_6.
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Lee, Gunhee, Wonil Kim und Dong-kyoo Kim. „A Novel Method to Support User’s Consent in Usage Control for Stable Trust in E-business“. In Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2004, 906–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24767-8_95.
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Muravyeva, Ekaterina, José Janssen, Kim Dirkx und Marcus Specht. „Students’ Attitudes Towards Personal Data Sharing in the Context of e-Assessment: Informed Consent or Privacy Paradox?“ In Technology Enhanced Assessment, 16–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25264-9_2.
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Miniero, Roberto. „Etica e consenso informato“. In Nutrizione parenterale in pediatria, 127–28. Milano: Springer Milan, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-1380-3_11.
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Burnett, Joshua Yu. „Troubling Issues of Consent in Dawn“. In Human Contradictions in Octavia E. Butler's Work, 107–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46625-1_7.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKonferenzberichte zum Thema "E-consent"
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Kondylakis, Haridimos, Giorgos Flouris, Irini Fundulaki, Vassilis Papakonstantinou und Manolis Tsiknakis. „Flexible Access to Patient Data through e-Consent“. In 5th EAI International Conference on Wireless Mobile Communication and Healthcare - "Transforming healthcare through innovations in mobile and wireless technologies". ICST, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.14-10-2015.2261673.
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Padayachee, Keshnee, und J. H. P. Eloff. „An aspect-oriented implementation of e-consent to foster trust“. In the 2006 annual research conference of the South African institute of computer scientists and information technologists. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1216262.1216280.
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Ruan, Chun. „UML Specification of e-Consent Requirements in a Health Care System“. In 2008 International Symposium on Computer Science and its Applications (CSA). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csa.2008.71.
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Pruski, Cédric. „e-CRL: A Rule-Based Language for Expressing Patient Electronic Consent“. In 2010 Second International Conference on eHealth, Telemedicine, and Social Medicine (ETELEMED). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/etelemed.2010.27.
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Agbo, Cornelius C., und Qusay H. Mahmoud. „Design and Implementation of a Blockchain-Based E-Health Consent Management Framework“. In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smc42975.2020.9283203.
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Asghar, Muhammad Rizwan, und Giovanni Russello. „ACTORS: A Goal-Driven Approach for Capturing and Managing Consent in e-Health Systems“. In 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Policies for Distributed Systems and Networks - POLICY. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/policy.2012.10.
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Human, Soheil, und Mandan Kazzazi. „Contextuality and Intersectionality of E-Consent: A Human-centric Reflection on Digital Consenting in the Emerging Genetic Data Markets“. In 2021 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops (EuroS&PW). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eurospw54576.2021.00051.
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Park, Hyun-A. „SECURE AND EFFECTIVE CONSENT SYSTEM“. In International Conference on e-Health 2019. IADIS Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33965/eh2019_201910c028.
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Bakirov, Denys. „CONSENT OR CONTEST? DATING APPS AND SEXUAL CHOICE“. In RICERCHE SCIENTIFICHE E METODI DELLA LORO REALIZZAZIONE: ESPERIENZA MONDIALE E REALTÀ DOMESTICHE, chair Oleksansr Filonenko. European Scientific Platform, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/logos-26.11.2021.v2.27.
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Balan, Gheorghe G., Gabriela Stefanescu, Catalin Victor Sfarti und Anca Trifan. „The multimedia informed consent: A usefull tool in ERCP“. In 2017 E-Health and Bioengineering Conference (EHB). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ehb.2017.7995462.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBerichte der Organisationen zum Thema "E-consent"
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Biesecker, Barbara, Melissa Raspa, Douglas Rupert, Rebecca Moultrie, Robert Furberg und Lauren A. McCormack. Making Clinical Trials More Patient-Centered Using Digital Interactive E-Consent Tools. RTI Press, Oktober 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2019.op.0063.1910.
