Dissertationen zum Thema „Dynamique des tremblements de terre“
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Croissant, Thomas. „Modélisation numérique de l'impact des grands tremblements de terre sur la dynamique des rivières“. Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S117/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn mountainous areas, intermediate to large earthquakes (Mw > 6) systematically trigger a large number of landslides supplying the fluvial network with massive volumes of sediment. The progressive evacuation of the sediment out of the epicentral area alters river dynamics and may cause hydro-sedimentary hazards in alluvial plains (river avulsion, inundations, bank erosion, ...). The quantification of sediment transfers is critical to better understand landscape evolution on short timescales (i.e. hours to centuries) and improve hazard management in deposition areas. However, the factors controlling the coarse sediment transfers are still poorly known due to a lack of field measurements and adequate numerical models. The aim of this work is thus to study, via numerical modeling, the parameters influencing landslides evacuation, the transport capacity variations at the gorge/alluvial plain transition and the short-term dynamics and hazards of alluvial fans. This work is set up in the context of the West Coast of New Zealand (NZ) which presents a 50% probability to experience a magnitude 8 earthquake in the next 50 years. This problematic has been addressed analytically and via a numerical approach. Using the analytical approach, we demonstrate that the conservation of long-term transport capacity at the bedrock gorge and alluvial plain transition usually implies the channel narrowing in the alluvial part that is generally realized by a transition to a braided system. We identify discharge variability as the dominant factor of alluvial river long term transport capacity compared to riparian vegetation. To explore the role of channel self-organization on coarse sediment transport, we use Eros, a 2D morphodynamic model able to simulate landscape evolution improved by a new 2D hydrodynamic model. Combined with a sediment transport/deposition model and lateral fluxes modeling (bank erosion and transverse deposition), Eros allows for the emergence of diverse alluvial river regimes and geometries (e.g. straight/sinuous and braided channels) as a function of the external forcing experienced by the river (water and sediment fluxes). The application of Eros on natural cases has required the validation and calibration of its principal parameters using analytical solutions and the morphodynamic reproduction of natural systems such as the evolution of the Poerua river in New Zealand following the Mount Adams landslide. In the downstream part of the catchment, the ensemble numerical simulations demonstrate Eros abilities to 1) efficiently predict the morphodynamic evolution of alluvial fans submitted to different scenarios of large sediment supplies and 2) generate probabilistic risk maps. In the upstream part, the results highlight the dominant role of dynamic river narrowing reducing export times of landslide-derived sediments. We define a new law characterizing export times as a function of landslide volume and pre-landslide transport capacity that predicts mean residence times for a M8 earthquake in a mountain range of 5-30 yr, much lower than previous estimations of ~ 100 yr. The numerical approach developed in this work suggests that the study of mountain ranges response to severe landslide disruption can only be addressed with a 2D model able to account for the non-linearities between river flow, channel geometry and sediment transport. The results allow for a better characterization of landscape dynamics at the scale of a seismic cycle and hydro-sedimentary hazards in the short term
Carbonneau, Charles. „Développement d'une base de donnée [i.e. données] expérimentale sur le comportement dynamique des barrages en béton“. Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2000.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenLacroix, Maxine. „Analyse des déplacements permanents des barrages en remblai et en enrochement par des méthodes pseudo-dynamiques pour l'est du Canada“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27129.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMaltais, Pierre-Olivier. „Simulations numériques du comportement de fondations profondes sous sollicitations dynamiques dans deux dépôts quaternaires de l'Est du Canada“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24750.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleZhang, Zezhong. „Stabilité dynamique des versants et effets de site d’origine géomorphologique : simulations numériques et rétro-analyses“. Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM074/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this research work, numerical simulations using the finite difference FLAC software (Itasca) were first conducted with a homogeneous linear elastic slope model in order to characterize the acceleration amplification along the slope surface and behind the slope crest, and then to evaluate the topographic effect on the acceleration amplification. The interaction between the frequency of the seismic input motion applied at the base of the model with the slope angle and height has been deeply investigated. It was found that significant changes in the acceleration amplification factor result from variations in the slope angle and height as well as the signal frequency and duration. In addition, it has been shown that the ground motion amplification due to slope topography result from complex coupling effects between the input waves and the reflected waves on the topographic features and is highly controlled by the ratio between the wavelength of the input signal and the slope height.Numerical simulations are based on geotechnical investigations and geotechnical modeling, and it is necessary to validate the results through comparisons between modeling results and field observations. Frequency domain analysis such as spectral density and frequency response are an effective way to understand process characteristics and the various phenomena that cannot be explained in the time domain. For this purpose, a case study at Xishan Park ridge in Zigong in China has been studied. Site amplifications associated with the ground motion produced by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake have been evaluated using the Standard Spectral Ratio (SSR) technique and root-mean-square acceleration (arms) method in time domain. 