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Thematische Bibliographien / Drug control – Great Britain / Zeitschriftenartikel

Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Drug control – Great Britain“

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Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 27. Juli 2024

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 29. Juli 2024

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1

Chaboki, Mohammad Ehsan. „Investigate the Exit of the Britain from European Union and Its Impacts on the International Community“. Journal of Politics and Law 10, Nr. 1 (29.12.2016): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n1p56.

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Although Europe is not a superpower, but it is a great world power, at least in the economic dimension and it has a decisive effect on many international issues. Means it has much to say in relation to trade, the environment, drug control, natural disasters, and serious illnesses and so on. But in the field of policy passing the restrictive measures that puts on its agenda, in the major and basic issues it inevitably should cooperate with US and follow it. Europe on these types of subjects, considers inevitably a complementary role of America for itself at least for some time. So a sense that at the time was applied in Germany is also true about the current Union: European Union is an economic giant and a political dwarf that lacks the characteristics of a great and perfect power. It seems that no issue had been raised as the importance of exit of Britain from the European Union and the effects that it will leave from the end of the Second World War up to now means more than 70 years. Location and history of Britain add to the importance of this issue. The exit of Britain apart from the business and economic consequences can create a political and psychological shock in European developments. As entering of Great Britain took place loudly within a decade (Eventually, in 1973), leaving this country is associated with a lot of coverage in 4 recent years. This issue has been become one of the concerns of circles of Britain and Europe. America and Canada have also repeatedly warned about the negative consequences of this exit that we will discuss it in this paper.

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Kostakos, Giorgios, A. J. R. Groom, Sally Morphet und Paul Taylor. „Britain and the new UN agenda: towards global riot control?“ Review of International Studies 17, Nr. 1 (Januar 1991): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500112343.

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The fading away of the Cold War has allegedly shifted the attention of the Western members of the United Nations, as demonstrated by General Assembly speeches, towards issues like the environment, drugs and terrorism. The new issues moving towards the top of the international security agenda are more elusive than the traditional Peace- and War-related ones; nobody has control of a ‘button’ regarding these issues. An overall assessment of the situation shows that there is a great variety of actors involved, both governmental and non-governmental. It is also increasingly recognized that the East has similar interests to the West. As a result, the East–West divide is being bridged to a significant extent, while the North–South divide is being defined in new ways.

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Romanenko, Anastasiia, Юрій Кучин, Катерина Бєлка und Ігор Токар. „Perioperative pain management in elderly patients with а proximal femoral fracture: evidence review“. Pain medicine 4, Nr. 4 (08.02.2020): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31636/pmjua.v4i4.2.

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The purpose of this article is to compare different methods of analgesia during perioperative period in elderly patients with а proximal femoral fracture. The incidence of hip fracture is high and also rises with the age, for example, In Great Britain, number of patients with a hip fracture will be approximately 100 000 in 2033, and it’s also associated with significant healthcare financing. Nevertheless, effective pain management is a big challenge for clinicians because of considerable problems in geriatric patients, including age, physiological changes in the elderly, preexisting comorbidities, cognitive impairment, high risk of delirium, problems with rehabilitation and probability of an independent life [12]. Opioids are still the main option for hip fracture pain management, despite differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in elderly patients, which are correlated with high frequency of side effects. Opioid-related adverse drug events are associated with worse patient outcomes such as morbidity, mortality and length of stay increase. Therefore, peripheral nerve blocks as part of multimodal analgesic technique can provide more effective pain control after hip fracture. Comprehensive literature searches focus on the use of peripheral nerves blocks as preoperative analgesia, as postoperative analgesia or as a supplement to general anesthesia for hip fracture surgery.

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Kotvitska, Alla, und Oleksii Prokopenko. „Determination of social and economic accessibility of drugs for treatment of Parkinson’s disease on the basis of modern approaches“. Pharmacia 67, Nr. 3 (15.09.2020): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.67.e46586.

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In the context of the economic crisis, the availability of medicines for the population is one of the key issues facing pharmaceutical sector of healthcare system. Due to the fact of that, the purpose of the work was to study the social and economic accessibility of medicines, since such studies in the future may provide an opportunity for effective input of medicines costs reimbursement system, which will increase their availability, especially for socially vulnerable groups of population. The data analysis of the clinical protocols of Great Britain, Kazakhstan and Ukraine was conducted, and the indicators of social and economic availability within 2014–2018 were calculated. The obtained results indicate an adequate level of availability of medicines for the able-bodied population and, unfortunately, a low level of accessibility of medicines for people of retirement age with a tendency to further descension. These results point the necessity of the further research and development of government control systems and provision of pharmaceutical care for the population.

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Adrian, Barker, Lee Poh Lin und Short Judith. „SP4 Can text appeal be used to assess pain control?“ Archives of Disease in Childhood 103, Nr. 2 (19.01.2018): e1.34-e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-314584.4.

