Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Dynamiques éco-évolutives“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Dynamiques éco-évolutives"
Giraudoux, Patrick. „La santé des écosystèmes : quelle définition ?“ Bulletin de l'Académie vétérinaire de France 175 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bavf.2022.70980.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDissertationen zum Thema "Dynamiques éco-évolutives"
Georgelin, Ewen. „Couplage entre interactions antagonistes et mutualistes et dynamiques éco-évolutives des communautés“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066356/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEcological communities involve an amazing diversity of organisms and interactions. Understanding how this diversity of interaction types (competition, mutualism or predation) affects the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of natural systems is an important challenge of community ecology. However, a large majority of works in community ecology theory considers interaction types separately. This thesis focus on the interplay between antagonism and mutualism. With a theoretical approach, small community models, including antagonistic and mutualistic interactions are built. These communities contain three species : one basal species (a plant) with an antagonist (herbivore) and a mutualistic species (pollinator). First, we study how the indirect effect between the two interaction types affects the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of communities in the currency of a disturbance. Second, we study the evolutionary dynamics of special traits, that are involved in each interaction type. Attractive traits or defensive traits of plants affect both interaction with pollinators and herbivores. We depict how the opposite selective pressures due to pollination and herbivory modify the evolution of these traits and show that they can lead to evolutionary diversification of plants. Following this diversification, the coevolutionary emergence of complex interaction networks is studied
Guicharnaud, Chloé. „Dynamiques éco-évolutives de la densité-dépendance au sein des fronts d'expansion poussés“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023COAZ6041.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePopulation density, i.e. the number of individuals present in a given space, has a major influence on individual performance and ultimately population biology. The nearly ubiquitous presence of density-dependence and density-dependent traits within the Tree of Life makes it important to know more about how density-dependence can evolve and influence population dynamics. When a population is expanding over space, density varies dramatically over a short spatial scale from the already occupied, sometimes densely populated, core area to the empty spaces beyond the expanding edge. In this context, understanding how dispersal traits respond to density is essential to know as it will potentially lead to or shape various ecological and evolutionary changes along the expansion. Notably, positive density-dependence in dispersal (but also in population growth rates) can generate so-called "pushed" expansions, where individuals in populations well behind the leading edge mostly drive the spread. Such dynamics are compared to more "pulled" expansions, in which the spread is driven by individuals at the leading edge. Many studies on this pulled/pushed continuum ignore the possibility of an evolving positive density dependence, and how traits driving that density dependence may be correlated with other traits or each other. During this thesis, I combined experimental and simulated expansions to explore how the evolution of correlated density-dependent life-history traits could influence eco-evolutionary dynamics under the lens of pulled/pushed dynamics. First, I demonstrated that among different species of Trichogramma microwasps, each species' position on a pace-of-life continuum was partially correlated with how pushed or pulled the expansion is. Slower species generating more pushed expansions. Then, using an Individual-Based Model, I found, conversely to my expectations, that the strength of life-history trait correlation does not significantly influence overall pulled/pushed dynamics. However, there is evidence that dispersal costs can markedly reshape the relationship between neutral genetic diversity and density-dependence that is key to pushed dynamics. Finally, using simulated expansions again, I attempted to build predictive models that can infer key pushed expansion parameters from a set of metrics based on population genetics or demography that could be easily obtainable from empirical datasets or in the field. Our first proof of concept presented encouraging results, with good model performances when predicting the presence of positive density-dependence in dispersal or the spatial neutral genetic diversity. Overall, this thesis presents the importance of including the evolution of density-dependent traits within studies on pulled versus pushed expansions, as it may result in shifts within this continuum. The (co)evolutionary history also seems to influence how much the expansion is pushed or pulled, but not the correlation structure itself. Indications of divergent evolutionary trajectories between pushed expansions generated by positive density-dependence in dispersal or population growth open the door for further studies on the evolution of biological expansions, and on how to include it to make better predictions in real-life scenarios
Anciaux, Yoann. „Dynamiques éco-évolutives en populations asexuées : sauvetage évolutif dans le paysage adaptatif de Fisher“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT135/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe persistence ability of a population facing a stressing environmental change is a complex question at the connection between ecology and evolution. The process by which a population avoid extinction by adapting to the new stressing environmental conditions is termed evolutionary rescue. This particular case of eco-evolutionary dynamic is increasingly investigated both theoretically and experimentally, among other things in the context of the environmental changes from human activity. However, the studies modelling this process neglect the interactions between genotypes and environments impacting the evolutionary potential of the populations facing environmental changes. In the context of this thesis, I developed models integrating these interactions. To this end, I modelled the process of evolutionary rescue in asexual populations, facing abrupt environmental changes, using the adaptive landscape of Fisher (Fisher’s geometric model (1930)). This landscape allowed us to model the genotypes-environments interactions and their impact on the proportion of mutations able to save a population. Using two models, considering either the rescue of a population by a mutation of strong effect, either by a large number of mutation of small effect, we derived predictions for the probability of evolutionary rescue, which depends on the environmental conditions and the characteristics of the studied organism. These models can be parametrized on data from evolutionary experiments and their predictions compared to data of antibiotic treatments aiming on asexual pathogens. Beyond evolutionary rescue, the models developed in this thesis also gave tools to model other eco-evolutionary dynamics, integrating genotype-environment interactions and their effects on the distribution of mutations effects
