Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Dwellings – united states – design and construction“
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Fernandes, Genevieve D., und Dr Nisha P. Naik. „Building Collapse: Factors and Resisting Mechanisms, a Review“. International Journal of Engineering Research in Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IJERMCE) 9, Nr. 8 (01.08.2022): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36647/ijermce/09.08.a007.
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All through the ages in all human civilizations men have been engaged in construction activity, not only to build their dwellings and house their activities, but also roads, bridges to facilitate means of transport, and communication etc. The main concern in this activity was to ensure safety and reduce the collapse of the buildings and other structures. But even after taking all precautions it is impossible to guarantee the safety and collapse because of several unforeseen reasons like faulty constructions, design errors, overloading, soil liquefactions, gas explosion, material degradation, terrorist attacks and economic factors are also contributing to the collapse. It is also uneconomical to design the structure for unforeseen events unless they have reasonable chance of occurrence. In order to ensure the safety and prevent collapse, many guidelines have been framed by local bodies and government authorities in many countries like United States Department of Defence (DOD), United States General Service Administration (GSA) and Euro-Codes in European Nations. Some other practices are followed to incorporate redundancies in the structure like detailing, ductile designs, tying of elements at particular locations, provision of hinges and inter connections. It is also to be admitted that full proof safe design structure for accidental events cannot be prepared and implemented as it is uneconomical and the chances of such occurrences are less. This paper reviews past case studies of collapse of structures with an aim to develop an understanding of collapse mechanism. This study will definitely help to bring about a detailed improvement in the design to maximize the quality of the construction at a minimal cost.
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Salazar Lozano, María del Pilar, und Antonio José Cidoncha Pérez. „Habitar una bóveda metálica. Quonset Huts en la Base Aeronaval de Rota“. VLC arquitectura. Research Journal 8, Nr. 2 (29.10.2021): 91–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/vlc.2021.13423.
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During World War II, and even in the years that followed, thousands of American soldiers lived in prefabricated semi-cylindrical metal huts that could be dismantled and reused: Quonset Huts. Their singular design and their multiple uses made Quonset Huts an American military design icon. The daring construction system made it possible to manufacture them in the United States and take them across the Atlantic, armed with a comprehensive instruction manual. The Seabees, American soldiers posted to Spain to build the Naval Station Rota, set up a provisional camp in 1959 comprising fifty-three Quonset Huts. Assembling them in Spain provided housing for 500 soldiers and they were fitted with all types of facilities for their functions. This text aims to shed light on this unknown case of prefabricated dwellings in our country, contextualising the history of their design, construction and installation, and analysing the repercussion of this constructive experiment in the early days of prefabricated construction in Spain.
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Pullen, Quinn M., und Todd V. Scholz. „Index and Engineering Properties of Oregon Cob“. Journal of Green Building 6, Nr. 2 (01.05.2011): 88–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.6.2.88.
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Cob is an earthen building material comprised of sand, clay, straw, and water used for millennia to construct dwellings. Although cob construction largely died out during the nineteenth century, it is experiencing a revival in England and the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Little scientific research has investigated the engineering properties of cob, knowledge of which is important for modern-day design practices and code requirements. Researchers at Oregon State University investigated six different Oregon cob mixtures using a series of standard soils and concrete tests adapted for this material. The objectives were to characterize the constituents, to establish estimates for the magnitude of, and degree of variability in, the mixture properties, and to develop correlations between the engineering properties and mixture composition. Results indicated low to moderate variation in basic mixture properties (i.e., unit weight, moisture content, and sand equivalent), moderate variation in strength properties, and high variation in the elastic modulus. Several reasonable correlations were found between shrinkage, compressive strength, elastic modulus, and sand equivalent and between flexural strength and fiber tensile strength.
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LeRouge, Cynthia, Polina Durneva, Savitha Sangameswaran und Anne-Marie Gloster. „Design Guidelines for a Technology-Enabled Nutrition Education Program to Support Overweight and Obese Adolescents: Qualitative User-Centered Design Study“. Journal of Medical Internet Research 21, Nr. 7 (29.07.2019): e14430. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14430.
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Background Childhood overweight and obesity are major health challenges in the United States. One of the recommendations to combat obesity is to maintain a healthy diet, which is often best supported by eating home-cooked meals to control cooking methods, ingredients, and portions. Diet control through home cooking is challenged because of the decline in culinary skills in the population and a paucity of effective culinary nutrition education (CNE) programs. Providing technology-enabled CNE (CNE-tech) to overweight and obese adolescents can equip them with life skills that can assist them in the future. Such skills can facilitate saving money, eating healthier, and creating social environments. In addition, CNE builds cooking confidence and food literacy that in turn can build adolescent self-efficacy, particularly toward managing their health behaviors. Objective This study aimed to inform functionalities, design requirements, and the context of use for CNE-tech that could enhance overweight and obese adolescents’ healthy food literacy, cooking confidence, and general self-efficacy with regard to self-management to ultimately promote healthy lifestyle management. Methods The design science study was completed in 2 distinct phases engaging overweight and obese adolescents, parents of overweight and obese adolescents, and the health care providers that treat adolescents with these conditions. Phase 2, our primary source of data, involved user-centered design methods including the following: (1) early stage prototype usability analysis, (2) semistructured interviews with 70 overweight or obese adolescents engaged in a healthy behavior program, and (3) semistructured interviews with 10 health care providers. Data were analyzed using constant comparison analysis to identify functionalities, design requirements, and inform the context of use of CNE-tech. Results Data revealed specific desired functionalities for the CNE-tech related to building cooking skills, populating a healthy recipe database, suggesting healthy alternatives, supporting the construction of a healthy plate, and the ability to share healthy recipes and cooking accomplishments. Moreover, the adolescents provided design requirements pertaining to the presentation (eg, vivid colors, semirealistic images, and cooking sounds), use of multimedia, and gaming. Data further revealed contextual factors, such as shared experiences with family members and enhanced continued use. Conclusions We demonstrate the potentiality of creating CNE-tech that could effectively lead to better self-care and induce sustainable behavioral change as it facilitates skill building, self-efficacy, and a pathway that enables overweight and obese adolescents to influence cooking habits in their family home and future dwellings. Our CNE-tech–proposed solution aligns with the goals of overweight and obese adolescents and also reflects existing theories about behavioral change.