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AimsCan an automated texting system be used to gather data about analgesia usage after discharge and post-operative pain scores?Our opioid analgesic for post-operative pain control had changed from codeine to morphine two years earlier.Was this dosing and supply adequate or excessive and how could we assess pain control for patients at home? Some surgeons described their technique as ‘relatively painless’ and had as a consequence chosen to stop prescribing any opioid after surgery.Previous audits by post or telephone had achieved a 40% response rate at best. Could we use the smart ‘phones that all parents carry around instead?MethodsWe recruited patients undergoing tonsillectomy ± adenoidectomy, and recorded their age, weight, gender, diagnostic indication for surgery and surgical technique.After overcoming a few IT challenges and with written consent, parents were texted a series of questions for 10 evenings postoperatively, starting the day following surgery.Questions (requiring a single digit response) included the maximum pain score (0–10) experienced, the analgesic drugs administered and any nausea or vomiting (PONV) experienced that day. Responses were stored in a secure database for analysis.Results33 patients were recruited with1 surgical cancellation. 27/32 (84%) parents responded to texts on ≥5 days.2 Patients with poor responses were excluded.Of the 30 studied, 50% were male, with age range 10 months to 15 years, and weight range 6.6 kg to 64 kg. 21 patients had sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and 14 patients had experienced recurrent tonsillitis, including 5 who also had SDB.All children had paracetamol and ibuprofen available, but 4 patients were discharged without morphine. The average pain score ranged from 4.0 on Day 1 to a peak of 5.5 on Day 6 to a minimum of 2 on Day 10.In total, 69.2% parents gave their children morphine on one or more days in addition to simple analgesia. The rate of PONV was 30%, unrelated to morphine use.ConclusionSMS proved very successful for data collection and has great potential for further audit studies.Our data shows that pain is a significant problem for up to 10 days post-tonsillectomy and has confirmed the requirement for opioid rescue medication for all patients after discharge.We have now re-agreed a standard analgesic regime and staved off any suggestion there was just to recommend that parents buy analgesia.ReferencesWilliams G, et al. The prevalence of pain at home and its consequences in children following two types of short stay surgery: A multicentre observational cohort study. Paediatric Anaesthesia 2015;25:1254–1263.Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Guidance for the administration of codeine and alternative opioid analgesics in children Nov 2013.

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Toktonalieva, N., und I. Toktonaliev. „History and Background of the Implementation of Good Manufacturing Practice Standards in the Pharmaceutical Industry (Review)“. Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, Nr. 9 (15.09.2020): 182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/58/17.

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The volume of the global pharmaceutical market in 2018 amounted to 1.2 trillion US dollars, and by 2020 the global pharmaceutical market has grown to 1.5 trillion dollars. Countries such as the United States, Japan, Germany, Switzerland and Great Britain took the leading positions in the pharmaceutical market, while the market share of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in the world community was 2.6%. Further growth of the global pharmaceutical market is predicted by 5% annually, which may contribute to the rapid production and distribution of low-quality pharmaceutical products. One of the main goals of the country is to provide the population with effective, high-quality and safe medicines drugs to protect their health, since consumers cannot assess the quality of medicines on their own. To accomplish this task in developed and developing countries, the state regularly checks and evaluates the quality, efficacy, safety, as well as the main pharmacological effects of drugs at all stages of production. In the production of drugs, it is necessary to comply with the rules of Good Manufacturing Practice. Good Manufacturing Practice is one of the indispensable elements of a modern control and authorization system in the field of pharmaceutical circulation, no less important than the Pharmacopoeia or other state drug standards. Materials and methods. The review article presents an analysis of published scientific works of the last 15 years. To search for reliable information, we used scientific literature data from available and open sources placed in scientific electronic databases: Cyberleninka, PubMed, E-library, Medline, J-stage, Hindawi using the keywords: Good Manufacturing Practice, GMP, pharmaceutical industry, quality of medicines. Results. When analyzing scientific literature sources, special attention is paid to the relevance of this problem, the prerequisites for the introduction of Good Manufacturing Practice standards in the pharmaceutical industry and world practice. Conclusion. Summarizing the scientific literature data, we came to the conclusion that it is necessary to comply with the basic requirements of the international Good Manufacturing Practice standard for the production of high-quality drugs, which has a positive effect on the health of consumers.

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Kasianenko, Oksana, Ludmila Nagornaya und Sergiy Kasianenko. „Efficiency of the use of washing and disinfectant «Sandez» for disinfection of poultry houses“. Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The series: Veterinary Medicine, Nr. 2 (49) (28.10.2020): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32845/bsnau.vet.2020.2.3.

