Dissertationen zum Thema „Dynamique multi-échelle“
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Masson, Elisa. „Approche multi-échelle de la turbulence : formulation d'un nouveau modèle multi-échelle : application à la prévision du décrochage“. Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2006AIX22065.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFernier, Alexandre. „Couplage multi-échelle pour l'intéraction fluide structure en dynamique rapide“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLY001/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn nuclear industry, simulating accidental transient sequences at full reactor scale is becoming an increasingly important feature of the safety demonstration towards national agencies. It thus allows limiting the number of complex and costly experiments, while simplifying and accelerating the evaluation of mitigation strategies. However, the implemented numerical models are inevitably heavy to build and maintain, with a global modelling scale making it difficult to account for local geometric details yet able to significantly influence the physical solution. To provide an answer to these problems, this PhD work is dedicated to multi-model approaches designed to integrate such details into bigger models with no modification at the global level (techniques often designated as numerical zoom techniques). Some methods are proposed for both structures and fluids, with special care given to the accuracy and stability of the coupled multi-scale solution compared to a single-scale reference solution. This work handles two very specific topics, namely its compatibility with numerical features imposed by fast transient dynamics with explicit time integration, and the general objective of simultaneously dealing with superimposed models and fluid-structure interaction
Fernier, Alexandre. „Couplage multi-échelle pour l'intéraction fluide structure en dynamique rapide“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLY001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn nuclear industry, simulating accidental transient sequences at full reactor scale is becoming an increasingly important feature of the safety demonstration towards national agencies. It thus allows limiting the number of complex and costly experiments, while simplifying and accelerating the evaluation of mitigation strategies. However, the implemented numerical models are inevitably heavy to build and maintain, with a global modelling scale making it difficult to account for local geometric details yet able to significantly influence the physical solution. To provide an answer to these problems, this PhD work is dedicated to multi-model approaches designed to integrate such details into bigger models with no modification at the global level (techniques often designated as numerical zoom techniques). Some methods are proposed for both structures and fluids, with special care given to the accuracy and stability of the coupled multi-scale solution compared to a single-scale reference solution. This work handles two very specific topics, namely its compatibility with numerical features imposed by fast transient dynamics with explicit time integration, and the general objective of simultaneously dealing with superimposed models and fluid-structure interaction
Paquet, Amaury. „Caractérisation multi-échelle de phases organiques concentrées“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS019/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the framework of development of new processes for spent nuclear fuel reprocessing, new extractant molecules are studied.The goals of this thesis are to study the molecular and supramolecular speciation of representative organic solutions. The speciation was determined by coupling experimental and theoretical study. After solute extraction, the composition of the organic solutions is experimentally determined. Simulations boxes with the same composition than experimental solutions are build. After simulation, trajectories are used to calculate small angle scattered intensities. The representativeness of the simulations is checked by comparison of experimental and calculated scattered intensities. The use of the simulation, ESI-MS spectrometry and IR spectroscopy provides the description of the structures in organic solution at the molecular and supramolecular scale. This methodology was applied on water and uranyl nitrate extraction by the monoamide DEHBA and MOEHA and by the malonamide DMDOHEMA as well as the extraction of water and neodymium nitrate by TODGA solutions.The extraction of water is dependent of the organization of the solution: monoamide solution made of monomer and dimer solubilize few amount of water in comparison with DMDOHEMA or TODGA solutions.The extraction of uranyl nitrate showed different behavior. UO2(NO3)2L2 complexes are observed at low uranium concentration after extraction by the monoamides. Polymetallic species are observed with the increase of uranium concentration. In the case of DMDOHEMA, monometallic complexes are majority but without a unique stoichiometry. The uranyl can be linked to 1 o 2 malonamides, 2 nitrates and sometimes to a water molecule. Neodymium is extracted by TODGA within small aggregates made of 2 or 3 cations liked by bridging nitrates. The increase of the concentration of neodymium leads to a phase separation. The presence of octanol provides the extraction of higher concentration of neodymium nitrate. Simulations showed the replacement of water and TODGA molecules and the first coordination sphere of the cation with octanol molecule. This increases the solubility of the aggregates. The presence of DMDOHEMA prevents also the phase separation by structuring the solution. With malonamide, smaller aggregates are observed.For both systems, phases after demixing (third phase formation) were characterized.This work provides the study of the molecular and supramolecular organization of organic solutions by combining experimental studies and molecular dynamic simulations
Bettinotti, Omar. „Une méthode multi-échelle de substitution faiblement intrusive en dynamique explicite“. Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01073520.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThouron, Laëtitia. „Modélisation dynamique multi-échelle de la pollution atmosphérique en milieu urbain“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1206/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUrban air pollution has been identified as an important cause of health impacts, including premature deaths. In particular, ambient concentrations of gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) are regulated, which means that emission reduction strategies must be put in place to reduce these concentrations in places where the corresponding regulations are not respected. Besides, air pollution can contribute to the contamination of other media, for example through the contribution of atmospheric deposition to runoff contamination.The multifactorial and multiscale aspects of urban make the pollution sources difficult to identify. Indeed, the urban environment is a heterogeneous space characterized by complex architectural structures (old buildings alongside a more modern building, residential, commercial, industrial zones, roads, etc.), non-uniform atmospheric pollutant emissions and therefore the population exposure to pollution is variable in space and time.The modeling of urban air pollution aims to understand the origin of pollutants, their spatial extent and their concentration/deposition levels. Some pollutants have long residence times and can stay several weeks in the atmosphere (PM2.5) and therefore be transported over long distances, while others are more local (NOx in the vicinity of traffic). The spatial distribution of a pollutant will therefore depend on several factors, and in particular on the surfaces encountered. Air quality depends strongly on weather, buildings (canyon-street) and emissions.The aim of this thesis is to address some of these aspects by modeling: (1) urban background pollution with a transport-chemical model (Polyphemus / POLAIR3D), which makes it possible to estimate atmospheric pollutants by type of urban surfaces (roofs, walls and roadways), (2) street-level pollution by explicitly integrating the effects of the building in a three-dimensional way with a multi-scale model of transport chemistry (SinG) and (3) a microscale process which is the traffic-related resuspension of the particles present on the road surface with three different formulations (deterministic, semi-empirical and empirical).The interest of this thesis is to compare and evaluate the operability and performance of several air quality models at different scales (region, neighborhood and street) in order to better understand the characterization of air quality in an urban environment
Saliou, Anthony. „Modélisation multi-échelle des géopolymères : du liquide au solide“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UMONS019.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGeopolymers are alternative binders to cement and form a promising class of materials for civil and nuclear engineering. Based on aluminosilicate, they can develop strong mechanical properties that are of great interest for the storage of radioactive wastes or isolating foams. The geo-polymerization process starts with the dissolution of a solid aluminosilicate source with an alkaline solution of high pH. Oligomers of few nanometers in size form and aggregate in a 3D percolating porous network at the mesoscale (hundreds of nm). Mechanical setting is reached in about 5h, analogous of setting in neat cement pastes. Several questions remain open regarding the complex process of geopolymerisation such as : What originates cohesion ? What is the water behavior at the grain-grain interface within the gel ? How to model the complex gel phase at the atomistic level ? In this thesis, molecular simulations are used to investigate the formation mechanism of geopolymers at the atomistic (~1nm) and meso scale (~100nm), hardly reachable by experiment. The starting point of the atomistic scale simulations are aluminosilicate nano-grains generated with a reactive interaction potential. The Potential of Mean Force (PMF) quantifies the potential energy of interactions betweentwo geopolymer grains. It can be computed in various charge conditions to mimic the pH effects, using either a perturbative approach or well-tempered metadynamics. Both methods are compared and their limitations are discussed in the framework of amorphous aluminosilicate nano grains immersed in an electrolyte. Under such analysis, metadynamics is chosen for more thorough investigation of grains cohesion. At low deprotonation level/grain charge attraction is observed. These results shed light on the role of oligomers deprotonation that appears to be key point for the gel formation.A view of the system as “meta-grains” is proposed based on the evolution of grain geometry and ionic polarization. In this view, we decompose the global PMF into fundamental interaction terms at the grain scale, in terms of coulombic, dipole-dipole and dispersion/van der Walls interactions. Metadynamics results are recovered with water dielectric constant chosen based on the water content at the grain-grain interface. At large deprotonation level, the Poisson-Boltzmann repulsion is recovered, with a wet interface and a strong Debye screening. At very short range and low deprotonation level, we found that grain-grain attraction can be related to the formation of very local hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyls of the grains, in a dry interface. Grains then link through iono-covalent bonds with the release to the solution of water molecules and OH groups. This attracto/repulsive behavior is supported by experiments and discussed in regards to the cohesion of clays and cement hydrates.In the last part of the thesis, mesoscale models for the growth of geopolymers are proposed based on the obtained PMFs in attractive conditions. Structures resulting from Coarse-Grained Monte Carlo simulations are characterized in terms of pore size distributions and small angle neutron scattering, discussed with experimental data
