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Thematische Bibliographien / Drowning / Zeitschriftenartikel

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Drowning“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 4. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 9. Juni 2025

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1

Fiser, Debra H. "Near-Drowning." Pediatrics In Review 14, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.14.4.148.

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Definition Drowning is defined as death caused by submersion, whereas near-drowning connotes survival for some time period following submersion. The following remarks pertain to the near-drowning victim who presents for acute medical management. Epidemiology Because reporting of near-drowning incidents is incomplete, most of the available epidemiologic information focuses on drowning deaths, which number more than 6500 per year in the United States. Data from King County, Washington, however, suggest that near-drownings slightly out-number drownings. Drowning rates are highest for children under the age of 5 years and between the ages of 15 and 24 years. Males drown 4 times more frequently than females. African-Americans and low-income groups also are affected disproportionately, except for those drownings involving boats and residential swimming pools, which more often are owned by middle class groups. Drownings peak during the summer months and are most common in the southern and western United States and Alaska. Forty to 45% of all drownings occur while the victim is swimming and 12% to 29% are boat-related. Alcohol plays a substantial role in these deaths. Between one half and three quarters of all drownings occur in lakes, ponds, rivers, and the ocean. More than 40% of all submersions in these bodies of water involve older adolescents or young adults.

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Barnsley, Paul, and Amy Peden. "A Retrospective, Cross-Sectional Cohort Study Examining the Risk of Unintentional Fatal Drowning during Public Holidays in Australia." Safety 4, no. 4 (September 28, 2018): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety4040042.

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Australia’s celebration of its public holidays often involves aquatic recreation, frequently mixed with consumption of alcohol, both of which are risk factors for drowning. This study examines how the demographics and circumstances of public holiday drownings compare to the average day drownings. A total population survey (1 July 2002 to 30 June 2017) of unintentional fatal drownings in Australia were extracted from the Royal Life Saving National Fatal Drowning Database. Date of drowning and state/territory of residence were used to determine if the drowning occurred on a public holiday in the person’s place of residence. 4175 persons drowned during the study period. There was a statistically significant difference between the incidence of fatal drowning on public holidays and the other days, with fatal drowning 1.73 times more likely to occur on public holidays (CI: 1.57–1.89). The increased risk of drowning on public holidays should inform the timing and the content of drowning prevention campaigns and strategies.

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Ellis, Lindsey T., Madeleine Opsahl, Deiter J. Duff, and Carl C. Stacy. "Application of the Drowning Index to Opioid & Multidrug Intoxication Deaths: A Retrospective Analysis." Academic Forensic Pathology 9, no. 1-2 (March 2019): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1925362119851115.

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Introduction: Drowning deaths present a challenge for forensic pathologists, because the autopsy findings may occur in many nondrowning scenarios. Previous studies have attempted to identify patterns in organ weights that may be specific for drowning. The drowning index (DI) has been defined as the weight ratio of the lungs and pleural effusion fluid to the spleen. Studies have suggested DI may be useful in confirming drowning as the cause of death. No studies have yet compared autopsy findings in drownings to those in drug-related deaths, in spite of their qualitative similarities. Materials and Methods: We compared the lung and pleural effusion weight, spleen weight, and DI from 536 autopsies ruled drowning, opioid, or multidrug intoxication, or hanging in Columbia, Missouri, from 2011 to 2016. Results: Opioid overdoses result in heavier lungs and spleens than drownings, multidrug overdoses, or hangings. There is no DI value at which a death can be definitively ascribed to drowning. The median DI was significantly higher in drownings than in opioid intoxications, multidrug intoxications, or hangings ( P < .0001; P = .001; P = .005). However, very few drowning cases (13.33%) had a DI >14.1. Additionally, many opioid and multidrug overdoses had a DI >14.1. The highest calculated DI value (DI = 33) was associated with multidrug intoxication. Conclusion: In our opinion, the DI has little, if any, utility in distinguishing between drowning and drug-related deaths.

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Fortuin, Jill, Innocent Karangwa, Nongcebo Mahlalela, and Cleeve Robertson. "A South African Epidemiological Study of Fatal Drownings: 2016–2021." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 15121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215121.

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Drowning is a serious public health concern. Low-and-middle-income countries are the most affected by drowning, as they carry 90% of the global drowning burden. The purpose of this retrospective epidemiological study is to provide an overview of fatal drownings in South Africa between 2016 and 2021. The data used for the study were obtained from the South African Police Service. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Statistical analyses included a t-test and chi-square test. The results indicate that the average number of fatal drownings per annum is 1477 in South Africa, with an average drowning rate of 2.54 per 100,000 population for the period 2016 to 2021. The KwaZulu-Natal province had the highest incidence of drowning. The 0–4-year-age group has the highest prevalence of drowning among all the age categories. More males drowned in South Africa compared to females.

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Gorsuch, Marina Mileo, Samuel L. Myers Jr., Yufeng Lai, Devan Steward, and Rachel Motachwa. "Vanishing racial disparities in drowning in Florida." Injury Prevention 25, no. 6 (October 23, 2018): 487–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2018-042872.