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The use of disinfectants of some groups for a long time can lead to the formation of resistance of microorganisms. The quality of the measures depends on same factors, the main of which is the disinfectant. A promising direction is the use of new complex disinfectants with synergistic action. These disinfectants must be environmentall friendly. The purpose of using such drugs is to expand the range of antimicrobial activity and the ability to prevent the emergence of resistant microorganisms. The effects of these programs are increased through the introduction of a monitoring system and methods to control the sensitivity of pathogens to disinfectants used. The article presents the results of experimental research bactericidal activity of working solutions of detergent-disinfectant «Sandez» against isolates of microorganisms S. aureus, E. coli, S. enteritidis, P. vulgaris, P. aeruginosa, at exposure of 2, 5, 10 minutes. The results of a study on the comparative effectiveness of bactericidal activity of the most common detergents and disinfectants, relative to previously isolated bacterial pathogens from the working surfaces of duckweed (S. aureus, E. coli, S. enteritidis, P. vulgaris, P. aeruginosa) are presented. Also in the comparative aspect are the results of studies of bactericidal activity of detergents and disinfectants of both domestic and foreign production, which are widely used for wet and aerosol disinfection of poultry: «Viroshield», KILCO, Great Britain; «Virocid», CID LINES, NV / SA (Belgium); «Spectragen» SYNTHESIS ELEVAGE, France; «Vircon C» (Antec International), United Kingdom; «Sandez», Ukraine; «Biocontact», PE «Kronos Agro», Ukraine. The results of the study of the sanitary condition of poultry houses before and after disinfection in the presence of pathogenic microflora (S. aureus, E. coli, S. enteritidis, P. vulgaris, P. aeruginosa). Disinfection of poultry houses by «Sandez» provides bactericidal action on pathogenic microorganisms, and its efficiency is higher by 10.0% in comparison with control and makes 96%.

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King, Daniel, und David B. Kopel. „Gun Control in Great Britain“. Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles 67, Nr. 2 (April 1994): 177–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032258x9406700216.

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9

Pearson, Geoffrey. „Drug-Control Policies in Britain“. Crime and Justice 14 (Januar 1991): 167–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/449186.

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Gryzodub, Oleksandr. „30 років національній системі стандартизації, метрології і контролю якості лікарських засобів в Україні: основні досягнення, проблеми і перспективи розвитку“. SSP Modern Law and Practice 2, Nr. 3 (15.09.2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53933/sspmlp.v2i3.67.

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Provision to every citizen, patient, and person in the system of legal relationship "doctor-patient-pharmacist" the right to life, health, and safety during the circulation of vital medicinal products of all clinical and pharmacological, nomenclature and legal, classification and legal groups, guaranteed by created in in Ukraine the system of standardization and quality control of medicines. The system of standardization and quality control of medicines includes the National System of Standardization of Medicines in Ukraine (1992); The system of state control of the quality of medicinal products (1992); Programs for the development of generic drugs in Ukraine (1995); The school of standardization and quality control of medicinal products; Center for standardization, metrology, and quality control in Ukraine. Ukraine got observer status in the European Pharmacopoeia in 1998. The National Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine (2001) appeared 6-7 years earlier than other countries (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russian Federation). Two editions of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine, totaling thirteen volumes and 7,208 pages, was developed as of 2022 and put into effect. The State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine is fully harmonized with the European Pharmacopoeia and is the basis of the entire system of standardization and quality control of medicinal products in Ukraine. A pharmacopeial language (Ukrainian terminological apparatus), which did not exist before, was developed, and implemented. The State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine is an important reference-informational and educational-methodical material for pharmaceutical enterprises, health care institutions, pharmacies, universities of medical and pharmaceutical profiles. The national system of pharmacopeial standard samples largely meets the needs of national control laboratories, and ranks the 6th in the world in terms of the number of pharmacopeial standard samples. The State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine is the only pharmacopoeia in the world in which standardized validation procedures have been introduced, which has turned validation into an ordinary routine procedure. Ukraine acquired the status of a full member of the European Pharmacopoeia in 2013. European standards for the quality of medicinal products are in force in Ukraine. The State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine acquired voting membership in the Pharmacopoeia of the United States in 2010. In order to develop texts that are not in the European Pharmacopoeia (in particular, monographs on ready medicines), the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine concluded Agreements with the leading pharmacopoeias of the world – the USA in 2010 and Great Britain in 2013. A powerful market, world- and European-level pharmaceutical industry was created, which was included in the field of health care, which provided the pharmacy network and health care institutions with modern, effective, safe, high-quality, and economically available drugs. The system of legal relations "doctor-patient-pharmacist" is based on the principles of pharmaceutical law, the Constitution of Ukraine, laws, and regulatory acts, timely ensures the right of a person, citizen, and patient suffering from various health disorders in accordance with the ICD-11, on life and health.

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Dawson, Michael, und Victor Del Rio Vilas. „Control of classical scrapie in Great Britain“. In Practice 30, Nr. 6 (Juni 2008): 330–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/inpract.30.6.330.

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12

Taylor, K. C. „Bovine spongiform encephalopathy control in Great Britain“. Livestock Production Science 38, Nr. 1 (März 1994): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-6226(94)90238-0.

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13

Dawson, P. S. „Control of Salmonella in poultry in Great Britain“. International Journal of Food Microbiology 15, Nr. 3-4 (März 1992): 215–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1605(92)90051-4.

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14

ROLLINSON, T. J. D. „Thinning control of conifer plantations in Great Britain“. Annales des Sciences Forestières 44, Nr. 1 (1987): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/forest:19870103.

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15

Danon, Leon, Jonathan M. Read, Thomas A. House, Matthew C. Vernon und Matt J. Keeling. „Social encounter networks: characterizing Great Britain“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, Nr. 1765 (22.08.2013): 20131037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1037.

