Thematische Bibliographien / Drop-in fuels

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Drop-in fuels“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 29. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 1. Februar 2022

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Drop-in fuels"

Bogarra-Macias, Maria, Omid Doustdar, Mohammed Fayad, Miroslaw Wyszyński, Athanasios Tsolakis, P. Ding, Andrzej Pacek, Peter Martin, Ralph Overend und Shane O’Leary. „Performance of a drop-in biofuel emulsion on a single-cylinder research diesel engine“. Combustion Engines 166, Nr. 3 (01.08.2016): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2016-324.

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Current targets in reducing CO2 and other greenhouse gases as well as fossil fuel depletion have promoted the research for alternatives to petroleum-based fuels. Pyrolysis oil (PO) from biomass and waste oil is seen as a method to reduce life-cycle CO2, broaden the energy mix and increase the use of renewable fuels. The abundancy and low prices of feedstock have attracted the attention of biomass pyrolysis in order to obtain energy-dense products. Research has been carried out in optimising the pyrolysis process, finding efficient ways to convert the waste to energy. However, the pyrolysis products have a high content in water, high viscosity and high corrosiveness which makes them unsuitable for engine combustion. Upgrading processes such as gasification, trans-esterification or hydro-deoxynegation are then needed. These processes are normally costly and require high energy input. Thus, emulsification in fossil fuels or alcohols is being used as an alternative. In this research work, the feasibility of using PO-diesel emulsion in a single-cylinder diesel engine has been investigated. In-cylinder pressure, regulated gaseous emissions, particulate matter, fuel consumption and lubricity analysis reported. The tests were carried out of a stable non-corrosive wood pyrolysis product produced by Future Blends Ltd of Milton Park, Oxfordshire, UK. The product is trademarked by FBL, and is a stabilized fraction of raw pyrolysis oil produced in a process for which the patent is pending. The results show an increase in gaseous emissions, fuel consumption and a reduction in soot. The combustion was delayed with the emulsified fuel and a high variability was observed during engine operation.

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Shouse, D. T., C. Neuroth, R. C. Hendricks, A. Lynch, C. W. Frayne, J. S. Stutrud, E. Corporan und Capt T. Hankins. „Alternate-Fueled Combustor-Sector Performance—Part A: Combustor Performance and Part B: Combustor Emissions“. ISRN Mechanical Engineering 2012 (18.01.2012): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/684981.

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Alternate aviation fuels for military or commercial use are required to satisfy MIL-DTL-83133F or ASTM D 7566 standards, respectively, and are classified as “drop-in’’ fuel replacements. To satisfy legacy issues, blends to 50% alternate fuel with petroleum fuels are acceptable. Adherence to alternate fuels and fuel blends requires “smart fueling systems’’ or advanced fuel-flexible systems, including combustors and engines, without significant sacrifice in performance or emissions requirements. This paper provides preliminary performance and emissions and particulates combustor sector data. The data are for nominal inlet conditions at 225 psia and 800°F (1.551 MPa and 700 K), for synthetic-paraffinic-kerosene- (SPK-) type (Fisher-Tropsch (FT)) fuel and blends with JP-8+100 relative to JP-8+100 as baseline fueling. Assessments are made of the change in combustor efficiency, wall temperatures, emissions, and luminosity with SPK of 0%, 50%, and 100% fueling composition at 3% combustor pressure drop. The performance results (Part A) indicate no quantifiable differences in combustor efficiency, a general trend to lower liner and higher core flow temperatures with increased FT fuel blends. In general, emissions data (Part B) show little differences, but, with percent increase in FT-SPK-type fueling, particulate emissions and wall temperatures are less than with baseline JP-8. High-speed photography.

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Yakovlev, A. V., und E. A. Sharin. „Justification of Requirements for the Motorless Method of Evaluation of Deposit Forming Tendency of Diesel Fuel on Diesel Engine Injectors“. Oil and Gas Technologies 131, Nr. 6 (2020): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/1815-2600-2020-131-6-34-41.

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The calculation of the dynamics of heating a drop of fuel in the nozzle of diesel injector has been carried out. The possibility of using a gasoline nozzle to assess the tendency of diesel fuels to the formation of deposits on diesel engine injectors has been substantiated. The optimal test temperature for diesel fuels has been experimentally determined. Taking into account the calculated parameters, a method for evaluating the propensity of diesel fuels to form deposits on the injectors was developed on an OSV-01 device. It has been found that darkening of the nozzle bottom and the relative fuel flow loss are independent indicators. It is shown that the sensitivity and differentiating ability of method are sufficient for classification of diesel fuels according to their tendency to form deposits on the injectors of diesel engines. Two criteria for estimating the degree of contamination of nozzle are proposed: contamination of the nozzle bottom and relative fuel flow loss thought nozzle. Preliminary studies of tendency to form deposits of a number of commercial diesel fuels have been conducted.

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Henein, N. A., B. Jawad und E. Gulari. „Effects of Physical Properties of Fuels on Diesel Injection“. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 112, Nr. 3 (01.07.1990): 308–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906496.