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Research participants are required to give their consent to participate in clinical trials and nonexempt government-funded studies. The goal is to facilitate participant understanding of the intent of the research, its voluntary nature, and the potential benefits and harms. Ideally, participants make an informed choice whether to participate; one that is based on having sufficient relevant knowledge and that is consistent with their values and preferences. Achieving this objective can be challenging, and as such, many scholars have declared the consent process flawed or “broken.” Moreover, clinical trials are complex studies, and compelling evidence suggests that current consent processes are inadequate in achieving informed choice. E-consent offers a dynamic, engaging consent delivery mode that can effectively support making informed decisions about whether to participate in a trial.
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Kira, Beatriz, Rutendo Tavengerwei und Valary Mumbo. Points à examiner à l'approche des négociations de Phase II de la ZLECAf: enjeux de la politique commerciale numérique dans quatre pays d'Afrique subsaharienne. Digital Pathways at Oxford, März 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-dp-wp_2022/01.
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Realities such as the COVID-19 pandemic have expedited the move to online operations, highlighting the undeniable fact that the world is continuing to go digital. This emphasises the need for policymakers to regulate in a manner that allows them to harness digital trade benefits while also avoiding associated risk. However, given that digital trade remains unco-ordinated globally, with countries adopting different approaches to policy issues, national regulatory divergence on the matter continues, placing limits on the benefits that countries can obtain from digital trade. Given these disparities, ahead of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Phase II Negotiations, African countries have been considering the best way to harmonise regulations on issues related to digital trade. To do this effectively, AfCFTA members need to identify where divergencies exist in their domestic regulatory systems. This will allow AfCFTA members to determine where harmonisation is possible, as well as what is needed to achieve such harmonisation. This report analyses the domestic regulations and policies of four focus countries – South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya and Senegal – comparing their regulatory approaches to five policy issues: i) regulation of online transactions; ii) cross-border data flows, data localisation, and personal data protection; iii) access to source code and technology transfer; iv) intermediary liability; and v) customs duties on electronic transmissions. The study highlights where divergencies exist in adopted approaches, indicating the need for the four countries – and AfCFTA members in general – to carefully consider the implications of the divergences, and determine where it is possible and beneficial to harmonise approaches. This was intended to encourage AfCFTA member states to take ownership of these issues and reflect on the reforms needed. As seen in Table 1 below, the study shows that the four countries diverge on most of the five policy issues. There are differences in how all four countries regulate online transactions – that is, e-signatures and online consumer protection. Nigeria was the only country out of the four to recognise all types of e-signatures as legally equivalent. Kenya and Senegal only recognise specific e-signatures, which are either issued or validated by a recognised institution, while South Africa adopts a mixed approach, where it recognises all e-signatures as legally valid, but provides higher evidentiary weight to certain types of e-signatures. Only South Africa and Senegal have specific regulations relating to online consumer protection, while Nigeria and Kenya do not have any clear rules. With regards to cross border data flows, data localisation, and personal data protection, the study shows that all four focus countries have regulations that consist of elements borrowed from the European Union (EU) General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). In particular, this was regarding the need for the data subject's consent, and also the adequacy requirement. Interestingly, the study also shows that South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria also adopt data localisation measures, although at different levels of strictness. South Africa’s data localisation laws are mostly imposed on data that is considered critical – which is then required to be processed within South African borders – while Nigeria requires all data to be processed and stored locally, using local servers. Kenya imposes data localisation measures that are mostly linked to its priority for data privacy. Out of the four focus countries, Senegal is the only country that does not impose any data localisation laws. Although the study shows that all four countries share a position on customs duties on electronic transmissions, it is also interesting to note that none of the four countries currently have domestic regulations or policies on the subject. The report concludes by highlighting that, as the AfCFTA Phase II Negotiations aim to arrive at harmonisation and to improve intra-African trade and international trade, AfCFTA members should reflect on their national policies and domestic regulations to determine where harmonisation is needed, and whether AfCFTA is the right platform for achieving this efficiently.
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Flores Arenas, Bárbara, und Paul Rodríguez Lesmes. Abierta configuration options Fallas en el mercado de medicamentos genéricos en Chile y recomendaciones para mejorar la competencia. Inter-American Development Bank, Februar 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003979.