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Gorczyca, Mirosław. „Mieszkalnictwo w Stanach Zjednoczonych“. Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 2011, Nr. 4 (28.04.2011): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.59139/ws.2011.04.5.
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The article presents a condition of the housing in the United States in 2008 as well as in retrospection. Considerations of the housing development, conditions in the housing construction, reserves and housing conditions as well as expenditures for dwellings are discussed in the article. The author presents also comparison of measures characterizing housings in the United States and EU Countries.
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Durmanov, Volodymyr. „DYNAMICS OF THE RUSSIAN, JAPAN AND THE UNITED STATES LIVING PREMISES GEOMETRY“. Space&FORM 2020, Nr. 50 (30.06.2022): 137–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2022.50.b-05.
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The main purpose of studying the dynamics of the geometric parameters of the country's living premises is to determine the patterns of their transformation as a result of changes in the lifestyle of the population. An analysis of official statistical information presented in the reports on population censuses and inventory of residential premises conducted in recent years in Russia, Japan and the United States made it possible to identify the dependence of changes in the number and area of living premises on the direction of development of the property structure in the country. Despite the relative stability of the reproduction of the traditional spatial image of the country's living premises, the change in its characteristics also depends on the level and character of the distribution of housing provision among the population. In the 19th century, a wide variety of living conditions with a low level of housing provision for the population led to an increase in state support for the construction of housing, which made it possible to narrow the geometric parameters of housing under construction and increase the average level of provision in countries. With the increase in the economic opportunities of households, it becomes preferable to purchase housing in private ownership, which makes it possible to expand the variety of living conditions and increase the average provision of housing for the population. The complete privatization of dwellings, observed at the end of the 20th century, leads to the emergence of private rent, which narrows the geometric characteristics of the dwelling under construction and increases the uneven housing supply again. During periods of economic crises, there are noticeable shifts in the transformation of the spatial image of a dwelling, associated with the search for the highest quality geometric forms of a dwelling, which change the direction of its reproduction during periods of restoration.
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Hickson, R. E., und F. W. Rodolf. „DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF JETTIES“. Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, Nr. 1 (12.05.2010): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v1.26.
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The purpose of this paper is to present a brief outline of the general engineering procedure for the siting and design of jetties and the methods of constructing such structures. After a general presentation of the formulae proposed by various engineers to determine the size and weight of individual pieces of stone or other material which should be used under various wave heights, this paper will be devoted principally to the construction of rubble stone jetties. This is the type principally used on the Pacific Coast of the United States.
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Prudon, Theodore. „Preservation and public housing in the United States“. Housing for All, Nr. 65 (2021): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/65.a.08i5whu3.
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Public housing is an important part of the heritage of the 20th century that deserves preservation, but is in danger of being demolished or unrecognizably altered. The United States, which saw the construction of such government sponsored projects, largely between 1930 and 1975, is no exception. In the last four decades government efforts have continued to shift towards financial incentives for private initiatives for design, construction and property management. This housing legacy, if being preserved, still needs to be improved so it can continue to serve as affordable housing in the 21st century.
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Viest, Ivan M. „Development of Design Rules for Composite Construction“. Engineering Journal 40, Nr. 4 (31.12.2003): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.62913/engj.v40i4.816.
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Historical development of the requirements for the design of composite structures made up of steel elements and concrete, as practiced in the United States, is reviewed. Included are buildings and highway bridges. After a brief description of the origins of composite construction in America, an emphasis is placed on early design rules issued by the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO), the Joint Committee on Concrete and Reinforced Concrete, and the American Concrete Institute (ACI). The discussion is divided into two parts. The first, dealing with composite beams, traces the development of the AISC and AASHTO requirements; it also includes remarks on the strength of stud shear connectors placed in the trough of a steel deck. AISC, Joint Committee and ACI provisions for composite columns are the subject of the second part of the discussion. Extensive practical experience has demonstrated that composite construction is a system suitable for areas of high seismicity. It has been used in Japan for decades but on the west coast of the United States its use spread only relatively recently. The first U.S. seismic provisions for composite construction were included in the 1994 version of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program's Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings issued by the Federal Emergency Management Agency in 1994. AISC included composite construction in the 1997 Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings and the provisions were also included by reference in the 2000 edition of the International Building Code.
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FILIPPOV, Vasily D. „LINEAR CITY: INDEPENDENT AMERICAN PROJECTS“. Urban construction and architecture 9, Nr. 4 (15.12.2019): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2019.04.21.
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Two projects of the Linear City, which appeared at the beginning of the 20th century, in the United States, regardless of the project implemented earlier in Spain by Arturo Soria, are described. The technical and town-planning features of the Roadtown project by Edgar Chembless and the social ideas underlying it are given. The reasons for the failure of this project, as well as similar projects that appeared later, are analyzed. The history of the project of Milo Hastings and his idea of a linear concentration of dwellings in the city are given. Although this project was also not implemented, the reasons why its town-planning ideas found application in the post-war construction of the American suburb and social ideas in the New Deal of President Franklin Roosevelt are shown.
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Grace, Nabil F., Frederick C. Navarre, Richard B. Nacey, Wayne Bonus und Loris Collavino. „Design-Construction of Bridge Street Bridge — First CFRP Bridge in the United States“. PCI Journal 47, Nr. 5 (01.09.2002): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15554/pcij.09012002.20.35.