2D numerical analysis using finite difference method using the FLAC software (Itasca) has been then performed and results have been compared with monitoring data. The “simulated” peaks of the spectral amplifications are always lower than those derived from the field records. The strong attenuation of input motion at high frequencies highlights the shortcoming that a signal damping ratio does not adequately represent the energy dissipation in numerical simulations. Significant amplifications occurred at high frequencies (>10 Hz) and are considered to result from local specific conditions such as rock fracturing and ridge steps; thus they do not necessarily occur at the top of the hill. Finally, parametric studies were performed with elastic models in terms of various 2D slope geometries and geological layers to characterize the ground motion amplifications. The purpose of the parametric analysis is to understand the role of the geological layer, slope angle and slope height on the ground motion amplification, and thus to estimate if site amplifications could be responsible for the triggering of landslide. Then, the dynamic analysis on the slope model for different seismic magnitudes was performed and a slope failure based on displacement was created to evaluate the Las Colinas slope stability in Salvador. The numerical results clearly showed that site effects can have induced significant ground motion amplifications that contributed to trigger landslides
Zhang, Zezhong. „Stabilité dynamique des versants et effets de site d’origine géomorphologique : simulations numériques et rétro-analyses“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM074.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this research work, numerical simulations using the finite difference FLAC software (Itasca) were first conducted with a homogeneous linear elastic slope model in order to characterize the acceleration amplification along the slope surface and behind the slope crest, and then to evaluate the topographic effect on the acceleration amplification. The interaction between the frequency of the seismic input motion applied at the base of the model with the slope angle and height has been deeply investigated. It was found that significant changes in the acceleration amplification factor result from variations in the slope angle and height as well as the signal frequency and duration. In addition, it has been shown that the ground motion amplification due to slope topography result from complex coupling effects between the input waves and the reflected waves on the topographic features and is highly controlled by the ratio between the wavelength of the input signal and the slope height.Numerical simulations are based on geotechnical investigations and geotechnical modeling, and it is necessary to validate the results through comparisons between modeling results and field observations. Frequency domain analysis such as spectral density and frequency response are an effective way to understand process characteristics and the various phenomena that cannot be explained in the time domain. For this purpose, a case study at Xishan Park ridge in Zigong in China has been studied. Site amplifications associated with the ground motion produced by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake have been evaluated using the Standard Spectral Ratio (SSR) technique and root-mean-square acceleration (arms) method in time domain. 2D numerical analysis using finite difference method using the FLAC software (Itasca) has been then performed and results have been compared with monitoring data. The “simulated” peaks of the spectral amplifications are always lower than those derived from the field records. The strong attenuation of input motion at high frequencies highlights the shortcoming that a signal damping ratio does not adequately represent the energy dissipation in numerical simulations. Significant amplifications occurred at high frequencies (>10 Hz) and are considered to result from local specific conditions such as rock fracturing and ridge steps; thus they do not necessarily occur at the top of the hill. Finally, parametric studies were performed with elastic models in terms of various 2D slope geometries and geological layers to characterize the ground motion amplifications. The purpose of the parametric analysis is to understand the role of the geological layer, slope angle and slope height on the ground motion amplification, and thus to estimate if site amplifications could be responsible for the triggering of landslide. Then, the dynamic analysis on the slope model for different seismic magnitudes was performed and a slope failure based on displacement was created to evaluate the Las Colinas slope stability in Salvador. The numerical results clearly showed that site effects can have induced significant ground motion amplifications that contributed to trigger landslides
Al-Gusab, Hussein Ali Hussein. „Modelisation des maisons à ossature en bois et remplissage en terre“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI027/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleA simplified finite element model was proposed for the analysis of timber-framed structures with infilling of rocks and clay morter by using hysteretic constitutive models for joints and structural elements. Three different scales were defined for the identification and validation of hysteretic models: connection, shear wall and full-scale building; comparisons of numerical and test results were performed at each scale. The calibrated model allowed assessing the earthquake-resistant performance of a traditional Haitian one-storey house and could be used for the design of a two-storey house
Caracausi, Antonio. „Noble gases as geochemical tracers of Earth's dynamic and evolution“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0339.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn my project, I used the nobles gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe) to investigate natural processes occurring in different geodynamical contexts (i.e., subduction, continental collision, rifting), showing how the use of the noble gases is fundamental to constrain the origin of volatiles, and to investigate the Earth interior. Furthermore, I also used these volatiles to recognize the processes (water-gas-rock interaction) that occur during the fluids up rise from the Earth’s interior to the atmosphere and quantitatively constrain the extents of these processes. The results of my project are summarized in five main topics: 1) Insights into the degassing history of Earth’s mantle from high precision noble gas analysis of magmatic gas 2) Noble Gas and Carbon Isotope Systematics at the Seemingly Inactive Ciomadul Volcano (Romania): Evidence for Volcanic Degassing 3) Mantle‐Derived Fluids in the East Java Sedimentary Basin, Indonesia 4) Outgassing of Mantle Volatiles in Compressional Tectonic Regime Away From Volcanism: The Role of Continental Delamination 5) Continental degassing of helium in an active tectonic setting (northern Italy): the role of seismicity
