Zeitschriftenartikel: „Drop-in fuels“

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Bogarra-Macias, Maria, Omid Doustdar, Mohammed Fayad, Miroslaw Wyszyński, Athanasios Tsolakis, P. Ding, Andrzej Pacek, Peter Martin, Ralph Overend und Shane O’Leary. „Performance of a drop-in biofuel emulsion on a single-cylinder research diesel engine“. Combustion Engines 166, Nr. 3 (01.08.2016): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2016-324.

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Current targets in reducing CO2 and other greenhouse gases as well as fossil fuel depletion have promoted the research for alternatives to petroleum-based fuels. Pyrolysis oil (PO) from biomass and waste oil is seen as a method to reduce life-cycle CO2, broaden the energy mix and increase the use of renewable fuels. The abundancy and low prices of feedstock have attracted the attention of biomass pyrolysis in order to obtain energy-dense products. Research has been carried out in optimising the pyrolysis process, finding efficient ways to convert the waste to energy. However, the pyrolysis products have a high content in water, high viscosity and high corrosiveness which makes them unsuitable for engine combustion. Upgrading processes such as gasification, trans-esterification or hydro-deoxynegation are then needed. These processes are normally costly and require high energy input. Thus, emulsification in fossil fuels or alcohols is being used as an alternative. In this research work, the feasibility of using PO-diesel emulsion in a single-cylinder diesel engine has been investigated. In-cylinder pressure, regulated gaseous emissions, particulate matter, fuel consumption and lubricity analysis reported. The tests were carried out of a stable non-corrosive wood pyrolysis product produced by Future Blends Ltd of Milton Park, Oxfordshire, UK. The product is trademarked by FBL, and is a stabilized fraction of raw pyrolysis oil produced in a process for which the patent is pending. The results show an increase in gaseous emissions, fuel consumption and a reduction in soot. The combustion was delayed with the emulsified fuel and a high variability was observed during engine operation.

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Shouse, D. T., C. Neuroth, R. C. Hendricks, A. Lynch, C. W. Frayne, J. S. Stutrud, E. Corporan und Capt T. Hankins. „Alternate-Fueled Combustor-Sector Performance—Part A: Combustor Performance and Part B: Combustor Emissions“. ISRN Mechanical Engineering 2012 (18.01.2012): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/684981.

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Alternate aviation fuels for military or commercial use are required to satisfy MIL-DTL-83133F or ASTM D 7566 standards, respectively, and are classified as “drop-in’’ fuel replacements. To satisfy legacy issues, blends to 50% alternate fuel with petroleum fuels are acceptable. Adherence to alternate fuels and fuel blends requires “smart fueling systems’’ or advanced fuel-flexible systems, including combustors and engines, without significant sacrifice in performance or emissions requirements. This paper provides preliminary performance and emissions and particulates combustor sector data. The data are for nominal inlet conditions at 225 psia and 800°F (1.551 MPa and 700 K), for synthetic-paraffinic-kerosene- (SPK-) type (Fisher-Tropsch (FT)) fuel and blends with JP-8+100 relative to JP-8+100 as baseline fueling. Assessments are made of the change in combustor efficiency, wall temperatures, emissions, and luminosity with SPK of 0%, 50%, and 100% fueling composition at 3% combustor pressure drop. The performance results (Part A) indicate no quantifiable differences in combustor efficiency, a general trend to lower liner and higher core flow temperatures with increased FT fuel blends. In general, emissions data (Part B) show little differences, but, with percent increase in FT-SPK-type fueling, particulate emissions and wall temperatures are less than with baseline JP-8. High-speed photography.

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Yakovlev, A. V., und E. A. Sharin. „Justification of Requirements for the Motorless Method of Evaluation of Deposit Forming Tendency of Diesel Fuel on Diesel Engine Injectors“. Oil and Gas Technologies 131, Nr. 6 (2020): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/1815-2600-2020-131-6-34-41.

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The calculation of the dynamics of heating a drop of fuel in the nozzle of diesel injector has been carried out. The possibility of using a gasoline nozzle to assess the tendency of diesel fuels to the formation of deposits on diesel engine injectors has been substantiated. The optimal test temperature for diesel fuels has been experimentally determined. Taking into account the calculated parameters, a method for evaluating the propensity of diesel fuels to form deposits on the injectors was developed on an OSV-01 device. It has been found that darkening of the nozzle bottom and the relative fuel flow loss are independent indicators. It is shown that the sensitivity and differentiating ability of method are sufficient for classification of diesel fuels according to their tendency to form deposits on the injectors of diesel engines. Two criteria for estimating the degree of contamination of nozzle are proposed: contamination of the nozzle bottom and relative fuel flow loss thought nozzle. Preliminary studies of tendency to form deposits of a number of commercial diesel fuels have been conducted.

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Henein, N. A., B. Jawad und E. Gulari. „Effects of Physical Properties of Fuels on Diesel Injection“. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 112, Nr. 3 (01.07.1990): 308–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906496.

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The physical properties of the fuel, such as density, viscosity, surface tension, and bulk modulus of elasticity, affect many aspects of the diesel injection process. The effects of these fuel properties on the fuel pressure in the high-pressure line, rate of injection, leakage, spray penetration, and droplet size distribution were determined experimentally. The mechanism of spray development was investigated by injecting the fuel into a high-pressure chamber. A pulsed Malvern drop-size analyzer, based on Fraunhofer diffraction, was utilized to determine droplet size ranges for various fuels.

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Kolosz, B. W., Y. Luo, B. Xu, M. M. Maroto-Valer und J. M. Andresen. „Life cycle environmental analysis of ‘drop in’ alternative aviation fuels: a review“. Sustainable Energy & Fuels 4, Nr. 7 (2020): 3229–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9se00788a.

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Xu, Peng, Kangjian Qiao, Woo Suk Ahn und Gregory Stephanopoulos. „Engineering Yarrowia lipolytica as a platform for synthesis of drop-in transportation fuels and oleochemicals“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, Nr. 39 (12.09.2016): 10848–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1607295113.