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Mertz, Dennis R. „Trends in design and construction of steel highway bridges in the United States“. Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials 3, Nr. 1 (Januar 2001): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pse.56.
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Cardenas, Lourdes, Roy Reyna, Lucio Estacio und Carlos Zavala. „Implementation of Database of Masonry Walls Test – Review of Existing Test Data in Peru“. Journal of Disaster Research 9, Nr. 6 (01.12.2014): 993–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2014.p0993.
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Confined masonry walls represent one of the most widely used construction systems for dwellings in Peru and other Latin countries. This study describes the procedure for implementing a database with a web interface of results collected from the experiments conducted over the years by the Japan Center for Earthquake Engineering and Disaster Mitigation. This paper attempts to contribute to the seismic design procedure of this type of structure, and parameters such as stiffness ratios and the deformation (drift) for the characteristic stages of confined masonry walls under different limit states or performance levels are proposed. Also, a semi-empirical equation for estimating the shear capacity using the database is proposed.
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Korochkin, Andrey. „Pavement Design in the USA“. MATEC Web of Conferences 341 (2021): 00001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134100001.
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The methodology for calculating pavements used in the United States is discussed in this article. The article contains the principles of pavement design outlined in the manual “P. Design of New and Reconstructed Flexible Pavements. Part 3”, which are used by designers not only in the United States, but also in many countries around the world. Differences in approaches to pavement design in the Russian Federation and the United States are shown. It is marked that in difference from Russia, where requirements documents are valid on all territory of the country, in America each state develops its own requirements documentation, however the general principles of designing presented in the above-mentioned manual, remain invariable. In order to compare the pavement structures used in Russia and the USA the author has given examples of constructions developed on the basis of the US guidelines and has shown the main differences of these constructions from those which are traditionally applied in our road construction. In addition, the author draws attention to the fact that in contrast to Russia in the U.S. roads usually have a non-rigid type of pavement, which significantly increases their strength and durability
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Kim, Yoo-Jae, Ashley Russell Kotwal, Bum-Yean Cho, James Wilde und Byung Hee You. „Geosynthetic Reinforced Steep Slopes: Current Technology in the United States“. Applied Sciences 9, Nr. 10 (16.05.2019): 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9102008.
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Geosynthetics is a crucial mechanism in which the earth structures can be mechanically stabilized through strength enforcing tensile reinforcement. Moreover, geosynthetic reinforcement stabilizes steep slopes through incorporating the polymeric materials, becoming one of the most cost-effective methods in not only accommodating budgetary restrictions but also alleviating space constraints. In order to explicate on the applicability and widen the understanding of geosynthetic reinforcement technology, a synthesis study was conducted on geosynthetic reinforced steep slope. This study is very important because in not only highlighting the advantages and limitations of using geosynthetic reinforcement but also in investigating the current construction and design methods with a view to determining which best practices can be employed. Furthermore, this study also identified and assessed the optimal condition of the soil, performance measures, construction specifications, design criteria, and geometry of the slope. To further concretize the understanding of these parameters or factors, two case studies were reviewed and a summary of the best practices, existing methods, and recommendations were drawn in order to inform the employment of geosynthetics in reinforcing steep slopes.
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Magoon, Orville T., Donald D. Treadwell und Paul S. Atwood. „JETTIES AT BODEGA HARBOR“. Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, Nr. 32 (01.02.2011): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.structures.52.
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To create and maintain a navigable entrance for small craft between the Pacific Ocean and the natural lagoon now referred to as Bodega Harbor, the construction of two rubble-mound jetties and the associated dredging of interior channels were authorized by the United States Congress in the late 1930s. The jetties were built by the United States Army Corps of Engineers in the early 1940s. Elements of the planning, design, construction, monitoring, and maintenance of the jetties are discussed herein.
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Brockenbrough, Roger L. „Cold-formed steel members — design approaches in the United States“. Thin-Walled Structures 16, Nr. 1-4 (Januar 1993): 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-8231(93)90051-b.
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Pushkar, Svetlana. „LEED-CIv4 Commercial Interiors: United States (2014–2019)“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 1 (20.12.2019): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010069.
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This paper analyzes Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for Interior Design and Construction: Commercial Interior (LEED-CIv4) projects, thereby presenting the first empirical evidence of these projects. The aim of the study was to reveal trends in Certified, Silver, Gold, and Platinum LEED-CIv4 US projects, certified in 2014–2019. The effect size between possible and achieved points in categories and credits was measured using Cliff’s δ. The following conclusions were drawn: (i) the Integrative Process, Innovation, and Regional Priority categories showed high achievements only in Platinum projects, so it is necessary to reconsider these categories toward increasing their acceptance at all certification levels; (ii) the Location and Transportation and Indoor Environmental Quality categories were quite well-designed because most credits in these categories showed varying levels of achievement (low/medium/high/very high) at all four certification levels; and (iii) the Water Efficiency, Energy and Atmosphere, and Material and Resources categories were badly designed because most credits there similarly showed low achievements at all four certification levels, thus needing more attention toward their improvement in the next LEED-CI version.
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Frey, Craig A., Scott L. Danielson und Douglas M. Slakey. „Glenwood Canyon Tunnel Aesthetic Design“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1549, Nr. 1 (Januar 1996): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196154900108.