Kempfer, Kévin. „Simulation multi-échelle de l'interaction polymère-charge“. Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC051.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the tire industry, the addition of nanosized silica fillers into rubber is a commonly used process due to the outstanding mechanical properties of the resulting composite material. However, the link between the underlying chemistry and the mechanical behavior of this material remains unsolved. The aim of this thesis is to investigate this system using molecular simulation. In order to cover wide length and time scales, inherent to this type of material, we took the route of applying a multiscale simulation strategy. Starting from coarse-grained reference trajectories obtained from higher resolution molecular dynamics trajectories, we build realistic coarse-grained dissipative dynamics models by using the bayesian optimization method. Our models quantitatively predict the characteristic behavior of entangled polymer chains. This multiscale approach, extended to the polymer-silica interaction, allows us to successfully model the thermodynamic, the structural, and the dynamic properties of a system made up of one silica nanoparticle, grafted or not, dispersed in an amorphous polymer matrix. This work opens the way towards the quantitative prediction of the viscoelastic properties of reinforced rubbers on time scales up to the microsecond. These time scales, inaccessible by mean of an atomistic description, are now reachable thanks to our coarse potentials
Dupleix-couderc, Chloé. „Sur une stratégie multi-échelle d'analyse des grands délaminages en dynamique transitoire“. Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00719090.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDupleix-Couderc, Chloé. „Sur une stratégie multi-échelle d'analyse des grands délaminages en dynamique transitoire“. Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DENS0013/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe part of composite materials in aeronautic structures is increasing due to their specific properties and the mass reduction they enable. Accurate numerical simulations are thus needed in order to design these structures, particularly to verify if they could resist dynamic charges such as soft bodies impact. Nevertheless, using a refined model to represent phenomenon such as delamination leads to computing time and dofs number incompatible with an industrial context. The aim of the present work is to propose a multi-scale method in space and time to solve dynamic impact problems on laminate structures. A domain decomposition method for dynamic problems is first used to couple different kinds of models and time discretisations. A refined model for the laminate is used in the degradating areas only - elsewhere, a coarser representation using 3D-shell elements is used. This approach reduced the cost of the simulation giving accurate results. To avoid a remeshing due to delamination propagation within the structure, a multi-scale method is then proposed. A global 3D shell elements mesh for the whole structure is defined. Local meshes based on a refined representation of the laminates are used only if required. Coupling between global and local representation is done using velocity field
Bouet, Christel. „Modélisation multi-échelle de la dynamique des panaches d'aérosols naturels en Afrique“. Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00311058.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCette étude a été réalisée à l'échelle méso haute résolution en utilisant le modèle Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) couplé en ligne avec le Dust Production Model (DPM) développé par Marticorena et Bergametti [1995] et Laurent [2005]. Afin d'examiner la capacité de ce modèle à reproduire les émissions d'aérosols minéraux dans la région complexe de Bodélé, nous avons tout d'abord modélisé la période correspondant à la campagne Bodélé Dust Experiment 2005 (BoDEx 2005). Notre modèle a ainsi été capable de reproduire les caractéristiques météorologiques locales (principalement le vent dans les basses couches) ainsi que les concentrations en aérosols minéraux et la structure du panache observées pendant la campagne. Nous avons aussi vérifié que les aérosols émis depuis cette région du monde atteignent le continent sud américain.
De plus, cette validation nous a permis de vérifier le constat établi par divers auteurs : les modèles à grande échelle (MCG) ont souvent du mal à reproduire correctement les champs de vent dans la région de Bodélé. Nous avons alors entrepris une étude climatologique (sur l'année 2001) sur une zone étendue autour de la région de Bodélé à différentes résolutions spatiales afin de caractériser les phénomènes de basses couches qui pourraient expliquer ce biais quasi-systématique des MCG. Ce travail a été validé grâce aux données de routine des stations de mesure de surface ainsi que grâce à l'imagerie satellite.
Le deuxième cas sur lequel la validation de notre outil était nécessaire est constitué par les événements de ligne de grains qui se succèdent sur la zone sahélienne lors de l'été boréal. Cette validation a été réalisée sur un événement bien documenté des périodes d'observations spéciales 1 et 2 de la campagne Analyse Multidisciplinaire de la Mousson Africaine (AMMA).
Bouet, Christel. „Modélisation multi-échelle de la dynamique des panaches d'aérosols naturels en Afrique“. Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF21790.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAtiezo, Megbeme Komla. „Modélisation multi-échelle de l'endommagement dynamique des matériaux fragiles sous chargements complexes“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0212.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis, the modeling of dynamic damage and failure of quasi-materials is addressed using a two-scale approach based on the asymptotic homogenization method. Dynamic damage laws are obtained and numerical simulations of the associated behavior are performed for loadings corresponding to the classical three modes of Fracture Mechanics. The first dynamic model of damage is proposed for the anti-plane shear loading case (Mode III). The damage evolution law is deduced from the Griffith’s energy criterion governing the dynamic propagation of microcracks, by using the homogenization method based on asymptotic expansions. A study of the local macroscopic response predicted by the new model is conducted to highlight the influence of parameters, like the size of the microstructure and the loading rate, on the evolution of damage. Results of macroscopic simulations of dynamic failure and the associated branching instabilities are presented and compared with those reported by experimental observations. The model is implemented in a Finite-Elements/Finite-Differences code using the Matlab software environment. Numerical simulations of rapid failure in opening mode (Mode I) are using a dynamic damage law are presented subsequently. The model is deduced from a microscopic Griffith type criterion describing the dynamic mode I propagation of microcracks, using the asymptotic homogenization approach. The resulting damage law is sensitive to the rate of loading that determines the macroscopic failure mode. Numerical simulations are performed in order to identify the model predictions and the obtained numerical results are compared with the experimental ones. Different tests, like the compact tension and L-shape specimen tests for concrete, the compact compression test for the PMMA brittle polymer and the Kalthoff impact test for limestone rocks, are considered in the numerical simulations. These simulations show that the loading rate essentially determines the macroscopic crack trajectory and the associated branching patterns, in agreement with the experimental results. The law has been implemented in a finite element code Abaqus/Explicit via a VUMAT subroutine. A third model of damage is obtained for the in-plane shear mode (Mode II) through a similar double-scale approach by considering unilateral contact with friction conditions on the microcracks lips. A local study concerning the effects of normal compression and of the friction coefficient is carried out. The influence of the size of the microstructure and the rate of loading on damage evolution is analyzed at the local level. These studies are completed by structural failure simulations of PMMA specimens using the Abaqus/Explicit finite element software
Perbet, Frank. „Modélisation multi-échelle procédurale de scènes animées“. Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00528630.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVatin, Marin. „Modélisation multi-échelle de solutions organiques et systèmes interfaciaux pour l’extraction liquide-liquide“. Thesis, Université de Montpellier (2022-….), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UMONS009.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis presents a set of models and methods for the structural and thermodynamic description of organic solutions and interfacial systems encountered in the context of liquid-liquid extraction. The models and methods are based on an approach that is essentially molecular. It has a strong numerical component. A study based on a molecular dynamics approach was used to investigate the phase separation of a water-oil mixture. It has also been used to simulate organic solutions whose supramolecular organization has been verified by comparisons between the experimental and the molecular simulations signals associated with small angle X-ray scattering. The supramolecular organization has been characterized more finely during studies devoted to the aggregation in organic phase in the presence of extractant malonamide molecules (DMDOHEMA) and of europium nitrate salts thanks to advanced numerical treatments presented in this thesis. These numerical treatments allowed the calculation of the mean distributions of the chemical species formed in the organic solutions. From these distributions, thermodynamic models of the aggregation phenomena in the organic phase based on numerical and analytical approaches have been developed. These models allowed the calculation of the energies of formation of the species in solution according to their composition, and the determination of the mean aggregation numbers in very good agreement with the experimental data, the study of the mechanisms associated with the phenomenon of “third phase formation” thanks to a super-species percolation model and the calculation of quantities associated with the kinetics of formation of aggregates in organic phase