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Esta nota técnica analiza el mercado de medicamentos genéricos y su nivel de competencia en Chile. Existe consenso sobre los beneficios generados por la existencia e incremento en la disponibilidad de genéricos, cuando caduca la patente del original, aumentan las alternativas de sustitutos disponibles en el mercado, disminuyendo los precios y mejorando la asequibilidad de medicamentos. Sin embargo, en la práctica, el funcionamiento del mercado de medicamentos presenta fallas que limitan los niveles de competencia aun cuando se han vencido las patentes. Adicionalmente, la nota indaga en las causas que limitan la competencia y su efecto sobre el precio final que enfrentan los consumidores. Para proponer recomendaciones concretas de política pública para el contexto chileno. En particular, el estudio presenta tres análisis cuantitativos de concentración de mercado: a nivel de los hogares, a nivel de las compras públicas y a nivel de las farmacias. Esta desagregación es importante, ya que, el nivel de competencia y las políticas para fomentarla suelen variar según el canal de adquisición de medicamentos. A partir de los resultados obtenidos y de un análisis cualitativo de entrevistas a actores clave, surgen recomendaciones que se clasifican en torno a un nivel macro o sistémico y según actor: distribuidores, prescriptores y pacientes. Más allá de que cada uno, presenta sus propias particularidades, para lograr eficiencia en el gasto público y privado en medicamentos se requiere de esfuerzos colectivos y de políticas complementarias entre los diferentes niveles del mercado.
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Lopez Boo, Florencia, Laura Goyeneche, Marta Rubio-Codina und William D. Savedoff. Abierta configuration options El COVID-19 en los niños menores de 18 años. Inter-American Development Bank, Juni 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004279.
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sta nota resume la evidencia sobre el impacto directo e indirecto del COVID-19 en los niños menores de 18 años. En primer lugar, se proveen cifras actualizadas para América Latina y el Caribe sobre la tasa de contagio y su severidad en esta población. Luego, se muestran las tasas de vacunación pediátrica actuales, así cómo y con qué vacunas se recomienda vacunar. Por último, se analiza el impacto de la pandemia en la salud, desarrollo físico, mental, socioemocional y el aprendizaje. A nivel global, el contagio en niños y adolescentes ha sido menor que en adultos, incluso para las nuevas variantes más transmisibles del virus. Lo mismo ha ocurrido con las tasas de morbilidad, incluso de largo plazo, hospitalización y mortalidad. Si bien la evidencia a la fecha no es concluyente en torno al rol de niños y adolescentes como vectores de transmisión, existe cada vez mayor consenso sobre la eficacia de las vacunas limitar su sintomatología, con niveles de efectividad similares a los de los adultos. La vacunación pediátrica recién se lanza en algunos países de la región, pero otros ya han vacunado una buena proporción de esta población. Esto tiene implicancias importantes para la operación de centros de desarrollo infantil, prescolares y escuelas. Su cierre fue una de las primeras medidas de control que muchos países tomaron para evitar la propagación del virus. En buena parte de la región, estos cierres han sido los más largos del planeta. La evidencia compilada sugiere que estos cierres prolongados no han sido una medida particularmente eficaz para controlar la transmisión del virus. Esto, combinado con sus nefastos impactos en el desarrollo, el aprendizaje y la salud socioemocional de los niños urgen a la pronta remediación de las pérdidas de aprendizaje y de salud mental.
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Salas, Humberto. Medición de la confianza empresarial: un enfoque regional desde la Araucanía. Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Juli 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32457/2050012728/975520193.