Peyrat, Sophie. „Modélisation des tremblements de terre : rupture, rayonnement et inversion“. Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112140.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVoisin, Christophe. „Les tremblements de terre : de l'initiation à l'arrêt de la rupture“. Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00709781.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFlores, Cuba Joseph M. „Earthquake rupture around stepovers in a brittle damage medium“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS301.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleStrike-slip fault systems consist of a variety of geometrical complexities like branches, kinks and step-overs. Especially, the presence of a step-over structure can strongly determine the final size of the earthquake rupture. Thus understanding the dynamics of a rupture through such a complexity is crucial for seismic hazard assessment. A few studies have looked at this question within the context of a linear elastic medium. However, during an earthquake off-fault damage is generated, especially at the ends of a fault, which significantly changes the overall dynamics of a rupture. Using a micromechanical model, that accounts for crack growth and opening and its impact on the dynamic evolution of elastic moduli, we evaluate how dynamic off-fault damage can affect the capability of a rupture to navigate through step-over fault structures. We show that, sometimes, accounting for this energy sink, off-damage suppresses the ability of the rupture to jump from one fault to another. Whereas, in some specific cases, the dynamically created low-velocity zone may aid the rupture to jump on the secondary fault. Combing this numerical study with an analytical analysis we set the contours for a systematic approach useful for earthquake hazard assessments
Gagnepain-Beyneix, Jeannine. „Etude experimentale des tremblements de terre : exemple de la region d'arette (france)“. Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077010.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDevaux, Jean-Philippe. „L'olivine metastable dans la lithosphere subductante : application aux tremblements de terre profonds“. Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA112360.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGagnepain-Beyneix, Jeannine. „Etude expérimentale des tremblements de terre exemple de la région d'Arette (France) /“. Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37605249g.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFradet, Thibault. „Vulnérabilité et perception face aux tremblements de terre en France, 1650-1850“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV135/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis of history is ultimately the improvement of the methodologies of hazard based on macroseismic data in the case ofhistorical earthquakes. To this end, the effort of basic research, as well as the analysis of the vulnerability of societies of the past to natural hazards involves the creation and the use of methodological tools applicable to historical earthquakes (historical criticism, lexicon, and mapping). The thesis consists into two parts at once distinct and indivisible: firstly the old vulnerability to earthquakes, secondly the vulnerability of ancient buildings.Mixing the context of the available documents with a robust and thin archival research allows integrating the behavior of affected ommunities.Selected time-series terminals correspond to the development of the press and the birth of modern science a hand, entering the era of the Industrial Revolution on the other. This choice is also motivated by the limited availability and more complex analysis of the documents for the period preceding the 17th century and the birth of Seismology for the second part of the 19th century.Three case studies (Bigorre, 1660; Manosque, 1708; Entre-Deux-Mers, 1759) allow exploring many leads of research leading to a better apprehension, analysis and interpretation of historical documents by theuse of tools specifically created for this purpose
Ader, Thomas. „Les tremblements de terre de l'Himalaya : vers un modèle physique du cycle sismique“. Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077282.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHome to hundreds of millions of souls and land of excessiveness, the Himalaya is also the locus of a unique seismicity whose scope and peculiarities still remain to this day somewhat mysterious. Having claimed the lives of kings, or turned ancient timeworn cities into heaps of rubbles and tains, earthquakes eerily inhabit Nepalese folk tales with the fatalistic message that nothing lasts forever. From a scientific point of view as much as from a human perspective, solving the mysteries of Himalayan seismicity thus represents a challenge of prime importance. Documenting geodetic strain across the Nepal Himalaya with varions GPS and leveling data, we show that unlike other subduction zones that exhibit a heterogeneous and patchy coupling pattern along strike, the last hundred kilometers of the Main Himalayan Thrust fault, or MHT, appear to be uniformly locked, devoid of any of the "creeping barriers" that traditionally ward off the propagation of large events. The approximately 20 mm/yr of reckoned convergence across the Himalaya matching previously established estimates of the secular deformation at the front of the arc, die slip accumulated at depth has to somehow elastically propagate all the way to the surface at some point. And yet, neither large events from die past nor currently recorded microseismicity nearly compensate for the massive moment deficit that quietly builds up under die giant mountains. Along with this large unbalanced moment deficit, die uncommonly homogeneous coupling pattern on die MHT raises the question of whether or not the locked portion of die MHT can rupture all at once in a giant earthquake. Univocally answering this question appears contingent on die still elusive estimate of the magnitude of the largest possible earthquake in the Himalaya, and requires tight constraints on local fault properties. What makes the Himalaya enigmatic also makes it the potential source of an incredible wealth of information, and we exploit some of the oddities of Himalayan seismicity