Picot, Aurore. „Implications des dynamiques éco-évolutives de la construction de niche pour la structure des (méta)communautés“. Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS407.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe ecological niche of an organism correponds to the biotic and abiotic environment in which it evolves, and to which it is adapted. Organismes modify their environments, and consequently the selective pressures acting upon them, through niche construction. Niche construction examples are numerous : construction of physical structures, agriculture and pastoralism, nutrient recycling, abiotic environment alterations… In this thesis we investigae the ecological and evolutionary consequences of niche construction both for the species perfoming it, and for the community and ecosystem levels. For instance, agriculture in humans has major effects on biodiversity and is causing evolution in humans and other species (through artificial selection and adaptation to the agricultural modified environment). In this thesis, we develop several niche construction models. The main model consists of a trophic module in which a consumer interacts with two resources, one of them being helped through consumer niche construction (as in agriculture in humans or in the ant-aphids interaction). We study the consequences of feedbacks between ecological and evolutionary dynamics of niche construction for the species coexistence and community structure, in spatial and non-spatial contexts. Two other models are investigated : the first one is focusing on microbial niche construction, and the second one is focusing on niche modification caused by an ontogenetic change of interaction type in Lepidopteran lifecycle
Morell, Alaia. „Dynamiques éco-évolutives des espèces exploitées en Mer du Nord en réponse à des variations biotiques et abiotiques de l'environnement“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILR079.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGlobal change scenarios are valuable for guiding management and governance strategies, stimulating decision making, and increasing collective awareness of future biodiversity trends. The degree of realism and integration of ecosystem models used for this purpose is constantly improving, but they still often neglect the evolution of marine populations in future projections. However, marine populations adapt to global changes, either through phenotypic plasticity or evolution, through modifications of their biological characteristics such as life history traits, physiological and bioenergetic traits. The challenge of this thesis is to develop an ecosystem model that allows the exploration of biodiversity scenarios at intra- and inter-specific scales by explicitly representing the phenotypic plasticity of life history traits, their genetic variability, selection and evolution under the combined influence of fisheries and climate change, and the resulting genetic drift and loss of genetic diversity. Applied to the North Sea, this new model is used to understand the processes responsible for changes in life history traits, whether they are of plastic or evolutionary origin. On the one hand, the bioenergetic processes underlying plastic changes are studied by an original approach comparing the differences between the fundamental and realized thermal response curves for different species and life history stages. On the other hand, changes in life history traits are explored through an evolutionary lens by taking into account multiple selection pressures such as fishing, prey-predator interactions and climate change.The integration of plastic and evolutionary processes in ecosystem models allows to describe the inter-individual variability of biological traits and to understand their temporal trends observed in the marine environment. In this way, it responds to the crucial issue of credibility of intra- and inter-specific biodiversity projections under scenarios combining climate and fisheries. The integration of these processes will also allow to quantify more precisely the synergistic and antagonistic effects of these two pressures and to take into account the capacity of populations to adapt to global changes in order to estimate more reliably their resilience
Aubree, Flora. „Adaptation dans un monde en mouvement - adaptation des communautés et relations biodiversité-fonctionnement des écosystèmes, hétérogénéité spatiale et évolution de la tolérance au stress, migration pulsée et adaptation locale“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COAZ6023.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe world is changing at an unprecedented rate in many interconnected aspects, and ecosystems are primarily concerned. The current shift in environmental conditions is accompanied by an increase in the temporal variability of environmental processes, which is also driven by anthropogenic activities. This work is part of the effort to understand how variability in key environmental processes impacts ecosystem composition and ecological and evolutionary functioning at different scales. The focus is made in particular on the interplay between such variability and the process of adaptation, which is a key aspect of ecosystem dynamics. Adaptation is integral to the functioning of ecosystems, yet it is still relatively little considered. In this thesis, three biological scales are considered – the scale of the community, the scale of the species, and the scale of populations. A theoretical modeling approach is used to introduce some aspects of variability and investigate how ecological and evolutionary dynamics are impacted.At the community scale, the impact that changes in the species co-adaptation level may have on some biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) relationships (diversity-productivity, diversity-stability and diversity-response to invasion relationships) is questioned. Random and co-adapted communities are compared using adaptive dynamics methods. Results show that species co-adaptation impacts most BEF relationships, sometimes inverting the slope of the relationship. At the species scale, the evolution of stress tolerance under a tolerance-fecundity trade-off model is explored using adaptive dynamics as well. The evolutionary outcomes are determined under different trade-offs and different stress distributions. The most critical parameters in determining the evolutionary outcomes (ESS trait value, branching) are highlighted, and they evidence that stress level heterogeneity is more critical than average stress level. At the population scale, gene flow between sub-populations of the same species is an important determinant of evolutionary dynamics. The impact that temporally variable migration patterns have on gene flow and local adaptation is questioned using both mathematical analyses and stochastic simulations of a mainland-island model. In this model, migration occurs as recurrent “pulses”. This migration pulsedness is found to not only decrease, but also increase, the effective migration rate, depending on the type of selection. Overall, migration pulsedness favors the fixation of deleterious alleles and increases maladaptation. Results also suggest that pulsed migration may leave a detectable signature across genomes. To conclude, these results are put into perspective, and elements are proposed for possible tests of the predictions with observational data. Some practical consequences they may have for ecosystem management and biological conservation are also discussed