Touzeau, Jérémy. „Modélisation multi-échelle de biomatériaux pour des problématiques expérimentales“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/Touzeau_jeremy_2_complete_20181203.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe tailoring of devices involving biomolecules, for applications such as the detection (biosensors) or protection against pathogens (antimicrobial coats), still introduce several interrogations at an atomic point of view. In this context, we used molecular modelling tools in order to realize multi-scale studies (quantic level and molecular mechanics level) about experimental systems and solve issues. We interested in two projects. In the first one, we firstly focused on biosensor involving filed effect transistor (EGOFET type), by studying the optimization of the semi-conductor channel. Then we interested in the specific biological interaction of the biosensor. In the second one, we interested in an antimicrobial coat. This device is composed by a peptide containing three parts: an anchoring one, a cleavable one which can be cut specifically by a surface protease of the target and so, release the last peptide in the area which involves antimicrobial properties. The system is very efficient in solution but when it’s grafted on a surface, antimicrobial properties disappear. Consequently, we used molecular modelling tools in order to prospect those antimicrobial properties loss
Lu, Xiaoxin. „Modélisation électro-mécanique multi-échelle des nanocomposites graphène/polymère“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLC058/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work contributes to developing numerical methodologies for predicting the electrical and mechanical properties of graphene/polymer nanocomposites, which can provide a better view for the design of new materials.First, a nonlinear electrical conduction model taking into account the tunneling effect is introduced to determine the effective conductivity of the graphene/polymer nanocomposites through a numerical homogenization procedure. The influences of barrier height and microstructural parameters on the conductivity were demonstrated.Then, to characterize the properties of interphases and interfaces, we employed the Murdoch-Hardy procedure combined with the molecular dynamics method to study the mechanical properties of the graphene/polymer nanocomposites. The stiffness tensor components of the interphase, interface andnbulk polymer region are identified. Based on these fields, a continuous elastic model with imperfect interface has been identified and compared with the results of molecular dynamics simulations.Finally, the atomistic model was used to identify a nonlinear cohesive zone model to simulate the decohesion at the interface of polymer and graphene. A numerical homogenization procedure by finite element method was introduced to estimate the effective mechanical properties in the framework of the finite strains. The proposed mechanical modeling is finally extended to the finite strain problem to predict the evolution of percolation threshold under tension within the proposed electrical model
Chemmi, Houria. „Diffusion multi-échelle et sorption hydrique dans les matériaux cimentaires“. Phd thesis, Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2011. https://pastel.hal.science/docs/00/67/13/90/PDF/ThA_se_Houria_Chemmi.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe main objective of this work was to study the physical processes implied in the moisture transport in hardened cementitious based materials. Understanding such processes is of particular importance for improving the durability of these widely used materials. We focus on white and grey cement pastes CEM I hardened during long periods of time (up to two years) in controlled atmosphere. In order to decouple the physical processes of moisture transport in the intricated multiscales of these cement pastes, we have also considered calibrated porous materials in the range of micro-, meso and macropores. We used a multiscale NMR platform including spectroscopy, high and low field relaxometry and diffusometry. Other complementary techniques like conductivity and X-tomography have been also used. We have insisted on the possibility of controlling in situ the degree of humidity inside the different NMR probes and on the analysis of experimental data to extract representative parameters for the moisture transport. With these techniques and some original theoretical models, we have shown that the geometry and transport are highly related to the local connectivity and control directly the moisture transport on the micro-meso scales by the confinement. We succeed to explain why is so difficult to modify the moisture distribution at the micro-meso pore scales of these cement pastes. This is important for the durability of these widely used materials because more than 80% of the porosity stays in these ranges of pore sizes. We have also answered to the question concerning the impact of the surface properties and local geometries on the moisture dynamics in the micro-mesoscales of these materials. Last, we have shown the easy way of inducing modification of hydration state in the open access of the macroporosity, contrary to the large difficulty of inducing the same changes at the micro and mesoscale
Chemmi, Houria. „Diffusion multi-échelle et sorption hydrique dans les matériaux cimentaires“. Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00671390.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGrenier, Romain. „Etude multi-échelle des phénomènes physico-chimiques aux interfaces gaz – surfaces métalliques“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PEST1113/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the context of micro- and nano-flows, this work concentrates on the study of interactions at the interface of noble gas and metal surfaces by a multi-physics and multiscale model. Particularly, the interaction of an argon atom with a gold surface is the focus of the study. The work has been made in two steps: the first one occurred at the atomic scale in which Quantum Mechanics is employed and the second one at the nanoscale with the use of Molecular Dynamics.The first part of the work was devoted to the determination of interaction potentials between an argon atom and gold atoms from the surface by DFT calculation methods comporting long range effects. Two approaches, leading similar results, have been used: the first one is linked to a periodic description of the gold surface where electrons are defined by plane waves, the second one gives independently repulsive and attractive parts of the interaction of an argon atom with a small gold cluster. Those interaction potentials are then decomposed in pair potentials suitable for Molecular Dynamics simulations. These last ones consisted in multiple times projecting argon atoms on smooth or rough gold surfaces (which are more representative of the roughness of actual technologies). The statistical analysis of the reflected velocities yielded the tangential momentum accommodation (TMAC) coefficient of argon on gold surfaces. This coefficient is the transcription of slip phenomena which occur at the interface, and it can then be used in nano-flow simulations. The multi-physics approach of the thesis gives accurate TMAC values which are comparable to experiments. The accounted method could then be applied to other noble gas metal surface couples
Marchais, Jérémy. „Couplage de modèles multi-échelles pour la représentation de phénomènes localisés en dynamique transitoire explicite“. Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DENS0023/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRepresentation of localized phenomena like failures or cracks requires models increasingly precise and cpu consuming. To overcome this problem many multiscale models allowed to coexist two scales of different models including a coarser one that enables to gain substantial time calculations. However, coupling two different models may cause a number of incompatibilities that can generate difficulties such as spurious reflections at the interfaces. The first part of my work deals with the incompatibility after the passage of a non-local behavior at a local behavior in a discreet environment. New construction schemes at the interface are proposed to reduce the reflection phenomena. The second part deals with a second source of incompatibility due to the scaling of discretization in a local continuum. A new method for selective dissipation reduces reflection phenomena absorbing microscopic phenomena. Finally, all of these steps will be implemented on a model of fiber-reinforced concrete to observe the evolution of localized phenomenon in explicit dynamics
Nguyen, Thanh-Nghi. „Modélisation des solutions aqueuses concentrées d’éléments-f par une approche multi-échelle“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS249/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleClassical molecular dynamics simulations with explicit polarization have been successfully used to determine the structural and thermodynamic properties of binary aqueous solutions of uranyl chloride, perchlorate and nitrate (UO2Cl2, UO2(ClO4)2 and UO2(NO3)2). From a study performed as a function of the concentration of salts, the hydration properties of solutes and the ion-ion interactions of concentrated aqueous solutions of uranyl chloride, perchlorate and nitrate have been studied. The molecular dynamics simulations allow for reproducing the solvation properties of the hydrated uranyl, chloride, perchlorate and nitrate in good agreement with the experimental data. The results point out different coordination modes of Cl− and ClO4− in the UO22+ second hydration shell and the presence of NO3− anion in the UO22+ first coordination shell at high concentration. The ion – ion interaction properties over water configurations have been studied at different concentrations.Furthermore, we investigated the potential of mean force of ion pairs at infinite dilution as a function of the distance and the angle. The thermodynamical properties of the solutions have been calculated from these effective ion-ion pair potentials thanks to the McMillan-Mayer theory and molecular theory. The association constant of complex UO2Cl+ (Kcal =2,52 L mol−1), UO2ClO4+ (Kcal =2,34 L mol−1) and UO2NO3+ (Kcal =3,02 L mol−1) has been determined and compared to the experimental ones. From the effective McMillan-Mayer potentials and using a multi-scale approach based on the MSA approximation, we also calculated the osmotic coefficients