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Harnessing lipogenic pathways and rewiring acyl-CoA and acyl-ACP (acyl carrier protein) metabolism in Yarrowia lipolytica hold great potential for cost-efficient production of diesel, gasoline-like fuels, and oleochemicals. Here we assessed various pathway engineering strategies in Y. lipolytica toward developing a yeast biorefinery platform for sustainable production of fuel-like molecules and oleochemicals. Specifically, acyl-CoA/acyl-ACP processing enzymes were targeted to the cytoplasm, peroxisome, or endoplasmic reticulum to generate fatty acid ethyl esters and fatty alkanes with tailored chain length. Activation of endogenous free fatty acids and the subsequent reduction of fatty acyl-CoAs enabled the efficient synthesis of fatty alcohols. Engineering a hybrid fatty acid synthase shifted the free fatty acids to a medium chain-length scale. Manipulation of alternative cytosolic acetyl-CoA pathways partially decoupled lipogenesis from nitrogen starvation and unleashed the lipogenic potential of Y. lipolytica. Taken together, the strategies reported here represent promising steps to develop a yeast biorefinery platform that potentially upgrades low-value carbons to high-value fuels and oleochemicals in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner.

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Pregger, Thomas, Günter Schiller, Felix Cebulla, Ralph-Uwe Dietrich, Simon Maier, André Thess, Andreas Lischke et al. „Future Fuels—Analyses of the Future Prospects of Renewable Synthetic Fuels“. Energies 13, Nr. 1 (26.12.2019): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010138.

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The Future Fuels project combines research in several institutes of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) on the production and use of synthetic fuels for space, energy, transportation, and aviation. This article gives an overview of the research questions considered and results achieved so far and also provides insight into the multidimensional and interdisciplinary project approach. Various methods and models were used which are embedded in the research context and based on established approaches. The prospects for large-scale fuel production using renewable electricity and solar radiation played a key role in the project. Empirical and model-based investigations of the technological and cost-related aspects were supplemented by modelling of the integration into a future electricity system. The composition, properties, and the related performance and emissions of synthetic fuels play an important role both for potential oxygenated drop-in fuels in road transport and for the design and certification of alternative aviation fuels. In addition, possible green synthetic fuels as an alternative to highly toxic hydrazine were investigated with different tools and experiments using combustion chambers. The results provide new answers to many research questions. The experiences with the interdisciplinary approach of Future Fuels are relevant for the further development of research topics and co-operations in this field.

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Żółtowski, Bogdan, und Mariusz Żółtowski. „A Hydrogenic Electrolyzer for Fuels“. Polish Maritime Research 21, Nr. 4 (31.01.2015): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2014-0044.

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Abstract In this work - in view of still decreasing crude oil resources and increasing fuel prices - are presented issues concerning research on development of other, alternative fuel sources including those used in water, land and air transport means. One of them is hydrogen which, while burning, does not produce noxious carbon dioxide but only side effects such as heat and clean water. It is almost true that along with sudden drop of availability and rising price of crude oil many countries face economical paralysis. Any of alternative sources is not capable of supplying even only a basic amount of such energy, not mentioning the whole amount of energy demanded by our civilization. Hydrogen as an independent fuel for internal combustion engines has yet to go a long way to commercialization. to be Co-burning systems (combustion of mixtures)of today used hydrocarbon fuels combined with hydrogen seem closer to this aim. As proved in many investigations the substitution of a part of hydrocarbon fuel by hydrogen enables to make use of beneficial features of both the fuels. One of possible solutions of the problem may be application of an innovative hydrogenic fuel electrolyzer which is presented and evaluated in this paper.

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Urban, Carolin, Jiajie Xu, Heike Sträuber, Tatiane R. dos Santos Dantas, Jana Mühlenberg, Claus Härtig, Largus T. Angenent und Falk Harnisch. „Production of drop-in fuels from biomass at high selectivity by combined microbial and electrochemical conversion“. Energy & Environmental Science 10, Nr. 10 (2017): 2231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ee01303e.

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Xu, Junming, Jianchun Jiang und Jiaping Zhao. „Thermochemical conversion of triglycerides for production of drop-in liquid fuels“. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (Mai 2016): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.315.

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Wu, An Kang, Xiang Dong Yang, Hua Zhou und Ke Jiu Lu. „Study on the Effect of Fuel Sulfur Content on Emission Characteristics in Diesel Engine“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 577 (Juli 2014): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.577.27.

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In a direct injection turbocharged diesel engine, four fuels with different sulfur content is used to study the effects of emission characteristics in diesel engine. Results show that the smoke emission have certain relations with sulfur content on fuel, the smoke emission decreases remarkably with the decreases of fuel sulfur content, and the sulfur content on fuel has a greater influence on the smoke emission at low load of the diese1 engine, the NOxemissions has no significant change when the engine fuelled with different sulfur content on fuel, while the CO and HC emissions will drop significantly.

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Bauen, Ausilio, Niccolò Bitossi, Lizzie German, Anisha Harris und Khangzhen Leow. „Erratum: Sustainable Aviation Fuels : Status, challenges and prospects of drop-in liquid fuels, hydrogen and electrification in aviation“. Johnson Matthey Technology Review 65, Nr. 3 (01.07.2021): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/205651321x16248677698588.

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Hendricks, Robert C., Dennis M. Bushnell und Dale T. Shouse. „Aviation Fueling: A Cleaner, Greener Approach“. International Journal of Rotating Machinery 2011 (2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/782969.

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Projected growth of aviation depends on fueling where specific needs must be met. Safety is paramount, and along with political, social, environmental, and legacy transport systems requirements, alternate aviation fueling becomes an opportunity of enormous proportions. Biofuels—sourced from halophytes, algae, cyanobacteria, and “weeds” using wastelands, waste water, and seawater—have the capacity to be drop-in fuel replacements for petroleum fuels. Biojet fuels from such sources solve the aviation CO2emissions issue and do not compete with food or freshwater needs. They are not detrimental to the social or environmental fabric and use the existing fuels infrastructure. Cost and sustainable supply remain the major impediments to alternate fuels. Halophytes are the near-term solution to biomass/biofuels capacity at reasonable costs; they simply involve more farming, at usual farming costs. Biofuels represent a win-win approach, proffering as they do—at least the ones we are studying—massive capacity, climate neutral-to-some sequestration, and ultimately, reasonable costs.

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Zahos-Siagos, Iraklis, und Dimitrios Karonis. „Exhaust Emissions and Physicochemical Properties of Hydrotreated Used Cooking Oils in Blends with Diesel Fuel“. International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2018 (01.08.2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4308178.