in an effort to improve the understanding of earthquake physics and cipher out the properties of die MHT. Thanks to the Himalaya, the Indo-Gangetic plain is deluged each year under a tremendous amount of water during the annual summer monsoon that collects and bears down on the Indian plate enough to pull it away from the Eurasian plate slightly, temporarily relieving a small portion of die stress mounting on the MHT. As the rainwater evaporates in the dry winter season, die plate rebounds and tension is increased back on the fault. Interestingly, the mild waggle of stress induced by the monsoon nains is about die same size as that from solid-Earth tides which gently tug at the planets solid layers, but whereas changes in earthquake frequency correspond with the annually occurring monsoon, there is no such correlation with Earth tides, which oscillate back-and-forth twice a day. We therefore investigate die general response of the creeping and seismogenic parts of MHT to periodic stresses in order to link there observations to physical parameters. First, the response of die creeping part of the MHT is analyzed with a simple spring-and-slider system bearing rate-strengthening rheology, and we show that at the transition with die locked zone, where the friction becomes Wear velocity neutral, the response of the slip rate may be amplified at some periods, which values are analytically related to the physical parameters of die problem. Such predictions therefore hold the potential of constraining fault properties on the MHT, but still await observational counterparts to be applied, as nothing indicates that the variations of seismicity rate on die locked part of the MHT are the direct expressions of variations of the slip rate on its creeping part, and no variations of die slip rate have been singled out from die GPS measurements to this day. When shifting to die locked seismogenic part of the MHT, spring-and-slider models with rate-weakening rheology are insufficient to explain die contrasted responses of die seismicity to the periodic loads that tides and monsoon both place on the MHT. Lnstead, we resort to numerical simulations using the Boundary Integral CYCLes of Earthquakes algorithm and examine die response of a 2D finite fault embedded with a rate-weakening patch to harmonie stress perturbations of varions periods. We show that such simulations are able to reproduce results consistent with a graduai amplification of sensitivity as die perturbing period get larger, up to a critical period corresponding to the characteristic Lime of evolution of the seismicity in response to a step-like perturbation of stress. This increase of sensitivity was not reproduced by simple 1D-spring-slider systems, probably because of the complexity of the nucleation process, reproduced only by 2D-fault models. When the nucleation zone is close to its critical unstable size, its growth becomes highly sensitive to any externat perturbations and the timings of produced events may therefore fmd themselves highly affected. A fully analytical framework has yet to be developed and further work is needed to fully describe the behavior of die fault in ternis of physical parameters, which will likely provide die keys to deduce constitutive properties of the MHT fion seismological observations
Quenet, Grégory. „Les tremblements de terre aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles : la naissance d'un risque /“. Seyssel : Champ Vallon, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb399722281.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDal, Burçkin. „L'enseignement des tremblements de terre et du volcanisme dans les écoles primaires en Turquie“. Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA070027.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe subject of the thesis is the study of seisms and volcanism teaching in the primary schools in Turkey. The research is organized around several main lines relating to the study of the natural risks : in the physical geography and geological sciences, in the OfficiaI Instructions, in the textbooks, in the analysis of the representations of the pupils and in the practices of class. The final purpose will be to suggest the best possible appropriateness between the specificity of the physical geography and geology, and the social request about an initiation of the future Turkish citizens to the best comprehension of these two phenomenons, in order to they can react weIl when such events take place, having received themselves a true education to the seismic risks
Onetto, Pavez Mauricio. „Tremblements de terre dans le jardin d'Éden : désastres, mémoire et identité au Chili (XVIe-XXIe siècles)“. Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0009.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study sought to verify the dimensions of the sense of catastrophe or "catastrophism" generated due to natural disasters. 16th, 17th and 18th centuries were analysed for this purpose. The objects of study chosen in order to analyze this catastrophism were the earthquakes that took place during this time. Specifically, we make reference to the 1570, 1575, 1647, 1657, 1730 and 1751 earthquakes, altough we focus our attention mainly on the 17th and 18th century ones. The thesis is divided in three parts. The first part presents the elements that forged a catastrophic perception (places, actors, memories, vocabulary, etc. ). The second part includes chapters that explain the mechanism through, and the ways in wich catastrophism was instrumentalised. Finally the third part examine representations generated in the aftermath of these earthquakes. These representations were influential in the construction of the memory and transmission of the "history" of this country