Copie, Guillaume. „Modélisation multi-échelle de l'auto-assemblage de nanostructures sur surfaces“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10142/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe development of computer simulation methods allows to model physical systems of ever growing complexity, and to study their behavior over unprecedentedly large scales of time and length, by applying a multi-scale strategy.In the framework of this thesis, we firstly studied the self-organization of three dif- ferent kinds of organic aromatic molecules (THBB, TBBB, TCNBB) on a boron-doped semi-conductor surface, (Si:B(111)), by means of different numerical simulation methods. Empirical molecular dynamics, metadynamics and Monte Carlo simulations were adequa- tely combined, in order to explore the multi-scale behavior of such systems, allowing to elucidate the role of weak intermolecular and molecule-surface interactions, in the struc- ture and stability of the resulting bi-dimensional supramolecular lattices. In particular, for the TCNBB molecule a kinetic pathway has been demonstrated, which may lead to the coexistence of phases with different symmetry on the surface. In all cases, an excellent agreement with experiments was demonstrated.In a second part of this thesis, we studied the behavior of dense layers of molecules chemisorbed at the surface of nanometer-sized Au particles, in driving their self-assembly. Two kind of molecules, AzBT and MUDA, were studied. For the first one, the response of the junctions formed between the adjoining Au nanoparticles has been shown to de- pend on the conformation of the molecules, in their cis or trans form. This allowed to propose microscopic explanations for the experimentally observed electronic behavior of the junctions. For the second molecule, we studied the mechanical response of the self- assembled Au nanoparticle layers subject to a compressive load, leading to an estimate of the effective Young’s modulus of the nanostructure
Bourhis, Yoann. „Dynamique de population et dépendance multi-échelle au paysage - modélisation mécaniste appliquée à la protection des cultures“. Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSARA079/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEnvironmental and health issues call for a switch in crop protection towards less chemically driven strategies. Pest damages on crops result of population dynamics that are influenced by landscape features. Those features may be relocated or dismissed to improve landscapes resistance to pest damages. Here we explore numerically the landscape modification as a crop protection strategy.Landscape features can influence population dynamics through their impact on individuals. Therefore, we developed a multiscale population dynamics model accounting for individual foraging. The foraging process results of (1) the perception of distant features used as resources by the individuals, (2) the localisation of the population along an additional dimension quantifying individual energy supply, (3) an optimisation procedure defining adapted directed motionsWe developed an evolutionary heuristic for landscape modification. It is able to rearrange landscapes with respect to compositional and structural constraints. Population and landscape models were applied to a theoretical landscape planning problem. The mechanistic description of the optimal foraging process enables new and efficient levers for crop protection, building on the disruption of the foraging behaviours. This application enlightens the responsiveness of the simulated population to landscape modifications, as well as the ability of evolutionary algorithms to produce resilient landscapes under agronomic productive constraints
Ductor, Sylvain. „Mécanismes de coordination pour l'allocation dynamique de ressources dans des systèmes multi-agents large-échelle et ouverts“. Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066036.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMAS offer a paradigm that is adapted to resolve distributed constraint optimisation problemsNowadays, more application must handle such problems, and notably in domains like cloud computing or ubiquitous computing. In those domains, differents agents, that may have potentially conflicting objectives, must coordinate in order to find a common solution. The aim is to optimise agents utilities while respecting problem constraints. We are interested in large-scale open and dynamic applications. Welfare engineering has recently propose a solid theoretical and experimental analysis for those kind of problems : iterated consensual negociation. This domain studies the relations between the agent rationalities, the coordination mecanism and the social abjective. However, as far as we know, no study of this domain was about formalising and designing coordination mecanisms. This thesis is about designing operational mecanisms in the context of welfare engineering. We firstly contribute to this domain by elaborating a formal model of coordination mecanisms and then we develop an abstract architecture for agent negociation. We propose five mecanisms that are applicable to large scale dynamic and open application. Four of them consider the restricted contect of resource allocation. Finally an experimental validation has been conducted and compared the mecanisms to a parallel and a distributed approach
Ali, Nabil. „RhéoSpeckle : un nouvel outil d’étude du comportement multi-échelle des matériaux hétérogènes“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAI013/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work tries to better characterize the behavior of homogeneous and heterogeneous materials under shear with a multi-scale approach (macro-meso-micro-scopic). To do that, we have developed an innovative setup by coupling a rheometer to a speckle imaging geometry witch is spatially and temporally resolved (RheoSpeckle). We validate our experience using two perfect materials: a solid and a pure viscous fluid. On a solid sample, we calculate the displacement field on the speckle images with a resolution better than 1 µm. we demonstrate than, the microscopic elasticity of this material. On a pure viscous fluid, we measured the nanoparticle’s size with excellent accuracy. When a constant shear rate is applied, the velocity profile is measured with a time less than 1 s with a spatial resolution of 100 µm over 5 mm. The microscopic dynamic of a Brownian solution under shear is probed and the shear induced on the decorrelation of the intensity correlation function is studied. We show the capabilities of our experience using a concentrated solution of wormlike micelles. The linear rheology is studied using rheometric measurements and our speckle imaging system. Nonlinear rheology is studied using rheometric measurements (macro), but also by calculating the velocity filed and the intensity of speckle images (meso). With mesocopics measurements, the formation of shear banding is proved and characterized. Finally, the spatio-temporal relaxation (micro) of shear bands of this material is studied. We show for the first time the existence of two relaxations times after shear and that the relaxation of bands is relatively slow
Amodeo, Jonathan. „Modélisation multi-échelle de la déformation plastique de MgO monocristallin : du laboratoire au manteau terrestre“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10080/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSurface geological events, like volcanos and earthquakes, are due to the internal dynamics of the Earth which tends to release its internal heat. Inside the Earth's mantle, solid rocks are plastically strained under extreme conditions of pressure, temperature and strainrate. In spite of recent experimental progress, it is still impossible to reach such conditions of deformation. This is why we propose an alternative approach, based on the multi-scale modeling of plasticity, from the laboratory conditions to the Earth's mantle. We have choosen to apply our model to magnesium oxide which is a phase present in the lower mantle.From core properties, we modeled a dislocation thermally activated mobility law based on the kink pair theory. Then, we have incorporated it inside a Dislocation Dynamics code to describe the collective behaviour of dislocations throughout numerical strain experiments. Here we show that MgO mechanical properties depends significantly on pressure and strainrate
Mameri, Fateh. „Caractérisation multi-physique et multi-échelle d'une installation de conversion d'énergie : application à une unité de cogénération biomasse“. Thesis, Valenciennes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018VALE0049/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMicro-cogeneration refers to the simultaneous production of two final and usable energies from a single primary energy source. The most common case is the production of heat and electricity. In France, micro-cogeneration concerns small powers (< 36 kWel). Its interest lies in higher efficiencies than those obtained in the case of an equivalent separate production of electricity and heat. In the case of biomass micro-CHP system, the heat is supplied by a biomass boiler that is coupled to a cogenerator via a heat exchanger. For this power, external combustion engines or hot air engines are the most suitable. In the case of The purpose of this PhD thesis work is to characterize and model a biomass micro-CHP unit, with a biomass boiler (30 kWth), an Ericsson engine and an air-flue gas heat exchanger inserted inside the combustion chamber of the boiler. Dynamic models 0D of the biomass boiler and the air-flue gas heat exchanger are developed to simulate the transient phases and to represent the evolution of the variables as a time function. Dynamic 0D models have been validated by experimental measurements. They evaluate the energy performances and power losses and quantify heat transfer between working fluids (water and air), flue gases and walls in different zones in the considered system (boiler or air-flue gas heat exchanger). A post-combustion is investigated by injecting secondary air at different flow rates and different temperatures in the upper part of the boiler combustion chamber. Experimental measurements of pollutant emissions in the boiler chimney are performed to examine the post-combustion influence. The main pollutants measured are: carbon dioxide, oxygen, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides
De, Zotti Vincent. „Instabilité de pelage d'un ruban adhésif : effet de l'inertie sur la dynamique multi-échelle du front de détachement“. Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEN012/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis presents the study of the unstable dynamics of the detachment front of an adhesive tape peeled at constant velocity from a flat surface. We could specifically highlight the essential role of the ribbon inertia on this instability.On one hand, we have performed an experimental study of the different front dynamics at macroscopic scales, observed by fast imaging, as a function of the peeling velocity and peeling angle. We could find a novel dynamical regime with sinusoidal oscillations of the detachment front velocity at the transition between regular peeling and stick-slip motion. A theoretical model taking into account the ribbon inertia, and its numerical resolution allow to explain the different dynamics observed, and furthermore, the characteristics of those velocity oscillations.On the other hand, the recently discovered microscopic stick-slip instability has also been studied. We have characterized the amplitude of the corresponding slips as a function of the peeling velocity and peeling angle, but also, as a function of the ribbon properties (mass and bending modulus). We show that a dynamical model coupling bending and kinetic energy of the ribbon can explain its evolution with these different parameters
