Dissertationen zum Thema „Dynamique des gènes proneuraux“
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Kim, Jang-Mi. „Quantitative live imaging analysis of proneural factor dynamics during lateral inhibition in Drosophila“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2022SORUS585.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLateral inhibition by Notch is a conserved mechanism that regulates the formation of regular patterns of cell fates1. In many tissues, intercellular Delta-Notch signaling coordinates in time and space binary fate decisions thought to be stochastic. In the context of sensory organ development in Drosophila, it has been proposed that fate symmetry breaking between equipotent cells relies on random fluctuations in the level of Delta/Notch2 (or one of their upstream regulators, e.g. YAP1 in the mouse gut3), with small differences being amplified and stabilized to generate distinct fates. Notch-mediated stochastic fate choices may also be biased by intrinsic, i.e. cell history4, or extrinsic factors. Although lateral inhibition has been extensively studied in many developmental contexts, a detailed in vivo analysis of fate and signaling dynamics is still lacking. Here, we used a quantitative live imaging approach to study the dynamics of sensory organ fate specification in the Drosophila abdomen. The accumulation of the transcription factor Scute (Sc), a key regulator of sensory organ formation in the abdomen, was used as a proxy to monitor proneural competence and SOP fate acquisition in developing pupae expressing GFP-tagged Sc. We generated high spatial and temporal resolution movies and segmented/tracked all nuclei using a custom-made pipeline. This allowed us to quantitatively study Sc dynamics in all cells. Having defined a fate difference index (FDI), we found that symmetry breaking can be detected early, when cells expressed very low and heterogeneous levels of Sc. We also observed rare cases of late fate resolution, e.g. when two cells close to each other accumulate high levels of GFP-Scute before being pulled away from each other. Interestingly, we did not observe a rapid decrease in GFP-Sc levels in non-selected cells right after symmetry breaking. Also, the rate of change of FDI values after symmetry breaking appeared to positively correlate with cell-to-cell heterogeneity in Sc levels. Whether increased heterogeneity is causally linked to symmetry breaking remains to be tested. We next addressed if this stochastic fate decision is biased by birth order (as proposed in the context of the AC/VU decision in worms4) or by the size and geometry of cell-cell contacts (as modeling suggested5). We found that neither appeared to significantly influence Notch-mediated binary fate decisions in the Drosophila abdomen. In conclusion, our live imaging data provide a detailed analysis of proneural dynamics during lateral inhibition in Drosophila
Foissac, Sylvain. „Localisation de gènes et variants par intégration d'informations“. Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30207.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAs more genomes are sequenced, the exact localisation of protein-coding genes in genomic DNA sequences is a major challenge in bioinformatics and modern biology. This work is based on a gene finding software (EuGène) that integrates several sources of information in a non-probabilistic graph-based gene structure model (DAG). A weighting parameters estimation method based on a stochastic optimization process has been designed to allow the incorporation of new types of data, like inter- and intra-genomic homology information. The problem of predicting several alternatively spliced variants for one gene has also been adressed by including a transcript data analysis into the global gene finding process, resulting in a new extrinsic/intrinsic integrative approach
Le, Greneur Coralie. „Dynamique d'expression et rôle du gène Otx2 au cours du développement du cervelet“. Nice, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NICE4117.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDuring development of the central nervous system, transcription factors control the activity of various genes in space and time and choreograph the formation of specialized functional structures. Among genes coding for such factors, the Otx2 gene plays an important role during the formation and specification of anterior regions of the brain throughout embryonic development. Otx2 is also expressed in the cerebellum, a structure responsible for fine motor coordination? Conditional knockout of Otx2 gene revealed that its expression is needed for proper cerebellum development. Moreover, medulloblastomas, the most common cerebral tumours in children and that affects the cerebellum, often show an overexpression or an amplification of the Otx2 gene. Thus a thight regulation of Otx2 expression level is important during cerebellum development. Our aim was to understand how Otx2is involved in cerebellar development? First, the dynamics of Otx2 protein expression was analyzed throughout development of the cerebellum. Our results show that the protein is expressed in granule cell precursors of the posterior region from E13. 5 on, at the beginning of cerebellum formation, and that this expression persists in granule cells at the adult stage. Then, we analyzed the fate of Otx2-positivze precursors. These analyses revealed that during early development, Otx2 is expressed in precursors before they reach the rhombic lip, the germinal epithelium producing notably granule cells. This result opens exciting perspectives since origin the cells that constitute the rhombic lip is unknown. Finally, the role of Otx2 in granule cell precursors during the late phase of cerebellum formation has been studied using a conditional knockout strategy. These experiments show that inactivation of Otx2 leads to hypoplasia of the posterior region of the cerebellum. This phenotype is linked to deregulation of granule cell precursor’s development shortly after loss of Otx2. Our studies refine our knowledge of the dynamics of Otx2 gene expression and improve our understanding of its role during the development of the posterior region of the cerebellum
Causse, Sébastien. „Etude de la dynamique d'activation de la transcription des gènes par l'ARN Polymerase2“. Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00824828.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDuprey, Alexandre. „Régulation de la transcription des gènes de virulence bactériens : dynamique des complexes nucléoprotéïques“. Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1201/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBacteria face frequent environmental changes. Transcriptional regulation plays a major role in the adaptation to these changes. In particular, the phytopathogen bacteria Dickeya have recently adapted to vegetal hosts. They produce Pecate lyases (Pel), among others, to degrade pectin in plant cell walls, which is necessary for disease development. The pelD and pelE genes, despite the strong divergence in their expression, originate from a horizontal gene transfer followed by a recent duplication. This raises the question of their integration into the preexisting regulatory networks.Detailed molecular mechanisms of the transcriptional regulation of pelD were studied first. It was shown that this regulation relies on a high-affinity but low transcription efficiency divergent promoter and a strategic arrangement of four FIS repressor binding sites and two CRP activator binding sites. These elements interact together to fine-tune the expression of pelD. Next, the origin of the regulatory divergence between the paralogous genes pelD and pelE was explored. Surprisingly, their divergence and selection relies mostly on a TSS turnover which happened on the pelE regulatory region and transformed pelE into an initiator of pectin degradation. This widespread phenomenon in multicellular eukaryotes (human, fly, mouse…) had not yet been seen in bacteria. To conclude, through the study of D. dadantii pelD and pelE promoters, new mechanisms highlighting the relevance of transcriptional regulation in adaptation were discovered in this work