Quenet, Grégory. „Les tremblements de terre en France aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles : une histoire sociale du risque“. Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010630.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleZerfa, Fatma Zohra. „Dynamique couplée des ouvrages en terre“. Grenoble INPG, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPG0109.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMeyer, Bertrand. „Mécanismes des grands tremblements de terre et du raccourcissement crustal oblique au bord Nord-Est du Tibet“. Paris 6, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA066581.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBoukaré, Charles-Edouard. „Dynamique du manteau dans la jeune Terre“. Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1011/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEarly in the history of terrestrial planet, heat of accreation, radioactive deacay and core-mantle segratation may have melted the silicate mantle significantly. Magma ocean evolution depends on both physical properties of materials at relevant P-T conditions and the complex dynamics of a convecting cristallizing mantle. Present deep Earth mantle structures might be direclty linked to the crystallization of a potential magma ocean. We propose a complete thermodynamic model of the solid-liquid equilibrium in the MgO-FeO-SiO2 system which allows to compute self-consistenltly crystallization sequence at deep mantle conditions. The present study shows that, at thermodynamic equilibrium, the first solids that crystallize in the deep mantle are lighter than the liquid as they are more Mg-rich. This further enriches the melt in iron and this residual melt becomes much denser than the solid phase. Both the anti-freeze effect of iron and its high density suggest a mantle crystallization scenario similar to that described in Labrosse et al. (2007) where the ULVZ are iron rich and very fusible remnants of a primordial basal magma ocean. In addition, we have developped a multiphase convection code accounting for solid-liquid phase change, compaction and fractionnal cristallization. This mechanical model is dedicated to the investigation of the effects of various temperature profile and solid liquid density cross-overs on the dynamics of a cristallizing mantle. In this thesis, we show preliminary models illustrating the effect of chemical density contrasts between melt and solid in the case of univariant crystallization
Vigny, Christophe. „Géoïde et dynamique interne de la Terre“. Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112302.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRicard, Yanick. „Dynamique interne de la Terre et observations gravimétriques“. Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112365.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis on geodynamics includes two parts. Deformation processes of mantellic materials are involved in both parts. Geoid and Bouguer Gravity observations are used to constraint our models. The first part of this thesis presents a spectral analysis of topography and gravity anomalies in the Basin and Range Province of North America. Periodicities are shown with various wavelengths and directions. These directions are related to the extensional directions of this province during Miocene time and the Present. These observations are compared to numerical models of stretching instabilities. We suggest the existence of a "boudinage" structure for the whole lithosphere. In the second part, we analyze the long wavelength relationships between geoid, mantle lateral heterogeneities and plate tectonics. These relationships can only be explained by the internal dynamics of the fluid Earth. Our models can take into account the existence of lateral variations in the mechanical properties of the Earth. They can simulate the effects of rigid plates moving on the top of an homogeneous convective mantle
Ricard, Yanick. „Dynamique interne de la terre et observations gravimétriques“. Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37600821j.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHeude, Jacques. „Les tremblements de terre dans la baie de San Francisco : perception, prévention et gestion du risque sismique : une étude géographique“. Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010695.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleYaseri, Alireza. „Analysis of earth dam-flexible canyon interaction by 3D hybrid FEM-SBFEM“. Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/70281.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe canyon surrounding a dam can be assumed as an unbounded domain, and the geometry and flexibility of a canyon are parameters that greatly affect the values of natural periods in earth dams. In this thesis, in order to take into account these two effects, canyons are modeled by SBFEM, and earth dams, which have limited geometries, are modeled by FEM. The hybrid FEM-SBFEM technique used for the dynamic three-dimensional analysis of soil-earth dam interactions is validated with results available in the literature. Because the dynamic-stiffness matrix of the unbounded domain is complex and frequency-dependent, the classical mode-superposition method is not straightforward for a soil-structure interaction system, and thus, to obtain their fundamental natural frequencies, the modeled dams were excited in the upstream-downstream direction. The natural periods of earth dams in canyons with different geometries shapes and impedance ratios are obtained, and are found to have significant effects on the dams’ natural periods. The results are compared with actual recorded data, and it is found that the graphs put forward in this study may be used by practical engineers for the estimation of natural periods of earth dams in canyons with different shapes and material properties. Several amplification functions corresponding to different canyon conditions are obtained by applying a uniform displacement at the canyons’ boundaries. A comprehensive study is performed to examine the effects of canyon geometry and flexibility on the steady-state responses of the dams, and it is found that these two effects significantly influence the amplification functions. While the flexibility of the canyon does affect the maximum amplification function value, this value does not change for earth dams in canyons that have different shapes but the same length. In addition, the lateral responses of earth dams in the time domain are computed in order to analyze the aforementioned effects under an actual earthquake. The proposed amplification functions are used to compare the recorded response spectra of the El Infiernillo dam under the two 1966 earthquakes with the calculated amplification function, and a reasonable agreement is observed between them. The equivalent linear method (EQL) is implemented into the FEM, and the FEM-SBFEM technique is extended in order to take into consideration the effect of earth dams’ nonlinear behavior. It is observed that such nonlinear behavior greatly affects the natural frequency, the amplification function, and peak crest acceleration of earth dams located in canyons. The effects of canyon geometry and flexibility on the nonlinear behavior are examined, and it is found that by increasing canyon flexibility, the effect of nonlinearity is decreased. The El Infiernillo dam is modeled by the 3D nonlinear FEM-SBFEM, and comparison of the crest amplification function obtained by the proposed method with the recorded data shows the accuracy of the nonlinear FEM-SBFEM.