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ObjectivesTo examine the change in the racial disparity in drowning in Florida from 1970 to 2015 and to analyse the contextual factors associated with white, black and Hispanic drowning rates in Florida from 2007 to 2015.MethodsOur outcome variable is county-level annual drowning rates by race, ethnicity, sex and age group. We computed county-level contextual data, including emergency weather events, temperature, extreme weather, number of pools, quality of pools, coastline, swimming participation rates and prominent black competitive swim teams.ResultsBetween 1970 and 1990, the disparity in drowning rates between white and black males in Florida decreased dramatically. By 2005, the overall age-adjusted drowning rates converged. This convergence was most striking for those aged 10–34 and 35–64. While the gap has declined dramatically, there remains a racial disparity in drownings among those aged 10–34.ConclusionsOverall, racial disparities in drowning have disappeared in Florida. However, some disparities remain. There is a persistent disparity in drownings among those aged 10–34.

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Wijaya, Felicia Anita, and I. Gde Doddy Kurnia Indrawan. "Complications of drowning: A case report." Paediatrica Indonesiana 59, no. 5 (October 11, 2019): 284–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi59.5.2019.284-8.

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Unintentional drowning is the sixth most common cause of accidental death, accounting for 4,086 deaths (1.4 per 100,000) in the United States in 2007.1 In children, drowning is the second leading cause of injury-related death, and those aged 1–3 years have the highest rate of drowning.2 More than 1,400 pediatric drownings were reported in the United States in 2008.3 Many drowning deaths are due to lack of supervision in the bathtub, unprotected access to a pool, or lack of swimming skills.3 For every death by drowning, six children are hospitalized for drowning, and up to 10% of survivors experience severe brain damage.2

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Bista, Saroj, and Nichole L. Michaels. "A descriptive study of fatal drownings among children and adolescents in the United States, with a focus on retention pond deaths, 2004–2020." PLOS Global Public Health 5, no. 1 (January 15, 2025): e0004106. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0004106.

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The objective of this study was to characterize fatal drownings among children and adolescents, with a focus on retention pond drownings, and identify risk factors for these fatalities using child death review data. We acquired 2004–2020 National Fatality Review-Case Reporting System data for drowning deaths among youth 0–19 years. Retention pond drownings were identified through case narratives. We analyzed demographics, primary caregiver, supervisor, death investigation, and drowning-related variables across age groups (<1, 1–4, 5–9, 10–14, and 15–19 years) using either the Chi-square test or Fisher’s Exact test, as appropriate, with a p-value of <0.05 indicating statistical significance. Of 7,539 drowning deaths reported during the study duration, 265 deaths occurred in retention ponds. Children 1–4 years comprised a greater proportion of retention pond drowning deaths (59.3%) compared to overall drowning deaths (50.9%) in this age group. In 51.3% of retention pond drowning deaths among children <5 years, supervision was needed but not provided. Most (80.4%) retention pond-related deaths among children <5 years and 50.7% of deaths among children 5–19 years were attributed to child neglect, poor or absent supervision, or exposure to hazards. Among all decedents who drowned in retention ponds, 19.1% were found to have a disability or chronic illness. Most retention ponds lacked local ordinances regulating water access (83.5%) and did not have barriers or protection (66.1%) or warning signs (82.0%). Younger children with poor or absent supervision who cannot swim are at high risk of drowning. Retention pond drownings are not infrequent, and most locations lack ordinances regulating water access or requiring barriers, such as fences. Greater efforts are needed to address this common hazard and environmental and policy strategies should be implemented to prevent future deaths.

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Sharma, Sapna, Kevin Blagrave, Simon R. Watson, Catherine M. O’Reilly, Ryan Batt, John J. Magnuson, Tessa Clemens, et al. "Increased winter drownings in ice-covered regions with warmer winters." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 18, 2020): e0241222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241222.

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Winter activities on ice are culturally important for many countries, yet they constitute a high safety risk depending upon the stability of the ice. Because consistently cold periods are required to form stable and thick ice, warmer winters could degrade ice conditions and increase the likelihood of falling through the ice. This study provides the first large-scale assessment of winter drowning from 10 Northern Hemisphere countries. We documented over 4000 winter drowning events. Winter drownings increased exponentially in regions with warmer winters when air temperatures neared 0°C. The largest number of drownings occurred when winter air temperatures were between -5°C and 0°C, when ice is less stable, and also in regions where indigenous traditions and livelihood require extended time on ice. Rates of drowning were greatest late in the winter season when ice stability declines. Children and adults up to the age of 39 were at the highest risk of winter drownings. Beyond temperature, differences in cultures, regulations, and human behaviours can be important additional risk factors. Our findings indicate the potential for increased human mortality with warmer winter air temperatures. Incorporating drowning prevention plans would improve adaptation strategies to a changing climate.

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N. Alsdairi, Ghadah, Alreem M. Almarshadi, Raghad A. Alsdairi, Amal A. Alsadun, and Mona M. Shahin. "KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF PEDIATRIC DROWNING FIRST AID AMONG PARENTS IN HAIL POPULATION, SAUDI ARABIA." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 02 (February 28, 2021): 727–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12506.

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Background: Around the world, drowning is one of the top three causes of death from unintentional injury, and children at the highest risk. Aim: Our study aims to assess the parents knowledge, attitude and practice towards pediatric drowning risks, causes and first aid. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study was conducted on males and females parents at any age in Hail, Saudi Arabia, Through a self-administrated online questionnaire which divided into two sections: demographic information (age, gender, marital state and education level) and information about pediatric drowning (risk factors, causes, the riskiest place that could cause drowning, previous drowning accidents, swimming supervision, Pediatric drowning First Aid steps) Result: Our study included 406 male and female parents. The majority were females (81.7%). The level of knowledge about drowning first aid among the participants was moderate (with a mean of 8.14Â±2.57). (76.1%) of participants chose lack of supervision as a risk factor of drowning. The majority of the participants (77.8%) chose children not knowing how to swim as the cause of drowning. (87.7%) of the participants agreed that the public swimming pool is the riskiest place that could cause drowning. Most of the participants (74.9%) havent had any previous drownings.