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As a growing and increasingly mobile population demands the construction of new transportation facilities, often in environmentally sensitive areas, the significance of quality transportation aesthetics cannot be overemphasized. Given the associated costs, impact, and permanence of these facilities, it is imperative that citizen advisory groups, public agencies, and design professionals work together in striving to improve the design and construction of transportation facilities. The Glenwood Canyon Tunnel in western Colorado is testimonial to the successful corroboration of these groups. Designed by Parsons Brinckerhoff and completed in 1993, the Glenwood Canyon Tunnel transports Interstate 70 traffic through one of the most scenic areas in the United States while preserving its natural features, vistas, and associated recreational opportunities. Architectural aesthetics and environmental concerns were driving forces in the design of the tunnel, in addition to life safety, tunnel ventilation, and surveillance. This study elaborates on the emphasis given to aesthetics and environmental concerns in the design of the tunnel, the Shoshone and amphitheater portals, and the Cinnamon Creek ventilation and control complex, as well as on the coordinated efforts of all those involved in making the Glenwood Canyon Tunnel state of the art and an aesthetically pleasing reality that has gained recognition throughout the United States.
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Kelwade, Vaibhav, Ashish Ghadge, Amisha Parihar, Ritik Khobragade und Nikhil Rathod. „Barriers to Safety Practices Adoption in Construction Projects“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, Nr. 5 (31.05.2022): 1856–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42682.
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Abstract: Various factors affecting the construction and engineering industry for rising engineer’s role in worker’s safety. The practices regarding the safety of workers are identified and divided into five tasks that are used in current construction industries, reviewing their designs, creating design documents, assisting the owner in procuring construction, reviewing submittals, and inspecting work in progress. Over six hundred construction labour death occurred in the United States during the comprehensive years of 2004 to 2006 that were related to construction equipment and contact collisions. Keywords: Construction fatalities, Design Criteria, Five Task, Worker’s death.
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Zaccaro, Francesco, John Richard Littlewood und Carolyn Hayles. „An Analysis of Repeating Thermal Bridges from Timber Frame Fraction in Closed Panel Timber Frame Walls: A Case Study from Wales, UK“. Energies 14, Nr. 4 (23.02.2021): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041211.
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Calculating Repeating Thermal Bridges (RTBs) for Timber Frame (TF) closed panels that could occur in Offsite Manufactured (OSM) Modern Methods of Construction (MMC), such as exterior walls for nearly-to-zero operational energy dwellings to be constructed in Wales, United Kingdom (UK) is discussed in this paper. Detailed calculations for linear RTBs due to the TF components are often neglected when evaluating thermal transmittance (known as U-values hereafter). The use of standard TF fractions does not allow the designer to perceive their detrimental impact on RTBs and consequent U-values for exterior walls. With the increase of the thermal performance of exterior walls and as such lower U-values due to ever-tightening Building Regulations, specifically related to the energy use and carbon emissions from the space heating of dwellings, then the impacts of RTBs requires more investigation. By not calculating the potential of linear RTB at the design stage could lead to a performance gap where assumed U-values for exterior walls differ from manufacture to onsite. A TF detail from the Welsh manufacture has been chosen as a case study, to develop and apply a methodology using manufacturing drawings to evaluate TF fraction and their effect on the thermal performance.
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Cao, Yinghong, Todd Ude, Daniel Getter und Brendan Gill. „Design of High-Speed Railway Bridges with Earthquakes in the United States“. Structural Engineering International 29, Nr. 1 (25.10.2018): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10168664.2018.1515582.
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Gransberg, Douglas D. „Chip Seal Program Excellence in the United States“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1933, Nr. 1 (Januar 2005): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193300109.
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A survey of U.S. public highway and road agencies that use chip seals as a part of their roadway maintenance program was developed and conducted to identify best practices in chip seal design and construction. A total of 72 individual responses from 42 U.S. states and 12 U.S. cities and counties were received; of those, nine respondents reported that they were getting excellent results from their chip seal programs. Those responses were grouped together and analyzed by the case study method to identify trends that lead to consistently excellent chip seal results. The study found that the successful chip seal programs had much in common. They use chip seals as a preventive maintenance tool, applying them to roads before distress levels were classified as moderate. They require their contractors to use the latest technology, and they exploit advances in material science such as the use of modified binders. And most of them use chip seals on both high- and low-volume roads.
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Hernandez, Paul D., und Peter J. Haas. „Estimating Workforce Needs for High-Speed Rail in California and the United States“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2328, Nr. 1 (Januar 2013): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2328-04.
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This study assesses the overall impact of job creation associated with the anticipated construction of a high-speed rail (HSR) network in the United States, particularly in California, which was scheduled to begin construction as early as September 2012. Using variations of a bottom-up construction estimation technique, the study provides estimates of the quantity and type of workers needed during the design, construction, and operation of high-speed rail infrastructure, as well as education and training needs and level of this forecasted workforce. Given the high profile of state and national commitment to HSR initiatives, as well as its potential opportunity to generate employment, a comprehensive analysis that discusses the education, training, and attendant needs produced during the creation of HSR networks is timely. By using a refined bottom-up approach to estimate labor, education, and training needs required for the California HSR network, and with general application of this model across assessment of other corridors, this report seeks to identify the magnitude of workforce development challenges that lie ahead in the implementation of national HSR systems.
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Loizias, Marcos. „Design and Construction of Cast-in-Place Concrete Cable-Stayed Bridges in the United States“. IABSE Symposium Report 88, Nr. 6 (01.01.2004): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137804796291665.
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Stegner, Heather, und Nikki Fotheringham. „Research and Testing Lead to Historic Code Change“. Forest Products Journal 72, Nr. 4 (01.10.2022): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/2376-9637-72.4.226.
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Abstract Simply substituting wood for conventional building materials could provide almost a tenth of the global carbon emission reductions needed to meet 2030 goals. However, while structural light-frame wood products are the go-to building material in the United States for low-rise residential construction, capturing over 90 percent of the market, any kind of wood-frame construction at the time under examination was limited to 5 stories and 85 feet in height. These story and height limitations dated back decades and prevented the design and construction of larger and taller buildings. In 2014, the American Wood Council (AWC) began developing a plan to expand these limits, but recognized it would require the International Building Code, the predominant model code adopted in most local and state jurisdictions in the United States, to embrace a new type of construction: fire-resistance-rated tall mass timber.