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Hydroprocessing of liquid biomass is a promising technology for the production of “second generation” renewable fuels to be used in transportation. Its products, normal paraffins, can be further hydrotreated for isomerization in order to improve their cold flow properties. The final product, usually referred to as “paraffinic diesel,” is a high cetane number, clean burning biofuel which is rapidly gaining popularity among researchers and the industry. Nevertheless, the costly isomerization step can be omitted if normal paraffins are to be directly mixed with conventional diesel in low concentrations. In this work, nonisomerized paraffinic diesel produced through hydrotreating of used cooking oil (hydrotreated used cooking oil (HUCO)) has been used in 4 blends (up to 40% v/v) with conventional diesel fuel. The blends’ properties have been assessed comparatively to European EN 590 and EN 15940 standards (concerning conventional automotive diesel fuels and paraffinic diesel fuels from synthesis or hydrotreatment, resp.). Furthermore, the HUCO blends have been used in a standard stationary diesel engine-generator set. The blends have been considered as “drop-in replacements” for standard diesel fuel. As such, no engine modifications took place whatsoever. The engine performance and exhaust emissions of steady-state operation have been examined in comparison with engine operation with the baseline conventional diesel fuel.

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Fredrik Neonufa, Godlief, Meiti Pratiwi, Astri Nur Istyami, Lidya Elizabeth, Sri Suminar Dewi, Ronny Purwadi, Tirto Prakoso und Tatang H. Soerawidjaja. „An innovative method to produce drop-in fuel by alkaline earth-transition metals basic soap decarboxylation“. MATEC Web of Conferences 159 (2018): 02064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815902064.

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Decarboxylation of metal soap is an emerging method to produce drop-in fuels as an alternative to the expensive hydrotreatment process. In this study, the Mg-Fe basic soap produced from palm kernel fatty acid had been successfully decarboxylated into jet-fuel type biohydrocarbons. The Mg-Fe basic soap with ratio of 8:2 mol was decarboxylated for 5 hours at atmospheric pressure and temperature varied up to 370°C; it produced a liquid product whose yield was around 60 %-weight. The resulting hydrocarbon product was a complex mixture consisted of normal paraffins in the range of carbon chain length C8 – C17, iso-and cyclo-paraffins, and various olefin products.

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Chen, Shih-Yuan, Takehisa Mochizuki, Masayasu Nishi, Hideyuki Takagi, Yuji Yoshimura und Makoto Toba. „Hydrotreating of Jatropha-derived Bio-oil over Mesoporous Sulfide Catalysts to Produce Drop-in Transportation Fuels“. Catalysts 9, Nr. 5 (26.04.2019): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9050392.

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The bio-oil was largely produced by thermal pyrolysis of Jatropha-derived biomass wastes (denoted as Jatropha bio-oil) using a pilot plant with a capacity of 20 kg h-1 at Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), Thailand. Jatropha bio-oil is an unconventional type of bio-oil, which is mostly composed of fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, fatty acid amides, and derivatives, and consequently, it contains large amounts of heteroatoms (oxygen ~20 wt.%, nitrogen ~ 5 wt.%, sulfur ~ 1000 ppm.). The heteroatoms, especially nitrogen, are highly poisonous to the metal or sulfide catalysts for upgrading of Jatropha bio-oil. To overcome this technical problem, we reported a stepwise strategy for hydrotreating of 100 wt.% Jatropha bio-oil over mesoporous sulfide catalysts (CoMo/γ-Al2O3 and NiMo/γ-Al2O3) to produce drop-in transport fuels, such as gasoline- and diesel-like fuels. This study is very different from our recent work on co-processing of Jatropha bio-oil (ca. 10 wt.%) with petroleum distillates to produce a hydrotreated oil as a diesel-like fuel. Jatropha bio-oil was pre-treated through a slurry-type high-pressure reactor under severe conditions, resulting in a pre-treated Jatropha bio-oil with relatively low amounts of heteroatoms (oxygen < 20 wt.%, nitrogen < 2 wt.%, sulfur < 500 ppm.). The light and middle distillates of pre-hydrotreated Jatropha bio-oil were then separated by distillation at a temperature below 240 °C, and a temperature of 240–360 °C. Deep hydrotreating of light distillates over sulfide CoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was performed on a batch-type high-pressure reactor at 350 °C and 7 MPa of H2 gas for 5 h. The hydrotreated oil was a gasoline-like fuel, which contained 29.5 vol.% of n-paraffins, 14.4 vol.% of iso-paraffins, 4.5 vol.% of olefins, 21.4 vol.% of naphthene compounds and 29.6 wt.% of aromatic compounds, and little amounts of heteroatoms (nearly no oxygen and sulfur, and less than 50 ppm of nitrogen), corresponding to an octane number of 44, and it would be suitable for blending with petro-gasoline. The hydrotreating of middle distillates over sulfide NiMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst using the same reaction condition produced a hydrotreating oil with diesel-like composition, low amounts of heteroatoms (no oxygen and less than 50 ppm of sulfur and nitrogen), and a cetane number of 60, which would be suitable for use in drop-in diesel fuel.

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Wijesinghe, C. J., und B. Khandelwal. „Impact of aromatic species selection and micro and bulk properties of alternative fuels on atomisation“. Aeronautical Journal 125, Nr. 1288 (05.03.2021): 1013–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2021.6.

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AbstractThe importance of fuel injection methods and their atomisation characteristics has been well described in literature. Also, there are a large number of studies in literature detailing the impact of bulk properties of conventional fuels on atomisation and spray characteristics. However, there is a lack of knowledge on how different alternative fuels, and specifically aromatic species, impact spray and atomisation characteristics. In this investigation, the impact of alternative fuels, selected aromatic species and their properties on spray atomisation was studied. Details of how different aromatic structures, bonds and other micro properties of aromatics species impact spray and atomisation characteristics were investigated. To achieve this objective, testing was conducted using a Rolls-Royce Tay engine fuel injector. It was found that the droplet sizes in the form of the Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) correlate well with fuel properties including density, viscosity and surface tension, which is in line with other published literature. Moreover, it was found that there are several aromatic species (ethylbenzene, cumene and tert-butylbenzene) which display improved atomisation. This indicates that the size of the aliphatic groups attached to the benzene ring in the aromatic molecule impact on the drop size and thereby the combustion characteristics. The worst performers were polyaromatic naphthalene compounds. With the increasing push for fuels with selected aromatic species in the future, this study provides knowledge on the impact of their on the atomisation characteristics.

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Ryu, Supil, Joohong Chun, Namgyu Park und Seungjae Lee. „Effect of Drop Orientation on Structural Integrity of a Shipping Container for Nuclear Fresh Fuel“. E3S Web of Conferences 162 (2020): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016203002.