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Kozlov, Eduard, and Ruslan Gibadullin. "Prerequisites for developing the computer vision system for drowning detection." E3S Web of Conferences 474 (2024): 02031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202447402031.

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The problem of drowning is one of the most serious issues in terms of human life and health safety. Drowning victims often fall victim to accidental circumstances or unintentional actions, and the number of such incidents is significant. Thousands of drownings occur worldwide every year, resulting in a significant loss of lives, both among adults and children. This article focuses on exploring the prerequisites and developing a computer vision system for drowning detection. Drowning is a serious problem that poses substantial social, economic, and medical consequences for human life and health. The article discusses key computer vision technologies, image processing algorithms, and object recognition methods.

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Baral, Madan Prasad, and Nuwadatta Subedi. "Demographic and autopsy characteristics of drowning deaths in a major autopsy center of Gandaki province of Nepal." Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal 14, no. 1 (July 3, 2021): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jgmcn.v14i1.32661.

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Background: Autopsy examination is mandatory in all unnatural deaths as per law of Nepal and thus all deaths due to drowning are undergone medico legal autopsy. This study aims to analyze the demographic and autopsy characteristics of drowning deaths in cases brought for medico legal autopsy at a major autopsy center of Gandaki province of Nepal. Methods: This study was conducted based on review of database in a period of two years among 53 corpses of drowning related deaths. The demographic data and relevant information from the inquest and autopsy report of such cases were collected and presented. Result: The commonest age group involved in drowning deaths was <20 years, attributing to 22 (41.5%) cases, and with males (41, 77.4%) more common than females. Suicidal drowning (34, 64.2%) was the commonest manner. Maximum (19, 35.8%) deaths occurred in the rainy season and on lakes (34, 64.1%). Conclusion: Drowning deaths were more common among males of young age groups. Most of the drownings occurred during the rainy season, lakes were the common sites of drowning, and the commonest manner was suicidal.

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Saunders, Colleen Jayne, Robyn Adriaanse, Abigail Simons, and Ashley van Niekerk. "Fatal drowning in the Western Cape, South Africa: a 7-year retrospective, epidemiological study." Injury Prevention 25, no. 6 (November 24, 2018): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2018-042945.

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IntroductionDrowning is a neglected public health threat in low-income and middle-income countries where the greatest drowning burden is observed. There is a paucity of drowning surveillance data from low-resource settings, particularly in Africa. Understanding local epidemiological factors will enable the development of context-specific drowning prevention initiatives and the appropriate allocation of resources.AimThe primary aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of fatal drowning in the Western Cape, South Africa.MethodThis retrospective study describes fatal drowning incidents captured in the Western Cape vital registration system between 2010 and 2016. Data were obtained from the Forensic Pathology Services of the Western Cape Government. One-way analysis of variance was performed to detect a trend in mean drowning mortality rates between 2010 and 2016. χ2 tests for independence were performed to detect differences in the distribution of variables between groups.ResultsA total of 1391 fatal drownings occurred in the Western Cape between 2010 and 2016, with an age-adjusted drowning mortality rate of 3.2 per 100 000 population. Rates were fourfold higher in men compared with women. Children, particularly young children aged 0–4 years, and young adult men between 20 and 34 years of age were identified to be at high risk of fatal drowning. Drowning occurred predominantly in large, open bodies of water with concentrations in summer and public holidays.ConclusionsThe Western Cape drowning prevention strategy should prioritise interventions to reduce drowning in children and young adult men, with a targeted focus on festive periods such as public holidays.

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Buick, Jason E., Steve Lin, Valeria E. Rac, Steven C. Brooks, Gérald Kierzek, and Laurie J. Morrison. "Drowning: an overlooked cause of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Canada." CJEM 16, no. 04 (July 2014): 314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/8000.2013.131069.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Drowning is a major public health concern, yet little is known about the characteristics of drowning patients. The objectives of this study were to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) attributed to drowning in Ontario and to compare the characteristics of OHCA attributed to drowning to those of presumed cardiac etiology. Methods: A retrospective, observational study was carried out of consecutive OHCA patients of drowning etiology in Ontario between August 2006 and July 2011. Bivariate analysis was used to evaluate differences between drowning and presumed cardiac etiologies. Results: A total of 31,763 OHCA patients were identified, and 132 (0.42%) were attributed to drowning. Emergency medical services treated 98 patients, whereas the remaining 34 met the criteria for legislative death. Overall, 5.1% of drowning patients survived to hospital discharge. When compared to patients of presumed cardiac etiology, drowning patients were younger and their arrest was more likely to be unwitnessed, present with a nonshockable initial rhythm, occur in a public location, and receive bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). A nonsignificant trend was noted for drowning cases to more frequently have a public access AED applied. There were no significant differences in the gender ratio or paramedic response times. Drowning patients were more likely to be transported to hospital but had a trend to be less likely to arrive with a return of spontaneous circulation. They were also more likely to be admitted to hospital but had no difference in survival to hospital discharge. Conclusions: Significant differences exist between OHCA of drowning and presumed cardiac etiologies. Most drownings are unwitnessed, occur in public locations, and present with nonshockable initial rhythms, suggesting that treatment should focus on bystander CPR. Future initiatives should focus on strategies to improve supervision in targeted locations and greater emphasis on bystander-initiated CPR, both of which may reduce drowning mortality.