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The physical properties of the fuel, such as density, viscosity, surface tension, and bulk modulus of elasticity, affect many aspects of the diesel injection process. The effects of these fuel properties on the fuel pressure in the high-pressure line, rate of injection, leakage, spray penetration, and droplet size distribution were determined experimentally. The mechanism of spray development was investigated by injecting the fuel into a high-pressure chamber. A pulsed Malvern drop-size analyzer, based on Fraunhofer diffraction, was utilized to determine droplet size ranges for various fuels.

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Kolosz, B. W., Y. Luo, B. Xu, M. M. Maroto-Valer und J. M. Andresen. „Life cycle environmental analysis of ‘drop in’ alternative aviation fuels: a review“. Sustainable Energy & Fuels 4, Nr. 7 (2020): 3229–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9se00788a.

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Xu, Peng, Kangjian Qiao, Woo Suk Ahn und Gregory Stephanopoulos. „Engineering Yarrowia lipolytica as a platform for synthesis of drop-in transportation fuels and oleochemicals“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, Nr. 39 (12.09.2016): 10848–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1607295113.

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Harnessing lipogenic pathways and rewiring acyl-CoA and acyl-ACP (acyl carrier protein) metabolism in Yarrowia lipolytica hold great potential for cost-efficient production of diesel, gasoline-like fuels, and oleochemicals. Here we assessed various pathway engineering strategies in Y. lipolytica toward developing a yeast biorefinery platform for sustainable production of fuel-like molecules and oleochemicals. Specifically, acyl-CoA/acyl-ACP processing enzymes were targeted to the cytoplasm, peroxisome, or endoplasmic reticulum to generate fatty acid ethyl esters and fatty alkanes with tailored chain length. Activation of endogenous free fatty acids and the subsequent reduction of fatty acyl-CoAs enabled the efficient synthesis of fatty alcohols. Engineering a hybrid fatty acid synthase shifted the free fatty acids to a medium chain-length scale. Manipulation of alternative cytosolic acetyl-CoA pathways partially decoupled lipogenesis from nitrogen starvation and unleashed the lipogenic potential of Y. lipolytica. Taken together, the strategies reported here represent promising steps to develop a yeast biorefinery platform that potentially upgrades low-value carbons to high-value fuels and oleochemicals in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner.

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Pregger, Thomas, Günter Schiller, Felix Cebulla, Ralph-Uwe Dietrich, Simon Maier, André Thess, Andreas Lischke et al. „Future Fuels—Analyses of the Future Prospects of Renewable Synthetic Fuels“. Energies 13, Nr. 1 (26.12.2019): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010138.

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The Future Fuels project combines research in several institutes of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) on the production and use of synthetic fuels for space, energy, transportation, and aviation. This article gives an overview of the research questions considered and results achieved so far and also provides insight into the multidimensional and interdisciplinary project approach. Various methods and models were used which are embedded in the research context and based on established approaches. The prospects for large-scale fuel production using renewable electricity and solar radiation played a key role in the project. Empirical and model-based investigations of the technological and cost-related aspects were supplemented by modelling of the integration into a future electricity system. The composition, properties, and the related performance and emissions of synthetic fuels play an important role both for potential oxygenated drop-in fuels in road transport and for the design and certification of alternative aviation fuels. In addition, possible green synthetic fuels as an alternative to highly toxic hydrazine were investigated with different tools and experiments using combustion chambers. The results provide new answers to many research questions. The experiences with the interdisciplinary approach of Future Fuels are relevant for the further development of research topics and co-operations in this field.

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Żółtowski, Bogdan, und Mariusz Żółtowski. „A Hydrogenic Electrolyzer for Fuels“. Polish Maritime Research 21, Nr. 4 (31.01.2015): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2014-0044.

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Abstract In this work - in view of still decreasing crude oil resources and increasing fuel prices - are presented issues concerning research on development of other, alternative fuel sources including those used in water, land and air transport means. One of them is hydrogen which, while burning, does not produce noxious carbon dioxide but only side effects such as heat and clean water. It is almost true that along with sudden drop of availability and rising price of crude oil many countries face economical paralysis. Any of alternative sources is not capable of supplying even only a basic amount of such energy, not mentioning the whole amount of energy demanded by our civilization. Hydrogen as an independent fuel for internal combustion engines has yet to go a long way to commercialization. to be Co-burning systems (combustion of mixtures)of today used hydrocarbon fuels combined with hydrogen seem closer to this aim. As proved in many investigations the substitution of a part of hydrocarbon fuel by hydrogen enables to make use of beneficial features of both the fuels. One of possible solutions of the problem may be application of an innovative hydrogenic fuel electrolyzer which is presented and evaluated in this paper.

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Urban, Carolin, Jiajie Xu, Heike Sträuber, Tatiane R. dos Santos Dantas, Jana Mühlenberg, Claus Härtig, Largus T. Angenent und Falk Harnisch. „Production of drop-in fuels from biomass at high selectivity by combined microbial and electrochemical conversion“. Energy & Environmental Science 10, Nr. 10 (2017): 2231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ee01303e.