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A shipping container of fresh fuel in nuclear industry is used to prevent a leakage of unirradiated radioactive materials and to maintain an integrity of nuclear fuels during transportation. In this study, the drop behavior was predicted and the effect of drop orientation on structural integrity of a shipping container in case of 9 m free drop was studied. LS-DYNA which is a computer code designed to perform nonlinear dynamic analysis using explicit time integration was used in numerical analyses. The material properties were applied to the analysis model to predict the nonlinear transient behavior and three kinds of drop orientations were considered. The analysis results such as accelerations, reaction forces and internal assembly deformations were compared for each case in terms of the containment and confinement systems. Test results showed that a significant impact energy was absorbed by the polyurethane foam and shock absorbers. The drop orientations that have the greatest impact on the containment and confinement systems were Case 1 and Case 3, respectively. Through this study, these study results can be applicable to the container design modification and the shipping container development.

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Meiller, Martin, Jürgen Oischinger, Robert Daschner und Andreas Hornung. „Development of a New Sensor Module for an Enhanced Fuel Flexible Operation of Biomass Boilers“. Processes 9, Nr. 4 (09.04.2021): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9040661.

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The heterogeneity of biogenic fuels, and especially biogenic residues with regard to water and ash content, particle size and particle size distribution is challenging for biomass combustion, and limits fuel flexibility. Online fuel characterization as a part of process control could help to optimize combustion processes, increase fuel flexibility and reduce emissions. In this research article, a concept for a new sensor module is presented and first tests are displayed to show its feasibility. The concept is based on the principle of hot air convective drying. The idea is to pass warm air with 90 °C through a bulk of fuel like wood chips and measure different characteristics such as moisture, temperatures and pressure drop over the bulk material as a function over time. These functions are the basis to draw conclusions and estimate relevant fuel properties. To achieve this goal, a test rig with a volume of 0.038 m3 was set up in the laboratory and a series of tests was performed with different fuels (wood chips, saw dust, wood pellets, residues from forestry, corn cobs and biochar). Further tests were carried out with conditioned fuels with defined water and fines contents. The experiments show that characteristic functions arise over time. The central task for the future will be to assign these functions to specific fuel characteristics. Based on the data, the concept for a software for an automated, data-based fuel detection system was designed.

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Turner, James W. G., Andrew G. J. Lewis, Sam Akehurst, Chris J. Brace, Sebastian Verhelst, Jeroen Vancoillie, Louis Sileghem, Felix C. P. Leach und Peter P. Edwards. „Alcohol Fuels for Spark-Ignition Engines: Performance, Efficiency, and Emission Effects at Mid to High Blend Rates for Ternary Mixtures“. Energies 13, Nr. 23 (03.12.2020): 6390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236390.

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This paper follows on from an earlier publication on high-blend-rate binary gasoline-alcohol mixtures and reports results for some equivalent ternary fuels from several investigation streams. In the present work, new findings are presented for high-load operation in a dedicated boosted multi-cylinder engine test facility, for operation in modified production engines, for knock performance in a single-cylinder test engine, and for exhaust particulate emissions at part load using both the prototype multi-cylinder engine and a separate single-cylinder engine. The wide variety of test engines employed have several differences, including their fuel delivery strategies. This range of engine specifications is considered beneficial with regard to the “drop-in fuel” conjecture, since the results presented here bear out the contention, already established in the literature, that when specified according to the known ternary blending rules, such fuels fundamentally perform identically to their binary equivalents in terms of engine performance, and outperform standard gasolines in terms of efficiency. However, in the present work, some differences in particulate emissions performance in direct-injection engines have been found at light load for the tested fuels, with a slight increase in particulate number observed with higher methanol contents than lower. A hypothesis is developed to explain this result but in general it was found that these fuels do not significantly affect PN emissions from such engines. As a result, this investigation supplies further evidence that renewable fuels can be introduced simply into the existing vehicle fleet, with the inherent backwards compatibility that this brings too.

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Ribeiro, Daniela F. S., André R. R. Silva und Miguel R. O. Panão. „Insights into Single Droplet Impact Models upon Liquid Films Using Alternative Fuels for Aero-Engines“. Applied Sciences 10, Nr. 19 (25.09.2020): 6698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196698.

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In aero-engines, the introduction of biofuels is among the best alternatives to fossil fuels, and this change is likely to affect the impact of droplets on interposed surfaces. Under this framework, this work reviews the main morphological hydrodynamic structures occurring upon the impact of a liquid droplet on a wetted surface, using jet fuel and biofuel mixtures as alternative fuels. The experiments performed allow investigating the effect of the liquid film thickness on the dynamic behavior of single drop impact, considering the relevancy of these phenomena to the optimization of engine operating parameters. Particular emphasis is given to the occurrence of crown splash, and the morphological differences in the outcomes of drop impact depending on the impact conditions and fluid properties. The four fluids tested included pure water (as reference), 100% Jet A-1, 75%/25%, and 50%/50% mixtures of Jet A-1 and NExBTL (Neste Renewable Diesel)—with the Weber impact number between 103 and 1625; Reynolds values 1411–16,889; and dimensionless film thicknesses of δ = 0.1, 0.5, and 1. The analysis on the secondary atomization for the different fluids evidences the predominance of prompt and crown splash, and jetting for alternative fuels. Finally, besides a systematic review of empirical correlations for the transition to splash, we investigate their universality by extrapolating the validation range to evaluate their ability to predict the outcome of impact accurately. One of the correlations studied show the highest degree of universality for the current experimental conditions, despite its limitation to thin liquid films (δ=0.1).

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Budsaereechai, Supattra, Andrew J. Hunt und Yuvarat Ngernyen. „Catalytic pyrolysis of plastic waste for the production of liquid fuels for engines“. RSC Advances 9, Nr. 10 (2019): 5844–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra10058f.

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Catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastics using low cost binder-free pelletized bentonite clay has been investigated to yield pyrolysis oils as drop-in replacements for commercial liquid fuels such as diesel and gasohol 91.

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Petter, Ryan, und Wallace E. Tyner. „Technoeconomic and Policy Analysis for Corn Stover Biofuels“. ISRN Economics 2014 (04.02.2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/515898.

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Conventional fossil fuels dominate the marketplace, and their prices are a direct competitor for drop-in biofuels. This paper examines the impact of fuel selling price uncertainty on investment risk in a fast pyrolysis derived biofuel production facility. Production cost specifications are gathered from previous research. Monte Carlo analysis is employed with uncertainty in fuel selling price, biomass cost, bio-oil yield, and hydrogen price parameters. Experiments reveal that fuel price has a large impact on investment risk. A reverse auction would shift risk from the private sector to the public sector and is shown to be more effective at encouraging private investment than capital subsidies for the same expected public cost.