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Welton, Michael, Ye Shen, Mark Ebell, David DeJoy und Sara Wagner Robb. „Construction employment mortality among Mexican immigrants in the South Eastern United States, 2003-2013“. International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 16, Nr. 4 (24.09.2020): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-08-2018-0055.
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate occupational and non-occupational mortality among Mexican immigrants in the South Eastern United States. The construction industry has the highest burden of occupational fatalities in the USA of all industries, and foreign-born Hispanic workers are disproportionately affected. Design/methodology/approach Data were obtained from 3,093 death certificates maintained by the Consulate General of Mexico in Atlanta, Georgia. Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) were used to compare occupational-related deaths among construction industry occupations, and logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship between manners of death not related to occupation and employment in the construction industry. Findings The proportion of Mexican immigrants who died from occupational injuries is higher among all construction workers (SMR = 1.31), roofers (SMR = 2.32) and carpenters (SMR = 2.25) than other workers. Among the population in this analysis suicide [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.63] and death from natural causes (aOR = 0.70) were inversely related to work in the construction industry. Research limitations/implications Interventions to reduce occupational fatalities among Mexican migrant construction workers should target roofers and carpenters. Future research should further investigate the industry’s association with suicide and natural death. Originality/value This is one of the first analyzes that investigated associations between construction industry employment and non-occupational fatalities among immigrants. The analysis provides evidence that a large portion of the Mexican immigrant population is used in the construction industry (38%) and face elevated risks for occupational fatalities and the results of this investigation should encourage greater surveillance of occupational illness and injury among foreign-born immigrants who work in construction, as well as other high-risk industries.
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Garcia, Fernando Marcos, Vilmar Alves Pereira und Rodrigo Florêncio Da Silva. „Organizational Dynamics in Civil Construction: Sector Study on Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility in Companies in Brazil, Mexico and the United States of America“. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 17, Nr. 1 (04.01.2023): e03106. http://dx.doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v17n1-002.
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Purpose: This study aims to carry out a sectoral field study on corporate socio-environmental responsibility in companies in the civil construction sector operating in Brazil, Mexico and the United States of America.
Theoretical framework: The bibliographic review demonstrated the results found from a comparative bias in relation to corporate socio-environmental responsibility. It also points out that companies in the civil construction sector in the three countries analyzed (Brazil, Mexico and the United States) have similar environmental and social practices, verifying the adoption of sustainable construction methods, mitigation of the generation of solid waste, as well as their best destination, reuse of water, improvement of energy efficiency, identifying the main focus on reducing greenhouse gas (CO2) emissions.
Method/design/approach: As a methodology, a multicase study was carried out, making use of documentary research, through which a survey of data and information was carried out in a group of companies in the civil construction sector based in three different countries: Brazil, Mexico and the United States. United of America.
Results and conclusion: In all analyzed companies there was a concern that their actions are based on international standards in order to obtain certification, highlighting among them ISO and LEED.
Research implications: The research makes an effective contribution by demonstrating the potential and the need to adopt sustainable practices in the management of contemporary companies.
Originality/value: The results obtained in this study are unprecedented, innovative and relevant to the scientific community, in the context of sustainability in civil construction.
Keywords: Social and environmental responsibility, Construction, Organizational dynamics, Sustainable Practices, Sustainable construction methods.
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Roberts, Freddy L., Louay N. Mohammad und L. B. Wang. „History of Hot Mix Asphalt Mixture Design in the United States“. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 14, Nr. 4 (August 2002): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2002)14:4(279).
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Linzell, D., D. Hall und D. White. „Historical Perspective on Horizontally Curved I Girder Bridge Design in the United States“. Journal of Bridge Engineering 9, Nr. 3 (Mai 2004): 218–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0702(2004)9:3(218).
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Larson, J. M., L. F. Jenkins, S. L. Narasimhan und J. E. Belmore. „Engine Valves—Design and Material Evolution“. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 109, Nr. 4 (01.10.1987): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240048.
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This paper reviews the design and material evolution of poppet valves used in reciprocating internal combustion engines in the United States. Driving forces which led to the current state-of-the-art technology, such as needs for improved durability and cost effectiveness, are described. This paper also endeavors to predict how valve materials, design, and construction will change over the next two decades in response to continual engine performance improvement demands in a worldwide competitive environment. As a basis for understanding the past evolution and future trends in valve design, the key operating parameters that affect valve function are detailed.
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Zhang, Zhi Jun. „Research on the Specialization and Theory of Building Engineering“. Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (Juli 2014): 5472–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.5472.
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Architectural engineering, also known as building engineering, is the application of engineering principles and technology to building design and construction. Definitions of an architectural engineer may refer to an engineer in the structural, mechanical, electrical, construction or other engineering fields of building design and construction; a licensed engineering professional in parts of the United States; in informal contexts, and formally in some places, a professional synonymous with or similar to an architect. Structural engineering involves the analysis and design of physical objects (buildings, bridges, equipment supports, towers and walls). Those concentrating on buildings are responsible for the structural performance of a large part of the built environment and are, sometimes, informally referred to as “building engineers”.
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TAKAGI, Jiro, Toru KOBORI und Akira WADA. „SURVEY REGARDING STRUCTURAL DESIGN REVIEW BY BUILDING AUTHORITIES AND PEER REVIEW SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES“. Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 72, Nr. 616 (2007): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.72.201.
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Bektas, Basak Aldemir, und Ahmed J. M. Albughdadi. „Drivers of Bridge Decommissioning in the United States“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, Nr. 8 (06.02.2019): 591–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118822810.
