Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Dynamic breakthrough curve analysis“

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’optimisation des matériaux zéolithiques à petits pores dans le butd'améliorer leur capacité d'adsorption du CO2 et leur efficacité en séparation des gaz. Dans cecontexte, cette étude se concentre sur l'amélioration des performances des zéolithes à traversl'échange ionique, le contrôle de la taille des cristaux et la synthèse de nouveaux adsorbants. Deszéolithes de type Gismondine (GIS) échangées avec des cations Mg2+ ont été synthétiséesdémontrant une meilleure sélectivités pour CO2/N2 et CO2/CH4 grâce à un échange cationiquespartiel avec Mg2+, ce qui influencé la distorsion de la structure et renforcé à la capacité la sélectivité,mettant en avant leur potentiel pour des applications pratiques de capture du CO2. Une méthode desynthèse assistée par graines a été adaptée pour produire des zéolithes P (GIS) de taillenanométrique améliorant de façon notable la cinétique d’adsorption du CO2 en réduisant leslimitations de diffusion plus rapide, issue d’un mécanisme de diffusion intra-cristalline, a conduità des performances accrues dans la séparation dynamique des gaz, dépassant ainsi celle deszéolithes de taille micrométrique. Les zéolithes Levyne (LEV) sont également introduites danscette thèse comme de nouveaux candidats pour l’adsorption du CO2, où un contrôle rigoureux durapport Si/Al et l’usage des graines de taille nanométrique ont permis un ajustement précis dupropriétés d’adsorption. L’étude met en avant l’importance du rapport Si/Al dans l’optimisation dela sélectivité et de la capacité d’adsorption du CO2 ainsi que du comportementadsorption−désorption positionnant la zéolithe LEV comme un matériau prometteur pour laséparation du gaz. Ces résultats illustrent comment du techniques de synthèse adoptées, associéesà l’optimisation de l’échange cationique, au contrôle de la taille cristalline et l’ajustement durapport Si/Al, peuvent significativement améliorer les performances des zéolithes dans lestechnologies de capture du carbone et la séparation des gaz à haute efficacité énergétique<br>This thesis is dedicated to optimizing small-pore zeolite materials for efficient CO2 adsorption andgas separation. The work focuses on improving zeolite performance through cation exchange,crystal size control, and the synthesis of novel adsorbents. Mg-exchanged Gismondine (GIS)zeolites were synthesized, demonstrating enhanced CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 selectivities due to partialcation exchange with Mg2+, which influenced the framework distortion and improved bothadsorption capacity and selectivity, underscoring their potential for practical carbon captureapplications. A seed-assisted synthesis method was also employed to develop nanosized zeolite P(GIS), which significantly improved CO2 adsorption kinetics by reducing diffusion limitations,with faster diffusion resulting from an intracrystalline diffusion mechanism. This superior diffusionwithin the nanosized zeolites led to enhanced performance in dynamic gas separation compared totheir micron-sized counterparts. The thesis also introduces Levyne (LEV) zeolites as novelcandidates for CO2 adsorption, where careful control of the Si/Al ratio and the use of nanosizedseeds allowed for precise tuning of adsorption properties. The study highlights the critical role ofthe Si/Al ratio in optimizing CO2 selectivity, uptake, and adsorption−desorption behaviour,establishing LEV as a promising material for gas separation. These findings demonstrate howtailored synthesis methods, cation exchange optimization, crystal size control, and Si/Al ratioadjustment can significantly enhance the performance of zeolite-based materials in carbon captureand energy-efficient gas separation technologies