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López-Rosales, Alan, Katia Ancona-Canché, Juan Chavarria-Hernandez, Felipe Barahona-Pérez, Tanit Toledano-Thompson, Gloria Garduño-Solórzano, Silvia López-Adrian, Blondy Canto-Canché, Erik Polanco-Lugo und Ruby Valdez-Ojeda. „Fatty Acids, Hydrocarbons and Terpenes of Nannochloropsis and Nannochloris Isolates with Potential for Biofuel Production“. Energies 12, Nr. 1 (31.12.2018): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12010130.

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Marine microalgae are a promising feedstock for biofuel production given their high growth rates and biomass production together with cost reductions due to the use of seawater for culture preparation. However, different microalgae species produce different families of compounds. Some compounds could be used directly as fuels, while others require thermochemical processing to obtain quality biofuels. This work focuses on the characterization of three marine microalgae strains native in Mexico and reported for the first time. Ultrastructure and phylogenetic analysis, suggested that they belong to Nannochloropsis sp. (NSRE-1 and NSRE-2) and Nannochloris sp. (NRRE-1). The composition of their lipid fractions included hydrocarbons, triacylglycerides (TAGs), free fatty acids (FFAs) and terpenes. Based on theoretical estimations from TAG and FFA composition, the potential biodiesels were found to comply with six of the seven estimated properties (ASTM D6751 and EN 14214). On the other hand, hydrocarbons and terpenes synthesized by the strains have outstanding potential as precursors for the production of other renewable fuels, mainly green diesel and bio-jet fuel, which are “drop-in” fuels with quality properties similar to fossil fuels. The validity of this theoretical analysis was demonstrated for the oxygenates of strain NSRE-2, which were experimentally hydrodeoxygenated, obtaining a high-quality renewable diesel as the reaction product.

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Flora, Giacomo, Jayakishan Balagurunathan, Saumitra Saxena, Jeremy P. Cain, Moshan S. P. Kahandawala, Matthew J. DeWitt, Sukhjinder S. Sidhu und Edwin Corporan. „Chemical ignition delay of candidate drop-in replacement jet fuels under fuel-lean conditions: A shock tube study“. Fuel 209 (Dezember 2017): 457–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.07.082.

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Hailey, Anna K., Johannes C. Meerman, Eric D. Larson und Yueh-Lin Loo. „Low-carbon “drop-in replacement” transportation fuels from non-food biomass and natural gas“. Applied Energy 183 (Dezember 2016): 1722–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.09.068.

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Kapustova, Maria, und Beáta Šimeková. „The Importance of Forging Line Modernization for Material Flow in Drop Forge“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 309 (Februar 2013): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.309.141.

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This contribution proposes an optimization of material flow by means of modernizing of forging lines - type induction furnace / crank forging press / trimming press. The basis of design of forging line treatment is placement of hydraulic shear machine for shearing of heated bar to semi-products before respective forging of forged pieces. This method helped to remove previous redundant workplace for semi-products preparation, which causes reduction of technologic operations and substantial decrease of material flow in die forge. Proposed variant of material flow optimization brings economic profit by means of reduction of production times and fuels costs intended for pallets transport. Given save will be interesting for die forges as it contains also calculation of logistical effect.

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Meerman, Johannes C., und Eric D. Larson. „Negative-carbon drop-in transport fuels produced via catalytic hydropyrolysis of woody biomass with CO2capture and storage“. Sustainable Energy & Fuels 1, Nr. 4 (2017): 866–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7se00013h.

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Knapp, Eric E., Dylan W. Schwilk, Jeffrey M. Kane und Jon E. Keeley. „Role of burning season on initial understory vegetation response to prescribed fire in a mixed conifer forest“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, Nr. 1 (01.01.2007): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-200.

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Although the majority of fires in the western United States historically occurred during the late summer or early fall when fuels were dry and plants were dormant or nearly so, early-season prescribed burns are often ignited when fuels are still moist and plants are actively growing. The purpose of this study was to determine if burn season influences postfire vegetation recovery. Replicated early-season burn, late-season burn, and unburned control units were established in a mixed conifer forest, and understory vegetation was evaluated before and after treatment. Vegetation generally recovered rapidly after prescribed burning. However, late-season burns resulted in a temporary but significant drop in cover and a decline in species richness at the 1 m2 scale in the following year. For two of the several taxa that were negatively affected by burning, the reduction in frequency was greater after late-season than early-season burns. Early-season burns may have moderated the effect of fire by consuming less fuel and lessening the amount of soil heating. Our results suggest that, when burned under high fuel loading conditions, many plant species respond more strongly to differences in fire intensity and severity than to timing of the burn relative to stage of plant growth.

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Khan, Muhammad Bilal, Ali Hussain Kazim, Aqsa Shabbir, Muhammad Farooq, Haroon Farooq, Qasim Ali, Muhammad Rohail Danish, Nabeel Shahid Qureshi und Hamza Abdul Rab. „Performance and emission analysis of high purity biodiesel blends in diesel engine“. Advances in Mechanical Engineering 12, Nr. 11 (November 2020): 168781402097415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814020974156.

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Biodiesel, a biodegradable, highly oxygenated and renewable energy resource, is produced by esterification of vegetable oils. This work focuses on using electrolytic separation and emulsification to produce purer biodiesel having high cetane index of 61.4. Vegetable oil mixture is used as feedstock. Maximum production yield is 84%. The decrease in engine peak torque was minimum for B5 at 1.94% while maximum decrease was for B20. B5 show a slight increase in power while B20 and B50 show significant drop. For all test speeds, B50 shows higher efficiency than all test fuels however the BSFC was significantly higher than diesel until 88.8% of the maximum engine speed. The maximum increase in brake thermal efficiency for B5 is found to be 2.09% which is 7.9% more than diesel at 2000 rpm. A significant increase of maximum 3.719% in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is observed. Maximum reduction in CO emissions is 53.3% for B50 at 2250 rpm accompanied with a maximum average drop in HCs of 74.4%. The variation in the NOx is insignificant. B5 is found to be the most effective blend for both maintaining the engine performance and improving the engine emissions.

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Rye, L., S. Blakey und C. W. Wilson. „Sustainability of supply or the planet: a review of potential drop-in alternative aviation fuels“. Energy Environ. Sci. 3, Nr. 1 (2010): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b918197k.

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Barrett, K. E., K. D. Ellis, C. R. Glass, G. A. Roth, M. P. Teague und J. Johns. „Critical processes and parameters in the development of accident tolerant fuels drop-in capsule irradiation tests“. Nuclear Engineering and Design 294 (Dezember 2015): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2015.07.074.

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Orzechowski, Tadeusz. „Leidenfrost evaporation of a single droplet of gasoline blends of ethanol“. EPJ Web of Conferences 213 (2019): 02062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921302062.