Wan, Jianhong. „Modélisation numérique multi-échelle du comportement mécanique d'un système pieux-sol“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDENGSYS/2023/2023ULILN033.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe study of pile-soil systems is of paramount importance in the field of geotechnical engineering, as it is directly related to the stability and reliability of structures and infrastructure. This work investigates the mechanical behavior in pile-soil systems, with emphasis on fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) piles and rubber-soil mixes (RSM). Three main aspects are investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. First, friction properties at the FRP pile-clay interface are studied using a kaolinite-epoxy model, which yields the calculated work of adhesion value of 159 mJ/m2. The peak interfacial shear coefficients decrease nonlinearly with increasing normal stress. The interfacial friction process is characterized by its velocity-dependent with distinct velocity ranges, and these characteristics are captured by the extended Bell theory. It is observed that stick-slip motion manifests itself exclusively in scenarios with lower sliding velocities. This observed trend of increasing energy barriers with increasing normal stresses highlights the increased pulling forces required to induce FRP sliding along the clay interface under higher normal stress conditions. Second, MD simulations investigate the interfacial friction at the FRP pile-sand interface under various dry, pure water, and salt water conditions. A cross-linked epoxy resin is synthesized to study its interactions with crystalline silica. Friction force-displacement relationships show distinct nonlinear and steady-state phases. Tangential stiffness profiles, especially at lower normal stress levels, show faster reductions to reach the steady-state. Water molecules act as lubricants, with NaCl ions affecting their effectiveness. Dry systems have the highest coefficient of friction, followed by salt water and pure water systems.Third, the interaction at the rubber/soil interface is studied within RSM using MD simulations. Friction force increases with sliding distance and normal stress, which is consistent with the friction behavior between natural soils. Compaction of rubber and clay increases friction forces and improves engineering properties. Rubber particles reduce stick-slip motion at the montmorillonite-rubber interface, providing a damping effect that reduces stick-slip vibration intensity during sliding. Interfacial parameters and friction coefficients are determined and agree with experimental data, improving the understanding of RSM behavior and applications in soil foundations.Finally, this study introduces an efficient integrated pile-soil element to simulate pile behavior while accounting for soil and pile material nonlinearity at the macroscale. The plastic hinges and soil springs are integrated into the proposed element formulations, so that one element type is sufficient to conveniently simulate the nonlinear pile-soil interactions. A Python program has been developed based on the finite element (FE) method, and the detailed analysis procedure is given. Validation with field tests demonstrates accuracy for the analysis of pile behavior under lateral and axial loads
Li, Hao. „Approche multi-échelle pour les écoulements polyphasiques en présence de phénomènes interfaciaux“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LORR0081.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleInterfacial phenomena as a research domain have attracted focus and resources from areas of industrial and fundamental interests: cosmetics, printing, food industries, and glass productions, etc. What charms the defender most is the phenomena with drops and bubbles - their processes of coalescing, spreading, draining, and bursting - involving non-Newtonian fluids. Multiple experimental methods such as ultra-high-speed DC electrical acquisition system, high-speed camera and high-speed micro-PIV were jointly adopted for the investigation. The first part focused on experimental research on initial contact and spreading (coalescing) of a non-Newtonian drop on a solid (liquid) planar surface. The evolution of the electrical conductance in close relation with the drop spreading (coalescing) width was detected at first microseconds. Spreading (coalescing) behaviors of an opaque dispersion of nanoparticles was examined. Regimes and mechanism behind were revealed via dimensionless scaling. The quantification of flow fields inside a spreading (coalescing) drop was performed. The second part comparatively investigated the lifetime and bursting behavior of a single bubble at different liquid surfaces and through particle-laden liquid surfaces. Bubble cap thickness was quantitatively compared based on the high-speed imaging results. Velocity fields and profiles around bubble cavity were drafted and analyzed. The role of particle layer, together with fluids’ viscoelasticity, was confirmed in the shift for a bubble from a quick rupture death to a slow shrinking disappearance. The last part studied the coalescence of a non-Newtonian drop with its bulk phase through particle-laden air-liquid surfaces. A characteristic evaluation of speed fields within the drop and the bulk was conducted. An electrical signal analysis was carried out to highlight the difference with the coalescence of a drop with particle-free surfaces. The complicate role of particle layer as a barrier and bridge at the same time was confirmed and its relationship with fluid’s viscoelasticity was demonstrated
Duarte, Max Pedro. „Méthodes numériques adaptives pour la simulation de la dynamique de fronts de réaction multi-échelle en temps et en espace“. Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00737092.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLe, Nôtre Yvan. „Etude de la réponse dynamique du Bloc Réacteur soumis à une sollicitation extrême : Co-simulation implicite/explicite multi-échelle en temps pour la dynamique du contact“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, INSA, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ISAL0055.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNuclear power plants are an important source of energy production in France. However, following the various accidents and risks associated with this technology, nuclear safety is a global concern. In France, standards are continually being imposed on existing nuclear facilities and on the next generations under development. Among the many aspects of nuclear safety, the dimensioning of mechanical structures is an important subject for industrial players. Framatome's core business is the design and justification of nuclear power plants. These must be designed to withstand extreme operating conditions, such as earthquakes, plane crashes or pipe ruptures. Numerical modeling of this type of loading requires dynamic temporal analyses to consider these multi-scale phenomena. However, such analyses are CPU and memory intensive. The aim of this thesis is to develop a new heterogeneous (different integration schemes) and asynchronous (different time steps) integrator, based on the GC coupling method, with improved energy conservation properties. The multi-scale phenomena present in the reactor block are simulated using an explicit integrator with small time steps for the contact zones and an implicit integrator with large time steps for the rest of the structure. A co-simulation demonstrator is developed between the Code Aster and Europlexus software packages in order to get closer to an industrial development and thus demonstrate the performance gain, for a three-dimensional reactor block model, provided by the multi-time-scale co-simulation approaches
Teurlai, Magali. „Modélisation multi-échelle de la dynamique spatiale de la Dengue : application à la Nouvelle-Calédonie et à la région Pacifique“. Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20167/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSince the 1970's, the frequency of vector-borne diseases such as Dengue, Chikungunya or Zika has significantly increased in the Pacific region. Understanding the factors and mechanisms underlying the spatio-temporal distribution of these diseases provides useful information regarding their control and prevention. In this thesis, we identified dengue spatio-temporal patterns and used modeling tools to identify the factors associated to an increased epidemiological risk at a regional scale (Pacific), a territorial scale (New-Caledonia), and a city scale (Noumea, the capital of New-Caledonia).Every five to seven years, dengue spreads over the entire Pacific as large epidemics caused by the introduction and regional diffusion of one of the four dengue virus serotypes. In New Caledonia, dengue has a seasonal epidemic pattern. The emergence of an epidemic requires specific climatic conditions. The identification of these conditions led to the implementation of an operational early warning system to predict dengue annual epidemic risk. Spatially, at the territorial scale, during epidemic years, high levels of viral circulation are found in areas with higher mean temperature and higher local population densities. Whether at the territorial scale or at the city scale, the spatial diffusion of the virus during epidemics caused by the re-emergence of the same serotype seems limited by the population immunity created by past epidemics. This thesis highlights the complexity and the multi-factorial aspect of vector-borne diseases, and discusses the usefulness of a multi-scale approach in modelling their epidemiology. Besides enhancing our understanding of dengue epidemiology over the Pacific area, we also developed a methodological framework that can be used in other geographical or epidemiological settings for the spatio-temporal analysis and modeling of epidemiological surveillance data
Strada, Susanna. „Modélisation multi-échelle des impacts des feux de végétation sur la dynamique et la chimie de l'atmosphère en région méditerranéenne“. Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1567/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Mediterranean region shows a marked vulnerability to wildfires that are a rising threat to natural ecosystems and population. A coupled modelling approach allows to explore chemical and dynamical interactions between fire and atmosphere that occur at different spatial and temporal scales. The numerical coupling between the atmospheric model Meso-NH, including a chemical reactive scheme, and the fire spread model ForeFire was the methodology applied to address three studies. Firtsly, wildfire impacts on the atmospheric dynamics and chemistry were investigated at regional scale by modelling the Lançon-de-Provence 2005 wildfire. This study shows the impact of pyrogenic emissions on pollutant concentrations spreading at the surface over 30 km downwind of the fire; the atmospheric turbulence triggered by the fire is also reproduced. Secondly, a study about wildfire injection height was carried out to compare two parametrisations that describe convective processes associated with wildfires. The two schemes (EDMF and PRM) give similar results once applied to a Mediterranean fire, whereas EDMF systematically underestimates fire injection heights of tropical fires whatever environnemental conditions are. Hence, this work highlights the limits of parametrisations that predict fire injection heights. Finally, MesoNH-ForeFire was applied at high resolution to simulate idealized case studies and large real wildfires. This work shows the improvement in terms of the fire rate of spread that results from the two-way fire-atmosphere coupling