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Xu, Junming, Jianchun Jiang und Jiaping Zhao. „Thermochemical conversion of triglycerides for production of drop-in liquid fuels“. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (Mai 2016): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.315.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Drop-in fuels"

Abdel, Alim Richard. „Formation of Soft Particles in Drop-in Fuels“. Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231462.

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As the mission to the decrease global warming and phase out highly pollutingenvironmental practices globally, regulations including Euro 6 and policies generated by theUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are pushing companiesto be more innovative when it comes to their energy sources. These regulations involve manyfactors related to the cleanliness of the fuel and produced emissions, for example, propertiesof the fuels such as sulfur content, ash content, water content, and resulting emission valuesof Carbon dioxide (CO2) and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx). Furthermore, Sweden has set achallenging target of a fossil-fuel-independent vehicle fleet by 2030 and no net greenhousegasemissions by 2050.One way to cut down on the polluting properties in the fuel, as well as weakening thedependence on fossil fuel based fuel includes utilizing higher blending ratios of biofuels in thetransport sector. This transition to biofuels comes with many challenges to the transportindustry due to higher concentrations of these new fuels leads to clogging of the filters in theengine, as well as, internal diesel injector deposits (IDIDs) that produce injector fouling. Thisclogging of the filters leads to lower performance by the engines which leads to higher repairtimes (uptime) and less time on the road to transport goods. The formation of these softparticles at the root of the clogging issue is a pivotal issue because the precise mechanismsbehind their formation are highly unknown. Scania, a leader in the Swedish automotiveindustry, is very interested in figuring out what mechanisms are the most influential in theformation of these particles in the engine. Understanding the key mechanisms would allowScania to make appropriate adjustments to the fuel or the engines to ensure more time onthe road and less maintenance.There are many conditions known to be possible causes of the formation of softparticles in engines such as water content, ash content, and temperature. After generatingsoft particles using a modified accelerated method, particles were analyzed using infraredtechnology (RTX-FTIR) and a Scanning Electric Microscope (SEM-EDX). Many differentexperiments were performed to be able to make a conclusion as to which mechanisms weremost influential including temperature, time, water, air, and oil. The combination of agingbiofuels (B100, B10, HVO) with metals, and water produced the largest amount of particlesfollowed by aging the biofuels with aged oil, metals, and water. Aging the fuels with aged oilincreased particles, meanwhile the addition of water prevented particle production possiblydue to additives. B100 produced the highest amount of particles when aged with Copper, B10with Brass, and HVO with Iron.

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Shriharsha, Swarga. „Development of a method that quantifies the filtration efficiency of soft particles in drop-in fuels“. Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-261143.

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The global carbon footprint is increasing with course of time. World is moving towards fossil free and reduce the dependency of fossil fuels to meet their daily needs. Transportation industry is the major user of fossil fuels today and major contributor to the CO2 emissions which leads to global warming. Biofuels are promising and sustainable alternative to the fossil fuels. If biofuel is used in its pure form in the vehicles, it asks for engine modifications. Hence, the concept of drop-in fuels are introduced. Drop-in fuels are those fuels in which conventional fossil fuel is blended with biofuel. This blending leads to several advantages like less amount of unburnt hydrocarbons, less toxic and leads to better lubricity of the fuel. On the other hand, in case of blending fossil diesel in biodiesel lead to formation of insoluble organic compounds called as soft particles. These soft particles get accumulated on fuel filter and in turn reduce the amount of fuel entering the engine causing a pressure drop in the flow. This reduction in amount of fuel entering the engine leads to lower engine performance. The study conducted here was successful in developing a method to quantify the soft particles in drop-in fuels where B10 was used as test fuel. The earlier phase of the work comprises literature study on the contaminants in biofuels, working of fuel filters and on some chemical analysis techniques. Literature study is followed by series of experiments that guide through to successfully quantify the soft particles. The earlier stage of experiments included, finding a method to synthesize soft particles in a laboratory scale. This was followed by adding soft particles to fuel and making a synthetic test fluid. Analyzing the filter deposit after filtration helped to quantify the soft particles. The chemical analysis techniques like Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used for analysis.
Det globala koldioxidavtrycket ökar med tidens gång. Världen rör sig mer mot ökad fossilfrihet och minskat beroende av fossila bränslen för dagliga behov. Transportsektorn är idag den största användaren av fossila bränslen och den största bidragaren till de CO2-utsläpp som leder till global uppvärmning. Biobränslen utgör ett lovande och hållbart alternativ till fossila bränslen. Om biobränslen används i sin rena form i fordonen krävs det att motorerna anpassas. Därför introduceras konceptet drop-in fuels. Drop-in fuels är fossila bränslen som blandats med biobränslen. Dessa bränsleblandningar har flera fördelar, som en minskad mängd oförbrända kolväteföreningar och en minskad toxicitet. Å andra sidan leder blandandet av fossila bränslen och biobränslen till bildandet av olösliga organiska föreningar även kallade mjuka partiklar. Dessa mjuka partiklar ackumuleras i bränslefiltret och leder till ett tryckfall som minskar bränsleflödet in i motorn. Ett minskat inflöde av bränsle till motorn leder till en försämrad motorprestanda. Denna studie ämnar utveckla en metod för att kvantifiera mängden mjuka partiklar i drop-in fuels med en filtreringsteknik. Den första fasen av studien innefattar en litteraturstudie om föroreningar i drop-in fuels, olika filtreringstekniker och några olika analysmetoder. Litteraturstudien följs av en serie experiment som ämnar kvantifiera mängden mjuka partiklar. Den första delen av denna experimentserie ämnade utveckla en metod för att framställa dessa mjuka partiklar. Efterföljande experimentserie innefattade att tillsätta dessa mjuka partiklar till en bränslevätska för att framställa en syntetisk testvätska. Slutligen, genom att filtrera denna testvätska och analysera vätskan före och efter filtret, kan effektiviteten av filtreringsprocessen bestämmas. Analysmetoder som Gaskromatografi och masspektroskopi (GC/MS) och Fourier Transform Infraröd Spektroskopi (FTIR) användes för analysen.