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The increase in energy consumption is observed since the middle of the 20th century. At the same time, the International Energy Agency (IEA) forecasts a 50% increase in energy consumption by 2030. One of the ways to reduce the consumption of such fuels are small additions received from natural gas and renewable energy sources. Mixtures of alcohols with gasoline and diesel oil are produced. Their small additions allow for a certain share of energy from renewable sources without a noticeable change in the combustion characteristics of such fuels. The paper presents the studies on the evaporation of drops of gasoline with a total composition CnHn+2, where n = 5 to 7. Its components are distillation products of crude oil with a low flash point. It is a colourless liquid mixture which main components are: n-heptane, neohexane and cyclopentane. The evaporation characteristics of such a drop with the addition of ethanol are also given. The result of the conducted research is the loss of mass during the drop carried above the surface with temperature above the Leidefrost point.

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Deutz, Sarah, Dominik Bongartz, Benedikt Heuser, Arne Kätelhön, Luisa Schulze Langenhorst, Ahmad Omari, Marius Walters et al. „Cleaner production of cleaner fuels: wind-to-wheel – environmental assessment of CO2-based oxymethylene ether as a drop-in fuel“. Energy & Environmental Science 11, Nr. 2 (2018): 331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ee01657c.

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Susanto, Miki Tri, Andrizal Andrizal und Martias Martias. „Influence of Fuel Type Gasoline For Power, Torque, And Emissions On 4 Stroke Motorcycles“. MOTIVECTION : Journal of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering 1, Nr. 2 (15.05.2019): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46574/motivection.v1i2.27.

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Various assumptions circulating in the community about the use of fuel types on motorcycles, among others; First use of a conventional motorcycle with a low compression can help clean the burn chamber, improve the performance of the engine, and no difference the perceived premium fuel users have on the EFI motorcycle with the compression Lower. The angapan caused the user to prefer Premium fuel due to a more economical price. This study was conducted to determine the influence of fuel usage on machine performance with multiple criteria. There is a treatment applied to the research object, so to get the desired data on this research using the experimental method. The resulting power drop occurred on the use of premium and pertalite fuels when compared with the power generated on the use of first fuel. The biggest power decline occurred in the comparison of power between first fuel with premium with a large decrease of 4.32%.

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FAROOQ, Sk, und D. VINAY KUMAR. „Experimental Study on Performance, Emissions and Combustion Characteristics of PFI Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with E30 Equivalent Binary and Ternary GEM Blends“. INCAS BULLETIN 12, Nr. 3 (01.09.2020): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2020.12.3.8.

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This work presents the concept of ternary blends of gasoline, ethanol and methanol (GEM) in which stoichiometric air to fuel ratio is controlled to 13.2, same as that of conventional binary E30 (Gasoline 70% + Ethanol 30% (v/v)) fuel blend. The formulated E30 equivalent ternary blends have approximately the same energy density, lower heating value and octane number as target binary E30 blend such that they can be a drop-in alternative to it. The experimental work was performed to investigate the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of PFI SI engine using E30 equivalent GEM blends. The engine tests were conducted at constant load while varying the engine speed from 1700 to 3300 rpm by varying the throttle position. The performance, emission and combustion results were measured and compared with pure gasoline. The results show that formulated GEM blends have similar brake thermal efficiency, in-cylinder pressure and net heat release as binary E30 blend and are improved when compared to pure gasoline. It is also noted that exhaust emissions such as Carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) show decreased values and increase in Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) for blended fuels compared to pure gasoline due to oxygenated nature of alcohol fuels.

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Bagnato, Giuseppe, Aimaro Sanna, Emilia Paone und Enrico Catizzone. „Recent Catalytic Advances in Hydrotreatment Processes of Pyrolysis Bio-Oil“. Catalysts 11, Nr. 2 (23.01.2021): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11020157.

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Catalytic hydrotreatment (HT) is one of the most important refining steps in the actual petroleum-based refineries for the production of fuels and chemicals, and it will play also a crucial role for the development of biomass-based refineries. In fact, the utilization of HT processes for the upgrading of biomass and/or lignocellulosic residues aimed to the production of synthetic fuels and chemical intermediates represents a reliable strategy to reduce both carbon dioxide emissions and fossil fuels dependence. At this regard, the catalytic hydrotreatment of oils obtained from either thermochemical (e.g., pyrolysis) or physical (e.g., vegetable seeds pressing) processes allows to convert biomass-derived oils into a biofuel with properties very similar to conventional ones (so-called drop-in biofuels). Similarly, catalytic hydro-processing also may have a key role in the valorization of other biorefinery streams, such as lignocellulose, for the production of high-added value chemicals. This review is focused on recent hydrotreatment developments aimed to stabilizing the pyrolytic oil from biomasses. A particular emphasis is devoted on the catalyst formulation, reaction pathways, and technologies.

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Cao, Qin-Liu, Mehrdad Massoudi, Wen-He Liao, Feng Feng und Wei-Tao Wu. „Flow Characteristics of Water-HPC Gel in Converging Tubes and Tapered Injectors“. Energies 12, Nr. 9 (30.04.2019): 1643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091643.

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Gelled fuels combine the main advantages of liquid fuels (throttle ability) and solid fuels (easy handling, etc.) due to their non-Newtonian characteristics. In this paper, we study the flow characteristics of water-hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) gel in converging tubes and tapered injectors which mimic the flow and injection of kerosene gel in typical geometries of propulsion systems. The water-HPC gel is modeled as a non-linear fluid, where the shear viscosity is assumed to depend on the local shear rate and modeled by the Carreau–Yasuda model; the model parameters are fitted with our experimental measurements done by a rotational rheometer. The numerical simulations indicate that for the converging tubes, increasing the convergence angle, causes the mean apparent viscosity at tube exit to decrease while the mass flow rate reduces at a constant pressure drop. Therefore, there is a balance between the lowering of the pressure loss and reducing mean apparent viscosity. In the tapered injectors, the straight pipe after the converging part has a detrimental effect on the viscosity reduction.

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Elsayed, Omar, Ralf Kirsch, Fabian Krull, Sergiy Antonyuk und Sebastian Osterroth. „Pore-Scale Simulation of the Interaction between a Single Water Droplet and a Hydrophobic Wire Mesh Screen in Diesel“. Fluids 6, Nr. 9 (07.09.2021): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids6090319.