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Peden, Amy E., Alison J. Mahony, Paul D. Barnsley, and Justin Scarr. "Understanding the full burden of drowning: a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of fatal and non-fatal drowning in Australia." BMJ Open 8, no. 11 (November 2018): e024868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024868.

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ObjectivesThe epidemiology of fatal drowning is increasingly understood. By contrast, there is relatively little population-level research on non-fatal drowning. This study compares data on fatal and non-fatal drowning in Australia, identifying differences in outcomes to guide identification of the best practice in minimising the lethality of exposure to drowning.DesignA subset of data on fatal unintentional drowning from the Royal Life Saving National Fatal Drowning Database was compared on a like-for-like basis to data on hospital separations sourced from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare’s National Hospital Morbidity Database for the 13-year period 1 July 2002 to 30 June 2015. A restrictive definition was applied to the fatal drowning data to estimate the effect of the more narrow inclusion criteria for the non-fatal data (International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes W65-74 and first reported cause only). Incidence and ratios of fatal to non-fatal drowning with univariate and Χ2 analysis are reported and used to calculate case-fatality rates.SettingAustralia, 1 July 2002 to 30 June 2015.ParticipantsUnintentional fatal drowning cases and cases of non-fatal drowning resulting in hospital separation.Results2272 fatalities and 6158 hospital separations occurred during the study period, a ratio of 1:2.71. Children 0–4 years (1:7.63) and swimming pools (1:4.35) recorded high fatal to non-fatal ratios, whereas drownings among people aged 65–74 years (1:0.92), 75+ years (1:0.87) and incidents in natural waterways (1:0.94) were more likely to be fatal.ConclusionsThis study highlights the extent of the drowning burden when non-fatal incidents are considered, although coding limitations remain. Documenting the full burden of drowning is vital to ensuring that the issue is fully understood and its prevention adequately resourced. Further research examining the severity of non-fatal drowning cases requiring hospitalisation and tracking outcomes of those discharged will provide a more complete picture.

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Jagnoor, Jagnoor, Medhavi Gupta, Aliki Christou, Rebecca Q. Ivers, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Kamran Ul Baset, Kris Rogers, and Aminur Rahman. "Challenges in Documenting Non-Fatal Drowning Disability in Bangladesh: A Community-Based Survey." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 15, 2021): 9738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189738.

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Limited access to health care and the lack of robust data systems means non-fatal drownings are largely missed in low-and middle-income countries. We report morbidity among individuals who experienced non-fatal drowning in the Barishal Division, Bangladesh. A representative household survey was conducted in the Barishal Division in southern Bangladesh between September 2016 and February 2017, covering a population of 386,016. The burden of non-fatal drowning was assessed using the WHODAS 2.0 disability assessment tool, a generic assessment instrument for health and disability. A total of 5164 non-fatal drowning events occurred in the one year preceding the survey. Among these 18% were multiple events. From these, 4235 people were administered the WHODAS 2.0 questionnaire. Non-fatal drowning incidence rates were highest in children aged 1–4 years at 5810 per 100,000 population, and among males. Non-fatal drowning was associated with lower socio-economic status and larger family sizes. Few respondents (6.5%; 95% CI: 4.5–8.4%) reported some level of disability (WHODAS-12 score > 8). Incidence of non-fatal drowning is high in the population, however limited impact on morbidity was found. There is a need to develop tools and methodologies for reliable and comparable data for non-fatal drowning, especially to capture post-event disability in children.

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Rasolofoson, Ranaivo A., Horace Owiti Onyango, Fonda Jane Awuor, Christopher Mulanda Aura, and Kathryn J. Fiorella. "Climate change: A pointer to increased small-scale fisher drowning deaths." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (May 22, 2024): e0302397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302397.

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Drowning is an overlooked public health concern and drowning risk is dependent on environmental risk factors. The preponderance of drowning deaths occurs in low- and middle-income countries. Small-scale fishers face high occupational risk of drowning. Climate change increases the frequency and intensity of storms, thereby exacerbating fishers’ risks and creating a need to examine the contribution of storms to fisher drowning deaths for the development of mitigation strategies. We examined this relationship between weather and fisher drowning deaths in Lake Victoria, which is Africa’s largest lake, a site of high fishing pressure, and where climate change is predicted to increase thunderstorms. We conducted a verbal autopsy with people knowledgeable about recent fatal fisher drowning incidents to collect information about the deceased fishers and circumstances surrounding the incidents across 43 landing sites in the Kenyan shore of Lake Victoria. Semi-structured interviews with stakeholders also elucidated community perspectives on drowning risks. Fatal drownings were often attributed to bad weather (41.8%). Other risk factors, such as non-use of life jacket and navigation equipment, co-occurred with bad weather at high rates (69.5% and 67.8%, respectively) to jointly contribute to fatal drowning incidents. Such co-occurrence of risk factors indicates that actions across multiple risk factors can help mitigate the issue. Stakeholder analysis revealed a range of opportunities for improved communication of risks and action to mitigate risks across boat operators and manufacturers, as well as multiple levels of management. Across global small-scale fisheries, limited use of safety equipment and intensive fishing pressure may coincide with increases in extreme weather events, necessitating action to address current and mitigate future drowning risks to small-scale fishers.

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Murray, Kathryn, and Peter Carter. "Fatal Drownings in Fiji." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 29, no. 1 (January 2017): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539516685610.