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Couval, Romain. „Scale up of a test fluid for testing the fuel system robustness against soft particles in biodiesels“. Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-85745.

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The future of fuels will most probably be a mixture of different fuels, called drop-in fuels. It is already known that these drop-in fuels will lead to solubility issues, with creation of deposit on crucial fuel system parts, due to the formation of soft particles. The fuel system of the future should be robust against any type of soft particles. Today, there is no scaled up test fluid existing for testing full scale fuel systems. The objective of this thesis was to develop a scaled up test fluid which is a key element to the development of a test method to enhance the fuel system robustness against soft particles. A test fluid was achieved by a concentrate of calcium soap diluted two thousand times to reach a volume of 1000 litres with a concentration of 1,4 ppm. The concentration was measured by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy method following a derivatisation as sample preparation. The formation of the concentrate was established by changing the type of fuel, the level of aging, the amount of calcium and other counterions and eventually by addition of third elements. The concentrate was made of aged B100, calcium oxide powder and water. The test fluid was made by diluting the concentrate with fresh B7 and a protocol to characterise the stability of this test fluid was developed. This test fluid was tested under real condition in a filter rig giving homogeneous concentration all along the experiment, which confirmed the stability of the test fluid.

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Mensah, Joel B. [Verfasser], Regina Akademischer Betreuer] Palkovits und Lars Mathias [Akademischer Betreuer] [Blank. „Chemo-catalytic and electrochemical deoxygenation of bio-derivable 3-hydroxydecanoic acid : production of drop-in fuels and fine chemicals / Joel Boakye Mensah ; Regina Palkovits, Lars M. Blank“. Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1226303811/34.

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Gunarathne, Duleeka. „Advanced Gasification of Biomass/Waste for Substitution of Fossil Fuels in Steel Industry Heat Treatment Furnaces“. Doctoral thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-190938.

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With the current trend of CO2 mitigation in process industries, the primary goal of this thesis is to promote biomass as an energy and reduction agent source to substitute fossil sources in the steel industry. The criteria for this substitution are that the steel process retains the same function and the integrated energy efficiency is as high as possible. This work focuses on advanced gasification of biomass and waste for substitution of fossil fuels in steel industry heat treatment furnaces. To achieve this, two approaches are included in this work. The first investigates the gasification performance of pretreated biomass and waste experimentally using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and a pilot plant gasifier. The second assesses the integration of the advanced gasification system with a steel heat treatment furnace. First, the pyrolysis and char gasification characteristics of several pretreated biomass and waste types (unpretreated biomass, steam-exploded biomass, and hydrothermal carbonized biomass) were analyzed with TGA. The important aspects of pyrolysis and char gasification of pretreated biomass were identified. Then, with the objective of studying the gasification performance of pretreated biomass, unpretreated biomass pellets (gray pellets), steam-exploded biomass pellets (black pellets), and two types of hydrothermal carbonized biomass pellets (spent grain biocoal and horse manure biocoal) were gasified in a fixed bed updraft gasifier with high-temperature air/steam as the gasifying agent. The gasification performance was analyzed in terms of syngas composition, lower heating value (LHV), gas yield, cold gas efficiency (CGE), tar content and composition, and particle content and size distribution. Moreover, the effects on the reactions occurring in the gasifier were identified with the aid of temperature profiles and gas ratios. Further, the interaction between fuel residence time in the bed (bed height), conversion, conversion rate/specific gasification rate, and superficial velocity (hearth load) was revealed. Due to the effect of bed height on the gasification performance, the bed pressure drop is an important parameter related to the operation of a fixed bed gasifier. Considering the limited studies on this relationship, an available pressure drop prediction correlation for turbulent flow in a bed with cylindrical pellets was extended to a gasifier bed with shrinking cylindrical pellets under any flow condition. Moreover, simplified graphical representations based on the developed correlation, which could be used as an effective guide for selecting a suitable pellet size and designing a grate, were introduced. Then, with the identified positive effects of pretreated biomass on the gasification performance, the possibility of fuel switching in a steel industry heat treatment furnace was evaluated by effective integration with a multi-stage gasification system. The performance was evaluated in terms of gasifier system efficiency, furnace efficiency, and overall system efficiency with various heat integration options. The heat integration performance was identified based on pinch analysis. Finally, the efficiency of the co-production of bio-coke and bio-H2 was analyzed to increase the added value of the whole process. It was found that 1) the steam gasification of pretreated biomass is more beneficial in terms of the energy value of the syngas, 2) diluting the gasifying agent and/or lowering the agent temperature compensates for the ash slagging problem in biocoal gasification, 3) the furnace efficiency can be improved by switching the fuel from natural gas (NG) to syngas, 4) the gasifier system efficiency can be improved by recovering the furnace flue gas heat for the pretreatment, and 5) the co-production of bio-coke and bio-H2 significantly improves the system efficiency.