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Recently, the trend towards sustainable energy production and pollution control has motivated the increased consumption of ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) or bio-fuels. Such fuels have relatively low surface tension with water and therefore, the separation of water from fuel has become a challenging problem. The separation process relies on using porous structures for the collection and removal of water droplets. Hence, understanding the interaction between water droplets and the separators is vital. The simplest geometry of a separator is the wire mesh screen, which is used in many modern water–diesel separators. Thus, it is considered here for systematic study. In this work, pore-scale computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed using OpenFOAM® (an open-source C++ toolbox for fluid dynamics simulations) coupled with a new accurate scheme for the computation of the surface tension force. First, two validation test cases were performed and compared to experimental observations in corresponding bubble-point tests. Second, in order to describe the interaction between water droplets and wire mesh screens, the simulations were performed with different parameters: mean diesel velocity, open area ratio, fiber radii, Young–Laplace contact angle, and the droplet radius. New correlations were obtained which describe the average reduction of open surface area (clogging), the pressure drop, and retention criteria.

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Liu, Yu, Jun Li, Ying Gao und Xin Mei Yuan. „Laser Diagnostic Investigation on the Spray and Combustion with Butanol-Biodiesel-Diesel Fuel Blends“. Advanced Materials Research 443-444 (Januar 2012): 986–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.443-444.986.

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. In this paper, blends of butanol-biodiesel-diesel were tested inside a constant volume chamber to investigate liquid spray and combustion of the fuels. With high-speed camera and synchronized copper vapor laser, spray penetration during injection is recorded since it has a higher light reflectivity. Various ambient temperatures and fuel composition were investigated. There is a sudden drop in spray penetration at 800 K and 900 K, but not at 1000 K and 1200 K. When the spray penetration of the butanol-biodiesel-diesel blends is compared to that of the biodiesel-diesel blends, under non-combusting environment, a sudden drop in spray penetration length is also observed at 1100 K. High speed imaging shows that, for the non-combusting case, at 1100 K, the tip of the spray jet erupts into a plume sometime after injection for the butanol-biodiesel-diesel blend. The same is not seen with the biodiesel-diesel blend, neither at lower ambient temperature of 900 K. It is concluded that micro-explosion can occurs under particular conditions for the butanol-biodiesel-diesel blend, and the results is consistent with previous study in the literature.

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Castellanos-Gonzalez, Duvan A., João Manoel Losada Moreira, José Rubens Maiorino und Pedro Carajilescov. „Validation of the COTENP Code: A Steady-State Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis Code for Nuclear Reactors with Plate Type Fuel Assemblies“. Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2018 (02.12.2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9874196.

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This article presents the validation of the Code for Thermal-hydraulic Evaluation of Nuclear Reactors with Plate Type Fuels (COTENP), a subchannel code which performs steady-state thermal-hydraulic analysis of nuclear reactors with plate type fuel assemblies operating with the coolant at low pressure levels. The code is suitable for design analysis of research, test, and multipurpose reactors. To solve the conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy, we adopt the subchannel and control volume methods based on fuel assembly geometric data and thermal-hydraulic conditions. We consider the chain or cascade method in two steps to facilitate the analysis of whole core. In the first step, we divide the core into channels with dimensions equivalent to that of the fuel assembly and identify the assembly with largest enthalpy rise as the hot assembly. In the second step, we divide the hot fuel assembly into subchannels with size equivalent to one actual coolant channel and similarly identify the hot subchannel. The code utilizes the homogenous equilibrium model for two-phase flow treatment and the balanced drop pressure approach for the flow rate determination. The code results include detailed information such as core pressure drop, mass flow rate distribution, coolant, cladding and centerline fuel temperatures, coolant quality, local heat flux, and results regarding onset of nucleate boiling and departure of nucleate boiling. To validate the COTENP code, we considered experimental data from the Brazilian IEA-R1 research reactor and calculated data from the Chinese CARR multipurpose reactor. The mean relative discrepancies for the coolant distribution were below 5%, for the coolant velocity were 1.5%, and for the pressure drop were below 10.7%. The latter discrepancy can be partially justified due to lack of information to adequately model the IEA-R1 experiment and CARR reactor. The results show that the COTENP code is sufficiently accurate to perform steady-state thermal-hydraulic design analyses for reactors with plate type fuel assemblies.

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Annamalai, K., W. Ryan und S. Chandra. „Evaporation of Multicomponent Drop Arrays“. Journal of Heat Transfer 115, Nr. 3 (01.08.1993): 707–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910742.

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The conventional fuels that are used in the field of transportation are primarily composed of two or more components. Each component evaporates, mixes with hot oxidant gases, ignites, and burns. Since evaporation is the precursor of the sequence of events leading to combustion, the evaporation studies on the multi-component drops are essential for determining the governing parameters of spray evaporation. While single-component drop studies have been carried out extensively in the past, very limited literature exists on the multicomponent array evaporation. The present paper deals with the evaporation of multicomponent fuel droplets in an array using the recently developed point source method (PSM). First, the quasi-steady (QS) evaporation of an isolated, multicomponent droplet is briefly analyzed. The resultant governing equations, along with Raoult’s law and the Cox-Antoine relation, constitute the set of equations needed to arrive at the solutions for: (1) the droplet surface temperature, (2) the evaporation rate of each species, and (3) the vapor mass fraction of each species at the droplet surface. The PSM, which treats the droplet as a point mass source and heat sink, is then adopted to obtain an analytic expression for the evaporation rate of a multicomponent droplet in an array of liquid droplets. Defining the correction factor (η) as a ratio of the evaporation of a drop in an array to the evaporation rate of a similar isolated multi-component drop, an expression for the correction factor is obtained. The results of the point source method (PSM) are then compared with those obtained elsewhere for a three-drop array that uses the method of images (MOI). Excellent agreement is obtained. The treatment is then extended to a binary drop array to study the effect of interdrop spacing on vaporization. When the drops are close to each other, the evaporation rate of the droplet in the array containing the larger percentage of volatiles is higher than the rate under isolated conditions (η>1). The results qualitatively confirm the experimental data reported elsewhere. Parametric results were obtained for the effect of changing the composition on the correction factor and finally critical drop compositions in the binary array are given for which η>1. Even though the results for the average correction factor of the whole array of 2 to 9 drops obtained using PSM are almost the same as the results from MOI, the correction factor of the center drop under severe interaction may deviate from those results obtained with MOI.

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Zhang, Zhao Huan, Li Ming Ba, Chu Fu Li, Xuan Li und Qiang Guo. „Material of High Temperature Heat Exchanger in Fuel Cell System“. Materials Science Forum 950 (April 2019): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.950.170.