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Drowning is a newly comprehended public health concern in Fiji. Defined as “the process of experiencing respiratory impairment from submersions or immersion in liquid,” drowning has been identified as one of Fiji’s 5 leading causes of death for those aged 1 to 29 years. The aim of this article was to develop the most parsimonious model that can be used to explain the number of monthly fatal drowning cases in Fiji. Based on a cross-section of 187 drowning incidents from January 2012 to April 2015, this observational study found the number of monthly drownings in Fiji was significantly affected by monthly rainfall ( P = .008, 95% confidence interval = 0.10-0.62) and the number of days comprising public holidays/weekends ( P = .018, 95% confidence interval = 0.06-0.60). Furthermore, the multiple coefficient of determination ( r2 = .4976) indicated that almost half the variation in drownings was explained by rainfall and public holidays/weekend periods. Inadequate supervision, an inability to identify or carry out safe rescue techniques, and limited water-safety knowledge were identified as common risk factors. To overcome this preventable cause of death, technically guided interventions need to be actively embedded into a range of government policies and community health promotions, disaster management, and education programs.

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Armstrong, Erica J., and Kevin L. Erskine. "Investigation of Drowning Deaths: A Practical Review." Academic Forensic Pathology 8, no. 1 (March 2018): 8–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23907/2018.002.

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Drowning, which typically involves a watery environment, remains a serious public health concern claiming an estimated 362 000 lives per year worldwide across all socioeconomic classifications and has remained under close observation by the World Health Organization and its signatories. A significant number of water-related deaths are attributed to accidental drowning, while a smaller but still significant number represent suicidal or homicidal drowning. Others involve a combination of drowning precipitated by injury, intoxication, or environmental extremes. Still others involve victims that die from injury, intoxication, or a natural disease entity of such significance as to preclude the drowning process, while near or in water. While there may be an initial presumption that all water-related deaths are accidental drownings, other possibilities must be considered in the investigation of these types of deaths, as drowning as a cause of death is a diagnosis based on the exclusion of other potential causes. The coordinated investigative efforts of multiple agencies and disciplines are required not only for the designation as drowning as the cause of death but also for death certification. The ongoing analysis and dissemination of data generated from all levels of investigation augment our understanding of the impact on public health and safety, guiding allocation of monetary and educational resources in an effort to prevent further mortality and disability.

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Shubhendu, Kumar, Bhoopendra Singh, Rohan Kumar, Anand Kumar, Ajit Chaudhary, and Suchita Kumari. "Profile of Deaths Due to Drowning among Autopsies Conducted at Autopsy Center of Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi." Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 13, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijfmp.0974.3383.13420.16.

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Introduction: Drowningis the 3rd leading cause of unintentional injury death, accounting for 7% of all injury-related deaths. The global burden and death from drowning is found in all economies and regions. In this study we aim to find out the demographic profile of drowning among cases brought for autopsy in the Department of FMT, RIMS, Ranchi. Material and Method: This Observational study was carried out in the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, during the period from January 2019 to December 2019, wherein a total of 3342 autopsies were conducted out of which 109 cases were of Drowning. Results: Drowning was found to occur more commonly in rural areas (58.7%). Males are more prone to drowning (75.2%). Most common age group involved was found to be 31–40 years. Lakes were the most common place of occurrence (38.5%). Incidence of married females (66.7%) was slightly greater than married males (63.4%). Drowning was found to be most commonly accidental in nature (35.8%). Familial and financial problems (26.6%) along with depression (26.6%) accounted for most of the cases of drowning.

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Lerner, Neil D., Catherine A. Sedney, and Janis Cannon-Bowers. "Effectiveness of Protective Devices to Prevent Child Drownings in Home Swimming Pools." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 15 (October 1988): 915–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118188786761758.

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Drowning in home swimming pools is one of the leading causes of accidental death for children under age five. This paper considers the effectiveness of protective devices, such as fencing, for the prevention of residential pool child drownings. Empirical studies of barrier effectiveness are limited and methodologically flawed. Current codes and standards suffer serious inadequacies. The typical child drowning scenario is discussed, and an approach to a safety system providing layers of protection is described.

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Peden, Amy E., and Richard C. Franklin. "Exploring Flood-Related Unintentional Fatal Drowning of Children and Adolescents Aged 0–19 Years in Australia." Safety 5, no. 3 (July 27, 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety5030046.

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Disasters, such as flooding, are predicted to increase. Drowning is one of the leading causes of death during times of flood. This study examined the little explored topic of child drowning during floods, with the aim of identifying risk factors to inform prevention strategies. A retrospective, total population examination of cases of children and adolescents aged 0–19 years who died from unintentional flood-related drowning in Australia for the 16-year period 1 July 2002 to 30 June 2018 was undertaken. Univariate and chi-square analysis was conducted, with Fisher’s exact test used for cell counts <5. Across the study period, 44 flood-related drowning deaths occurred among children and adolescents (63.6% male; 34.1% aged 10–14 years). Almost all (84.1%) occurred in rivers, creeks, or streams in flood, with the remaining incidents occurring in storm water drains (n = 7). Leading activities immediately prior to drowning were non-aquatic transport (40.9%), swimming in floodwaters (25.0%), and falls into floodwaters (15.9%). Flood-related fatal drowning among children and adolescents is rare (0.05 per 100,000 population), however flood-drowning risk increases as remoteness increases, with children and adolescents drowning in floodwaters in very remote areas at a rate 57 times that of major cities. All drownings are preventable, and this study has identified key causal factors that must be considered in advocacy and prevention efforts. These include: the importance of adult supervision, avoiding flooded waterways when driving or for recreational purposes, and the increased risks for those residing in geographically isolated and socially disadvantaged areas. Findings must be considered when developing interventions and advocacy for the purposes of the reduction of child and adolescent drowning during times of flood.