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A major goal of infectious disease epidemiology is to understand and predict the spread of infections within human populations, with the intention of better informing decisions regarding control and intervention. However, the development of fully mechanistic models of transmission requires a quantitative understanding of social interactions and collective properties of social networks. We performed a cross-sectional study of the social contacts on given days for more than 5000 respondents in England, Scotland and Wales, through postal and online survey methods. The survey was designed to elicit detailed and previously unreported measures of the immediate social network of participants relevant to infection spread. Here, we describe individual-level contact patterns, focusing on the range of heterogeneity observed and discuss the correlations between contact patterns and other socio-demographic factors. We find that the distribution of the number of contacts approximates a power-law distribution, but postulate that total contact time (which has a shorter-tailed distribution) is more epidemiologically relevant. We observe that children, public-sector and healthcare workers have the highest number of total contact hours and are therefore most likely to catch and transmit infectious disease. Our study also quantifies the transitive connections made between an individual's contacts (or clustering); this is a key structural characteristic of social networks with important implications for disease transmission and control efficacy. Respondents' networks exhibit high levels of clustering, which varies across social settings and increases with duration, frequency of contact and distance from home. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings for the transmission and control of pathogens spread through close contact.

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BAKER, S. J. „Control and eradication of invasive mammals in Great Britain“. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 29, Nr. 2 (01.08.2010): 311–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.29.2.1981.

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Riley, S., und N. M. Ferguson. „Smallpox transmission and control: Spatial dynamics in Great Britain“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103, Nr. 33 (07.08.2006): 12637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0510873103.

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Heinrich, Michael. „Plants and People in North America and Great Britain“. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97, Nr. 1 (Februar 2005): 162–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.11.018.

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Varnavskii, V. „New Approaches to Financing Infrastructure in Great Britain“. World Economy and International Relations, Nr. 9 (2012): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2012-9-67-74.

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The author analyzes the current management and financing system reforming of the state-owned infrastructure or infrastructure under the state control in Great Britain. The article gives an assessment of current state of infrastructure in the country. The reasons for termination of Private Finance Initiative (PFI) are also revealed. The author is trying to prove that Public Private Partnership remains a predominant form of drawing private investments into infrastructure development.

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Goldstein, Erik. „Great Britain and Greater Greece 1917–1920“. Historical Journal 32, Nr. 2 (Juni 1989): 339–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00012188.

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The First World War saw the collapse of the old order in the Eastern Mediterranean with the disintegration of the Ottoman empire, an event which threatened to create a dangerous power vacuum. Great Britain for the pastcentury had attempted to prevent just such a crisis by supporting the maintenance of the territorial integrity of the Ottoman state. Britain had a number of crucial strategic concerns in the Eastern Mediterranean, in particular the Suez Canal and the Straits. The former was the more critical interest and Britain was determined to keep this essential link to its Indian empire firmly under its own control. As to the Straits Britain, which was concerned about over-extending its strategic capabilities, was content to see this critical waterway dominated by a friendly state. The question inevitably arose therefore as to what would replace the Ottoman empire. One alternative was Greece, a possibility which became increasingly attractive with the emergence of the supposedly pro-British Eleftherios Venizelos as the Greek leader in early 1917.

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Jackson, Matthew. „379 Ensuring effective control of exposure during asbestos removal - Great Britain“. Annals of Work Exposures and Health 68, Supplement_1 (01.06.2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxae035.130.

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Abstract In Great Britain, HSE has conducted research in asbestos removal controls over several years, primarily looking at how improvements in industry and legislation in Great Britain have been effective in reducing exposure to asbestos removal workers. In the latest study the methodologies for control were observed in real work situations and both personal and static air monitoring were conducted. Airborne fibre concentrations were determined using phase contrast microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The research also examined the process of transfer of the area back to the dutyholder, the 4-stage clearance, which is an independent check by an analytical organization accredited to ISO/IEC17025:2017. Three detailed Research Reports have been produced for this work which will be summarised in this session and any questions taken.

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Dorn, Nicholas, und Nigel South. „Criminology and Economics of Drug Distribution in Britain: Options for Control“. Journal of Drug Issues 16, Nr. 4 (Oktober 1986): 523–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268601600404.

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In this paper focus is upon the criminology and economics of drug control in Britain and criticizes the prevalent and dominating concepts of “supply” and “demand” that underlie current drug control theory and policies. An alternative perspective is proposed that rests upon appreciation of the importance of the drug distribution system (between supply and demand) as a part of the irregular economy and as the primary motor behind recent expansions in heroin use in Britain. The possibilities are discussed for intervention in the irregular economy, viewed within the context of recent trends in thinking about crime prevention and family responses.

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HILL, B. J. „National legislation in Great Britain for the control of fish diseases“. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 15, Nr. 2 (01.06.1996): 633–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.15.2.942.

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24

Marett, Pamela, und Janet Winters. „Air Traffic Control Industrial Relations: Great Britain and the United States“. Journal of Collective Negotiations (formerly Journal of Collective Negotiations in the Public Sector) 31, Nr. 2 (01.01.2007): 155–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/cn.31.2.d.

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25

Wilson, G. „Control of warble fly in Great Britain and the European Community“. Veterinary Record 118, Nr. 24 (14.06.1986): 653–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.118.24.653.