QC 20160825

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Auliano, Manuel. „Investigation and validation of void and pressure drop correlations in BWR fuel assemblies“. Thesis, KTH, Fysik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-169548.

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Hill, Theresa Y. „Understanding Drop-on-Demand Inkjet Process Characteristics in the Application of Printing Micro Solid Oxide Fuel Cells“. Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright156167105938597.

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Laesecke, Jan. „Production and characterization of biomass fast pyrolysis oil blends for combustion testing as drop-in fuel alternatives in a single cylinder diesel engine“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/60409.

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This research sought to demonstrate the potential of biodiesel and softwood derived Fast Pyrolysis Oil (FPO) blends as an alternative low-carbon drop-in diesel fuel. FPO was supplied from an in-house fluidized bed reactor as well as a commercial source. Separate FPO-biodiesel blends from both FPO sources were prepared using initial volumetric ratios of 80:20 and 60:40 (biodiesel:FPO, by volume). Upon blending each performed volumetric ratio, mixing and a 24 hour settling period, two layers formed and the top, biodiesel-rich layers containing about 5 and 10 vol % FPO were decanted and characterized on the basis of a thermogravimetric analysis, viscosity, acid number, water content, elemental analysis, and heating value. Significant decreases in viscosity, acidity, and water content from the original FPO validated blending as means of extracting compounds suitable for use as fuels from pyrolytic liquids in biodiesel. A single cylinder, direct injection diesel engine was used to analyze the combustion performance of the FPO fuel blends against neat diesel and biodiesel. Fuel performance was characterized on the basis of a thermodynamic analysis and corresponding exhaust measurements for CO₂, CO, unburned hydrocarbons, particulate matter, and NOx. Two thermodynamic measurement campaigns were performed in order to provide insight into FPO fuel performance across various engine conditions. In addition to the thermodynamic measurements, in-cylinder high-speed photography was implemented to support the interpretation of thermodynamic combustion data. Engine testing revealed similar indicated efficiencies for biodiesel and diesel at all considered engine-operating modes, while blend fuels showed indicated efficiencies between 75 and 95% of diesel values. FPO fuels exhibited increased ignition delays and shorter combustion durations with greater FPO blend concentrations, though this could be partially compensated for using a pilot injection strategy. The longer ignition delays of the blend fuels resulted in overly lean regions of the cylinder, which produced largely premixed combustion events contributing to brake specific CO and uHC emissions up to 1.5 and 3.5 greater than diesel, respectively. Specific PM emissions were 41-62% lower for blend fuels than diesel. Both blends of in-house FPO showed similar PM emission performance, however at higher concentrations than low blend commercial fuel.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Graduate

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Pacheco, Gonçalo de Sousa Pina Pernicha. „Single droplet ignition and combustion of jet-A1, hydroprocessed vegetable oil and their blends in a drop tube furnace“. Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.6/10388.