There is a need to develop efficient multi-hazard performance based design (PBD) tools to analyze and optimize buildings at a preliminary stage of design. The first step was to develop a database and it is supported by five major contributions: 1) development of nomenclature of variables in PBD; 2) creation of mathematical model to fit data; 3) collection of data; 4) identification of gaps and methods for filling data in PBD; 5) screening of soil, foundation, structure, and envelope (SFSE) combinations.. A unified nomenclature was developed with the collaboration of a multi-disciplinary team to navigate through the PBD. A mathematical model for incremental dynamic analysis was developed to fit the existing data in the database in a manageable way. Three sets of data were collected to initialize the database: 1) responses of structures subjected to hazard; 2) fragility curves; 3) consequence functions. Fragility curves were critically analyzed to determine the source and the process of development of the curves, but structural analysis results and consequence functions were not critically analyzed due to lack of similarities between the data and background information respectively. Gaps in the data and the methods to fill them were identified to lay out the path for the completion of the database. A list of SFSE systems applicable to typical midrise office buildings was developed. Since the database did not have enough data to conduct PBD calculations, engineering judgement was used to screen SFSE combinations to identify the potential combinations for detailed analysis. Through these five contributions this thesis lays the foundation for the development of a database for multi- hazard PBD and identifies potential future work in this area.<br>Master of Science

Unreinforced masonry (URM) structures have shown tobe susceptible to significant damage during strong earthquakes. Vulnerability assessment of URM buildings is needed so that appropriate mitigation strategies can be implemented. The existing Canadian practice consists of rapid seismic screening of buildings to assign priorities for further and more refined assessments, followed by refined analysis of individual critical buildings. The current seismic screening procedure, from 1992, is based on qualitative observations of seismic vulnerability, enabling the assignment of seismic priority indices, quantified on the basis of expert opinion and experience. More refined tools are needed for seismic vulnerability assessment of URM buildings in Canada, based on the current Canadian seismic hazard values. The objective of the research project is to fulfill these needs by developing fragility curves that provide a probabilistic assessment of different levels of building performance under different intensities ofeastern and western seismicity. Using an inventory of over 50,000 structures, a seismic assessment of typical low-rise and mid-rise URM structures located in eastern and western Canada was carried out. The required analyses were done using applied element method software which effectively modeled the in-plane and out-of-plane behaviour of masonry walls. Using incremental dynamic analysis, fragility curves were developed to reflect the capacity of URM structures with a wide variety of selected structural and ground motion parameters. The results were verified against available fragility information in the literature. They show the significance of selected parameters, while providing effective tools for seismic vulnerability assessment of URM buildings in eastern and western Canada.

The emphasis on seismic design and assessment of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structure has shifted from force-based to performance-based design and assessment to accommodate strength and ductility for required performance of building. RC frame structure may suffer different levels of damage under seismic-induced ground motions, with potentials for formation of hinges in structural elements, depending on the level of stringency in design. Thus it is required to monitor the seismic behaviour and performance of buildings, which depend on the structural system, year of construction and the level of irregularities in the structural system. It is the objective of the current research project to assess seismic performance of RC frame buildings in Canada, while developing fragility curves as analytical tools for such assessment. This was done through dynamic inelastic analysis by modelling selected building structures and using PERFORM-3D as analysis software, while employing incremental dynamic analysis to generate performance data under incrementally increasing seismic intensity of selected earthquake records. The results lead to probabilistic tools to assess the performance of buildings designed following the National Building Code of Canada in different years of construction with and without irregularities. The research consists of three phases; i) regular buildings designed after 1975, ii) regular buildings designed prior to 1975, and iii) irregular buildings designed prior to 1975. The latter two phases address older buildings prior to the development of modern seismic building codes. All three phases were carried out by selecting and designing buildings in Ottawa, representing the seismic region in eastern Canada, as well as buildings in Vancouver, representing the seismic region in western Canada. Buildings had three heights (2; 5; and 10-stories) to cover a wide range of building periods encountered in practice. The resulting fragility curves indicated that the older buildings showed higher probabilities of exceeding life safety and/or collapse prevention performance levels. Newer buildings showed higher probabilities of exceeding target performance levels in western Canada than those located in the east.