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Orlowski, James P. "Drowning, Near-Drowning, and Ice-Water Drowning." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 260, no. 3 (July 15, 1988): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03410030106040.

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23

Orlowski, J. P. "Drowning, near-drowning, and ice-water drowning." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 260, no. 3 (July 15, 1988): 390–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.260.3.390.

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Dimitrić, Goran, Nebojša Maksimović, Elena Tabakova, Milorad Jakšić, Dejan Orlić, Selka Sadiković, Dea Karaba-Jakovljević, Nataša Zenić, and Patrik Drid. "Personality Dimensions of Serbian Lifeguards." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24 (December 8, 2021): 12927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412927.

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According to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) global drowning report (2017), drowning is the third leading cause of unintentional injury death worldwide. Drowning can occur anywhere there is water: oceans, seas, lakes, pools, bathtubs, rivers or water collection on the side of the road, etc. In many countries, there are drowning prevention programs for children and adults. The two most commonly used strategiesagainst drowning are the presence of lifeguards in public places and the use of protected areas that could prevent most of the drownings. The main aim of the present study is to examine the individual differences in a Big Five plus Two (BF+2) personality traits in lifeguards and non-lifeguards (including students). The subsample of lifeguards represented 122 male respondents who were, at the time of the survey, licensed as lifeguards (60.9%) or were in training for lifeguards—candidates (39.1%). The subsample of students represented 138 male respondents who were studying at the University of Novi Sad. The results indicate that lifeguards in comparison to students are more extraverted, open to experience, and conscientious, less neurotic, and aggressive. Both positive and negative valence are higher in student subsample. All of the above traits are desirable traits for people working as lifeguards.

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25

Griest, Karen J., and Ross E. Zumwalt. "Child Abuse by Drowning." Pediatrics 83, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.83.1.41.

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Drowning as a form of subtle fatal child abuse is difficult to distinguish from accidental immersion or from sudden unexpected natural death when the circumstances of immersion are concealed. Homicidal drownings are unwitnessed, usually occurring in the home, and the victims are young, either infants or toddlers. Accidental drownings are more likely to involve toddlers or older children in public areas such as swimming pools, drainage ditches, lakes, and rivers. This is especially true in rural areas. In cities, bathtubs remain a major site of accidental childhood drownings. Perpetrators of deliberate drownings often fit the sociopathologic profile of a child abuser. Because there is often a survival interval between immersion and death, pathologic findings consistent with postimmersion syndrome suggest the cause of death. Foreign material in the lungs, if immersion was other than in clear tap water, and injuries of the face are other positive correlating factors. A thorough investigation of the circumstances and cooperation between the investigating agency and the pathologist are essential to determine the correct manner of death in these cases.

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Haddon, R. W. J. "Drowning and Near Drowning." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 81, no. 2 (1995): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-81-112.

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27

Levin, Daniel L., Frances C. Morriss, Luis O. Toro, Lela W. Brink, and Gary R. Turner. "Drowning and Near-Drowning." Pediatric Clinics of North America 40, no. 2 (April 1993): 321–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3955(16)38513-3.

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28

Moon, Richard E., and Robert J. Long. "Drowning and near-drowning." Emergency Medicine Australasia 14, no. 4 (December 2002): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-2026.2002.00379.x.

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29

Sahu, Manas R., Alagarasan Naveen, Manoj K. Mohanty, Mukund N. Sable, and Baishwanar Banerjee. "A rare case of fatal thalamic hemorrhage with intraventricular extension complicating drowning in an underweight woman." Indian Journal of Forensic and Community Medicine 9, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijfcm.2022.017.

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Death from natural diseases prior to or after entering the water is relatively rare but does occur. These underlying natural diseases lead to the incapacitation of the water victims and culminate in accidental or unintentional drownings. People who are unaware or ignorant of their disease status, living in rural areas with nearby open water sources, and belonging to economically backward communities in developing countries are more vulnerable to these unintentional drownings and pose a substantial challenge in determining the cause of death. Here we present a 45-year-old, underweight woman who brought a history of drowning in a pond near her house where she regularly took a bath. The history from the relatives and crime scene investigation was unremarkable. Thalamic hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, triple vessel atherosclerosis of the heart, and left ventricular hypertrophy suggestive of undiagnosed hypertension were discerned only after the autopsy, besides profound findings of drowning. This report highlights the significance of a meticulous autopsy to explain the cause of death in unwitnessed open water drownings, thus benefitting the bystanders and investigating team.

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Somers, Gino R., Charles R. Smith, Gregory J. Wilson, Maria Zielenska, Raymond Tellier, and Glenn P. Taylor. "Association of Drowning and Myocarditis in a Pediatric Population: An Autopsy-Based Study." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 129, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2005-129-205-aodami.

