Dissertationen zum Thema „Duplication complète de génome“
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Parey, Elise. „Évolution des gènes et génomes après duplication complète du génome chez les poissons téléostéens“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPSLE008.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWhole-genome duplications are major events in the evolutionary history of species. They produce additional gene copies that can acquire new functions and thus contribute to adaptation and diversification processes. Two rounds of whole genome duplications occurred in the lineage leading to the Vertebrate ancestor, followed by a subsequent one at the stem of the teleost fish clade (dated 320 million years ago). The impressive diversity of the teleost clade, accounting for over half of extant vertebrate species, allows us to address a vast panel of functional and evolutionary questions. As such, the recent and on-going sequencing of many fish species promises to neatly complement the well-established zebrafish model. However, their shared whole genome duplication represents an additional layer of complexity that has to be accounted for when comparing fish genomes. Indeed, many genes still remain in two copies after the duplication, which renders the identification of homologous genes across species extremely complex. To tackle this challenge, I have developed a novel method, named SCORPiOs (Synteny-guided CORrection of Paralogies and Orthologies), which reconstructs more accurate phylogenetic gene trees in the context of whole genome duplications. The major innovation behind SCORPiOs is that it integrates information from the genomic organisation of genes (synteny) to complement classical sequence-based methods. I present how the application of SCORPiOs to various fish genomes datasets enhances our understanding of fish genome structure and evolution. First, I show that SCORPiOs links duplicate gene retention to evolutionary novelties in the teleost clade. Further, the precise identification of orthologous and paralogous genes allowed me to establish the first large-scale cartography of WGD-duplicated regions across fish genomes. This second result represents a novel resource that should facilitate the transfer of functional annotations between model and non-model fish species. Last, I demonstrate how the analysis of discordances between sequence and synteny predictions sheds light on the spatio-temporal pattern of rediploidization following the duplication event. My work provides a framework that facilitates comparative analyses across teleost fish genomes and reveals insights into the evolution of genomes following whole genome duplication
Berthelot, Camille. „Etude des mécanismes évolutifs perturbant l’organisation des gènes dans les génomes de vertébrés“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112192/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEvolutionary processes disrupting the gene organisation in eukaryotic genomes belong to two categories: changes in the order of the genes, known as rearrangements, and changes in the content of the genome by gene duplications, deletions and gains. The mechanisms through which these events arise, and their functional and selective impact on genomes, are poorly understood. This thesis covers two different projects. Firstly, we investigated the distribution of rearrangement breakpoints between an ancestral genome and its modern descendants. This distribution was modelled according to local genomic characteristics to highlight factors influencing the breakage process. Our results show that the distribution of breakpoints can be simply explained as a function of intergenic spacers length, although in a non-linear fashion differing from classical random expectations. The repartition of breakpoints in genomes seems to be linked to structural properties, and is only marginally affected by selective constraints. It might in fact reflect local chromatin structure in the genome. The second project is part of the joint sequencing effort for the zebrafish genome, and provides an overview of the organisation of this genome. Teleost fish genomes are anciently duplicated: the analysis focuses on the consequences of this duplication. Results show that the zebrafish genome displays a typical teleost fish genome organisation. Genes retained in two copies after the whole genome duplication belong to specific functional categories, and are biased towards genes already conserved as duplicates after the 1R and 2R duplication events that have taken place early in vertebrate history
Berthelot, Camille. „Etude des mécanismes évolutifs perturbant l'organisation des gènes dans les génomes de vertébrés“. Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00750114.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleStein, Richard. „Evolution of biomolecular networks under gene and genome duplication“. Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066592.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWincker, Patrick. „Variabilité structurale et évolution des éléments L1 de taille complète du génome de souris“. Aix-Marseille 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX22100.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVoldoire, Emilien. „Duplication de génome et évolution de la famille Sox chez les poissons téléostéens“. Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENSL0875/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGene and genome duplications are major engines of eukaryotic genome evolution. Three rounds of whole genome duplication (WGD) have occurred during vertebrate evolution, two rounds at the base of the vertebrate lineage, and a third round in the common ancestor of the teleostean fish (the so-Called teleost-Specific WGD). In chordates, species that share a polyploid ancestor are characterized by a huge morphological, anatomical and ecological diversity suggesting a role of WGDs in species diversification. For instance, it is considered that these drastic genomic events provided the raw material for the emergence of the vertebrate body plan, and facilitated speciation processes during the teleost radiation. However, how WGD is related to phenotypic diversification or to major evolutionary transitions are fundamental questions that remain largely unsolved. Teleostean fish constitute more than half of all extant vertebrates and share a polyploid ancestor. Thus, they provide a relevant model to study the importance of WGDs in gene families expansion, to understand evolutionary mechanisms that drive the evolution of these families and, finally, to test molecular hypotheses that might relate WGD and biodiversity. In this project, we studied the impact of the teleost-Specific WGD on the evolution of the sox gene family which are involved in development and homeostasis in vertebrates. Our analysis of the content and the genomic organization of the sox genes in 15 vertebrate genomes, including 10 teleosts, reveals an important expansion of this family in the teleost lineage, and demonstrates that this expansion is mainly due to the teleost-Specific WGD. The duplicated sox genes seem to have been lost by non-Functionalization in certain lineages, and preserved in two copies in others by neo-Functionalization and/or sub-Functionalization. Indeed, this study indicates lineage-Specific divergence in expression patterns between duplicated sox genes in different teleostean species. Hence, the sox family expansion that occurred in the last common ancestor of teleostean fish seems to have been followed by a lineage-Specific evolution of the content and functions of the sox family in this group. Our study supports the hypothesis for a role of WGDs in the enrichment and diversification of developmental genes repertories and its potential role in species diversification in vertebrates
Goût, Jean-François. „Les singularités du génome de la paramécie : un bon révélateur des mécanismes évolutifs à l’œuvre chez les êtres vivants“. Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10167.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work presents a detailed analysis of the paramecium genome, with focusing more precisely on the 3 following topics : 1) The role of two distinct classes of small non-coding RNAs. The first one (siRNAs) being involved in post-transcriptional gene silencing while the other (scanRNAs) plays a crucial role during the massive genomic rearrangements that occur in ciliates after sexual reproduction (Lepère et al. 2009). 2) The evolution of duplicated genes following Whole-Genome Duplications (WGDs). Indeed, the paramecium genome contains evidences for 3 successive WGDs (Aury et al. 2006), which explains why this organisms is perfectly well suited for such an analysis. We show that retention of duplicated genes is strongly correlated to their expression level and we propose a model based on cost and benefit of gene expression to explain this pattern. 3) The analysis of the extremely tiny introns in paramecium (99% of introns are less than 20-33nt in length) revealed the presence of a translational control of splicing in eukaryotes. This work suggests that splicing errors are frequent and that eukaryotic cells rely on the Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay to detect aberrant transcripts produced by splicing errors (Jaillon et al. 2008). These analyses provide new insights on several evolutionary mechanisms that shape the genomes of eukaryotes
Lamothe, Claudine. „Influence des complexes protéiques sur la rétention de copies de gène après une duplication de génome“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34502.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGene duplications contribute greatly to the increase in organismal complexity by providing new material for natural selection to act upon. Of these duplication events, whole-genome duplication has a major impact due to the sheer amount of gene copies produced. Several events of whole-genome duplication have occurred throughout the evolutionary history of many lineages. The greater part of the duplicated genes created during these events will accumulate deleterious mutations, become inactivated and will disappear completely from the genome, but some will be maintained over time. Several factors have been linked to the retention of certain genes such as gene dosage or the level of expression. This project focuses on the impact of participation in a protein complex on the retention of copies created during several successive events of whole-genome duplication in the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia. First, we predicted the composition of 885 protein complexes through orthologous relationships with five model species. Those protein complexes then allowed us to determine that genes participating in those complexes had higher and more correlated expression, both factors previously linked in the literature with a higher retention rate. We also observed a greater retention of even numbers of copies for genes participating in protein complexes, observation which might be connected to structural properties of protein complexes. At the same time, we noted an effect similar to protein complex participation in genes with orthologs in all our model species used and determined that this might partially be caused by an overlap between the genes participating in protein complexes and those being conserved in all the model species However, we also showed that the effect of widespread conservation was independent of that of complex participation. Together, those factors paint a complex picture of interconnected factors that can interact to influence the fate of copies through the course of evolution.