Serre, Angéline. „Stratégies d'homogénéisation des populations de progéniteurs nerveux fœtaux humains dans une perspective de thérapie cellulaire du système nerveux central“. Paris 6, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00184239.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMaizel, Alexis. „Biologie cellulaire des homéoprotéines : dynamique de la localisation de l'homéoprotéine Engrailed“. Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05P601.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOur researches have focused on the cell biology of homeoproteins. Using vertebrate Engrailed 2 (EN2) as a paradigm, we aim to study "unconventional" aspects of homeoproteins cell biology. A careful examination of the sub-cellular localisation of EN2 in the mesencephalon revealed that in addition to the important nuclear pool (in accordance with its role of transcriptional regulator) a small fraction (around 5%) was retrieved associated with vesicular compartments. A. Joliot observed that purified EN2 protein, when added to the medium of cultured neurons, was able to freely cross the plasma membrane and accumulate within the nucleus. This internalisation occurs at both 37°C and 4°C, is receptor independent and is totally held by the third helix of the homeodomain. These observations raised several questions, what is the origin of the non-nuclear pool of EN2? what is the signification of the vesicular association and the internalisation property? [. . . ]
Serre, Angéline. „STRATEGIES D'OMOGENEISATION DES POPULATIONS DE PROGENITEURS NERVEUX FOETAUX HUMAINS DANS UNE PERSPECTIVE DE THERAPIE CELLULAIRE DU SYSTEME NERVEUX CENTRAL“. Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00184239.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFaucher, Marion. „Le transfert horizontal de gènes chez les mycoplasmes : de l'acquisition de l'antibiorésistance à la dynamique des génomes“. Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0117/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMycoplasmas are wall-less bacteria often portrayed as minimal cells because of their reduced genomes. Several species are pathogenic and have a significant economic impact on livestock production, especially for ruminants. Mycoplasmas are also concerned with the worldwide increase in antibiotic resistance. In contrast to the majority of bacteria, these simple bacteria are deprived of conjugative plasmids that are frequently implicated in the horizontal dissemination of resistance genes: in mycoplasmas antibiotic resistance mainly relies on chromosomal mutations in target genes. In Mycoplasmas, the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has long been underestimated. Recently, two conjugative mechanisms of HGT were described in Mycoplasma agalactiae: the transfer of an integrative and conjugative element (ICE), and the unconventional transfer of chromosomal DNA further designed by “MCT” for Mycoplasma Chromosomal Transfer. Our current study focused on exploring MCT mechanisms and on estimating its impact on antibiotic resistance dissemination. Comparative genomic analyses were performed from the sequencing (i) of spontaneous resistant mutants and (ii) of transconjugants selected by mating experiments and selected based on their resistance. Data revealed that MCT generated the simultaneous transfer of multiple, unrelated donor-fragments following a distributive process. In one conjugative step involving two strains, MCT generated a variety of highly mosaic genomes. This phenomenon was also shown to accelerate the dissemination of antibiotic resistance, by allowing in one step the acquisition of multiple and dispersed mutations associated with resistance. Due to the limitless ability of this phenomenon in reshuffling genomes, MCT may offer a valuable contribution in other adaptive processes such as virulence or host specificity. Finally, the distributive nature and the extent of MCT explain the origin of genes transfers detected in silico in several mycoplasma species. MCT is certainly a major player in the evolution of these minimal bacteria and a key factor of their persistence and virulence
Zaoui, Kossay. „Rôle de la protéine Memo dans la migration cellulaire et la dynamique des microtubules induites par l'activation du récepteur ErbB2“. Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20708.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGoirand, Benjamin. „Dynamique du complexe PRC1 au cours de l'embryogenèse de la drosophile et rôles de Pontin et Reptin à la chromatine“. Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2005AIX22056.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLakis, Ghayas. „Dynamique évolutive de la durée du cycle de mil : effet des flux de gènes et des pratiques paysannes“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112166.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDomestication of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in the Sahel of Africa has produced a wide range of diversity in cycle duration of landraces. This diversity allows Sahelian farmers to outface the precipitation fluctuation and to ensure regularity in grain production. Due to ecological and social recent changes, modifications of farmer’s practices could be a factor promoting gene flow between the early and late flowering varieties by increasing the opportunity of neighboring and flowering overlap between them. Such a situation raises questions about the past and current evolutionary dynamics of phenological diversity in this crop.In the first part of my thesis I tried to evaluate the possibility of gene flow between pearl millet varieties in South-West Niger, through a comparative approach among contrasting situations pertaining to the spatial distribution of early and late landraces. Therefore I conducted: 1) a field study where we observed flowering periods, for two types of varieties (early type (Haïni Kiré): 75 to 95 days and late type (Somno): 105 to 125 days of cycle length) in several pearl millet fields, and in two villages 2) a molecular study that allows the assessment of the level of genetic differentiation between late and early flowering populations sampled from four villages (including the two where the field study was conducted) of the same region (Dallol Bosso), using microsatellite markers. I was able to demonstrate the occurrence of pollen flow between the two types of landraces and I also showed evidence of genetic introgression between early and semi-late landraces. Potential mechanisms that would allow for the maintenance of the phenological differentiation between these two varieties and despite the gene flow are discussed.In the second part of this work I used a candidate gene and a population genetics approach, to try to identify genes that may have contributed to the cycle length diversity in pearl millet. I focused on three flowering candidate genes, PgHd3a, PgDwarf8 and PgPHYC which have been shown to be involved in the cycle length genetic diversity in several species, in order to estimate the differentiation between wild and domestic pearl millets and between early and late landraces, on the basis of theses candidate genes. I also tried to track for the fingerprint of eventual past selective events within these candidate genes. To be able to distinguish the effects of selection from the effect of demographic events that occurred during the domestication process, I used 8 neutral STS loci and an Approximate Bayesian Computation approach.My results strongly suggest that PgHd3a and PgDwarf8 were likely targeted by selection during domestication. However, a potential role of any of the three candidate genes in the phenological differentiation between early and late landraces was not supported by our data. The Bayesian approach confirmed the idea, suggested by many authors, that the gene flow from the wild to the domestic genetic pool has contributed significantly to the genetic diversity of the domestic pearl millet
Beby, Francis. „Exploration dynamique des fonctions tardives du facteur de transcription Otx2 dans la rétine de la souris“. Lyon, Ecole normale supérieure, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ENSL0565.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLe, billan Florian. „Identification et régulation transcriptionnelle des gènes cibles du récepteur des minéralocorticoïdes dans les cellules rénales“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS277.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), activated by aldosterone, exhibits numerous pleiotropic functions, most notably at the renal level where it regulates electrolytic homeostasis. Dysfunctions in the mineralocorticoid signaling pathway are involved in major diseases in Human. During this work, we have identified by ChIP sequencing the first MR cistrome in a human renal cell lineage. The characterization of the identified genomic targets allowed us to define a specific MR responsive element, and to demonstrate the existence of two transactivation processes for MR: through direct binding to DNA or through indirect interaction via binding to other transcription factors. MR is physiologically confronted with a duality with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), since they share a common ligand, cortisol, and some of their genomic targets, whose PER1 gene. On the latter, MR and GR are distinguished by different dynamic and cyclical recruitment, varying according to hormone, and coordinated with the one of transcriptional partners, translating into the regulation of short-term and long-term effects. Finally, by serial and tandem ChIP experiment, we have demonstrated that MR and GR act as homodimer and as heterodimer.Identification of new MR genomic targets and characterization of its molecular mechanisms of action, improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of the mineralocorticoid signaling pathway. This could ultimately, notably through the development of selective MR antagonists like Finerenone, lead to new therapeutic strategies