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The environmental impact and the dependence of fossil fuels in the aeronautical sector have promoted the demand for alternative and greener fuels. This is one of the main challenges for this sector in the near future. A possible solution in the near future might be the blending of biofuels with jet fuel, which would allow the use of greener fuels, and a reduction in the greenhouse gases and emissions without significant changes in the existing fleets of the companies, which means the development of a “drop in” fuel. In this context, this work examines the ignition and the combustion characteristics of single droplets of jet-A1 (JF), hydroprocessed vegetable oil (NExBTL) and their mixtures in a drop tube furnace (DTF). The objective of this work is to evaluate the influence of the fuel mixture composition on the fuel characteristics. Droplets with diameters of 155 ± 5 µm, produced by a commercial droplet generator, were injected into the DTF, whose wall temperature and oxygen concentration were controlled. Experiments were conducted for three temperatures (900, 1000 and 1100 ºC). The ignition and combustion of the droplets were evaluated through the images obtained with a high-speed camera coupled with a high magnification lens, and an edge detection algorithm. The images allowed for the observation of the burning phenomena, and data are reported for temporal evolution of droplet sizes and burning rates. The results revealed that the fuel mixtures followed the ?? 2 law, except the mixture with 75% JF for a DTF wall temperature of 1100 ºC. This was due to the occurrence of puffing and micro explosions, which enhanced the burning rates. In addition, it was observed that the mixtures with a higher content of JF present brighter flames, and higher burning rates.
O impacto ambiental e a dependência de combustíveis fósseis no setor aeronáutico promoveram a procura por combustíveis alternativos e ecológicos. Este é um dos principais desafios para este setor no futuro. Uma possível solução num futuro próximo pode ser a mistura de biocombustíveis com combustível de aviação, o que permitiria o uso de combustível mais ecológico e a redução de gases de efeito estufa e emissões sem alterações significativas nas frotas existentes das empresas, isto é, o desenvolvimento de um combustível “drop-in”. Neste contexto, este trabalho examina as características de ignição e combustão de gotas isoladas de jet-A1 (JF), óleo vegetal hidroprocessado (NExBTL) e suas misturas num forno de queda livre (DTF). O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a influência da composição da mistura nas características do combustível. Gotas com diâmetros de 155 ± 5 µm, produzidas por um gerador comercial de gotas, foram injetadas no DTF, cuja temperatura da parede e concentração de oxigênio eram controladas. Os testes foram conduzidos para três temperaturas (900, 1000 e 1100 ºC). A ignição e a combustão das gotículas foram avaliadas através das imagens obtidas com uma câmara de alta velocidade acoplada a uma lente de alta ampliação e um algoritmo de deteção de limites. As imagens permitiram a observação dos fenómenos de queima e avaliar a evolução temporal do tamanho das gotas e das taxas de queima. Os resultados revelaram que as misturas de combustível seguem a lei D2 , exceto a mistura com 75% de JF para uma temperatura de 1100 ºC na parede do DTF. Isso ocorreu devido à ocorrência de puffing e microexplosões, o que aumentou as taxas de queima. Observou-se ainda que as misturas com maior teor de JF apresentam chamas com maior intensidade luminosa e maiores taxas de queima.

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Bücher zum Thema "Drop-in fuels"

Multidimensional simulations of fuel-rod appendage effects on pressure drop and heat transfer in an annulus flow. Chalk River, Ont: Chalk River Laboratories, 1992.

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Comparison of techniques for non-intrusive fuel drop size measurements in a subscale gas turbine combustor. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1999.

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Hoelscher, Jason A. Art as Information Ecology. Duke University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478021681.

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In Art as Information Ecology, Jason A. Hoelscher offers not only an information theory of art but an aesthetic theory of information. Applying close readings of the information theories of Claude Shannon and Gilbert Simondon to 1960s American art, Hoelscher proposes that art is information in its aesthetic or indeterminate mode—information oriented less toward answers and resolvability than toward questions, irresolvability, and sustained difference. These irresolvable differences, Hoelscher demonstrates, fuel the richness of aesthetic experience by which viewers glean new information and insight from each encounter with an artwork. In this way, art constitutes information that remains in formation---a difference that makes a difference that keeps on differencing. Considering the works of Frank Stella, Robert Morris, Adrian Piper, the Drop City commune, Eva Hesse, and others, Hoelscher finds that art exists within an information ecology of complex feedback between artwork and artworld that is driven by the unfolding of difference. By charting how information in its aesthetic mode can exist beyond today's strictly quantifiable and monetizable forms, Hoelscher reconceives our understanding of how artworks work and how information operates.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Drop-in fuels"

Friedemann, Alice J. „Distributing Drop-in Fuels: The Fastest Road to Something Else“. In When Trucks Stop Running, 37–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26375-5_7.

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Ravanchi, Maryam Takht, und Saeed Sahebdelfar. „Catalytic Upgrading of Bio-oil for Production of Drop-In Fuels“. In Handbook of Ecomaterials, 1965–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68255-6_8.

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Takht Ravanchi, Maryam, und Saeed Sahebdelfar. „Catalytic Upgrading of Bio-oil for Production of Drop-In Fuels“. In Handbook of Ecomaterials, 1–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48281-1_8-1.

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Yadav, Jaykumar, Vikram Betgeri, Barbara Graziano, Avnish Dhongde, Benedikt Heuser, Markus Schönen und Nina Sittinger. „Renewable drop-in fuels as an immediate measure to reduce CO2 emissions of heavy-duty applications“. In Proceedings, 353–72. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-30500-0_24.

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Tsaoulidis, Dimitrios A. „Liquid-Liquid Flows in Micro and Small Channels: Hydrodynamics and Pressure Drop“. In Studies of Intensified Small-scale Processes for Liquid-Liquid Separations in Spent Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing, 65–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22587-6_4.

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Ndaba, B., R. Adeleke, R. Makofane, M. O. Daramola und M. Moshokoa. „Butanol as a Drop-In Fuel: A Perspective on Production Methods and Current Status“. In Valorization of Biomass to Value-Added Commodities, 371–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38032-8_18.