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Extending the useful life of bridges through better design, construction, and management is a shared effort among the bridge management community. Data in the National Bridge Inventory (NBI) is valuable for understanding the behavior of bridges throughout their service lives. While the primary reason for bridge replacement, intuitively, would be condition, research has indicated that bridge replacement may not necessarily be driven by the condition of the bridge. The estimated median service life for bridges, 53 years, is much lower than the desired service life of 75 years. This paper summarizes the results of an NCHRP Project which identified the main drivers for bridge decommissioning in the United States, based on findings from three complementary analyses using historic NBI data files, select agency records, and data from old and new structure pairs. A common finding in previous studies was that a significant portion (15–30%) of decommissioning could not be associated with any particular reason. Although poor condition is a significant factor, the major driver of bridge decommissioning is functional improvement, and this explains the majority of the unexplained cases. Structures replaced due to functional reasons tend to be replaced at a younger age, leading to a decrease in the overall decommissioning age. While decisions on functional improvement projects are not led by bridge offices, bridge networks are substantially affected by these decisions. Coordinating functional improvement decisions at the agency level and integrating relevant information with decision support tools can improve financial planning and asset management processes.
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Sun, Carlos, und Zhu Qing. „Design and Construction of a Virtual Bicycle Simulator for Evaluating Sustainable Facilities Design“. Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5735820.
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The rising interest in sustainable modes of transportation has increased demand for the design and implementation of bicycle facilities in the United States. However, as compared to the vehicular mode, bicycle facilities have relatively less development, research, and understanding. The availability of a bicycling simulator has the potential to contribute to the understanding of bicycle facility design and bicyclist behavior. The design and construction of a bicycling simulator differs from a driving simulator in many ways. A bicycling simulator requires interfaces for bicycle speed, braking, and steering angle as well as a visual interface. In addition, a representation of a real-world network, including pavement, buildings, the sky and background, and fixed and moving objects, needs to be modeled using a simulator engine. This paper presents the details of the ZouSim bicycling simulator development and the tradeoffs associated with various design decisions, such as the choice of a steering sensor and graphical display. A sample application of a wayfinding and detection markings study illustrates the use of ZouSim. The authors hope that this article will encourage other researchers who conduct research in sustainable cities to explore the use of bicycle simulators for improving bicycle facility design and operations.
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Chen, W. F., und E. M. Lui. „Stability design criteria for steel members and frames in the United States“. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 5, Nr. 1 (Januar 1985): 31–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-974x(85)90019-7.
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Chen, W. F., und E. M. Liu. „Stability design criteria for steel members and frames in the United States“. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 6, Nr. 1 (Januar 1986): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-974x(86)90023-4.
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Nordenson, Guy J. P., und Glenn R. Bell. „Seismic Design Requirements for Regions of Moderate Seismicity“. Earthquake Spectra 16, Nr. 1 (Februar 2000): 205–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1586091.
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The need for earthquake-resistant construction in areas of low-to-moderate seismicity has been recognized through the adoption of code requirements in the United States and other countries only in the past quarter century. This is largely a result of improved assessment of seismic hazard and examples of recent moderate earthquakes in regions of both moderate and high seismicity, including the San Fernando (1971), Mexico City (1985), Loma Prieta (1989), and Northridge (1994) earthquakes. In addition, improved understanding and estimates of older earthquakes in the eastern United States such as Cape Ann (1755), La Malbaie, Quebec (1925), and Ossippe, New Hampshire (1940), as well as monitoring of micro-activity in source areas such as La Malbaie, have increased awareness of the earthquake potential in areas of low-to-moderate seismicity. Both the hazard and the risk in moderate seismic zones (MSZs) differ in scale and kind from those of the zones of high seismicity. Earthquake hazards mitigation measures for new and existing construction need to be adapted from those prevailing in regions of high seismicity in recognition of these differences. Site effects are likely to dominate the damage patterns from earthquakes, with some sites suffering no damage not far from others, on soft soil, suffering near collapse. A number of new seismic codes have been developed in the past quarter century in response to these differences, including the New York City (1995) and the Massachusetts State (1975) seismic codes. Over the same period, the national model building codes that apply to most areas of low-to-moderate seismicity in the United States, the Building Officials and Code Administrators (BOCA) Code and the Southern Standard Building Code (SSBC), have incorporated up-to-date seismic provisions. The seismic provisions of these codes have been largely inspired by the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP) recommendations. Through adoption of these national codes, many state and local authorities in areas of low-to-moderate seismicity now have reasonably comprehensive seismic design provisions. This paper will review the background and history leading up to the MSZ codes, discuss their content, and propose directions for future development.
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Burke, Maria. „The design and value of “early adopter” low-energy houses“. Construction Innovation 17, Nr. 3 (10.07.2017): 262–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ci-01-2017-0001.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to outline an early adopter “low energy” domestic dwelling, one of the social houses built by a collaboration between a university, the local council. The origins of this project are from the early days of interest in sustainable housing, the 1970s. The dwellings were innovative and built to what became known as “the Salford design” which performed to unusual specifications, using approximately 75 per cent less energy than the UK average for space heating and over 40 per cent less than for houses built to what were then the standard building regulations. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative and interpretative stance was deemed to be the most appropriate. Within that lens, interviews were chosen as the primary research instrument. Findings A marked feature of the results is the variation in energy consumption by different households. A Salford-designed house could be habitable throughout the year without any space heating at all, comfortable at 10 per cent and very comfortable at 25 per cent of normal consumption. Originality/value As there continues to be interest and commitment to reducing energy – not just from the United Kingdom but also on a worldwide scale – the United Nations Conference of the Parties known as COP 22 (2016) met in Morocco to take forward many of the initiatives outlined in the Paris Agreement 2015. It is of interest, then, that the latest set of interviews showed that the houses built to the innovative and original 1970s’ Salford design principles, protected by highly insulated well-sealed envelopes, are even presently functioning at a relatively low energy threshold.