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Abstract Context.—Drowning is a frequent cause of accidental death in childhood, but the association of myocarditis and drowning has only rarely been reported. Objective.—To report 5 cases of drowning in children with coexistent myocarditis. Design.—A retrospective review of autopsy records of patients 0 years to 18 years of age was performed during a 6-year period (1998–2003, total cases reviewed = 1431). Results.—Twenty-two drownings were identified, in 14 male and 8 female children. Five patients (23%), 3 female and 2 male children, had coexistent myocarditis. The 5 patients ranged in age from 23 months to 13 years (mean, 7 years 2 months). None of the patients had antecedent symptomatology suggestive of myocarditis. In all patients, the myocarditis was focal mild or moderate, and the inflammatory infiltrate comprised lymphocytes with smaller numbers of neutrophils. All 5 patients had foci of myocyte necrosis. One patient had histologic evidence of myocardial hypertrophy but no evidence of a cardiomyopathy. Microbiologic studies, including culture, immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, revealed Mycoplasma pneumoniae DNA in 1 case. Conclusions.—The finding of myocarditis in a significant proportion of drowning victims in this series highlights the importance of a thorough autopsy examination in apparently straightforward cases and has clinicopathologic significance.

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Szpilman, David. "Near-Drowning and Drowning Classification." Chest 112, no. 3 (September 1997): 660–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.112.3.660.

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32

Morgan, G. A. R., and R. J. Winter. "Points: Drowning and near drowning." BMJ 293, no. 6543 (August 9, 1986): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.293.6543.395.

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Harries, M. "Points: Drowning and near drowning." BMJ 293, no. 6546 (August 30, 1986): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.293.6546.568.

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34

Golden, F. S., M. J. Tipton, and R. C. Scott. "Immersion, near-drowning and drowning." British Journal of Anaesthesia 79, no. 2 (August 1997): 214–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/79.2.214.

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35

Sugiantoro, M. Fani, and Wahid Tri Wahyudi. "Pengaruh Promosi Kesehatan Terhadap Tingkat Pengetahuan Dan Sikap Masyarakat Nelayan Tentang Pertolongan Pertama Korban Tenggelam Air Laut Di Dusun Mutun Desa Sukajaya Lempasing Kabupaten Pesawaran Lampung." Malahayati Nursing Journal 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 374–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/mnj.v3i3.3155.

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ABSTRACT : THE INFLUENCE OF HEALTH PROMOTION TO THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES OF THE PEOPLE OF FISHERMEN ABOUT THE FIRST AID SEA WATER DROWNING VICTIMS IN SUKAJAYA VILLAGE LEMPASING REGENCY PES LAMPUNG Introduction: Drowning is an injury caused by immersion resulting in death in less than 24 hours. the community should have basic knowledge of how to provide proper and quick first aid to help drowning victims and also have basic knowledge of first aid in drowning. Basic knowledge can be gained through health education. There have been 10 drownings since 2014, 7 deaths and three near drownings, in 2015 as many as 5, in 2016 there were two in 2017 and in 2017 there were three but only nearly drowned.Purpose: To know the Effect of Health Promotion on The Level of Knowledge And Attitude on The Fishing Community About First Aid SeaWater Drowning Victims .Method: Quantitative research type, experimental quasy research design with one group pretes post test design approach, population and sample of 15 respondents. Sampling technique using purposive sampling. Analysis of univariate and bivariate data using dependent t-testsResult : Average respondent's knowledge before being given a promotion with a mean of 5.80, after being given a mean promotion of 10.60. The average respondent's attitude before being given a health promotion was 15.67, after being given 31.67 mean information. Bivariate data analysis results using t-test test obtained p-value value 0.000 > 0.05 Conclusion : Then it can be drawn the effect of health promotion on the level of knowledge and attitude on the fishing community about first aid victims of drowning seawater. Advice for the community to take training on first aid in the event of drowning so that in the event of a drowning the local community can take appropriate action Keywords : Health Promotion, Knowledge, Attitude, Drowning Victims INTISARI : PENGARUH PROMOSI KESEHATAN TERHADAP TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP MASYARAKAT NELAYAN TENTANG PERTOLONGAN PERTAMA KORBAN TENGGELAM AIR LAUT DI DESA SUKAJAYA LEMPASING KABUPATENPESAWARAN LAMPUNG Pendahuluan: Tenggelam merupakan cidera yang disebabkan oleh perendaman (sybmersion/immersion) yang berakibat pada kematian dalam waktu kurang dari 24 jam. masyarakat semestinya mempunyai pengetahuan dasar bagaimana cara memberikan pertolongan pertama yang tepat dan cepat untuk menolong korban tenggelam dan juga memiliki pengetahuan dasar tentang pertolongan pertama pada tenggelam. Pengetahuan dasar bisa didapatkan melalui pendidikan kesehatan. Jumalah korban tenggelam sejak 2014 sebanyak 10 orang, jumlah korban meninggal sebanyak 7 orang dan 3 orang hampir tenggelam, pada tahun 2015 sebanyak 5 orang, tahun 2016 terdapat 2 orang dan terakhir pada tahun 2017 ada 3 orang namun hanya hampir tenggelam.Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui Pengaruh Promosi Kesehatan Terhadap Tingkat Pengetahuan Dan Sikap Pada Masyarakat Nelayan Tentang Pertolongan Pertama Korban Tenggelam Air Laut.Metode: Jenis penelitian kuantitatif, rancangan penelitian quasy eksperimental dengan pendekatan one group pretes post test design, populasi dan sampel responden sebanyak 15 responden. Teknik sampling menggunakan purposive sampling. Analisa data univariat dan bivariat mengguankan uji t-tes dependenHasil : Rata-rata pengetahuan responden sebelum diberi promosi dengan mean 5,80, sesudah diberi promosi mean 10,60. Rata-rata sikap responden sebelum diberi promosi kesehatan dengan mean 15,67, sesudah diberi informasi mean 31,67. Hasil analisa data bivariat menggunakan uji t-tes didapat nilai p-value 0,000 < 0,05 Kesimpulan : Maka dapat ditarik pengaruh promosi kesehatan terhadap tingkat pengetahuan dan sikap pada masyarakat nelayan tentang pertolongan pertama korban tenggelam air laut. Saran bagiu masyarakat Untuk mengikuti pelatihan tentang pertolongan pertama pada kejadian tenggelam agar apabila ada kejadian tenggelam masyarakat setempat dapat melakukan tindakan yang tepat.Kata Kunci : Promosi Kesehatan, Pengetahuan, Sikap, Korban Tenggelam