Fossat, Nicolas. „Dynamique du gène Otx2 de souris : Analyse d'expression et étude fonctionnelle par une nouvelle approche d'invalidation conditionnelle“. Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENSL0349.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFortuné, Philippe. „Phylogénie et dynamique des gènes dupliqués chez les plantes polyploïdes : évolution dans les genres Bromus L. et Spartina Schreb. (Poaceae)“. Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S029.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGenome duplication is an important speciation process in plants promoting diversification and adaptation. This work aims at unravelling the evolutionary history of polyploid lineages in genus Bromus and Spartina (Poaceae) that display polyploid species of ecological interest, due to their rapid expansion. Various phylogenetic analyses based on sequences from the chloroplast and the nuclear genomes have helped to elucidate the origin of the polyploidy. Reticulate evolution through allopolyploidy appears to be the rule in these groups, having an important impact on the ecological success of these species. Variable retention rates of homeologues were encountered for the nuclear Waxy gene depending on the lineages. The nuclear Waxy gene presented a variable retention rate of the homeologous copies depending on the lineages. No relaxation of selective constraints was detected on the retained gene copies
Rouault, Hervé. „Réseaux génétiques et dynamique spatio-temporelle d'ensembles cellulaires“. Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077265.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis presents a series of works dealing with some aspects of development and cellular differentiation. The first part exposes a bioinformatics algorithm, that we have developed, allowing to study the sequences from the genome responsible for the specific expression of genes in the various tissues constituting an organism. It aims at extracting the key components and some syntax of the cis-regulatory sequences. We present its application to the specification of sensory organ precursors in Drosophila melanogaster. A second part consists in the theoretical study of the structure of the networks of interactions between genes and proteins leading to cell fate specification. We have used a method of evolution in silico, to build genetic networks, needing or not cell-cell communication, mimicking cell differentiation. The underlying phenomena are responsible for the settlement and maintenance of the specialized functions of cells. Finally, in a third part, we propose a model of mechanical control of growth, likely to explain several surprising observation in the formation of organs. In particular, we have modeled the proliferation of cells constituting the Drosophila melanogaster wings and propose a mechanism which make the tissue growth rate uniform
Robert, Thierry. „Dynamique des flux de gènes entre formes sauvages et cultivées du mil (Pennisetum typhoides Stapf et Hubb) : impact des sélections gamétophytiques“. Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112166.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChelaifa, Houda. „Spéciation allopolyploïde et dynamique fonctionnelle du génome chez les Spartines“. Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00536586.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGuillemin, Claire. „Dynamique des changements de structure chromatinienne et de localisation sub-nucléaire de loci tissu-spécifiques au cours de la différenciation hématopoïétique“. Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077070.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCellular differentiation is the process by which cell acquire a new phenotype to accomplish specific functions through activation of a specific subset of genes and silencing of the remainder. These gene expression programs are determined not only by the availability of combinations of transcription factors, but also by modulation of higher order chromatin structure and by positioning in the nucleus relative to a "non-permissive" heterochromatin compartment. The relationship between chromatin structure, chromosomal movements and cell-fate decisions is still a matter of debate. Our working hypothesis is that a tissue-specific nuclear architecture could help establish expression profiles specific of a given differentiated state. My work helped us to address the temporal aspect of epigenetic modifications associated with commitment and differentiation of multipotent haematopoietic progenitors. We also tried to define the chromatin structure and global nuclear organization that underlies the self-renewal and multilineage potential of primitive haematopoietic cells. Our results show that haematopoietic immature progenitors have a "permissive" chromatin structure and their commitment towards a given lineage is associated with progressive increase of active chromatin marks at lineage-affiliated genes. At later stages, i. E. In committed precursor cells, we showed that maintenance of the active or silent states is associated with positioning in, respectively, a permissive or non-permissive compartment of the nucleus, suggesting that subnuclear localization is implicated in maintenance of a tissue-specific chromatin state rather than in setting a particular chromatin state
Guillet, Virginie. „Métabolisme énergétique mitochondrial dans les neuropathies héréditaires associées aux mutations des gènes OPA1 et MFN2“. Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00459846.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMonthe, Kameni Franck Stéphane. „Origine et dynamique de la diversité génétique des arbres Guinéo-Congolais du genre Entandrophragma et implications pour une gestion durable“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/283779.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDoctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Samassékou, Oumar. „Dynamique des changements de la longueur des télomères individuels et de leur architecture nucléaire dans les cellules néoplasiques“. Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5810.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLiu, Yongbo. „Conséquences écologiques et évolutives du flux de gènes entre Brassica napus transgénique et ses apparentés sauvages“. Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00584017.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCharles, Mathieu. „Evolution des génomes du blé (genres aegilops et Triticum) au sein des Poaceae : dynamique rapide de l'espace occupé par les éléments transposables et conservation relative des gènes“. Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2009EVRY0023/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMy PhD aims to characterize dynamic evolution and organization of wheat genomes from différent species (Triticum and Aegilops genera) in relation to transposable element (TE) proliferation in their genomes (>80%), polyploidizations and synteny with other Poaceae species. By constituting and comparing representative genomic sequences and analyzing haplotype variability of the wheat genomes, I have characterized dynamics and differential proliferation of TEs, as resulting from the combinations of their insertions and deletions. Mean replacement rate of the TE space, which measures sequence differences due to insertion and removal of TEs between two haplotypes, was estimated to 86% per one million year (My). This is more important than the well-documented haplotype variability found in maize. It was observed that TE insertions and DNA elimination by illegitimate recombination (implicating several ‘tens’ of kb) as well as homologous recombination between divergent haplotypes represent the main molecular basis for rapid change of the TE space. At a longer evolutionary scale (60 My), I have compared gene conservation at the Ha locus region between different Poaceae species. The comparative genome analysis and evolutionary comparison with genes encoding grain reserve proteins of grasses suggest that an ancestral Ha-like gene emerged, as a new member of the Prolamin gene family, in a common ancestor of the Pooideae (wheat and Brachypodium from the Triticeae and Brachypodieae tribes) and Ehrhartoideae (rice), between 60 and 50 My, after their divergence from Panicoideae (Sorghum)