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Toloza et al. (2018) describen una dificultad contingente al indicar que en nuestro país no se cuenta con “información robusta” a nivel regional y sectorial para el uso de los distintos agentes económicos. El autor resalta la insuficiente información para la toma de decisiones a nivel territorial y señala que esta es una limitante y un desafío país, por lo que es necesaria la “creación de sistemas regionales integrados de información territorial” (p. 194) para estos fines. El problema anterior, sumado al dilema de comprender el mecanismo bajo el cual estos agentes (empresas, familias y gobierno) forman sus expectativas, representa uno de los desafíos más importantes de la macroeconomía moderna, fundamentalmente en lo que refiere a los ciclos de negocios. Esto, dado que la gran dificultad para estudiar este fenómeno con mayor nivel de desagregación se centra en la disponibilidad de información (Borraz y Gianelli, 2011). Considerando el carácter social que tiene la economía, su comportamiento se ve influenciado por las percepciones de los agentes económicos, respecto de los escenarios futuros. Estas percepciones guardan relación con la coyuntura económica, la política, el resto del mundo y el marco jurídico en un país, entre otros elementos. Es en este contexto en que los gobiernos y el sector privado deben alcanzar un consenso sobre políticas económicas y sociales que produzcan un entorno estable para las regiones (Después de la crisis, 2010). La experiencia internacional indica que una consolidación y un buen manejo de la política fiscal influye fuertemente en el corto plazo en el “sentimiento empresarial” (Michail, et al., 2018). Esta tesis la refuerzan Bachmann y Sims (2012), quienes plantean que una política económica orientada a la consolidación tiene un impacto potente en la economía, a través del canal de confianza empresarial, con efectos que no deben ser subestimados. Considerando que en la Araucanía este componente es importante, la política fiscal juega entonces un papel relevante en las expectativas del empresariado. Es así como en la región, las empresas, gremios, consumidores, comerciantes, agricultores e inversionistas poseen visiones relativas de lo que podría acontecer, considerando su experiencia y apreciaciones, que son muchas veces subjetivas. Se formulan así, período a período, supuestos sobre acontecimientos que buscan explicar escenarios futuros; a este proceso mental colectivo lo llamamos expectativas. No cabe duda de que estas determinan el comportamiento futuro del consumo, del ahorro y la inversión, e incluso de la orientación de la política pública, al impactar directamente en la actividad económica y, más importante, en la generación de empleo e ingresos de la fuerza de trabajo. En consecuencia la situación en la Araucanía no es difiere del problema de cómo los agentes económicos se forman expectativas y cómo logran interactuar con la estructura institucional de la economía, habiendo históricamente interés de los investigadores por incursionar en estas temáticas (Rosser, 2001). La utilización de indicadores que reflejan las expectativas de agentes económicos levantados por medio de encuestas es desarrollada en muchos países que cuentan con un sistema de estadísticas avanzado. Lanzilotta (2014) establece que los indicadores de este tipo son ampliamente utilizados en investigación aplicada, con el fin de capturar y anticipar los movimientos de numerosas variables, para así dar cuenta de la formación de expectativas y los planes de las empresas. El autor plantea que los indicadores de expectativas elaborados a partir tanto de encuestas a empresarios como a consumidores son ampliamente divulgados, principalmente con dos objetivos: explorar los mecanismos de formación de expectativas e identificar su poder predictivo. Es válido, entonces, examinar la forma en que las expectativas locales tienen efectos concretos para la comunidad y los mecanismos en que estas perspectivas afectan realmente el desempeño económico de un territorio. Es en este contexto que según lo expuesto por Salas (2018), la Facultad de Administración y Negocios de la Universidad Autónoma de Chile —con metodología de la Universidad del Desarrollo y el apoyo de la Multigremial de la Araucanía, representante de SOFOFA en la zona— ha aunado esfuerzos para medir la confianza empresarial en la región, desde junio de 2017, creando así el primer Índice de Confianza Empresarial de la Araucanía (ICE Araucanía). Esta iniciativa es relevante, considerando la escasa información para la toma de decisiones del empresariado local en la zona y que la disposición de esta permite a los distintos sectores competir en entornos cambiantes. Así se busca contribuir y hacernos cargo en parte de un problema general que dejó la última crisis económica mundial. Esta manifestó la debilidad de América Latina y de las regiones para competir en una economía global y compleja, debido a la poca información disponible para la toma de decisiones empresariales (Después de la crisis, 2010).