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Bisdorff, Betty, und Richard Wall. „Control and management of sheep mange and pediculosis in Great Britain“. Veterinary Parasitology 155, Nr. 1-2 (August 2008): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.04.002.

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THORPE, A. „Comintern 'Control' of the Communist Party of Great Britain, 1920-43“. English Historical Review CXIII, Nr. 452 (01.06.1998): 637–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cxiii.452.637.

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HAGENAARS, T. J., C. A. DONNELLY und N. M. FERGUSON. „Epidemiological analysis of data for scrapie in Great Britain“. Epidemiology and Infection 134, Nr. 2 (19.08.2005): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268805004966.

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In recent years, the control or eradication of scrapie and any other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) possibly circulating in the sheep population has become a priority in Britain and elsewhere in Europe. A better understanding of the epidemiology of scrapie would greatly aid the development and evaluation of control and eradication strategies. Here we bound the range of key epidemiological parameters using a combination of relatively detailed pathogenesis and demography data, more limited data on susceptibility and incubation times, and recent survey data on scrapie incidence in Great Britain. These data are simultaneously analysed using mathematical models describing scrapie transmission between sheep and between flocks. Our analysis suggests that occurrence of scrapie in a flock typically provokes changes in flock management that promote termination of the outbreak, such as the adoption of selective breeding, and that a large fraction of cases (possibly over 80%) goes undetected. We show that the data analysed are consistent with the within-flock reproduction number of scrapie lying in the range 1·5–6, consistent with previous epidemiological studies.

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Bolshakov, A. „Regulatory Autonomy of Great Britain: Problems and Perspectives“. World Economy and International Relations 65, Nr. 7 (2021): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-7-71-79.

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Sovereignty does not imply regulatory autonomy. After Brexit, the UK should align its regulatory policy with European norms, if it is interested in close partnership with the EU. Compromises must be made by both sides in order to ensure stability of the partnership. The EU will have to acknowledge the UK’s right to diverge from European rules. Britain will have to partly accept the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice. The structure of dispute settlement mechanism which will be created under the partnership agreement should be a product of a compromise. The present study shows that optimal structure of dispute settlement mechanism must include two different procedures: one for political issues and the other for commercial issues. The central role for the European Court of Justice must be envisaged as a part of politically oriented procedure. There must be no role for the European Court of Justice or any Union to set the pace of political communication. The latter reflects the interest of Great Britain to simplify economic relations, which means that, firstly, disputes are resolved by independent arbiters; secondly, the EU acknowledges the UK’s right to diverge from European regulations; and thirdly, the UK accepts the EU’s right to impose countervailing duties to compensate for adverse effects of divergence on competition. This article also examines the main problems of future British regulatory policy, especially in the field of state aid. Boris Johnson’s government has decided not to form a full-fledged regulatory regime in the area of state aid. Its stance is politically appropriate since Conservative party manifesto for the 2019 general election promised to support local industries without limitations. But that decision created a great deal of economic risk. Firstly, the absence of a domestic subsidy control regulator can cause chaos within regulation system because workable norms and rules can only be sustained by a tight enforcement mechanism. Secondly, the EU can cite lack of subsidy control as an obstacle for British business to have unrestricted access to the European market.

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Aijaz Ahmad Wani. „THREATS TO U.S. CONTROL OF MIDDLE EASTERN OIL“. International Journal of Economic, Business, Accounting, Agriculture Management and Sharia Administration (IJEBAS) 3, Nr. 1 (27.02.2023): 1604–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.54443/ijebas.v3i1.1137.

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Since the discovery of oil wealth in the region of Middle East it became the battle ground for great States to compete on. Particularly after the world war 2ndtill this date the great states like Britain, France, Russia and China are early watching the chessboard to manipulate an opportunity in their favour. It is this competition over the oil of Middle East which has left the control of America both insecure and competitive.

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Sharova, N. V., D. V. Cherkashin, A. D. Sobolev, R. G. Makiev, S. A. Parcernjak und B. A. Jerdneev. „Optimization of Inhalation Therapy Considering Peak Inspiratory Flow in Patients with Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Real Clinical Practice“. Doctor.Ru 22, Nr. 2 (2023): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31550/1727-2378-2023-22-2-62-69.