Duplication génique
Koszul, Romain. „Duplication de segments chromosomiques dans le génome de Saccharomyces cerevisiae : mécanismes de formation, stabilité et impact évolutif“. Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066552.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSingh, Param Priya. „Expansion des familles de gènes impliquées dans des maladies par duplication du génome chez les premiers vertébrés“. Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066796.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe emergence and evolutionary expansion of gene families implicated in cancers and other severe genetic diseases is an evolutionary oddity from a natural selection perspective. In this thesis, we have shown that gene families prone to deleterious mutations in the human genome have been preferentially expanded by the retention of "ohnolog" genes from two rounds of whole-genome duplication (WGD) dating back from the onset of jawed vertebrates. Using advance inference analysis, we have further demonstrated that the retention of many ohnologs suspected to be dosage balanced is in fact indirectly mediated by their susceptibility to deleterious mutations. This enhanced retention of "dangerous" ohnologs, defined as prone to autosomal-dominant deleterious mutations, is shown to be a consequence of WGD-induced speciation and the ensuing purifying selection in post-WGD species. We have also developed an efficient approach to identify ohnologs in the vertebrate genome with high confidence. These ohnologs can be easily accessed from a web server. Our findings highlight the importance of WGD-induced non-adaptive selection for the emergence of vertebrate complexity, while rationalizing, from an evolutionary perspective, the expansion of gene families frequently implicated in genetic disorders and cancers. The high confidence ohnologs identified by our approach will also pave the way for a diverse functional genomic analyses
Doiron, Sarah. „Analyse comparative de la séquence complète du génome mitochondrial chez l'omble de fontaine, Salvelinus fontinalis, et l'omble chevalier, S. alpinus“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0017/MQ53939.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBrand-Arpon, Véronique. „Mise en place de la famille des gènes des récepteurs olfactifs chez l'homme. Caractérisation d'une duplication sur le chromosome 3“. Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20014.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHénocq, Laura. „Histoire évolutive d’un groupe mésopolyploïde chez les Brassicaceae : approches transcriptomiques et phylogénomiques pour évaluer les conséquences de la polyploïdie sur l’évolution du système d’auto-incompatibilité“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R019/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWhole genome duplication events are common in flowering plants and especially within the Brassicaceae family. For example, the common ancestor of the Brassiceae tribe has experienced two successive WGD events, generating a whole genome triplication (WGT). WGD events are generally followed by a diploidization process involving genetic, epigenetic and structural changes leading to a diploid genome. Furthermore, after such an event, the dynamic of transposable elements is disturbed, which can lead to an increase in translocation events. In one lineage of the Brassiceae tribe, a decrease of molecular divergence among alleles and a genomic translocation have been observed at the self-incompatibility locus (S locus). We suspect that these patterns are associated with the allopolyploidy events. Using phylogenomic approaches combined with S-locus diversity analyses, we aim at determining whether the bottleneck observed at the S-locus in the Brassiceae tribe is contemporaneous with the inferred whole genome triplication and whether these events are also associated with the translocation of the S-locus. My analyses suggest that all Brassiceae species share the same whole genome triplication event as well as a loss of phylogenetic diversity at the S-locus predating the divergence of Brassiceae lineages. Nevertheless, my data do not allow me to conclude about the association between the genomic translocation of the S locus and the whole genome triplication event, although they indicate that the translocation found in Brassica is shared by several Brassiceae clades
Boudet, Nathalie. „Analyse de l'évolution du génome d'Arabidopsis thaliana par l'étude de familles de gènes“. Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077033.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAudemard, Eric. „Détection des duplications en tandem au niveau nucléique à l'aide de la théorie des flots“. Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1448/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAfter a quick introduction to molecular biology and more specifically tandem duplications, the thesis presents an overview of existing tools for detecting large scale homologuous regions, witha focus on anchor chaining methods. The thesis introduces a new graph-based general modelling formalism. A new chaining method, which is able to produce an optimal set of chains that satisfies specific consistency constraints that aim at easier interpretation is described, using minimum cost flow theory. This method is evaluated on segmental duplications detection in plants and then integrated in a pipeline targeted at tandem duplication detection directly from DNA. This tool is evaluated on the Arabidopsis thaliana genome and compared to the annotation, showing that it is able to detect tandem duplicated regions involving non coding elements