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Mann, N. Clay, Susan C. Weller, and Renae Rauchschwalbe. "Bucket-Related Drownings in the United States, 1984 Through 1990." Pediatrics 89, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 1068–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.89.6.1068.

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The purpose of the study is to document the incidence of bucket-related drowning in the United States and to identify factors associated with this type of submersion injury. Analysis of Consumer Product Safety Commission data revealed 160 bucket-related drownings for the years 1984 through 1989, representing a mortality rate of 0.367 per 100 000 persons (younger than 2 years old) per year in the United States. Eighty-eight percent of bucket drownings occurred in toddlers aged 7 to 15 months old. Black children were six times more likely to drown in a bucket than white children of similar age (P &lt; .0001). Male toddlers were at significantly greater risk than females (P &lt; .01). A seasonal trend present in the data indicated that infants are more likely to drown in warmer than in colder months (P &lt; .01). States with the highest rates of bucket drowning were Vermont (2.1/100 000), Arizona (1.5/100 000), and Illinois (1.0/100 000). Through passive and active educational strategies, perhaps this fatal home injury can be prevented.

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Simcock, Anthony D. "Hospital Management of Cold Water Drowning." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1, S1 (1985): 268–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00044691.

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There have been 81 patients brought to Treliske Hospital, Truro, UK in the last 6 years, having been rescued from near-drowning. Only 5 have been declared dead on arrival and not treated. We consider that hypothermia is a major factor in patients who have apparently drowned, particularly when it has been known that they were strong swimmers. In 1980, 45% of all drownings had rectal temperatures less than 35°C. The sea temperature around our shores varies between 5°C in January and 15.5°C in September. Hypothermia causes little problem until a central temperature of 35°C or less is reached. Between 35°C and approximately 32°C there is disorientation and incoordination, which may make swimming difficult to maintain efficiently. Below 32°C there is loss of consciousness; when this occurs, the victim's head drops below the water level and drowning occurs just as quickly as in a victim who is unconscious on entering the water.

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Jonáš, Jakub. "Drowning." Česko-slovenská pediatrie 77, Suppl.1 (June 16, 2022): S35—S37. http://dx.doi.org/10.55095/cspediatrie2022/028.

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Ladd, Aedan. "Drowning." Canadian Family Physician 67, no. 7 (July 2021): e202-e202. http://dx.doi.org/10.46747/cfp.6707e202.

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40

Szpilman, David, Joost J. L. M. Bierens, Anthony J. Handley, and James P. Orlowski. "Drowning." New England Journal of Medicine 366, no. 22 (May 31, 2012): 2102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1013317.

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41

Handley, A. J. "Drowning." BMJ 348, apr16 2 (April 16, 2014): bmj.g1734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1734.

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42

Hasibeder, Walter R. "Drowning." Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 16, no. 2 (April 2003): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001503-200304000-00006.

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43

Desforges, Jane F., and Jerome H. Modell. "Drowning." New England Journal of Medicine 328, no. 4 (January 28, 1993): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199301283280407.

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Lew, Edward K. "Drowning." Academic Emergency Medicine 26, no. 10 (July 16, 2019): 1205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acem.13820.

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Modell, Jerome H. "Drowning." Critical Care Medicine 21, no. 3 (March 1993): 313–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199303000-00003.

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Layon, A. Joseph, Jerome H. Modell, David S. Warner, and Mark A. Warner. "Drowning." Anesthesiology 110, no. 6 (June 1, 2009): 1390–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e3181a4c3b8.

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Over the past four decades, we have learned considerably more about the pathophysiology and treatment of drowning. This, coupled with increased emphasis in improvement in water safety and resuscitation, has produced a threefold decrease in the number of deaths, indexed to population, from drowning in the United States yearly. This review presents the current status of our knowledge of the epidemiology, the pathophysiology of drowning and its treatment, updates the definitions of drowning and the drowning process, and makes suggestions for further improvement in water safety.

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Warner, David S., Joost J. L. M. Bierens, Stephen B. Beerman, and Laurence M. Katz. "Drowning." Anesthesiology 110, no. 6 (June 1, 2009): 1211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e3181a4c3d3.

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48

Bierens, Joost J. L. M., Johannes T. A. Knape, and Harry P. M. M. Gelissen. "Drowning." Current Opinion in Critical Care 8, no. 6 (December 2002): 578–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00075198-200212000-00016.

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Orlowski, James P., and David Szpilman. "DROWNING." Pediatric Clinics of North America 48, no. 3 (June 2001): 627–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70331-x.

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50

Castiglia, Patricia T. "Drowning." Journal of Pediatric Health Care 9, no. 4 (July 1995): 185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5245(05)80034-3.

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