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Aim: To determine the values of peak inspiratory flow (PIP) for choosing an inhaler in patients with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to evaluate the possibility of optimizing inhalation therapy considering PIP in real clinical practice. Design: Open cohort controlled prospective study. Materials and methods. 76 people were examined. Group 1 included 32 patients with COPD exacerbation, 18 of them were re-examined before discharge and completed a survey 3 months after discharge from the hospital. Group 2 consisted of 15 patients with stable COPD. Group 3 included 29 healthy individuals. PIF using various inhalers was studied using the In-Check DIALTM G16 Clement Clarke International Limited (Great Britain), fixing the level without resistance (R0) and 5 levels of resistance (R1–R5). Suboptimal PIF (sPIF) values were considered at R0 < 90, R1–R4 < 60, R5 < 30 l/min. Spirometry was performed on a Flowscreen II spirometer (Jaeger) with a flow-volume curve recording, calculation of generally accepted indicators, and on a PTS-14P-01 pressure-tachospirograph to determine the peak inspiratory rate. Statistical data processing was carried out using the Statistica v. 10. According to the Bonferroni principle, differences were considered significant at p < 0.005. Results. During exacerbation of COPD, a decrease in PIF from 120 to 40 l/min (p < 0.001 compared with the control) and the presence of sPIF in 5–75% of cases, depending on the type of inhalation device, were revealed (no sPIF was noted in the control). Most patients were free to use a nebulizer, a metered-dose aerosol inhaler (MAI), a liquid inhaler (Respimat) and a breathhaler upon admission to the hospital. Patients could not create the necessary inspiratory effort when using the ellipt in 47% of cases, turbuhaler — in 63%, nexthaler — in 75%, handihaler — in 31%. With proven positive clinical and functional dynamics during treatment (increase in FEV1 from 37% (28; 53) to 55% (37; 62), p < 0.004), the identified changes persisted by the time of discharge from the hospital and did not reach the values of PIF and sPIF, determined in stable COPD. Analysis of PIF and sPIF in patients in real clinical practice, depending on the drugs received, showed that by the time they were discharged from the hospital, half of the patients had sPIF, continued to use turbuhaler and handihaler inhalers, and were not able to create an adequate PIF for effective inhalation of drugs. A survey of patients 3 months after discharge from the hospital showed that patients with optimal PIF values, who used drugs with the help of PPI, Respimat and Breezhaler, did not have exacerbations within the indicated periods. Patients with CPIP who continued to use the combination of turbuhaler and handihaler had moderate exacerbations. Conclusion. Optimization of inhalation therapy based on PIP in patients with COPD exacerbation should include: 1) the possibility of choosing the optimal inhaler, considering the direct determination of PIF; 2) replacement of a high-resistance powder inhaler with a PDI/Respimat or a low-resistance powder inhaler (breather, ellipta); 3) education of COPD patients in the correct technique of inhalation. PIF testing in COPD exacerbations may help clinicians identify patients at higher risk of readmission and personalize powder inhaler selection. Keywords: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, peak inspiratory flow, inhalation therapy, inhaler resistance.

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Reason, P. M. „Wartime Egg Control and Post-War Egg Marketing Policy in Great Britain“. Journal of proceedings of the Agricultural Economics Society 7, Nr. 1 (05.11.2008): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.1946.tb02000.x.

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Brooks-Pollock, Ellen, Gareth O. Roberts und Matt J. Keeling. „A dynamic model of bovine tuberculosis spread and control in Great Britain“. Nature 511, Nr. 7508 (Juli 2014): 228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13529.

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Harris, R. I. D. „MARKET STRUCTURE AND EXTERNAL CONTROL IN THE REGIONAL ECONOMIES OF GREAT BRITAIN“. Scottish Journal of Political Economy 35, Nr. 4 (November 1988): 334–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9485.1988.tb01060.x.

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Trovato, Vincenzo, Inmaculada Martinez Sanz, Balarko Chaudhuri und Goran Strbac. „Advanced Control of Thermostatic Loads for Rapid Frequency Response in Great Britain“. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 32, Nr. 3 (Mai 2017): 2106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2016.2604044.

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36

LEDUC, M. „The Variable Responses of Bracken Fronds to Control Treatments in Great Britain“. Annals of Botany 85 (April 2000): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1999.1052.

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Akimova, Olga, und Olena Shamanska. „APPLYING OF INNOVATION TECHNOLOGIES IN ADULT EDUCATION IN MODERN TERMS OF UKRAINE DEVELOPMENT“. Academic Notes Series Pedagogical Science 1, Nr. 204 (Juni 2022): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2415-7988-2022-1-204-12-16.

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The article determines the features of adult education in Great Britain including the historical aspect of development. In general the adult education is the important part of continuous education. Among European countries Great Britain and Denmark are the leaders in distribution of professional studies and adult educations. There have been created new programs and projects of international educational processes supporting in these countries. In such projects considerable attention is paid to planning and training of adult individuals. At the same time, the adult education in Great Britain is one of priorities of public policy and bases on old historical traditions, high-quality indexes, sound scientifically-pedagogical researches, and practice of realization led to the effectiveness. The analysis of scientific literature showed that there have been used plenty of terms of continuous education conception in Great Britain, among them continuing education, andragogy, andragogics, andragology, recurrent education, adult education, permanent education, adult pedagogy, lifelong learning, оpen learning, and further education. The Open University became one of main universities of Great Britain that developed the idea of adult education. The author also admitted, that at the end of 70th the mechanism of government control of adult education system in Great Britain changed enough. These changes touched the part of scientific and technical progress of general economic crisis on a background passing of the country to the system of free market relations. At the same time, in majority universities of Great Britain there were founded centers of adult education. Such centers proposed the academic courses of different forms of studies and offered the ideas of forming knowledge in a counterbalance classic and called as transferring of knowledge from a teacher to the student. The introduction of innovative technologies in the system of adult education will change the reproductive nature of the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities of an adult.

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Pakeman, R. J., M. G. Le Duc und R. Marrs. „A review of current bracken control and associated vegetation strategies in Great Britain“. Web Ecology 3, Nr. 1 (01.02.2002): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-3-6-2002.