Keller, Jean. „La symbiose fixatrice d'azote au sein du genre Lupinus : histoire évolutive, aspects fonctionnels et gènes symbiotiques dans un contexte de spécificité hôte-symbiote“. Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B036.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLegumes-Rhizobia symbiosis is the most important fixing nitrogen source for the good functioning of both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Although, it is extensively studied in model legumes, some aspects of this interaction remain unclear, such as the genetic and functional mechanisms controlling the host-symbiont specificity. Large scale studies of this process are scarce and symbiotic genes are not well described in non-model species. In this context, the effect of symbiotic specificity was investigated in phylogenetically close relative species belonging to the Lupinus genus (Fabaceae). First, the reconstruction and analysis of complete chloroplast genomes allowed us to generate new and useful markers for clarifying the Lupinus phylogeny in order to lighten the evolutionary context of the symbiosis. Following a cross-inoculation experiment of three Mediterranean lupine species with two compatible or incompatible Bradyrhizobium strains, a RNA-Seq approach allowed the reconstruction of the first lupine nodulomes and the identification of lupine symbiotic genes. The analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that the symbiotic specificity affects not only the signalling and regulatory symbiotic pathways, but also diverse associated metabolic pathways. Finally, evaluating the evolutionary and functional dynamics of genes highlighted the importance of gene and genome duplication events at different steps of the symbiotic genetic pathway
Sabart, Marion. „Variations spatiotemporelles dans la dynamique, la diversité génétique et le potentiel toxique de populations de Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanobacteria) dans plusieurs écosystèmes aquatiques du centre de la France“. Chambéry, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CHAMS039.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleProliferations of cyanobacteria in freshwater ecosystems are a source of growing concern because they lead to ecological disturbances and the toxins they produce constitute health risks for animals and human beings. By studying the spatiotemporal variations in genetic diversity and toxic potential of several populations of the hepatotoxic cyanobacterium Microcystis in different kind of freshwater ecosystems located in the same geographical area, we evidenced a genetic structuration of the populations, and great differences in the proportion of potentially microcystinproducing genotypes in these populations. The temporal variations in the population size structure and in the microcystin cellular quotas related to the stability of the water column suggested the importance of small Microcystis colonies in sustaining the populations in unfavourable conditions for growth and also in microcystin production
Zulkower, Valentin. „Etude de la dynamique des mécanismes de la répression catabolique : des modèles mathématiques aux données expérimentales“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAM080/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCarbon Catabolite Repression (CCR) is a wide-spread mode of regulation in bacteria by which the enzymes necessary for the uptake and utilization of some carbon sources are repressed in presence of a preferred carbon source, e.g., glucose in the case of Escherichia coli . We propose a joint mathematical and experimental approach to separate and evaluate the importance of the different components of CCR. In particular, we show that both cyclic AMP and the global physiology of the cell play a major role in the regulation of the cAMP-dependent genes affected by CCR. We also present methodological improvements for the study of gene regulatory networks in general. In partic- ular, we examine the applicability of the Quasi-Steady-State-Approximation to reduce mathematical gene expression models, and provide robust meth- ods for the robust estimation of growth rate, promoter activity, and protein concentration from noisy kinetic reporter experiments
Cattelin, Céline. „Exploration de la diversité des protéines à solénoïdes alpha, régulatrices de l'expression des gènes des organites dans les lignées eucaryotes photosynthétiques et étude de la dynamique conformationnelle des protéines à "PentatricoPeptide Repeats"“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS158.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn Archaeplastida (photosynthetic eukaryotes that acquired a chloroplast following endosymbiosis with an ancestral cyanobacterium) the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes of green algae and land plants are regulated post-transcriptionally, mainly by alpha-solenoid proteins encoded in the nucleus. These nuclear factors are composed of degenerate repeat motifs (PPR and OPR proteins, respectively pentatricopeptide repeat and octatricopeptide repeats) that interact specifically with part of their target RNA sequence and form large families of paralogs. PPR proteins are very abundant in terrestrial plants while OPRs are abundant in green algae. These differential expansions, in parallel with the evolution of RNA metabolism in organelles, may reflect genetic adaptations that preserve phototrophy under different conditions and ecological niches. In other Archaeplastids (red algae and Glaucophytes) and in eukaryotes that originate from endosymbiosis with an ancestral microalga such as the Diatoms, the regulation of organelle genomes remains poorly explored. A first objective of my thesis was to describe the diversity and evolutionary dynamics of known or candidate alpha-solenoid proteins for the regulation of organelle genome expression in all photosynthetic eukaryotes. To identify them, I developed an approach that combines distant sequence homology detection and sequence similarity independent classification. I validated this approach by finding and completing the known OPR and PPR families in the model species Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Arabidopsis thaliana. I showed that OPR expansions were restricted within Chlorophytes and that outside of green algae and land plants, PPR and OPR proteins were few in number, suggesting that other players in the regulation of organelle genome expression remain to be discovered. I also identified several dozen other families of organelle-addressed alpha-solenoid proteins in all the proteomes studied, some of which have as yet unknown functions and whose experimental characterisation in model organisms would be relevant. In a second step, I used molecular dynamics approaches to better understand the affinity and specificity of binding between PPRs and their target RNAs. In particular, I studied the dynamics of the repeat motifs and the geometry of the nucleotide binding sites as a function of their position in the PPR motif sequence, including the effects of the number of repeats and the presence or absence of N- and C-terminal domains, in addition to the evolution of the overall conformation of the protein. Our results suggest the role of PPR protein flexibility, both at the protein and motif level, in binding to its RNA target and its relevance to the affinity and specificity of nucleotide recognition
Lopez, Pierre fabrice. „De l'analyse de la régulation transcriptionnelle à la modélisation logique des réseaux géniques“. Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX22064.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis report is about bioinformatic analysis of mechanisms involved in regulation of gene expression, an ubiquitous phenomenon in all life froms, notably at the root of cellular differenciation. The use of genomic large scale datasets motivated the creation of specific algorithms and methods. These approaches led to the development of tools and databases, namely the software BZScan for the quantification of DNA microarray images, the ATD database listing polyadenylation sites in human and mouse genomes, the sofware package TranscriptomeBrowser containing a transcriptional signatures database, and the logical simultaion and modellind software signatures database, and the logical simulation and modelling software GINsim. A modular programming approach allowed us to develop efficient communication between these different tools