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„Physical Modeling of Forest Fuel Ignition by the Molten Metal Particles“. In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 136–48. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7250-4.ch010.

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Forests in the Siberian region have suffered from frequent and intense forest fires in recent years. Measures are required to restore damaged and dead forest stands. One option for preserving forest stands from catastrophic forest fires is prescribed low-intensity burning. The purpose of the study is to study the ignition mechanism of a layer of forest fuels by crystallizing small-sized metal particles (molten metal drop). The generation of such droplets is carried out using a standard electric welding machine. The physical mechanism of forest fuel layer ignition by a group of particles of a rather small size is revealed. It is proposed to use this mechanism for burning forest fuels in order to preserve coniferous and mixed stands from intense forest fires.

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Jensen, C. U., J. K. R. Guerrero, S. Karatzos, G. Olofsson und S. B. Iversen. „Hydrofaction™ of forestry residues to drop-in renewable transportation fuels“. In Direct Thermochemical Liquefaction for Energy Applications, 319–45. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-101029-7.00009-6.

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„Aerothermodynamic Effects on Liquid Jet Breakup in Two-Fluid Fuel Nozzles“. In Recent Advances in Spray Combustion: Spray Atomization and Drop Burning Phenomena, 161–72. Washington DC: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/5.9781600866418.0161.0172.

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McElroy, Michael B. „Coal: Abundant But Problematic“. In Energy and Climate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190490331.003.0010.

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coal accounted for 30.3% of total global energy consumption in 2011, the highest share since 1969 (BP 2012a). Since coal on a per unit energy basis is the most prolific of the fossil fuels in terms of CO2 emissions, this fact alone underscores the magnitude of the challenge we face in addressing the climate issue. Emissions of CO2 from oil and natural gas, expressed on a per unit energy basis, amount to approximately 78% and 54% of those from coal. In 2010, 43% of global CO2 emissions were derived from coal, 36% from oil, and 20% from natural gas. China was responsible for 49.3% of total coal consumed worldwide in 2011. The United States (13.5%), India (7.9%), and Japan (3.2%) ranked 2 through 4. Consumption in the Asian Pacific region amounted to 71.2% of the global total in 2011, as compared to 14.3% in North America (the United States, Canada, and Mexico) and 13.4% in Europe and Eurasia (including the Russian Federation and Ukraine). Coal accounted for 70% of total energy use in China in 2011 (65.5% in 2013), as compared to 22% in the United States. Use of coal increased in China by 9.7% in 2011 relative to 2010. In contrast, consumption in the United States declined by 0.46% over the same period. BP (2012b) projects that demand for coal in OECD countries will decrease by 0.8% per year between 2011 and 2030. The projected falloff in OECD countries is offset by growth of 1.9% per year over the same time interval in non- OECD countries. China, in the BP projection, remains the world’s largest consumer of coal in 2030 (52% of total global consumption). The growth rate in China is expected to drop, though, from 9% per year over the decade 2000 to 2010, to 3.5% between 2010 and 2020, falling further to 0.4% between 2020 and 2030. The trend, as indicated in the BP analysis, reflects the assumption of a shift to less coal- intensive economic activities, combined with an improvement in overall energy efficiency. India is projected to surpass the United States in terms of total demand for coal by 2024.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Drop-in fuels"

Hileman, James, Russell Stratton und Hsin Wong. „The Potential of Low Carbon Drop-In Alternative Fuels“. In 41st AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2011-4048.

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Heibel, Achim, und Rajesh Bhargava. „Advanced Diesel Particulate Filter Design for Lifetime Pressure Drop Solution in Light Duty Applications“. In 2007 Fuels and Emissions Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-0042.

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Richards, G., P. E. Sojka und A. H. Lefebvre. „Drop-Size Studies in a Radially-Uniform Fuel Spray“. In 1985 SAE International Fall Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/852083.

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Kelly-Zion, P. L., C. A. DeYoung, J. E. Peters und R. A. White. „In-Cylinder Fuel Drop Size and Wall Impingement Measurements“. In 1995 SAE International Fall Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/952480.

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Wendland, Daniel W. „Sources of Pressure Drop in Bead-Bed Catalytic Converters“. In 1987 SAE International Fall Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/872083.

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Kobashi, Yoshimitsu, Shun Oooka, Lin Jiang, Jun Goto, Hideyuki Ogawa und Gen Shibata. „An Investigation of the Transient DPF Pressure Drop under Cold Start Conditions in Diesel Engines“. In International Powertrains, Fuels & Lubricants Meeting. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-2372.

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Sheppard, Jessica, Pengze Yang und Andrea Strzelec. „Modeling and Experimentation of GDI-Sized Particulate Filtration and Pressure-Drop Behavior in Uncoated Commercial DPF Substrates“. In International Powertrains, Fuels & Lubricants Meeting. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-0052.

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Rubie, J. S., Y. G. Li und A. J. B. Jackson. „Performance Simulation and Analysis of a Gas Turbine Engine Using Drop-In Bio-Fuels“. In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-75751.