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Hoque, Simi. „Net Zero Energy Homes: An Evaluation of Two Homes in the Northeastern United States“. Journal of Green Building 5, Nr. 2 (01.05.2010): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.5.2.79.
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This paper will discuss two Net Zero Energy homes in the United States. The aim is to discuss the differences and similarities in the construction type, energy use, active and renewable systems of the two homes. While each of the homes is designed to achieve net zero site energy use, the design and systems are very different. Furthermore, the measure that is used to qualify a home as net zero energy does not account for the full scope of work on each home. It is suggested that a new set of metrics be developed to allow for a more robust understanding of net zero energy buildings, one that integrates passive design strategies, occupant health and comfort, and durability. The objective is to facilitate a broader understanding of efficient and sustainable residential design. This understanding is critical to bringing Net Zero Energy Buildings to the public.
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Chi, Miao. „Does intermarriage promote economic assimilation among immigrants in the United States?“ International Journal of Manpower 36, Nr. 7 (05.10.2015): 1034–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-05-2013-0112.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether immigrants in the USA receive an earnings premium associated with marrying a native. Design/methodology/approach – The raw premium revealed by the 2000 US Census data is suspect due to possible endogeneity and selection bias. Instrumental variables estimation, a sample selection model, and a counterfactual construction method are used to address these issues. Findings – Results suggest a positive and modest intermarriage premium, although the magnitude varies with the estimation technique. The evidence is particularly strong for immigrants with high English proficiency, college graduates, and immigrants older than 12 upon arrival in the USA. Originality/value – It is shown that the size of intermarriage premiums varies significantly across different immigrant groups. The empirical results provide insights into the economic assimilation process and mechanisms through which intermarriage influences the labor market outcomes of immigrants.
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Davis, Rebecca Moriarty, Rodolfo Valdes-Vasquez und Brian Dunbar. „ASSESSING THE APPLICATION OF LEED REQUIREMENTS OF A HIGH-VOLUME PROJECT OWNER IN THE UNITED STATES“. Journal of Green Building 18, Nr. 2 (01.03.2023): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.18.2.43.
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ABSTRACT Construction project owners worldwide require compliance with the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED®) green building rating system as a means to meet sustainability goals. Despite its popularity, the LEED certification process can still be cumbersome for project teams without clear guidance. This study focuses on a school district in the United States committed to certifying its high volume of new schools. The analysis includes understanding the efficacy of the district’s LEED requirements by comparing them to the final LEED scorecards of 16 completed projects. The results indicate an incompatibility between the owner’s required LEED credit targets and the actual outcomes, confirming that simply requiring LEED certification is insufficient to reach specific sustainability goals. The significance of this study is the identification of four strategies that owners with a high volume of construction projects can use to successfully facilitate and streamline the LEED certification process: (a) develop a targeted LEED scorecard, (b) create LEED documentation templates, (c) integrate LEED into specifications, and (d) align design guidelines with LEED goals.
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Saito, Yoko. „Awareness of universal design among facility managers in Japan and the United States“. Automation in Construction 15, Nr. 4 (Juli 2006): 462–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2005.06.013.
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McNamara, Derek J., und William E. Mell. „Examining Exposure Fires from the United States National Fire Incident Reporting System between 2002 and 2020“. Fire 7, Nr. 3 (29.02.2024): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire7030074.
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Fires resulting from antecedent fires, known as exposure fires, can manifest across diverse environments, including suburban, urban, and rural areas. Notably, exposure fires represented by structure-destroying fires within the wildland–urban interface (WUI) can extend into non-WUI suburban and urban regions, presenting significant challenges. Leveraging data from the United States National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) spanning 2002 to 2020, this study investigates 131,739 exposure fire incidents impacting 348,089 features (incidents). We analyze reported economic costs, affected feature types, and property utilization patterns for these exposure fires. We also compare these exposure fires to information documented in other databases. Finally, we examine structure separation distance at residential dwellings and describe ignition pathways for selected fires. Reported property losses for some fire incidents amounted to USD 5,647,121,172, with content losses totaling USD 1,777,345,793. Prominent fire incident categories include buildings, vehicles, and natural vegetation fires, predominantly occurring in residential, outdoor, and storage areas. While the NFIRS lacked information on most major structure-destroying WUI fires, highlighting this analysis’s lack of statistical representation, it did provide insights into less extensive exposure fires, both WUI and non-WUI, unrecorded elsewhere. Our study reveals significant distinctions in the distribution of separation distances between damaged-to-damaged structures (average separation of 6.5 m) and damaged-to-not-damaged structures (average separation of 18.1 m). Notably, 84% of the incidents in exposure fires involved fire suppression defensive actions. These defensive actions contributed to the differences in structure separation distance distributions, highlighting the often-neglected role of these measures in assessing structure responses during WUI fires. We examined ignition pathways at select exposure fires, highlighting some common features involved in fire spread and challenges in documenting these pathways. Finally, we propose a set of idealized attributes for documenting exposure fires, accentuating the inherent difficulties in collecting such data across expansive geographical areas, particularly when striving for statistical representation. Our findings yield valuable insights into the multifaceted nature of exposure fires, informing future research and database development to aid in mitigating their impact on vulnerable communities.
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Nickols, David, Gerard C. Moerschell und Michael V. Broder. „The first DAF water treatment plant in the United States“. Water Science and Technology 31, Nr. 3-4 (01.02.1995): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0533.