Michel, Patrick. „Evolution dynamique des asteroides qui croisent l'orbite de la terre“. Nice, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NICE5066.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMcFadyen, Benoît. „Détermination de facteurs contrôlant la stabilité des chantiers souterrains pour une mine sujette à la sismicité“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66311.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEl, Bouch Abdelhali. „Atténuation des ondes sismiques en Belgique et dans les régions limitrophes à partir des ondes de la coda des tremblements de terre locaux“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211945.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUlvrová, Martina. „Dynamique des fluides et des transports appliquée à la Terre primitive“. Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00776472.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleColtice, Nicolas. „Dynamique du globe et éléments volatils“. Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENSL0182.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSami, Taklit. „Etudes classique et quantique de la dynamique des systemes nucleaires dissipatifs non markoviens par le formalisme des integrales de parcours“. Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13077.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDa, Silva Élodie. „Interactions "sol - vers de terre" et dynamique du mercure en Guyane française“. Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00944329.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCharnay, Benjamin. „Dynamique troposphérique et évolution climatique de Titan et de la Terre primitive“. Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00987546.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCharnay, Benjamin. „Dynamique troposphérique et évolution climatique de Titan et de la Terre primitive“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066034.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis focuses on the study of the atmospheres of Titan and the early Earth with Global Climate Models (GCM). First, I analysed the thermal structure and the dynamics of Titan's lower troposphere. This analysis allowed a full caracterization of the planetary boundary layer and revealed the existence of a boundary layer circulation which impacts every aspect of Titan's weather (wind patterns, atmospheric waves, dune and cloud formation, exchange of momentum with the surface, and development of the superrotation). Thanks to this study, I proposed a new hypothesis to explain the eastward orientation of Titan's dunes that implies a coupling between tropical storms and the superrotation. This has been validated with mesoscale simulations and provided a general framework to explain Titan's dune formation and features. Then, I participated to the development of a generic GCM, designed to study any kind of atmosphere. I applied it to Titan's paleoclimates, when the atmosphere was depleted of methane. In such a case, the climate should have been different from today, with potentially fundamental geological consequences, in particular for the erosion and the age of the surface. Finally, I applied this GCM to the case of the early Earth using greenhouse gas abundances constrained by mineralogical data. I showed that despite a weaker solar insolation, the Archean Earth's climate may have been temperate. In particular, the Earth may have avoided a full glaciation and remained suitable for the development of life thanks to cloud feedback, even assuming a amount of CO2 just a little larger than today
Ostanciaux, Émilie. „Niveau marin et déformation de la Terre : échelles spatio-temporelles“. Rennes 1, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00835605.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe sea level responds to eustatic variations and vertical motions of the solid Earth. Its variations are controlled by processes acting at different space and time scales. Although the governing physics is theoretically known, their calibration is made difficult by the lack of observations necessary to evaluate their amplitudes and wavelentgths. In order to quantify each of these processes and infer the parameters of the internal Earth, it is therefore necessary to establish robust databases that allow discriminating their respective roles in the relative motion of the solid Earth and oceans. The compilation of a database of current vertical ground motions along the coasts reveals a non-uniform signal dominated at global scale by post-glacial rebound and locally by the geodynamic context of margins. Extracting post-glacial rebound signal of the solid Earth enables to assess the coastal exposure to current sea level rise. On a longer time scale, paleogeographic reconstructions from Albian to Turonian times highlight the absence of a transgressive signal at a global scale. This result contradicts the common idea of a eustatic maximum during this period. More than eustasy, dynamic topography or the consequences of the breakup of Pangea are considered to explain the spatio-temporal variations in sea level