Salah, Woubit. „Utilisation d'une séquence complète du génome d'une souche de mycoplasma mycoides subsp. Mycoides LC pour la mise au point de tests de diagnostic, application à l'expression de gènes hétérologues“. Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000564/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMycoplasmas are the smallest bacteria without a cell wall derived from Gram positive bacteria. A group of mycoplasma known as the “Mycoplasma mycoides cluster” is composed of five subspecies and an unassigned group of strains known for their pathogenicity in ruminant hosts. Phylogenetically, this cluster is found to be closely related to species of mycoplasma plant pathogens. Mycoplasmas have a reduced genome size of about 1 Mbp, characterized by a low GC content of about 25 %. Among members of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. Mycoides large colony biotype (MmmLC) is one of the agents responsible for contagious agalactia in goats. This organism is closely related to Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. Mycoides small colony biotype, the causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), for which the whole genome sequence is available. Because of the close relationship of these two species we have decided to sequence the genome of an MmmLC strain for comparative genomics. Before whole genome sequencing and assembly, we have estimated the genome size of MmmLC using pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Data generated from this initial study have permitted us to verify the genome assembly by comparing in-silico profiles. In addition the preliminary analysis included DNA hybridization tests to verify the presence of duplicated genes in MmmLC as that of the genome of MmmSC. Comparative genomics made from the available whole genome sequence data of species within the M. Mycoides cluster has permitted the identification of target genes, which were used for the development of specific PCR tests. The target genes chosen included genes of the “arginine deiminase operon”, in most bacteria genes of this operon code for enzymes involved in the degradation of arginine to produce energy. The number of these genes as well as their organization within the operon found to vary between members of the M. Mycoides cluster. From this operon arcD has been used to develop a specific PCR for the identification of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. Capripneumoniae, the causative agent of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), and arcB has been used for the development of specific PCR for the identification of M. Putrefaciens, another causative agent of the contagious agalactia syndrome. The glk gene, flanking the operon on the 3' end, was found to be highly conserved among all members of the M. Mycoides cluster and was used for the design of specific primers able to detect all members of M. Mycoides cluster. Furthermore, annotation of the genome sequence of MmmLC allowed the discovery of two new insertion sequence elements. One of these two insertion sequence elements was found in higher copy in the genome and belongs to the IS3 family. This insertion sequence was not described in any other mycoplasma species or bacteria, was given a new name: ISMmy2. It was also found in some species of the M. Mycoides cluster, but not in all the strains under these species. Interestingly, a non-functional vestige of ISMmy2 was also found in the MmmSC genome. Copies of this ISMmy2 were also found in species closely related to the M. Mycoides cluster. Finally, we have tried to evaluate the capacity of MmmLC to be transformed and to express a heterologous gene with the ultimate aim to create a multivalent vaccine. For this aim we have chosen the H-gene of peste des petits ruminant virus of veterinary health importance
Rousseau, Hélène. „Evolution des génomes polyploïdes et innovations fonctionnelles : contexte phylogénétique et origine du DMSP chez les spartines“. Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B031.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is an ecologically important molecule produced by most marine phytoplankton species, but very rarely by flowering plants: only in a few genera (including Spartina in Poaceae). Despite the different enzymatic steps involved in DMSP biosynthesis are well known, the origin of the function and the genes encoding the different enzymes are yet to be discovered. To explore the evolutionary mechanisms involved in the DMSP accumulation in Spartina, we used various approaches, including biochemical analyses, metabolomics, transcriptomics, comparative genomics and phylogenetics. Notably, we demonstrate that the ability to synthesize DMSP evolved once in the Spartina genus, sometimes 3-10 million years ago. This functional innovation occurred following the emergence of the hexaploid clade, and was inherited by all Spartina species deriving from this hexaploid ancestor. Spartina species belonging to the tetraploid clade and their deriving species do not accumulate DMSP (whatever their ploidy level). Using Poaceae sequenced genomes as well as Spartina genomic and transcriptomic resources obtained in our laboratory, candidate genes involved in the four different enzymatic steps of the DMSP biosynthesis pathway were searched. Identifying genes involved in the intermediate (2nd and 3rd) steps that are specific to this pathway was particularly challenging as only putative enzymatic activities have been proposed so far (corresponding protein sequences and genes are unknown). A set of candidate genes potentially involved in these two steps (with decarboxylase and amine oxydase activities) were identified and their transcription levels were compared among DMSP producing (DMSP+) and non-producing (DMSP-) Spartina species. Their putative cellular localization was also predicted. Moreover, enzymatic activity assays open new hypotheses and research perspectives regarding this enigmatic biosynthesis pathway in Spartina