Scarcelli, Nora. „Structure et dynamique de la diversité d'une plante cultivée à multiplication végétative : le cas des ignames au Bénin ("Dioscorea sp.")“. Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00482798.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSoler, Clélia. „Dynamique de la diversité génétique du sorgho repiqué (Sorghum bicolor ssp. bicolor) au Nord Cameroun : facteurs biologiques et anthropiques“. Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20223/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn 1996, FAO has recognized the role of farmers in building and managing genetic resources. This work is part of the project PLANTADIV which main objective is to understand how biological and anthropogenic factors interact and shape diversity of cultivated plants in the Lake Chad Basin. In this region, people have developed an original agricultural innovation: the use in dry-season of flooded clay soils for transplanting sorghum. Transplanted sorghum varieties are able to tap into soil moisture reserves to complete their growth cycle in the dry-season without any water supply. Transplanted sorghum cultivation undertook a large development in the region since the middle of the XX century.The thesis project focuses on the estimation of the genetic diversity of planted sorghum and on biological and genetic mechanisms that may have contributed to its structuration both within and between landraces. We also undertook to trace the evolutionary history of planted sorghum by relying primarily on population genetics approaches to elaborate over geographical and historical hypotheses.This study revealed that at least two events of deseasonalization occurred from rain- sorghum pools from two different genetic groups. Differentiation of dry-season sorghum is stronger than that of rain-sorghum. This may be partially due to social practices: rainy sorghum are mainly exchanged through friends, families and neighbors as planted sorghum seeds are often obtain from markets. Extensive seed exchange between different human populations across the region may have blurred the geographical pattern of the genetic diversity, not allowing us to identify potential sites for deseasonalization.The second part of this work is devoted to the reproductive biology of dry-season sorghum. Direct and indirect estimation methods have shown that dry-season sorghum is, as rain sorghum, preferably selfing. Average level of out crossing is nevertheless lower in dry-season sorghum (1.8%) than it is in rain-sorghum (12%). Within landraces, variations are also smaller for dry-season sorghum than for rain-sorghum.The last part of the thesis is devoted to the impacts of agricultural practices on the structure of the genetic diversity of dry-season sorghum at a local scale. Genetic analyzes have shown that in both studied villages of Djongdong and Bouzar, located in the extreme north of Cameroon, each landrace named by a farmer corresponds to a genetic entity. In addition, the same morphological type among different farmers corresponds to a genetic entity. Modes of seed management and cultural practices were analyzed; they seem to have little influence on the structure of the genetic diversity of dry-season sorghum
Scarcelli, Nora. „Structure et dynamique de la diversité d'une plante cultivée à multiplication végétative : le cas des ignames au Bénin ("Dioscorea sp.")“. Phd thesis, Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20070.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNdiade, Bourobou Dyana. „Dynamique spatiale et temporelle de la diversité génétique d’une espèce rare en Afrique Centrale : baillonella toxisperma Pierre (le Moabi)“. Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20045/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIf genetic diversity patterns of gregarious rainforest forest trees are well known, few knowledges are available about low density tree species. Does those last one follow the same genetic distribution pattern? Which biotic and abiotic factors underline the spatial structure and evolution of the genetic diversity of such species? In order to improve the knowledge of the biology of such species, we have propose through nuclear microsatellite(nuc) and chlorosplastic (cp) markers to (i) analyse the reproductive system of a low density tree species, (ii) assess its dispersal capacity through seeds and pollen, and finally to (iii) describe the spatial genetic structure at a fine and large scale. We have addressed those questions with Baillonella toxisperma Pierre (commonly named Moabi), a commercial tree of many uses, known to be rare (1 ind/15ha à 20 ha) and distributed through different ecologicals areas of Congo basin. Three main results rise from our study: (i) Despite a strong isolation of the adults, B. toxisperma has a dominant allogamous reproductive system (tm ≈ 98%) with a reduce rate of self-pollination (1- tm< 3%) which is probably due to occurrence of protandry. (ii) As expected in the case of low density trees, the spatial statistic (Sp) of the fine spatial genetic structure is very low [Spnuc = 0.003 ; Spcp = 0.015]. Those reflected a very high gene flow mediated through pollen [σp = 9.8 km à 10.8 km] and seeds [σs = 4.0 km à 6.3 km], that probably mediated by efficient dispersal vectors like bats, human and elephant. At a large scale, a phylogenetic signal has been detected between individuals located in both side of the thermic equator, mainly between those from the block forest of Cameroon and Gabon [RST = 0.313 > RSTp = 0.115, P < 0.001]. Two discretes genetics units from the Gabon block forest which separate individuals of the West coastal forests from the lowland forest ones (in the inland) have also been detected and showed a moderate genetic differentiation [FST = 0.068, P < 0.001]. The genetic differentiation between these three units could be explained by a geographical isolation during past climatic disturbances in the African rainforest, occurred in the Pleistocene and Holocene, and which will be still maintained up to date by a reproductive isolation caused by flowering asynchrony periods among individuals. The occurrence of these three genetic units suggests a biogeographical repartition of B. toxisperma in the Congo basin that is mainly due to the past and current climate. Our conclusions may lead to implement conservation strategies and sustainable management programm for biodiversity in Central Africa
Martin, Florence. „Exploration de la biodiversité bactérienne dans un sol pollué par les hydrocarbures : analyse par marquage isotopique du potentiel métabolique et de la dynamique des communautés impliquées dans la dégradation“. Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00637464.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVanlerberghe, Flavie. „Histoire évolutive de la zone d'hybridation naturelle entre les deux sous-espèces de souris européennes Mus musculus domesticus et Mus musculus musculus : dynamique de l'introgression de gènes autosomaux, de l'ADN mitochondrial et du chromosome Y“. Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGuinard, Jérémy. „Dynamique évolutive de Ralstonia solanacearum en réponse aux pressions de sélection de l'aubergine résistante : approche populationnelle, de génétique évolutive et fonctionnelle de la durabilité de la résistance“. Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0032/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRalstonia Solanacearum is a soilborn beta-proteobacterium responsible of bacterial wilt on Solanaceaous crops. This bacterium is considered as one of the most harmful plant disease worldwide. This bacterium possesses the ability to infect more than 250 different species, including crops with major economic importance (tomato, potato, tobacco, eucalyptus…). R. solanacearum is divided into four phylotypes originated from different areas: I (Asian), IIA and IIB (American), III (African), IV (Indonesian). Among these phylotype, phylotype I is currently in demographic expansion, is highly recombinogenic and has a wide hosts range. Thus, altogether, these characteristics demonstrated that this phylotype has a high evolutionary potential (sensu McDonald and Linde, 2002). In order to control this bacterium, genetic plant resistance seems to be the most promising method. This method consists in using cultivars with different source of resistance such as resistance genes and/or resistant QTLs. The AG91-25 (E6), an eggplant cultivar possessing a major resistance gene (ERs1), is capable to control some of phylotype I strains of R. solanacearum. However, in order to optimize the management of this resistance and to avoid its fast breakdown, we need to deeply investigate the durability of this resistant gene. Durability can be estimated by studying the evolutionary potential of our pathogen faced to E6 source of resistance and by understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between the host (R gene) and its pathogene (Type III Effector – T3E). In order to study R. solanacearum evolutionary dynamics under selective pressure from E6 resistant cultivar, we set up an experimental evolution trial in the field. This trial consisted of three couples of resistant (E6) and susceptible eggplants (E8) microplots, implanted twice a year during three years, hence consisting of 5 cycles. A Multi-Locus VNTR Analysis (MLVA) scheme, consisting of 8 minisatellite loci, was developed in order to characterize the strains extracted from these crop cycles. These VNTRs were specific to R. solanacearum phylotype I strains, they were highly polymorphic and discriminatory at different scale: globally, regionally and locally.Our results showed no breakdown of E6 resistance by R. solanacearum populations, which confirms that this resistance is durable. It seemed that this cultivar reduced the soil bacterial population, preventing bacterial population to infest the resistant host. At the same time, 100% of the E8 plants have died, starting at cycle 2. Bacterial wilt seemed to spread with a “plant-to-plant” dynamics within each microplot. Genetic diversity reduction was also observed during the successive cycle of susceptible eggplant, associated with the increase of frequency of two main haplotypes. However, we failed to identify a clear genetic structuration, neither at the plot scale nor at the microplot scale. Nevertheless, isolation-by-distance data seemed to show that a spatial structure is currently establishing. Altogether, our results suggested that our plot populations appeared to have a clonal epidemic structure.We also looked into 10 T3Es' involvement in the interaction between R. solanacearum and the resistant eggplant (E6). Their distribution was completely different within a collection of phylogenetically diverse strains (91 strains): ripAJ and ripE1 are the most shared T3Es whereas ripP1 and ripP2 were the less common T3E whithin our collection of strains. Some T3Es showed few (ripAJ) or no length polymorphism at all (ripE1 and ripP2) whereas some other (ripAU) are extremely polymorphic. Nevertheless, the T3E effector repertoire did not seemed to be correlated to a specific phenotype on E6 eggplant. Its recognition by E6 seemed to occur in the hypocotyle region rather than in the mesophyll, highlighting a possible organ-specificity of the interaction between ERs1 and ripAX2
Parmentier, Frédéric. „Modélisation et prédiction de la dynamique moléculaire de la maladie de Huntington par la théorie des graphes au travers des modèles et des espèces, et priorisation de cibles thérapeutiques“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA05T030.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHuntington’s disease is a hereditary neurodegenerative disease that has become a model to understand physiopathological mechanisms associated to misfolded proteins that ocurs in brain diseases. Despite exciting findings that have uncover pathological mechanisms occurring in this disease and that might also be relevant to Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, we still do not know yet which are the mechanisms and molecular profiles that rule the dynamic of neurodegenerative processes in Huntington’s disease. Also, we do not understand clearly how the brain resist over such a long time to misfolded proteins, which suggest that the toxicity of these proteins is mild, and that the brain have exceptional compensation capacities. My work is based on the hypothesis that integration of ‘omics’ data from models that depicts various stages of the disease might be able to give us clues to answer these questions. Within this framework, the use of network biology and graph theory concepts seems particularly well suited to help us integrate heterogeneous data across models and species. So far, the outcome of my work suggest that early, pre-symptomatic alterations of signaling pathways and cellular maintenance processes, and persistency and worthening of these phenomenon are at the basis of physiopathological processes that lead to neuronal dysfunction and death. These results might allow to prioritize targets and formulate new hypotheses that are interesting to further study and test experimentally. To conclude, this work shall have a fundamental and translational impact to the field of Huntington’s disease, by pinpointing methods and hypotheses that could be valuable in a therapeutic perspective
Richard, Damien. „Microévolution et adaptation à une pression de sélection anthropique chez Xanthomonas citri pv. citri, une bactérie pathogène des agrumes : dynamique du compartiment plasmidique“. Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCopper, frequently used in agriculture to control bacterial diseases, is commonly used against Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc), the bacterial agent of Asiatic citrus canker. The recent detection of a copper-resistant phenotype in two French overseas regions motivated a genomic study which revealed, in copper-resistant (CuR) strains, a conjugative plasmid encoding an adaptive transposon of the Tn3 family. Its conservation in several Xanthomonas species suggested the role of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in Xcc adaptation. We therefore analyzed the evolutionary history of susceptible and CuR Xcc strains in the Indian Ocean using both SNP and gene content variations. The dating of the obtained phylogeny allowed us to hypothesize the history of Xcc introduction into the region. The phylogeny showed a strong geographic structure among islands of the Indian Ocean region, which faded at the Réunion scale and disappeared at the grove scale. Among the groves, admixture is a factor favoring HGT between genetically distinct strains. This form of evolution is however largely uncharacterized in the Xanthomonas genus. To fill this gap, we searched genetic homology between the whole known plasmid gene content of the Xanthomonadaceae family and the complete set of genomes hosted in NCBI databases. We highlighted both the ubiquity of plasmid genes in the Xanthomonadaceae family and the taxonomical barrier of their sharing by conjugation. The small fraction of genes that were exchanged through the complete sharing of plasmids also revealed the importance of plasmid mosaicism, partly due to mobile genetic elements. Taken together, our results highlight the importance of bacterial communities in the evolution of phytopathogenic bacteria of the Xanthomonas genus, and the need for a precise characterization of the content and the functioning of the Xanthomonadaceae environmental genome in order to fully apprehend the adaptation of these phytopathogenic bacteria
Bertaux, François. „Cell-based multi-scale modeling for systems and synthetic biology : from stochastic gene expression in single cells to spatially organized cell populations“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066101/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCell-intrinsic, non-environmental sources of cell-to-cell variability, such as stochastic gene expression, are increasingly recognized to play an important role in the dynamics of tissues, tumors, microbial communities... However, they are usually ignored or oversimplified in theoretical models of cell populations. In this thesis, we propose a cell-based (each cell is represented individually), multi-scale (cellular decisions are controlled by biochemical reaction pathways simulated in each cell) approach to model the dynamics of cell populations. The main novelty compared to traditional approaches is that the fluctuations of protein levels driven by stochastic gene expression are systematically accounted for (i.e., for every protein in the modeled pathways). This enables to investigate the joint effect of cell-intrinsic and environmental sources of cell-to-cell variability on cell population dynamics. Central to our approach is a parsimonious and principled parameterization strategy for stochastic gene expression models. The approach is applied on two case studies. First, it is used to investigate the resistance of HeLa cells to the anti-cancer agent TRAIL, which can induce apoptosis specifically in cancer cells. A single-cell model of TRAIL-induced apoptosis is constructed and compared to existing quantitative, single-cell