In this thesis, I study the transmission of monetary policy through the term structure of interest rates. This is an important topic because, with short-term nominal interest rates in many advanced economies close to their effective lower bound since 2008-2009, central banks have used `unconventional' monetary policies, such as large-scale asset purchases and forward guidance, to stimulate macroeconomic activity by, inter alia, placing downward pressure on longer-term interest rates. I focus on the mechanisms through which monetary policy influences bond yields, domestically and globally, with reference to a canonical decomposition of longer-term interest rates into expectations of future short-term interest rates, and term premia. After an introduction in chapter 1, chapter 2 appraises the use of overnight indexed swap (OIS) rates as measures of expected future monetary policy. Unlike federal funds futures (FFFs), which have regularly been used to construct measures of US interest rate expectations, OIS rates are available in many countries. I find that US OIS rates provide measures of interest rate expectations that are as good as those from FFFs, and that US, UK, Eurozone and Japanese OIS rates up to a 2-year horizon tend to accurately measure interest rate expectations, providing comparable cross-country measures of monetary policy expectations. In chapter 3, I propose a novel method for estimating interest rate expectations and term premia at short and long-term horizons: a no-arbitrage Gaussian affine dynamic term structure model (GADTSM) augmented with OIS rates. Using 3 to 24-month OIS rates, the OIS-augmented model generates estimates of the expected path of short-term interest rates out to a 10-year horizon that closely correspond to those implied by FFFs rates and survey expectations, outperforming existing GADTSMs. I study the transmission of US unconventional monetary policies in chapter 4. Using the OIS-augmented GADTSM, I carry out an event study to demonstrate that US unconventional monetary policy announcements between November 2008 and April 2013 did significantly reduce US longer-term interest rates by affecting expectations and term premia. As a result of these declines, unconventional monetary policies aided US real economic outcomes. Using a structural vector autoregression, I show that changes in interest rate expectations, linked to monetary policy signalling, had more expansionary effects on US real economic outcomes than changes in term premia, associated with portfolio rebalancing. Chapter 5 assesses the international transmission of monetary policy through the term structure of interest rates between advanced economies. I present a micro-founded, two-country model with endogenous portfolio choice amongst country-specific short and long-term bonds, and equity. Within the model, US monetary policy has sizeable effects on longer-term interest rates in other advanced economies, which are similar to empirical estimates. Using the OIS-augmented GADTSM in an event study, I show that US monetary policy has led to changes in interest rate expectations in other advanced economies that amplify global spillovers, which have been partly mitigated by changes in term premia through portfolio rebalancing.

La chromatographie membranaire est une alternative à la chromatographie classique sur résine basée sur le transport convectif des solutés à travers une membrane microporeuse plutôt que par le transport diffusif des solutés dans les particules de résines. Cette technique présente les avantages de diminuer les phénomènes de diffusion, de réduire les temps de séjour et les pertes de charge, et de permettre la purification rapide de quantités importantes de molécules. La chromatographie membranaire connaît un fort succès commercial. Une gamme importante de membranes chromatographiques mettant en jeu différents mécanismes de rétention (échange d’ions, affinité, etc.) et différentes géométries (feuille, spirale, etc.) est actuellement commercialisée. Malgré ce succès, différents aspects relatifs à la chromatographie membranaire restent mal connus. Cette thèse de doctorat se propose de répondre à certaines questions relatives à cette technique<br>Membrane chromatography (MC) is an alternative to traditional resin packed columns chromatography. The solute mass transport in the membrane occurs in convective through-pores rather than in stagnant fluid inside the pores of the resins particles, which is limited by the slow diffusive transport. MC offers the main advantage of reducing diffusion phenomena, shorter residence time and lowered pressures drops, and thus, facilitates rapid purification of large quantities of molecules. A wide range of chromatographic membranes involving different molecules retention mechanisms (ion exchange, affinity, etc...) is now commercialized. Despite their success, the influence of the geometry of the membrane chromatography devices remains relatively unexplored from a theoretical point of view. This doctoral thesis is aimed to clarify some ambiguous points related to this technique

This thesis is focused on the dynamic drawing analysis. It deals with tracing drawing tests that can be applied for the analysis. It also deals with method for temporal segmentation of emerging drawings and also vectorization of resulted segments of drawings.