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The Millwood Water Treatment Plant in Westchester County, about 60 kilometres (35 miles) north of New York City, was commissioned in August 1993. This plant is the first dissolved air flotation (DAF) plant in the United States which uses the DAF technology and concepts that have become the industry standards in Europe and Australia. The $19-million plant was built to treat a previously unfiltered supply, to meet the requirements of the new federal Surface Water Treatment Rule. This paper describes the project in its entirety: starting from the planning, pilot testing, and process selection; proceeding to the means of overcoming resistance to a “new” process and obtaining regulatory body approvals; and outlining the design, process criteria, construction, and start-up of the plant. Operating results are also presented. The plant treats soft, slightly colored, generally low turbidity water which experiences occasional turbidity spikes of 100 NTU or more. The treatment process comprises two-stage mixing, three-stage flocculation, dissolved air flotation, ozonation for primary disinfection, dual-media filtration, and post-treatment with chlorine, sodium hydroxide, orthophosphate and fluoride. Flotation sludge is dewatered in on-site freeze/thaw lagoons for off-site disposal in a landfill.
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Saadat, Sanaz, Charles V. Camp und Shahram Pezeshk. „Probabilistic Seismic Loss Analysis for the Design of Steel Structures: Optimizing for Multiple-Objective Functions“. Earthquake Spectra 32, Nr. 3 (August 2016): 1587–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/080513eqs223m.
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An optimized seismic performance-based design (PBD) methodology considering structural and nonstructural system performance and seismic losses is considered to optimize the design of a steel structure. Optimization objectives are to minimize the initial construction cost associated with the weight of the structural system and the expected annual loss (EAL), considering direct economic losses. A non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm method is implemented for the multi-objective optimization. Achieving the desired confidence levels in meeting performance objectives of interest are set as constraints of the optimization problem. Inelastic time history analysis is used to evaluate structural response under different levels of earthquake hazard to obtain engineering demand parameters. Hazus fragility functions are employed for obtaining the damage probabilities for the structural system and nonstructural components. The optimized designs and losses are compared for the structure located in two geographic locations: one in the central United States and another in the western United States.
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Garner, Birtice, Kathleen Richardson und Daniel Castro-Lacouture. „Design-Build Project Delivery in Military Construction: Approach to Best Value Procurement“. Journal for the Advancement of Performance Information and Value 1, Nr. 1 (02.06.2008): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37265/japiv.v1i1.121.
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Design-Build is rapidly becoming one of the most commonly used project delivery methods in the facility construction industry. The United States Air Force and the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) are expected to establish a target of 75% of all Military Construction (MILCON) projects delivered using the Design-Build method. The use of this delivery method will bring significant changes in the relationships between the various parties associated with facility project delivery when compared to the traditional Design-Bid-Build method. This paper demonstrates that Design-Build delivery with a best value selection is an important tool in accomplishing AFRC’s cost efficient, rapid response transformation goals applicable to facility construction. Three hundred thirty two projects in program years 2002 through 2006, constructed using both traditional Design-Bid-Build or Design-Build delivery methods, were examined. Parameters used for comparisons were construction cost and schedule growth, project cost, vertical versus horizontal construction, and number of days required to prepare solicitation documents, advertise and accomplish construction award. This research reveals significant project schedule advantages with Design-Build best value selection delivery. The advantages are apparent in both pre and post construction award activities. Potential Design-Build cost advantages are hindered by Defense Federal Acquisition Regulations requiring firm fixed price contracts at construction award.
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Shama, Ayman, und Michael Jones. „Seismic Performance-Based Design of Cable-Supported Bridges: State of Practice in the United States“. Journal of Bridge Engineering 25, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2020): 04020101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)be.1943-5592.0001639.
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Usatiuk, Dmitrii. „Fundamentals and factors of deployment in the United States in 1913-1917 Naval construction“. Genesis: исторические исследования, Nr. 9 (September 2023): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2023.9.43895.
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The article examines the rationale and practical content of measures to increase the US Navy in 1913-1917. The main attention is focused on the ideological and organizational foundations of the strategy of the American leadership regarding the role of naval power as a factor in ensuring national interests. The design and implementation of the strategy are considered in the context of the reaction of the administration of President W. Wilson to the course and nature of the block confrontation in Europe, to the development of the international situation during the period of US neutrality in the First World War. The research is based on the application of the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was a systematic approach. On the basis of a comprehensive study of legislative acts, statistical data, official accounting documents and sources of personal origin, along with the materials of well-known historical research, the totality of factors that caused the deployment of naval construction in 1913-1917 was identified, the content and scale of measures to increase the US Navy were determined and evaluated. As a result, it is concluded that by the time the United States entered the war against Germany, the role of the Navy in ensuring the implementation of foreign policy tasks was determined, but the goals of the quantitative and qualitative state of the US Navy for real participation in the resolution of the conflict were not achieved.
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CARNEY, GEMMA M. „Citizenship and structured dependency: the implications of policy design for senior political power“. Ageing and Society 30, Nr. 2 (14.08.2009): 229–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x09990110.
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ABSTRACTThis paper argues that the structured dependency thesis must be extended to incorporate political power. It outlines a political framework of analysis with which to identify who gains and who loses from social policy. I argue that public policy for older people is a product not only of social structures but also of political decision-making. The Schneider and Ingram (1993) ‘target populations’ model is used to investigate how the social construction of groups as dependent equates with lower levels of influence on policy making. In United Kingdom and European research, older people are identified as politically quiescent, but conversely in the United States seniors are viewed as one of the most influential and cohesive interest groups in the political culture. Why are American seniors perceived as politically powerful, while older people in Europe are viewed as dependent and politically weak? This paper applies the ‘target populations’ model to senior policy in the Republic of Ireland to investigate how theoretical work in the United States may be used to identify the significance of senior power in policy development. I conclude that research must recognise the connections between power, politics and social constructions to investigate how state policies can influence the likelihood that seniors will resist structured dependency using political means.