experimental data. The model explains fractional killing and correctly predicts transient cell fate inheritance and reversible resistance, two observed properties that are out of reach of previous models of TRAIL-induced apoptosis, which do not capture the dynamics of cell-to-cell variability. In a second step, we integrate this model into multi-cellular simulations to study TRAIL resistance in virtual scenarios constructed to help bridging the gap between standard in-vitro assays and the response of in-vivo tumors. More precisely, we consider the long-term response of multi-cellular spheroids to repeated TRAIL treatments. Analysis of model simulations points to an novel, mechanistic explanation for transient resistance acquisition, which involves the targeted degradation of activated proteins and a differential turnover between pro- and anti- apoptotic proteins. Second, we apply our approach to a synthetic spatial patterning system in yeast cells developed by collaborators. Focusing first on a sensing circuit responding to a messenger molecule, we construct a single-cell model that accurately capture the response kinetics of the circuit as observed in flow cytometry data. We then integrate this model into multi-cellular simulations and show that the response of spatially-organized micro-colonies submitted to gradients of messenger molecules is correctly predicted. Finally, we incorporate a model of a killing circuit and compare the predicted patterns of dead or alive cells with experimental data, yielding insights into how the circuit parameters translate into multi-cellular organization phenotypes. Our modeling approach has the potential to accelerate the obtention of more quantitative and predictive models of cell populations that encompass the molecular scale
Angevin, Frédérique. „Modélisation de l'impact des systèmes de culture sur la pollinisation croisée chez le maïs dans le cadre de l'établissement de règles de coexistence“. Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00875332.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTrommetter, Michel. „Rationalisation économique de la conservation des ressources génétiques végétales“. Grenoble 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE21005.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work analyses the economic consequences of the loss of biodiversity, more precisely of genetic resources (rg). This loss of diversity prooves the necessity of in-situ (natural park) and ex-situ (gene banks) conservation. The focus is on this second type of conservation that is used for the gr conservation. The final objective is to define a conservation organisation compatible with the maximisation of collective utility. If it's clear that there is an interest increasing, some questions still remain : what should be conserved and how ? what financing should be chosen ? to answer these questions, this work is shared in three parts : 1. We present an introduction of the conservation as it is now. The combination cost advantage risk is one of the most important factor of decvision. So it's necessary to analyse the economic analyses of decision in uncertain future. 2. We study thoroughly the "option value" models developed by c. Henry in 1974 and we propose a more general model. It is prooved that the irreversibility concept is too limitative. This might involve mistakes in the decision's rule. 3. These results constitute the base of a sequential model of decision to explain the organisation of gr conservation. We make some simulations to define the good interval for conservation and what type of conservation is recommended as well as
Hadjadj, Djihad. „Régulations de la réplication du génome au cours de l'oncogenèse“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC332.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDNA replication is a highly regulated molecular process that maintains the stability of the human genome over the generations of cells. Before each division, the cells must duplicate their genetic material as accurately as possible in order to transmit a single, complete and faithful copy to the daughter cells. This process corresponds to the phase S of the cell cycle that is composed of three stages : initiation, elongation with the synthesis of two new DNA strands, and termination. The replication process must adapt to different genetic contexts (coding sequences, repeated sequences, centromeres, etc.) but also to variable epigenetic environments (opened or closed chromatin). During my thesis, I have been interested in different processes regulating DNA replication in physiological and pathological conditions of the whole human genome. Thus, I chose three complementary approaches : the first deals with the regulation of the replication timing in 6 human cell lines. The second deals with the dynamics of replication forks along the human genome. Finally, the third part focuses on the transcriptional regulation of DNA replication genes in adrenocortical carcinomas
Angevin, Frédérique. „Modélisation de l’impact des systèmes de culture sur la pollinisation croisée chez le maïs dans le cadre de l’établissement de règles de coexistence“. Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0062/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleConsumer demand for food free of GMOs is growing and if production standards are to be met, food and non-food chains must be separated. Indeed, European Commission regulations 1829/2003 and 1830/2003 stipulate that food and feed thought to be GMO-free but found to be containing more than a 0.9% portion of an adventitious presence of authorized GMOs have to be distinguished, traced and labelled as such. Moreover, to ensure that producers have a choice a choice among differing types of production, the European Commission has issued recommendations that permit the coexistence of non-GM and GM crops. This poses the problem of how to deal with coexistence in an agricultural supply chain dedicated to handling a single crop species. To help in the elaboration of coexistence rules, and then assess their feasibility and their consequences as well as for setting up monitoring and control schemes, specific field experiments, even if necessary, are not sufficient as their predictive value remains restricted to a given context. It is necessary to be able to forecast the fate of GM crops at the landscape level taking into account the various cropping systems and agricultural practices that may occur across Europe. The key to forecasting spread and behaviour of GM plants and seeds as well as their impacts under a wide range of agro-ecosystems is modelling. Models reproduce the functioning of agro-systems and take into account the relevant factors and processes as well as their interactions. They thus make it possible to simulate the behaviour of agro-systems in non-observed situations and on a long term basis.This doctoral thesis establishes a methodological framework for the development of biological flow models thanks to the dynamic interactions of modelling, evaluation and experimentation. In a first phase, the work involved the design of the MAPOD® model developed in relationship to literature and varietal experiments carried out by GEVES. MAPOD® simulates gene flow between maize crops at the landscape scale. It is based on an individual dispersal function which depends on biological and climatic parameters. It calculates the probability of fecundation at a (x, y) point as a function of distance from the pollen emitter (efficient pollination). Its flowering dynamics module makes it possible to take into account of the consequences of flowering time - lags on GM adventitious presence in harvests. MAPOD® evaluates the effect of the spatial distribution of maize plots, varietal characteristics, and climate as well as agricultural practices on cross-pollination. In this investigation, in a second phase the initial version of MAPOD® was evaluated with another dataset provided by GEVES. Ways to improve the algorithm were thereby defined. In a third phase, the predictive quality of MAPOD® was estimated by comparing model outputs to cross-pollination rates which were obtained by monitoring farmers' fields in Catalonia (Spain) over a 5-year period. The relevance of decisions made according to model output was also evaluated.In a fourth phase, MAPOD® was used to simulate different scenarios involving the introduction of GM varieties into European cropping systems. The efficiency of individual coexistence measures was tested. Afterwards, the effect of combining different types of practices was simulated, leading to a set of decision-support tables elaborated according to the cropping context. At the scale of the collecting basin, with the enhanced version of MAPOD®, the efficiency of segregation strategies (spatial or temporal) that could be implemented by collecting and storing organisations was also studied. Lastly, model outputs were used as a basis for the design of a decision-support tool for use by farmers and extension workers