Ce travail présente les développements récents réalisés sur le pénétromètre PANDA 3. Il s'agit d'un pénétromètre dynamique instrumenté qui permet à partir de la mesure puis du découplage des ondes créées par l’impact sur l’appareil, d’obtenir pour chaque coup une courbe charge-enfoncement σp-sp du sol ausculté. L’exploitation de cette courbe permet de déterminer des paramètres de résistance (résistance de pointe qd), de déformation (module dynamique Ed P3), des caractéristiques d’amortissement Js et de célérité d'ondes (CsP3 et CpP3) des sols auscultés en fonction de la profondeur tout au long du sondage. Cependant, et bien que la méthode soit très intéressante, celle-ci est restée au stade d’un prototype de laboratoire. Il est donc nécessaire de réaliser une étude plus approfondie sur l'essai lui-même et sur l’information contenue dans la courbe σp-sp en vue de fiabiliser la mesure et d’améliorer son exploitation. Dans un premier temps, nous présentons un bref aperçu sur les techniques de reconnaissance géotechnique et plus particulièrement celle des essais de pénétration dynamique. Le principe général du PANDA 3 est également présenté. La deuxième partie est consacrée au développement d'un nouveau prototype de pénétromètre PANDA 3. Ce développement s’appuie sur plusieurs études visant à valider la qualité des informations recueillies, leur bonne reproductibilité et le traitement des signaux d’acquisition. De même, un modèle numérique discret du battage pénétrométrique développé à l’aide du logiciel Particle Flow Code (Itasca) est présenté permettant de valider la technique de mesure. La troisième partie traite d'une étude comparative des résultats obtenus avec le PANDA 3 et d’autres techniques d'auscultation in situ afin de valider les résultats obtenus et l’utilisation de l’appareil dans des conditions réelles. Par ailleurs l’extension de cette technique de mesure au cas des pénétromètres lourds est appliquée dans le but de mesurer l'énergie transmise et d’étalonner le système de battage. Enfin, la dernière partie est consacrée à l'interprétation et l'exploitation des signaux en pointe afin d'affiner le modèle d'interprétation de la courbe charge-enfoncement. L'analyse de l'ensemble des signaux enregistrés au laboratoire a permis d’approcher une méthodologie d'exploitation de la courbe. L'application de la méthode proposée a été réalisée pour différents sols aussi bien au laboratoire que sur le terrain. Les résultats obtenus ont été confrontés avec d'autres types d’essais<br>This work presents the recent developments made on the penetrometer PANDA®3. The instrumented dynamic penetrometer allowing, from the measurement and the decoupling of waves created by the impact, to obtain the load-penetration curve σp-sp of the soil. The exploitation of this curve allows determining the failure parameter (tip resistance qd), deformation (dynamic modulus EdP3), damping characteristics (Js) and wave speed (CsP3 and CpP3) of the investigated soil according to depth all along the sounding. However, although the proposed method is very interesting, it has remained at the stage of a laboratory prototype. It is therefore necessary to conduct a more thorough study of the test itself and the information provided from the σp-sp curve in order to obtain reliable measurement and improve their exploitation. First of all, we are presenting a brief overview of the geotechnical in-situ testing particularly that of the dynamic penetration tests as well as the general principle of PANDA 3 is presented. The second part is devoted to the development of a new prototype of the PANDA 3 penetrometer. This development is based on several studies aiming at validating the quality of the information, good reproducibility and treatment of the acquisition signals. Similarly, a discrete numerical model of the penetrometer developed using the Particle Flow Code software (Itasca) is presented to validate the measurement technique. The third part deals with a comparative study of the results obtained with the PANDA 3 and other in situ investigation techniques to validate the obtained results and the use of the device in real conditions. Moreover, the extension of this measurement technique in the case of heavy penetrometer is applied in order to measure the transmitted energy and to calibrate the driving system. The last part is devoted to refining the interpretation and exploitation of the load-penetration curve. The analysis of all the signals recorded in the laboratory allowed to approach a methodology of curve exploitation. The application of the proposed method was carried out for different soils both in the laboratory and on field. The results were confronted with other types of tests