Strada, Susanna. „Modélisation multi-échelle des impacts des feux de végétation sur la dynamique et la chimie de l'atmosphère en région Méditerranéenne“. Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00694356.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOuali, Chakib. „Caractérisation multi-échelle de l’écoulement de mousses en milieux poreux en contexte EOR“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFoam has long been used as a mobility control agent in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes to enhance sweep efficiency and overcome gravity segregation, viscous fingering and gas channeling, which are gas-related problems when the latter is injected alone in the reservoir. However, the systematic use of foam in reservoir engineering requires more in-depth knowledge of its dynamics in porous media. The literature shows two types of experimental approaches based either on petrophysical studies carried out on 3D porous systems and based on pressure measurements, or on microfluidic studies that allow direct visualization of foam flow but are limited to 1D or 2D model systems. The research investigated in this thesis aims to bridge the gap between these two approaches. The proposed strategy is to characterize in situ the foam flow in 3D porous media with techniques providing a wide range of temporal and spatial resolutions. A coreflood setup giving access to classical petro-physical measurements was developed and then coupled to different observation cells designed specifically for each characterization instrument. First, an X-ray CT scanner was used to describe and visualize the foam flow at the core scale. The rheological behavior of foam on this scale was studied as a function of the injection conditions such as gas velocity and foam quality. Secondly, Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) was used to probe the foam structure in situ during the flow, on a wide length scale, up to three orders of magnitude in size. In situ foam texture (size and density of bubbles and lamellae) was measured for different foam qualities and at different propagation distances from the injection point. A comparison to the geometric characteristics of the porous medium was also realized. Thirdly, High Resolution Fast X-ray Micro-tomography on a Synchrotron was used to visualize the foam flow at the pore scale. This allowed to confirm visually some foam characteristics measured with SANS and to investigate on local intermittent gas trapping and mobilization. This study is an important step in the multi-scale characterization of foam flow in 3D porous media and provides some answers to certain generally accepted assumptions
Martín, Dalmas Joël. „Modélisation multi-échelle du transport du lithium dans des électrolytes Li-ion solides et hybrides et leurs interfaces“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023GRALY098.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHybrid Solid Electrolytes (HSEs) offer a promising alternative to conventional liquid electrolytes in the field of Li-ion batteries. These HSEs incorporate ceramic fillers, typically in nanoparticle form, into polymeric electrolytes. This integration aims to address the primary challenge encountered by Solid Polymeric Electrolytes (SPEs): their lower conductivity when compared to alternatives such as liquid or ceramic electrolytes. However, it remains uncertain whether the addition of ceramic fillers to pure SPEs yields a positive impact. The literature presents two distinct sets of findings. The first, stemming from early experimental research conducted two decades ago, advocates a significant improvement in SPE conductivity through the incorporation of passive ceramic fillers such as silica or alumina across various concentrations and temperatures. Conversely, an opposing perspective has emerged, highlighting outcomes that demonstrate an adverse effect of ceramics on the ionic mobility within SPEs, particularly when the polymer is in its amorphous phase.The ongoing debate in this field calls for a needed clarification. In this thesis, we seek to provide answers to a critical question: Does the inclusion of ceramic nanoparticles in Solid Polymeric Electrolytes enhance or impede ion mobility? To address this inquiry, we employ molecular dynamics simulation techniques to analyze two hybrid systems comprised of Polyethylene Oxide (PEO) as the polymer, LiTFSI as the lithium salt, and either silica or alumina as the ceramic components. Our approach involves classical molecular dynamics simulations using the OPLS-AA force field, enabling us to explore the dynamic behaviors and interactions of these materials over extended time scales, typically spanning tenths of nanoseconds. The force field parameters are examinated from various literature sources, each having undergone individual validation through comparisons with experimental data.We carried out an analysis of their structural properties, closely examining their correlation with the dynamic behavior of ions. This analysis provides a detailed account of the shifts in the system's dynamics.Our results demonstrate a high precision in replicating the temperature-dependent behavior observed in experimental studies of pure SPEs. Moreover, our simulations reproduce the solvation mechanisms of the salt on PEO, serving as a robust validation of our findings for pure SPEs.Our findings concerning the use of silica nanoparticles reveal a substantial reduction in conductivity upon their addition, regardless of the ionic concentration. Most of this reduction can be accounted for by the diffusion equation, resulting from the fact that the space occupied by the nanoparticles is made inactive and unable to sustain ionic diffusion, interupting the movement of the ions. We identify two distinct concentration regimes: one above and one below a threshold concentration of 2 mol/L, which coincides with the point of maximum conductivity. These regimes exhibit contrasting ionic distributions and coordination properties among species. In the low-concentration regime, lithium ions are predominantly coupled to oxygen atoms within the PEO, leading to its saturation at 2 mol/L. In the second regime, the surplus of lithium ions interacts with TFSI anions, influencing interactions among other ions in the system.The absence of conductivity enhancement observed in our simulations aligns with recent experimental measurements, contrary to earlier reports on hybrid ceramic/polyethylene-oxide electrolytes. Similar outcomes are evident in our results for alumina nanoparticles. In the specific case of alumina nanoparticles, we explored the utilization of a new set of force field parameters, resulting in significant alterations in the internal organization of the electrolyte. Despite these variations, our simulations consistently indicate a reduction in conductivity upon the addition of alumina nanoparticles
Lechner, Christoph. „Modélisation multi-échelle de l'insertion du 3H et du 36Cl dans les graphites UNGG“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX014/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the upcoming years, nine nuclear UNGG (Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz) power plants will have to be dismantled in France. In these power plants, nuclear graphite was used as a neutron moderator and reflector, and was activated during operation. The dismantlement will lead to 23000 tons of irradiated graphite waste, which will have to be managed. The graphite is classified as a nuclear waste containing radionuclides with low activity and long half-life. Two radionuclides are the focus of this work: 36Cl and 3H. 36Cl has one of the longest half-lives (about 301000 years) among the waste's radionuclides. 3H has a shorter half-life (12 years), but contributes significantly to the waste’s initial activity. Previous experiments suggest that both, 36Cl and 3H, are mainly fixed at different traps in graphite, which are defective structures, such as dislocation loops, surfaces, or grain boundaries. Since the only significant migration mechanism of these radionuclides is release, it is important to understand where the traps are located and the conditions of the release.UNGG graphite has a complex heterogeneous multi-scale structure which differs substantially from an ideal monocrystal of graphite. However, in order to understand macroscopic data, theoretical studies at the nano- and microscopic scale are an important tool to explain underlying phenomena even though they rely on simpler models due to the limitations of computation power. A multi-scale approach was therefore applied to study the local interactions of the radionuclides with graphite as well as diffusion and trapping mechanisms on the nm-μm length scale.First, the interaction of 3H and 36Cl with defects in graphite was studied with density functional theory (DFT). Hydrogen interacts covalently with bulk graphite as well as with the studied surfaces (001), (100), and (110). Several surface reconstructions were investigated: arch-type reconstructions and in-plane reconstructions. The results show that the existing hypothesis on the trapping of hydrogen needs to be refined. The behavior of Cl is more complex. On the (100) and (110) surface chemisorption is observed. However, on the (001) surface a strong charge transfer interaction is observed for Cl. In contrast to that, Cl2 only interacts via weak van der Waals interactions with this surface. In bulk graphite Cl2 dissociates.The diffusion of H and Cl in irradiated graphite has been investigated by performing molecuar dynamics simulations. The ab initio results were used to develop bond order potentials to model the interaction of radionuclides and the graphite matrix, which attributes for short and long range interactions. For Cl, a new potential has been parameterized which is able to describe all aspects obtained with DFT. For the 3H-graphite interactions, the bond order potential AIREBO/M was used for C-H interactions. For C-C interactions the LCBOP potential was used.To evaluate the influence of the complex heterogeneous structure of the UNGG graphite on the radionuclide's behavior, several different atomic models were studied to account for this diversity such as surfaces, grain boundaries and nanopores.For Cl, irradiation simulations of different systems were performed up to an energy of 10 keV for the primary knock-on atom (PKA), and in a temperature range of 200 to 500ºC. The dependence on temperature and irradiation direction was investigated. In general, direct irradiation damage increases with temperature. Irradiation at incident angles <90º can create more or less damage compared to the perpendicular one depending on the surface type.Diffusion of H and Cl along surfaces shows that all crystallite edges with dangling bonds can serve as traps. For Cl, diffusion in nanoporous graphite revealed two preferred locations : First, the crystallite edges where Cl forms strong covalent; second, the corners of microcracks where Cl interacts via charge transfer