Roger, Jonathan. „Dynamique glaciaire des auges Notre Dame et Hawke, Nord-Est de Terre-Neuve“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29158/29158.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLabidi, Jabrane. „Origine, dynamique et multi-compositions isotopiques du soufre dans le manteau terrestre“. Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077165.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSulfur content and isotope composition of the terrestrial mantle can provide major constraints on the internal dynamic of this element and on nature of mantle heterogeneities. The mean S isotope composition of this reservoir can also characterize the potentiel mantle-core equilibrium and hence help to decipher the question of sulfur origin on Earth. In this study, we report S content and relative abundances of 32S, 33S, 34S and 36S in more than 120 glassy basalts coming from 3 ocean ridges and a transform fault. We propose a new sulfur extraction protocol for silicate glasses based on hydrofluoric acid. We evidenced an analytical bias affecting the previously published dataset, probably due to the use of the e"Kiba reagent". The redetermined δ34S are approximately 1‰ lower than the previously published data. We also provide the first Δ33S and Δ36S data for ocean ridge basalts. These date are, within uncertainty, indistinguishable from our CDT estimate, confirming the idea that terrestrial mantle has a Δ33S and Δ36S close to 0. 000‰ with respect to this international standard. The δ34S variability encompasses a 3‰ range in ocean ridge basalts and correlations between O34S and radiogenic isotopes demonstrate that S isotopes are tracers of mantle heterogeneities. On the other hand, the mean δ34S of MORB mantle is -0,80 ± 0,38‰, significantly lower than the chondritic value of 0,04 ± 0,31‰. The Pb-S isotope systematic in Pacific Antarctic basalts indicates that recycled oceanic crust bears a positive δ34S. As a corrollary, this result implies that the depleted part of the mantle is even more negative thant the mean MORB value. We propose a δ34S value of -1,40 ± 0,20‰ for this reservoir. In South Atlantic basalts, the δ34S are correlated with Sr isotopes, trends being consistent with recycled sediment feeding the mantle source of these basalts. Taken together, the δ34S variability associated to the Δ33S and Δ36S constancy indicates that the recycled components are a post-archean age, in agreement with independant estimation of their mean age using Pb isotopes. Finally, the negative δ34S of MORB mantle can be reconcilied only with a mantle-core equilibrium, implying an internal origin of sulfur as opposed to a late origin
Matte, Jean-Sébastien. „Comportement des bâtiments axisymétriques avec retrait excentré en élévation sous sollicitation sismique“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25544.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAsymmetric setback buildings are becoming increasingly popular because of the architectural and practical advantages they offer. However, the characteristic geometry of this type of building comes, in the direction perpendicular to the setback, with an increased sensitivity to torsional motion. This study is concerned with the growth of the body of knowledge concerning the effects of the level and degree of setback on the coupled translational-torsional behaviour of asymmetric setback buildings in their direction perpendicular to the setback and the assessment of the torsional sensitivity requirements as proposed by the different building codes and the literature. Results suggest that the variation of the level and the degree of setback has a significant effect on the coupled translational-torsional behaviour of asymmetric setback structures in the direction perpendicular to the setback and thus on their sensitivity to torsional behaviour. Keywords : Asymmetric setback buildings, structural dynamics, seismic behaviour, translational-torsional behaviour, code requirements assessment.