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Abstract. Bracken is a major problem for livestock-based, extensive agriculture in many parts of the world. It also causes problems for conservation, recreation, game management and forestry and is hence subject to management in order to control it. This paper reviews current bracken control strategies in Great Britain to assess whether they can be improved, and reviews recent work on combining bracken control with vegetation restoration to derive guidelines for maximising the cost-effectiveness of these measures to increase biodiversity. Bracken control in Great Britain is currently, mainly undertaken by aerial spraying of herbicide. A large-scale survey showed that only a small proportion (25%) of sites were likely to show long-term control, the developing vegetation was not that desired by the instigator of control, and there was a large geographic variation in success. The major conclusion was that large-scale treatment often exceeded the area that could be adequately treated by follow-up measures. Experimental studies demonstrate that to obtain &#147;desirable&#148; vegetation (usually Calluna vulgaris-dominated heath in Great Britain) a number of steps usually have to be followed. However, the steps that have to be taken may differ between sites. Deep litter sites, where stock numbers are low, need the litter disturbed in some way and seed of suitable species added. On sites with higher stock numbers, litter disturbance has in effect already been carried out, so that management must involve seed addition and the exclusion/reduction of stock. It is not yet known how long or to what level stock must be removed before the vegetation is able to withstand grazing. It should be noted that management to reverse succession could prove less cost-effective than management that accelerates succession to woodland or forestry. A set of points which highlight the considerations necessary at the commencement of an &#147;integrated&#148; bracken control programme are outlined. Targeting sites in western Britain or sites with residual vegetation present would provide the greatest gains for biodiversity in the short term. However, in many situations management for vegetation restoration must be seen as a key part of this strategy, not as something that will proceed unaided after bracken control has taken place.

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Chibani, Daniel. „Great Britain’s Ulterior Motives in Abolishing Ottoman Slavery“. General: Brock University Undergraduate Journal of History 7 (11.04.2022): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/tg.v7i1.3653.

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This essay seeks to provide an alternative perspective of Great Britain’s involvement in the abolition of the Ottoman slave trade during the 19th and 20th centuries. Contemporary scholars often cite Britain’s involvement in the abolition of Ottoman slavery as a means of establishing moral superiority on the world stage. While there is some validity to this, a critical analysis of Britain’s motives towards abolishing the Ottoman slave trade reveals Britain’s vast economic, political, and territorial interests obtained from Ottoman abolition. Britain conquered vast regions in East and North Africa such as Egypt and Sudan which justified these conquests as necessary in the fight against slavery while simultaneously profiting from these regions through colonization and legitimate trade. Not only would Britain hinder the Ottoman slave trade through such territorial acquisitions, but they would simultaneously control and monitor strategic economic zones such as the Red Sea, Tunisia, the Persian Gulf, and the Gulf of Aden. While Britain is often portrayed as the morally superior emancipator and the Ottomans as the inferior enslavers, Britain’s facade of moral superiority is tainted when considering their ulterior motives.

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PAYKEL, E. S., R. ABBOTT, R. JENKINS, T. S. BRUGHA und H. MELTZER. „Urban–rural mental health differences in Great Britain: findings from the National Morbidity Survey“. Psychological Medicine 30, Nr. 2 (März 2000): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329179900183x.

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Background. Studies of urban–rural differences in prevalence of non-psychotic mental disorder have not given consistent findings. Such differences have received relatively little study in Great Britain.Methods. Data from 9777 subjects in the Household Survey of the National Morbidity Survey of Great Britain were analysed for differences between urban, semi-rural and rural areas. Psychiatric morbidity was assessed by scores on the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R), together with alcohol dependence, drug dependence, receipt of treatment from general practitioners. Associations with other characteristics were examined by logistic regression.Results. Urban subjects had higher rates than rural of CIS-R morbidity, alcohol dependence and drug dependence, with semi-rural subjects intermediate. Urban subjects also tended to be members of more deprived social groups, with more adverse living circumstances and greater life stress, factors themselves associated with disorder. Urban–rural differences in alcohol and drug dependence were no longer significant after adjustment for these factors by logistic regression, and differences on CIS-R morbidity were considerably reduced. There were no differences in treatment.Conclusions. There are considerable British urban–rural differences in mental health, which may largely be attributable to more adverse urban social environments.

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Walley, Tom, Stuart Barton, Jonathan Cooke und Michael Drummond. „Economic evaluations of drug therapy: attitudes of primary care prescribing advisers in Great Britain“. Health Policy 41, Nr. 1 (Juli 1997): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8510(97)00013-4.

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Pakeman, Robin J., Mike G. Le Duc und Rob H. Marrs. „Bracken Distribution in Great Britain: Strategies for its Control and the Sustainable Management of Marginal Land“. Annals of Botany 85, suppl_2 (01.04.2000): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1999.1053.