Marrec, Ronan. „Étude multi-échelle des déterminants des patrons de structuration et de dynamique spatiale de populations de coléoptères carabiques dans les agroécosystèmes“. Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT2302/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCarabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) play an important role in agriculture as natural enemies of pests. The development and application of practical techniques for managing their populations is a central challenge for sustainable agriculture and depends on detailed knowledge of the ecology of individual species. However, this information is relatively scant for even the most common species of interest in agricultural landscapes. Both agricultural practices and landscape structure have been shown to affect carabid distribution and abundance. In particular, crop rotation and associated mechanical practices affect arthropod abundance either directly, through mortality and emigration, or indirectly, by affecting local microhabitat conditions. Consequently, distribution shifts are expected to occur in response to the temporal instability of annual crops.The aim of this study was to determine (i) factors which structure populations of dominant carabid beetles over agricultural landscapes and (ii) their spatial and temporal scales of influence, in order to infer individual and population processes involved in species maintain, in response to agroecosystems' spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Surveys were conducted in three agricultural areas of western France contrasted in their degree of agricultural intensification, using both pitfall and emergence traps located within fields of the dominant crops and their immediate environment (field margins). At the field scale, we found that: (i) the studied carabid species used crop and non-crop habitats differently during the reproductive period and while overwintering and exhibited different strategies of habitat use; (ii) carabids were more active-abundant within oilseed rape fields than in other types of habitats; (iii) important distribution shifts were observed among habitat patches depending on habitat type and season.At the landscape scale, we found that: (i) landscape composition in both the current and previous years influenced carabid activity-density and distribution at different spatial scales; (ii) non-monotonous landscape effects on carabids were observed, which indicate the importance of considering contrasted landscapes to correctly explore the effect of landscape variables; (iii) Poecilus cupreus populations were structured spatially and genetically at very large spatial scales; (iv) male-biased dispersal was suggested in this species.Overall, results suggest that inter-field movements and active habitat selection rather than differences in survival rates determine distribution and abundance dynamics of dominant carabid species in agricultural landscapes. In addition, data suggest that redistributions mainly occur before overwintering likely in response to autumn cultural practices. High dispersal abilities are key traits for species maintain in highly instable environments, such as agricultural landscapes, and are highly selected in carabid species communities
Jolivet, Morgane. „Morphologie et dynamique des littoraux sableux de Guyane soumis à l’influence de bancs de vase amazoniens : analyse expérimentale et multi-échelle, du court terme au multi-décennal“. Thesis, Guyane, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019YANE0014.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis aims to describe and understand the morphological evolutionary of gyanese sandy-muddy coasts, under multiple influences, encompassing mesoscale to infra-daily processes. The long-term study of coastline evolution (1950-2017), based on high-resolution (50 cm) aerial images, made it possible to accurately observe and describe the structure "in thousand-sheets" of the coastal plain of the Guianas, which is made up from alternating deposits of muddy sediments and cheniers. On a smaller scale, this thesis relies on a field study, during which morphological and hydrodynamic data was collected between 2017 and 2019. A diachronic survey of beach morphology was employed using photogrammetry combined with seasonal bathymetric surveys. Currents, waves and tides have beeen recorded during specific hydrodynamic campaigns. On the morphological response to instantaneous forcing, the study of morphodynamics allowed us to underline the importance of tides in sedimentary transport and the functioning of beaches, combining both an extremely dissipative low-water terrace and a highly reflective beach-top at high tide. The multi-decadal study and the field observations also allowed to advance the evidence of the generalization of the beach rotation model. These conditions, combined with the availability of sand from the re-mobilization of cheniers or local estuarine inputs, define these sandy beaches as zones with high variability but with a stable sediment balance subjected to a winging of the sandy material. Attempts to fix in place a highly variable coastline creates a disruption in the form of micro littoral cells that limits the intrinsic mobility of the sandy sediment necessary for the balance of the beaches during the alternation of bank and interbank periods
Ouali, Chakib. „Caractérisation multi-échelle de l’écoulement de mousses en milieux poreux en contexte EOR“. Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS001/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFoam has long been used as a mobility control agent in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes to enhance sweep efficiency and overcome gravity segregation, viscous fingering and gas channeling, which are gas-related problems when the latter is injected alone in the reservoir. However, the systematic use of foam in reservoir engineering requires more in-depth knowledge of its dynamics in porous media. The literature shows two types of experimental approaches based either on petrophysical studies carried out on 3D porous systems and based on pressure measurements, or on microfluidic studies that allow direct visualization of foam flow but are limited to 1D or 2D model systems. The research investigated in this thesis aims to bridge the gap between these two approaches. The proposed strategy is to characterize in situ the foam flow in 3D porous media with techniques providing a wide range of temporal and spatial resolutions. A coreflood setup giving access to classical petro-physical measurements was developed and then coupled to different observation cells designed specifically for each characterization instrument. First, an X-ray CT scanner was used to describe and visualize the foam flow at the core scale. The rheological behavior of foam on this scale was studied as a function of the injection conditions such as gas velocity and foam quality. Secondly, Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) was used to probe the foam structure in situ during the flow, on a wide length scale, up to three orders of magnitude in size. In situ foam texture (size and density of bubbles and lamellae) was measured for different foam qualities and at different propagation distances from the injection point. A comparison to the geometric characteristics of the porous medium was also realized. Thirdly, High Resolution Fast X-ray Micro-tomography on a Synchrotron was used to visualize the foam flow at the pore scale. This allowed to confirm visually some foam characteristics measured with SANS and to investigate on local intermittent gas trapping and mobilization. This study is an important step in the multi-scale characterization of foam flow in 3D porous media and provides some answers to certain generally accepted assumptions
Anoukou, Kokou. „Modélisation multi-échelle du comportement mécanique de nanocomposites polymères à renforts d’argile de type montmorillonite : approche micromécanique et simulation de dynamique moléculaire“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10139/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePolymer nanocomposites reinforced with clay minerals have attracted a great consideration during the last two decades. That can be explained, firstly, by the availability and the reduced production cost of the reinforcing phase, and secondly, by the remarkable improvements in physical and mechanical properties. These improvements are observed even at very low amounts of reinforcements compared to their microcomposite counterparts. The development of these new materials creates a keen interest both in academic and industrial research. However, the mechanisms responsible of these property improvements are still poorly understood and remain a major concern of researchers. This work contributes to the understanding and to the development of predictive tools of the mechanical behavior of polymer nanocomposites reinforced with montmorillonite clay using two modeling approaches: the micromechanics of heterogeneous materials and the molecular dynamics simulation. An analytical micromechanical model based on the self-consistent approach is developed. The proposed model is validated by our experimental data and those from the literature. A new molecular dynamics simulation protocol is proposed for the modeling of these nanomaterials at the nanometric scale. This approach has allowed us, inter alia, to get insight into the molecular interactions between the different components and to determine the effective elastic properties of the nanocomposite
Fekak, Fatima-Ezzahra. „Étude de la réponse dynamique des ponts roulants soumis à des chocs multiples pendant un séisme : Co-simulation implicite / explicite multi-échelle en temps pour la dynamique du contact“. Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI037/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBridge cranes are hoisting appliances located overhead in buildings. They are used to handle very heavy and sometimes critical loads. During an earthquake, a bridge crane may be subjected to multiple impacts between wheels and rails. These impacts can cause significant damage to the structure leading to a fall of the handled load or the bridge crane itself. Therefore, the qualification of such equipment, subjected to an earthquake, is very important. Currently, this qualification is based on static methods. These methods assume a purely linear behavior of the bridge cranes, which leads to a very conservative forces. Consequently, the bridge cranes manufacturers are sometimes unable to design the equipement from the over-estimated efforts provided by the static methods. The aim of this work is to study the dynamic response of a bridge crane during an earthquake by taking into account the geometric and material non-linearities. In order to model such phenomena, a time-history dynamic analysis with a multi-scale approach is performed. To take into account the high frequency aspect of the impacts between wheels and rails, a Lagrange explicit contact/impact time integrator is proposed. This work has also led to the development of an explicit–implicit HATI (Heterogeneous Asynchronous Time Integrator) for contact/impact dynamics. This method allows us to adopt an explicit contact/impact time integrator in the contact area and an implicit time integrator with a coarse mesh in the rest of the domain. Finally, a co-simulation demonstrator between Cast3M and Europlexus softwares is set up to show the very significant gain in computation time for a three-dimensional finite element model of an industrial bridge crane