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Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) systems are considered to be the most competitive green energy technology in the future because of their high energy conversion rates, low emissions and multiple fuels available. High temperature heat exchanger plays an important role in the system. The process system requires the design of heat exchangers to achieve operating temperature (700-800 °C), cross-temperature (>500°C) and low pressure drop in the smallest space, which is a challenge to the choice of materials. In this paper, the performances (Tensile strength, yield strength, linear expansion coefficient, and thermal conductivity coefficient) and price of high temperature alloy materials (304H, 310S, incoloy800H and Incoloy625) in the current application environment are compared. The applicable material (310S) of heat exchanger is determined. It provides a material basis for research and development of high temperature heat exchangers in SOFC system and commercialization.

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M. Yudin, A. S., A. N. Oumer, N. F. M. Roslan und M. A. Zulkarnain. „Computational and Experimental Study on Pressure Drop in a Fluidised Bed with Different Air Distributor Designs“. International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 17, Nr. 2 (06.08.2020): 8043–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.17.2.2020.22.0603.

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Fluidised bed combustion (FBC) has been recognised as a suitable technology for converting a wide variety of fuels into energy. In a fluidised bed, the air is passed through a bed of granular solids resting on a distributor plate. Distributor plate plays an essential role as it determines the gas-solid movement and mixing pattern in a fluidised bed. It is believed that the effect of distributor configurations such as variation of free area ratio and air inclination angle through the distributor will affect the operational pressure drop of the fluidised bed. This paper presents an investigation on pressure drop in fluidised bed without the presence of inert materials using different air distributor designs; conventional perforated plate, multi-nozzles, and two newly proposed slotted distributors (45° and 90° inclined slotted distributors). A 3-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is developed and compared with the experimental results. The flow model is based on the incompressible isothermal RNG k-epsilon turbulent model. In the present study, systematic grid-refinement is conducted to make sure that the simulation results are independent of the computational grid size. The non-dimensional wall distance, is examined as a key factor to verify the grid independence by comparing results obtained at different grid resolutions. The multi-nozzles distributor yields higher distributor pressure drop with the averaged maximum value of 749 Pa followed by perforated, 45° and 90° inclined distributors where the maximum pressure drop recorded to be about one-fourth of the value of the multi-nozzles pressure drop. The maximum pressure drop was associated with the higher kinetic head of the inlet air due to the restricted and minimum number of distributor openings and low free area ratio. The results suggested that low-pressure drop operation in a fluidised bed can be achieved with the increase of open area ratio of the distributor.

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Stelmasiak, Zdzisław. „Application of Alcohols to Dual - Fuel Feeding the Spark-Ignition and Self-Ignition Engines“. Polish Maritime Research 21, Nr. 3 (28.10.2014): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2014-0034.

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Abstract This paper concerns analysis of possible use of alcohols for the feeding of self - ignition and spark-ignition engines operating in a dual- fuel mode, i.e. simultaneously combusting alcohol and diesel oil or alcohol and petrol. Issues associated with the requirements for application of bio-fuels were presented with taking into account National Index Targets, bio-ethanol production methods and dynamics of its production worldwide and in Poland. Te considerations are illustrated by results of the tests on spark- ignition and self- ignition engines fed with two fuels: petrol and methanol or diesel oil and methanol, respectively. Te tests were carried out on a 1100 MPI Fiat four- cylinder engine with multi-point injection and a prototype collector fitted with additional injectors in each cylinder. Te other tested engine was a SW 680 six- cylinder direct- injection diesel engine. Influence of a methanol addition on basic operational parameters of the engines and exhaust gas toxicity were analyzed. Te tests showed a favourable influence of methanol on combustion process of traditional fuels and on some operational parameters of engines. An addition of methanol resulted in a distinct rise of total efficiency of both types of engines at maintained output parameters (maximum power and torque). In the same time a radical drop in content of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas was observed at high shares of methanol in feeding dose of ZI (petrol) engine, and 2-3 fold lower smokiness in case of ZS (diesel) engine. Among unfavourable phenomena, a rather insignificant rise of CO and NOx content for ZI engine, and THC and NOx - for ZS engine, should be numbered. It requires to carry out further research on optimum control parameters of the engines. Conclusions drawn from this work may be used for implementation of bio-fuels to feeding the combustion engines.

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Cao, Zhengwen, Michael Dierks, Matthew Thomas Clough, Ilton Barros Daltro de Castro und Roberto Rinaldi. „A Convergent Approach for a Deep Converting Lignin-First Biorefinery Rendering High-Energy-Density Drop-in Fuels“. Joule 2, Nr. 6 (Juni 2018): 1118–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.03.012.

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Wang, Wei-Cheng, und An-Cheng Lee. „The study of producing “drop-in” fuels from agricultural waste through fast pyrolysis and catalytic hydro-processing“. Renewable Energy 133 (April 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.10.022.

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Preuß, Josefine, Karin Munch und Ingemar Denbratt. „Performance and emissions of long-chain alcohols as drop-in fuels for heavy duty compression ignition engines“. Fuel 216 (März 2018): 890–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.11.122.

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Lin, Musen, Jinhua Wang, Bin Wu und Yue Li. „Dynamic analysis of dry storage canister and the spent fuels inside under vertical drop in HTR-PM“. Annals of Nuclear Energy 154 (Mai 2021): 108030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2020.108030.

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Wojcieszyk, Michał, Lotta Knuutila, Yuri Kroyan, Mário de Pinto Balsemão, Rupali Tripathi, Juha Keskivali, Anna Karvo, Annukka Santasalo-Aarnio, Otto Blomstedt und Martti Larmi. „Performance of Anisole and Isobutanol as Gasoline Bio-Blendstocks for Spark Ignition Engines“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 16 (05.08.2021): 8729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168729.

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Several countries have set ambitious targets for the transport sector that mandate a gradual increase in advanced biofuel content in the coming years. The current work addresses this transition and indicates two promising gasoline bio-blendstocks: Anisole and isobutanol. The whole value chains of these bio-components were considered, focusing on end-use performance, but also analyzing feedstock and its conversion, well-to wheel (WTW) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and costs. Three alternative fuels, namely a ternary blend (15% anisole, 15% isobutanol, 70% fossil gasoline on an energy basis) and two binary blends (15% anisole with fossil gasoline and 30% isobutanol with fossil gasoline), were tested, focusing on their drop-in applicability in spark ignition (SI) engines. The formulated liquid fuels performed well and showed the potential to increase brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 1.4% on average. Measured unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were increased on average by 12–29% and 17–51%, respectively. However, HC and CO concentrations and exhaust temperatures were at acceptable levels for proper catalyst operation. The studied blends were estimated to bring 11–22% of WTW GHG emission reductions compared to base gasoline. Additionally, the fleet performance and benefits of flexi-fuel vehicles (FFV) were modeled for ternary blends.

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