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Abstract Bracken is often perceived as a widespread and increasing land management problem. The pollen record of a wide range of sites in Great Britain suggests that the current abundance of bracken is less than or, at worst, equivalent to maximum historical levels. Recently gathered data also suggest that bracken cover is declining. Results of risk assessments of land use change, and experimental and modelling investigations into the effects of climate change are synthesized. This synthesis suggests that there is the potential for increased bracken dominance in northern Britain, spread into new areas at high altitudes, and possible spread into areas with reduced grazing. However, this must be set against any changes in the extent of other vegetation types at the expense of bracken. There is now a long history of bracken control, both in Great Britain and globally. Conventional methods of control (cutting, asulam application) are well understood, but many control attempts do not result in long-term success, as control is often not followed by aftercare. Bracken control is just one part of the process to ensure a sustainable use of resources and to maintain biodiversity. A coherent strategy for bracken control is put forward, a necessary part of which includes the restoration of vegetation and subsequent land management which takes into account an understanding of bracken ecology.

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Hepworth, M. E., A. E. Green und A. E. Gillespie. „The Spatial Division of Information Labour in Great Britain“. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 19, Nr. 6 (Juni 1987): 793–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a190793.

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In this paper the prevailing geography of the information economy in Great Britain is examined. Attention is focused on the 1981 labour-force share of information occupations at the level of standard regions. This occupation approach, as developed by Porat, is interrelated with Singlemann's sectoral classification in order to provide a new view of the information-based service economy in a regional context. The spatial division of information labour in Great Britain is identified and its theoretical and policy implications are discussed. It is shown that, despite regional differences in industrial specialisation, job prospects in all parts of the country are increasingly dependent on information-based services. There is, however, clear evidence of Greater London's dominance of the information economy, particularly in higher-order information occupations related to management and control functions and specialised producer-services activities. It is suggested that innovations in information technology (computer-communications networks) will reinforce this uneven geography of employment opportunities, particularly with the further integration of Britain into the global information economy. In this light, theoretical approaches to regional economic policy must embody an international dimension and address the transsectoral nature of information-based development in which the new technologies play a central role.

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Karolemeas, K., T. J. McKinley, R. S. Clifton-Hadley, A. V. Goodchild, A. Mitchell, W. T. Johnston, A. J. K. Conlan, C. A. Donnelly und J. L. N. Wood. „Predicting prolonged bovine tuberculosis breakdowns in Great Britain as an aid to control“. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 97, Nr. 3-4 (Dezember 2010): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.09.007.

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Obaid, Zeyad Assi, L. M. Cipcigan und Mazin T. Muhssin. „Fuzzy hierarchal approach-based optimal frequency control in the Great Britain power system“. Electric Power Systems Research 141 (Dezember 2016): 529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2016.08.032.

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46

Linnie, Martyn Joseph. „Pest control: A survey of natural history museums in Great Britain and Ireland“. International Journal of Museum Management and Curatorship 6, Nr. 3 (September 1987): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09647778709515078.

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Thomas, Pete. „Crash involvement risks of cars with electronic stability control systems in Great Britain“. International Journal of Vehicle Safety 1, Nr. 4 (2006): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvs.2006.011229.

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Linnie, M. „Pest control A survey of natural history museums in Great Britain and Ireland“. Museum Management and Curatorship 6, Nr. 3 (September 1987): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0260-4779(87)90034-3.

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Vogler-Finck, Pierre J. C., und Wolf-Gerrit Früh. „Evolution of primary frequency control requirements in Great Britain with increasing wind generation“. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 73 (Dezember 2015): 377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.04.012.

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Kutepova, Maryna. „DEVELOPMENT OF CONTEMPORARY DEVOLUTION PROCESSES IN GREAT BRITAIN“. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Public Administration 15, Nr. 1 (2022): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2616-9193.2022/15-4/9.

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The main purpose of the article is to analyze the devolutionary processes in Great Britain, which have intensified and institutionalized since the late twentieth century and continue to the present days, as well as their impact on the political and socio-economic development of its member countries – England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Theoretical and methodological basis of the study are scientific methods and methodological approaches to understanding the process of interaction of public authorities under conditions of devolution. An important condition of the chosen research strategy is the observance of the principles of objectivity, multifactoriality and systematicity. The study is based on methodological principles of a systematic approach. Using a systems approach makes it possible to study the interaction of public authorities in the UK in the context of devolution as a single system. Based on the fact that devolution involves the creation of certain institutions, as well as institutional adaptation to a management system that adapts to new conditions, the main methodological approach to analysis was the institutional approach. The article emphasizes that for a long time the United Kingdom has been a model of decentralized political governance based on the culture of civil society and the representation of local interests in the national government. To a large extent, Britain's sustainable development depends on a periodic political compromise. It can alleviate the main contradiction of the British political system – the dichotomy of the principles of the supremacy of parliament and regional self-government. It is proved that the decentralization of public administration in the UK means the devolution of central government and increasing the responsibility of local government in the expansion and development of various forms of interaction between state and society. In general, the process of decentralization of power in the UK is complex and ambiguous one. The process of devolution in the UK is characterized by asymmetry, as evidenced by the lack of legislative powers of England. In this context, it is stated that the procedure of interaction between public authorities at different levels is not well established. Today there is a significant number of control functions, levers of administrative and financial pressure on central offices, as well as the lack of clear recommendations by which local authorities could determine what is within their competence and address urgent issues more effectively.

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