Píša, David. „Etude des émissions électromagnétiques enregistrées par le satellilte DEMETER“. Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00802430.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleStojanova, Menka. „Non-trivial aftershock properties in subcritical fracture and in earthquake dynamics“. Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10201.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis consists in two separate parts: one on subcritical fracture experiments, and another one on earthquake statistics. The dynamics of these processes was mainly studied through their scale invariant dynamics, reflected in power law distri- butions of event sizes and times between events. The analyses focuses particularly on the variation of their exponent values and the origins of these variations. Subcritical fracture was studied by two experimental set-ups: creep experiments on paper, and constant-strain fracture of fibre bundles. Paper fracture has been studied in our group for more than 10 years now by visually observing the propaga- tion of the crack. We added acoustic emission monitoring to the experimental set-up in order to compare it to visualisation. The comparison between low frequency image analysis and the high frequency acoustic monitoring allowed to identify the impor- tance of the frequency of analysis for temporally correlated systems, and acoustic emission monitoring revealed the existence of aftershocks in the dynamics of paper fracture. The fibre bundle experiments concentrate on the temporal distribution of the frac- ture events, which follows an Omori law. We studied the influence of the temperature and stress on its exponent, and compared it with results from fibre bundle model analytical predictions and simulations. Our work on earthquakes was initially motivated by the results obtained on pa- per fracture experiments. Hence it starts by a study of aftershock sequences, their Gutenberg-Richter exponent, and the influence of the frequency of analysis on this exponent. By lowering the frequency of the time-magnitude signal we showed that at low frequencies the exponent of the Gutenberg-Richter law depends on the expo- nent of the Omori law. The last chapter of this thesis is concentrated on the early aftershocks. We in- spected the evolution of the properties of an aftershock sequence with time, and observed differences between aftershock occurring shortly after a mainshock, and late aftershocks. These results can be related to the recent proposition of existence of magnitude correlations in earthquakes
Kusters, Dimitri. „Etudes des sources locales de contraintes et des variations spatio-temporelles de l'activité sismique à l'intérieur de la plaque européenne“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209184.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLes contraintes à l’intérieur des plaques résultent de l’action de forces de longueurs d’onde différentes, qui se superposent et s’additionnent. En utilisant une nouvelle méthode (Camelbeeck et al. 2013), déterminant les contraintes générées localement (échelle de 10 à 100 km), nous estimons l’importance relative de cette composante locale du champ de contrainte. En comparant ces contraintes locales avec les contraintes déduites des mécanismes au foyer des tremblements de terre en Europe occidentale, nous suggérons que celles-ci semblent jouer un rôle non-négligeable dans l’occurrence de l’activité sismique. C’est le cas dans des régions où les contraintes locales étaient déjà reconnues, mais également dans des régions précédemment identifiées comme dominées par les contraintes à plus grandes longueurs d’onde.
Le champ de contrainte généré localement est constant à l’échelle de temps des catalogues sismiques, ce qui ne permet pas d’expliquer l’occurrence dans le temps des séismes. Il est cependant modifié par les variations des contraintes locales générées par l’activité séismique elle-même, ce qui explique les séquences de répliques des séismes de Roermond (13/04/1992, Mw=5.4) et d’Alsdorf (22/07/2002, Mw= 4.7) dans le graben de la Roer. Nous y suggérons également l’importance de ces variations à une échelle de temps plus longue (millier d’années) à partir des données de paléoséismologie.
Pour mieux comprendre les relations spatio-temporelles des séismes, nous avons également analysé dans quelle mesure l’occurrence de l’activité sismique dans le graben de la Roer est un processus de Poisson, ou si l’activité future est localisée à proximité des séismes du passé, ou située dans des régions dénuées de séismes à ce jour. L’emploi des méthodes linéaires classiques et de méthodes non-linéaires dans cette région mais aussi dans les îles britanniques et dans le sud de la Norvège montrent que les séismes du passé ne peuvent expliquer les taux d’activité sismique actuellement mesurés. Une partie de l’activité sismique correspond ainsi à une activité de background, indépendante de l’occurrence des séismes du passé. La méthode des multifractales permet aussi de caractériser régionalement l’importance, la variété et continuité des processus responsables de l’activité sismique sans pour autant en identifier les causes.
Notre travail nous a permis d’identifier l’importance relative de certaines causes de l’activité sismique, par exemple l’importance des variations locales des contraintes générées par l’activité séismique elle-même, mais n’a pas permis par exemple d’identifier l’origine de l’activité de background, clairement mise en évidence par l’analyse multifractale./
Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation géologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Kiesgen, De Richter Sébastien. „Étude de l'organisation des réarrangements d'un milieu granulaire sous sollicitations mécaniques“. Phd thesis, Université Européenne de Bretagne, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00462390.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBrito, Daniel. „Approches expérimentales et théoriques de la dynamique du noyau terrestre : tourbillon géostrophique de gallium liquide dans un champ magnétique, anisotropie et rotation de la graine, chemins d'inversion“. Paris 7, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA077022.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVergassola, Massimo. „Dynamique à grande échelle en turbulence et cosmologie“. Nice, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NICE4712.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVarotsou, Athina. „Utilisation de modèles physiques pour comprendre la dynamique des ceintures de radiation d'électrons de la Terre“. Toulouse, ENSAE, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ESAE0032.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLacoste, Frédéric. „Modélisation de la dynamique du canal de propagation Terre-Espace dans les bandes Ka et EHF“. Toulouse, ENSAE, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ESAE0010.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRouby, Hélène. „Grande dérives des pôles de rotation martien et terrestre : influence de la dynamique du manteau“. Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GLOB0016.
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