Malaguti, Giulia. „Analyses théoriques de l'expansion des familles de gènes impliqués dans des maladies dominantes“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066319/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGene families implicated in cancer and other genetic diseases have been greatly expanded through two rounds of whole-genome duplication (WGD) that occurred at the onset of jawed vertebrates. However, such gene duplicates are expected to lead to an enhanced susceptibility to genetic diseases, and thus their retention represents an evolutionary puzzle from a natural selection perspective. In this thesis, we have expanded classical population genetics models to reveal the non-adaptive mechanism through which such potentially deleterious ohnologs (WGD-duplicated genes) were retained in the vertebrate genomes. We have solved a deterministic haploid model, we have considered extensions to diploid genotypes, and we have analyzed population size effects and the impact of positive selection through a stochastic approach. The results demonstrate, consistently with available human cancer genome data, that ohnologs prone to dominant deleterious mutations are indirectly selected through purifying selection in post-WGD species, arisen through the ploidy incompatibility between post-WGD individuals and the rest of the pre-WGD population. Extending advanced Bayesian inference methods to quantify direct and indirect causal effects, we have found further supporting evidences for the direct role of the gene susceptibility to deleterious mutations on ohnolog retention. Our findings rationalize the evolutionary mechanism responsible for the expansion of ohnologs prone to dominant deleterious mutations, highlighting the role of WGD-induced speciation. Our extension of Bayesian inference methods paves the way for the identification of direct causal relationships in a huge variety of problems
Gagnon, Yves. „Algorithmes pour la reconstruction de génomes ancestraux“. Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8634.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAncestral genome inference is a decisive step for studying genome evolution. Knowing genomes from extinct species, one can propose biological mecanisms explaining divergences between extant species genomes. Various methods classified in two categories have been developped : distance based methods and synteny based methods. The state of the art of distance based methods only permit a certain repertoire of genomic rearrangements, thus synteny based methods are more appropriate in practice for the time being. We propose a synteny method for ancestral genome reconstruction based on a relaxed defenition of gene adjacencies, permitting unequal gene content in extant genomes caused by gene losses and whole genome duplications (WGD). Simulations results demonstrate our method’s ability to form a more assembled solution rather than a collection of contiguous ancestral regions (CAR) with respect to other methods, while maintaining a good reliability. Applications on data sets from yeasts and cereal species show results agreeing with other publications, notably the existence of nested chromosome fusion during the evolution of cereals.
Tremblay, Savard Olivier. „Étude de l’évolution des génomes par duplications, pertes et réarrangements“. Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11311.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGene duplication is one of the most important types of events affecting genomes during their evolution because it can create novel gene function. During the evolution process, genomes are also affected by inversions, translocations (including chromosome fusions and fissions), transpositions and deletions. Studying the evolution of genomes is important to get a better understanding of the biological mechanisms involved, which types of events are more frequent than others and what was the gene content in the ancestral species just to name a few. In order to analyze these different aspects of genome evolution, efficient algorithms need to be developed to infer ancestral genomes, evolutionary histories, homology relationships between genes and to compute distances between genomes. In this thesis, four different projects related to the study and analysis of genome evolution are presented: 1) We developed two algorithms to solve problems related to whole genome duplication: one that generalizes the genome halving problem to gene losses, and one that allows to compute the double distance with losses. 2) We developed a new method to infer evolutionary histories of orthologous tandemly arrayed gene clusters. 3) We proposed a new graph-theoretic approach to infer inparalogs that simultaneously considers the information given by multiple species in order to make better inferences of inparalogous gene pairs. 4) We studied the evolutionary history of the tRNA genes of 50 Bacillus strains.