Zhou, Changwei. „Approche couplée propagative et modale pour l'analyse multi-échelle des structures périodiques“. Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECDL0040/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleStructural dynamics can be described in terms of structural modes as well as elastic wave motions. The mode-based methods are widely applied in mechanical engineering and numerous model order reduction (MOR) techniques have been developed. When it comes to the study of periodic structures, wave description is mostly adopted where periodicity is fully exploited based on the Bloch theory. For complex periodic structures, several MOR techniques conducted on wave basis have been proposed in the literature. In this work, a wave and modal coupled approach is developed to study the wave propagation in periodic structures. The approach begins with the modal description of a unit cell (mesoscopic scale) using Component Mode Synthesis (CMS). Subsequently, the wave-based method -Wave Finite Element Method (WFEM) is applied to the structure (macroscopic scale). The method is referred as “CWFEM” for Condensed Wave Finite Element Method. It combines the advantages of CMS and WFEM. CMS enables to analyse the local behaviour of the unit cell using a reduced modal basis. On the other hand, WFEM exploits fully the periodic propriety of the structure and extracts directly the propagation parameters. Thus the analysis of the wave propagation in the macroscopic scale waveguides can be carried out considering the mesoscopic scale behaviour. The effectiveness of CWFEM is illustrated via several one-dimensional (1D) periodic structures and two-dimensional (2D) periodic structures. The criterion of the optimal reduction to ensure the convergence is discussed. Typical wave propagation characteristics in periodic structures are identified, such as pass bands, stop bands, wave beaming effects, dispersion relation, band structure and slowness surfaces...Their proprieties can be applied as vibroacoustics barriers, wave filters. CWFEM is subsequently applied to study wave propagation characteristics in perforated plates and stiffened plate. A homogenization method to find the equivalent model of perforated plate is proposed. The high frequency behaviours such as wave beaming effect are also predicted by CWFEM. Three plate models with different perforations are studied. Experimental validation is conducted on two plates. For the stiffened plate, the influence of internal modes on propagation is discussed. The modal density in the mid- and high- frequency range is estimated for a finite stiffened plate, where good correlation is obtained compared to the mode count from modal analysis
Vu, Van Huyen. „Modélisation hybride et multi-échelle pour la simulation des écoulements et des transferts thermiques dans les micro-canaux“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1163/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe main objective of this thesis is to model the multi-scale heat and fluid flows in micro-/nano channels. This method must be able of capturing at the same time the fluid/solid interaction at the small scale but also the flows induced by the inlet/outlet boundary conditions at the large scale. To this aim, we have adopted an approach coupling the continuum model in the bulks of the channel and the discrete model at the vicinity of the wall, based on an atomistic representation of the fluid and the solid.The Navier-Stokes and energy equations, coupled with an equation of state, are approximated by a finite volume method and the molecular dynamics simulations are used to finely represent the interaction between the fluid and the solid. This hybrid method requires information transmission between the former two regions: averaged quantity in molecular dynamics simulations are imposed as boundary conditions for the continuous model and constrained dynamics, coupled with a thermostat Langevin, is used to control in the molecular level. A set of small molecular dynamics blocks, smartly distributed all along the wall/fluid interface, allows to treat flow and heat transfers in a long micro/nano-channel with a reasonable computational cost.After a validation step, the hybrid multi-scale simulations of complex fluid flows in the channel composed of the platinum wall have been conducted for argon in incompressible liquid or compressible gaseous phase with and without phase change in the vicinity of the wall
Vogt-Schilb, Hélène. „Dynamique temporelle multi-échelle et structuration spatiale des communautés méditerranéennes : le cas des orchidées et des champignons comme modèles contrastés et dépendants d’interactions“. Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20243.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn regard to the alarming rate of biodiversity erosion, it is essential to quantify the impact of global changes on species. Using two biological models, orchids and fungi, this study aimed at (i) quantifying the responses of species' phenology, community composition and biotic interactions to global changes and (ii) analyzing the observed patterns in regard to the environmental conditions and the species' ecology. These studies were based on multiple temporal (with a 30 year-delay in case of orchids and 170 year-delay in case of fungi) and spatial scales (different land-uses). The results indicate a marked response (phenological delay, change in community composition, effect on ecological strategies) of both models to climate and land-use changes. Both the ecological and biological traits of species strongly influence species' responses to global changes. This study allows a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying orchids and fungal assemblies and provides practical and applied guidelines for the conservation of these organisms in the Mediterranean region
Achour, Nadia. „Modélisation multi-échelle et analyse expérimentale du comportement de composites à matrice thermoplastique renforcés fibres de verre sous sollicitations dynamiques modérées“. Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ENAM0062/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe current work focuses on the development of a micromechanical modeling tool in the form of a virtual test machine which, used with the structural calculation codes, allows to determine the complex anisotropic behavior of polypropylene matrix composites reinforced with short glass fibers under dynamic loading. The core-skin microstructure induced by the material injection process is investigated experimentally by μCT. The dynamic behavior is characterized for strain rates of up to 200s-1 using an experimental methodology based on the use of a damping joint and specimen optimization. The mechanisms of damage are analyzed experimentally by in situ SEM testing. They highlight the importance of the debonding phenomenon in the damage scenario. Based on these experimental results, the multiscale approach developed consists of an incremental Mori Tanaka method applied to an elastoviscoplastic matrix and coated reinforcements integrating the evolution of damage at the mesoscopic scale. The damage introduced into the coatings disturbs the load transfer between the matrix and the reinforcements. In addition, the strain rate, orientation, and fiber rate dependence of the model are correlated by testing. The virtual testing machine is validated by modeling structures. The developed predictive tool thus takes into account the minimum necessary to describe the microstructure while being reliable and relevant in the modeling of composites under moderate dynamic stress
Born, Céline. „Diversité génétique et dynamique des forêts d’Afrique centrale : Une étude multi-échelle de la structure de la diversité génétique d’un arbre pionnier, Aucoumea klaineana“. Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20252.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work contributes to our knowledge on historical, evolutionary and ecological processes linked with the high biological diversity in central Africa. We studied the structure of the genetic diversity of Aucoumea klaineana, a pioneer tree species, endemic to the Lower Guinea forest domain. Several spatial-scales were considered to infer impacts of the different processes (historical, evolutionary and ecological) acting with distinct time-scales on the genetic diversity. Considering the intraspecific genetic variation in the contemporary distribution of species, we showed that the heterogeneity in the distribution of the genetic diversity is due to the isolation of several source populations in forest refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum. After dry and cold periods, forest species recolonized savannahs and reached their current distribution areas. In A. Klaineana, founder effects associated with colonization processes were avoided by the homogeneity in reproductive success in adult trees. At fine-scale, the spatial genetic structure (SGS) generally resulted from the isolation by distance process, the equilibrium between gene dispersal and drift. Such structure is observed for A. Klaineana, characterized by both limited pollen and seed dispersal distances (128 and 118 m respectively). Here, SGS analyses may illustrate that reduced density of trees and/or forest opening is compensated by higher gene dispersal distances. This result is linked with dispersal syndromes of the species that locally contribute to the maintenance of the genetic diversity
Bettinotti, Omar. „A weakly-intrusive multi-scale substitution method in explicit dynamics“. Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DENS0032/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleComposite laminates are increasingly employed in aeronautics, but can be prone to extensive delamination when submitted to impact loads. The need of performing virtual testing to predict delamination becomes essential for engineering workflows, in which the use of a fine modeling scheme appears nowadays to be the preferred one. The associated computational cost would be prohibitively high for large structures. The goal of this work consists in reducing such computational cost coupling the fine model, restricted to the surroundings of the delamination process zone, with a coarse one applied to the rest of the structure. Due to the transient behavior of impact problems, the dynamic adaptivity of the models to follow evolutive phenomena represents a crucial feature for the coupling. Many methodologies are currently used to couple multiple models, such as non-overlapping Domain Decomposition method, that, applied to dynamic adaptivity, has to be combined with a re-meshing strategy, considered as intrusive implementation within a Finite Element Analysis software. In this work, the bases of a weakly-intrusive approach, called Substitution method, are presented in the field of explicit dynamics. The method is based on a global-local formulation and is designed so that it is possible to make use of the pre-fixed coarse model the meshes the whole structure to obtain a global response: this pre-computation is then iteratively corrected considering the application of the refined model only where required, in the picture of an adaptive strategy. The verification of the Substitution method in comparison with the Domain Decomposition method is presented