Bou, Samra Elias. „Recherche et caractérisation de biomarqueurs pronostiques dans les leucémies myélomonocytaires chroniques et aiguës myéloïdes par exploration des transcriptomes“. Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20057/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleA challenge of transcriptomics is to explore the full repertoire of normal and abnormal transcripts. Gene expression profiling analyses based on microarray technology are widely used in cancer research since many years. Meanwhile, new methods based on high-throughput sequencing methods offers henceforth the possibility to undergo accurate and sensitive analyses necessary for studying normal and cancer cells. Despite the method, the characterization of all coding and non-coding transcripts is a real biological challenge in identifying novel diagnostic and prognostic markers, and for the proper care of patients. In the present work, I had the opportunity to address two different aspects of biology, both convergent toward the identification of aberrantly expressed transcripts in myeloid leukemia. The first aspect was to provide a selection of molecular biomarkers for the characterization of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). We developed a gene expression-based prognostic score which identified two clinically distinct groups of patients. We then completed our study with a phenotypic characterization by flow cytometry of aberrant subpopulations constituting the myeloid and granulocytic lineages. A part of this work has been extended to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with normal karyotype. The other aspect was to participate in the implementation of an integrated computational approach in order to characterize novel non annotated RNAs, more likely non-coding. We quantified and characterized the proportion of these transcripts in intergenic regions by exploring Digital Gene Expression (DGE) data. We checked their expression in normal and cancer tissues by crossing with RNA-Seq data, and their conservation and expression in other species
Yvinec, Romain. „Modélisation probabiliste en biologie moléculaire et cellulaire“. Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00749633.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLe, Treut Guillaume. „Models of chromosome architecture and connection with the regulation of genetic expression“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS411/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIncreasing evidences suggest that chromosome folding and genetic expression are intimately connected. For example, the co-expression of a large number of genes can benefit from their spatial co-localization in the cellular space. Furthermore, functional structures can result from the particular folding of the chromosome. These can be rather compact bundle-like aggregates that prevent the access to DNA, or in contrast, open coil configurations with several (presumably) globular clusters like transcription factories. Such phenomena have in common to result from the binding of divalent proteins that can bridge regions sometimes far away on the DNA sequence. The physical system consisting of the chromosome interacting with divalent proteins can be very complex. As such, most of the mechanisms responsible for chromosome folding and for the formation of functional structures have remained elusive.Using methods from statistical physics, we investigated models of chromosome architecture. A common denominator of our approach has been to represent the chromosome as a polymer with bending rigidity and consider its interaction with a solution of DNA-binding proteins. Structures entailed by the binding of such proteins were then characterized at the thermodynamical equilibrium. Furthermore, we complemented theoretical results with Brownian dynamics simulations, allowing to reproduce more of the biological complexity.The main contributions of this thesis have been: (i) to provide a model for the existence of transcrip- tion factories characterized in vivo with fluorescence microscopy; (ii) to propose a physical basis for a conjectured regulatory mechanism of the transcription involving the formation of DNA hairpin loops by the H-NS protein as characterized with atomic-force microscopy experiments; (iii) to propose a physical model of the chromosome that reproduces contacts measured in chromosome conformation capture (CCC) experiments. Consequences on the regulation of transcription are discussed in each of these studies
Le, Billan Florian. „Identification et régulation transcriptionnelle des gènes cibles du récepteur des minéralocorticoïdes dans les cellules rénales“. Thesis, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS277/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), activated by aldosterone, exhibits numerous pleiotropic functions, most notably at the renal level where it regulates electrolytic homeostasis. Dysfunctions in the mineralocorticoid signaling pathway are involved in major diseases in Human. During this work, we have identified by ChIP sequencing the first MR cistrome in a human renal cell lineage. The characterization of the identified genomic targets allowed us to define a specific MR responsive element, and to demonstrate the existence of two transactivation processes for MR: through direct binding to DNA or through indirect interaction via binding to other transcription factors. MR is physiologically confronted with a duality with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), since they share a common ligand, cortisol, and some of their genomic targets, whose PER1 gene. On the latter, MR and GR are distinguished by different dynamic and cyclical recruitment, varying according to hormone, and coordinated with the one of transcriptional partners, translating into the regulation of short-term and long-term effects. Finally, by serial and tandem ChIP experiment, we have demonstrated that MR and GR act as homodimer and as heterodimer.Identification of new MR genomic targets and characterization of its molecular mechanisms of action, improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of the mineralocorticoid signaling pathway. This could ultimately, notably through the development of selective MR antagonists like Finerenone, lead to new therapeutic strategies
Benzaid, Billel. „Évolution des génomes par mutations locales et globales : une approche d’alignement“. Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18470.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDuring the evolution process, genomes accumulate mutations that may affect the genome at different levels, ranging from one base to the overall gene content. Global mutations affecting gene content and organization are mainly duplications, losses and rearrangements. By comparing gene orders, it is possible to infer the most frequent events, the gene content in the ancestral genomes and the evolutionary histories of the observed gene orders. In this thesis, we are interested in developing new algorithmic methods based on an alignment approach for comparing two or a set of genomes represented as gene orders and related through a phylogenetic tree, based on global mutations. We study the theoretical complexity and the approximability of different variants of the two gene orders alignment problem by duplications and losses. Then, we present the existing exact exponential time algorithms, and develop efficient heuristics for these problems. First, we developed DLAlign, a quadratic time heuristic for the two gene orders alignment problem by duplications and losses. Then, we developed OrthoAlign, a generalization of DLAlign, accounting for most genome-wide evolutionary events such as duplications, losses, rearrangements and substitutions. We also study the phylogenetic alignment problem. First, we adapt our heuristic OrthoAlign in order to infer ancestral genomes at the internal nodes of a given phylogenetic tree. Finally, we developed MultiOrthoAlign, a more robust heuristic, based on the median problem, for the inference of ancestral genomes and evolutionary histories of extent genomes labeling leaves of a phylogenetic tree.
Toulouse, Jacynthe. „Découverte et optimisation d’inhibiteurs pour des enzymes DfrBs impliquées dans la résistance bactérienne“. Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22529.
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