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There is an increasing dependence on conventional fuels for aviation. In order for a country’s air force to sustain a steady and a secure supply of fuel for aircraft with foresight into the future, alternate sources of fuels must be considered. This paper describes a thermodynamic performance simulation method and analysis of a model military aero gas turbine engine operating in several off-design modes while employing various types of blended fuels between Jet A and alternate bio-fuels, including Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (SPK) from Algae (Bio-Algae), Jatropha (JSPK) and Camelina (CSPK). These fuels are already approved by American Society for Testing and Materials (AS™) for blending with 50% Jet A fuel. A thermodynamic performance model for the model engine similar to GE F404-400 turbofan engine has been set up using Pythia, a Cranfield University created performance simulation software implemented with multiple fuel capabilities. The simulated performance and a comparative study shows that the performance of the model engine using blended fuels between Jet A and a bio-fuel were found to be equal or better than that using pure conventional fuel Jet A. The key hot section temperatures, pressures and the fuel consumption of the model engine were found to be slightly lower with the blended fuels than that using Jet A.

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Feser, Joseph S., und Ashwani K. Gupta. „Performance and Emissions of Drop-in Aviation Biofuels in a Lab Scale Gas Turbine Combustor“. In ASME 2020 Power Conference collocated with the 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2020-16958.

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Abstract There is a growing need for drop-in biofuels for gas turbines for enhanced energy security and sustainability. Several fuels are currently being developed and tested to reduce dependency on fossil fuels while maintaining performance, particularly in the aviation industry. The transition from traditional fossil fuels to sustainable biofuels is much desired for reducing the rapidly rising CO2 levels in the environment. This requires biofuels to be drop-in ready, where there are no adverse effects on performance and emissions upon replacement. In this study the performance and emissions of four different aviation drop-in biofuels was evaluated. They include: UOP HEFA-SPK, Gevo ATJ, Amyris Farnesane, and SB-JP-8. These aviation biofuels are currently being produced and tested to be ready for full or partial drop-in fuels as the replacement of traditional jet fuels. The characteristic performance of each fuel from the prevaporized liquid fuels was performed in a high intensity (20 MW/m3-atm) reverse flow combustor. The NO emissions showed near unity ppm levels for each of the fuels examined with a minimum at an equivalence ratio of ∼0.6, while CO levels were in the range of 1000–1300 ppm depending on the fuel at an equivalence ratio between 0.75–0.8. For an equivalence ratio range between 0.4 and 0.6, NO and CO emissions remained very low (between 1–2ppm NO and 2400–2900ppm CO) depending on the fuel. The examined biofuels did not show any instability over a wide range of equivalence ratios from lean to near stoichiometric condition. These results provide promising results on the behavior of these drop-in aviation biofuels for use in high intensity gas turbine combustors providing stability and cleaner performance without any modification to the combustor design.

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Munch, Karin, und Tankai Zhang. „A Comparison of Drop-In Diesel Fuel Blends Containing Heavy Alcohols Considering Both Engine Properties and Global Warming Potentials“. In SAE 2016 International Powertrains, Fuels & Lubricants Meeting. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-2254.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Drop-in fuels"

Kevin L Kenney. Biofuels Fuels Technology Pathway Options for Advanced Drop-in Biofuels Production. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1034799.

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Chang, G. S., J. M. Ryskamp, W. K. Terry, R. G. Ambrosek, A. J. Palmer und R. A. Roesener. Drop-in capsule testing of plutonium-based fuels in the Advanced Test Reactor. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/427625.

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Lux, Kenneth, Tahmina Imam, Nehru Chevanan, Mehdi Namazian, Xiaoxing Wang und Chunshan Song. Laboratory Scale Coal And Biomass To Drop-In Fuels (CBDF) Production And Assessment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Juni 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1259873.

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Westbrook, Steven R. Guidance Document for Alternative Diesel Fuels Proposed as Drop-In Fuels to Displace Diesel Fuels as Specified By ASTM Specification D975. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Juni 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada626569.

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Roberts, Michael, Terry Marker, Martin Linck, Steve Schmidt, James Winfield, David Shonnard und Jinquig Fan. Catalytic Conversion of Cellulosic Biomass or Algal Biomass plus Methane to Drop in Hydrocarbon Fuels and Chemicals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1433512.

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Tschaplinski, Timothy J., Payal Charania, Nancy L. Engle, Richard J. Giannone, Robert {Bob} L. Hettich, Dawn Marie Klingeman, Suresh Poudel et al. DEVELOPMENT OF A SUSTAINABLE GREEN CHEMISTRY PLATFORM FOR PRODUCTION OF ACETONE AND DOWNSTREAM DROP-IN FUEL AND COMMODITY PRODUCTS DIRECTLY FROM BIOMASS SYNGAS VIA A NOVEL ENERGY CONSERVING ROUTE IN ENGINEERED ACETOGENIC BACTERIA. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Juli 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1543199.

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Simpson, Sean D., Tanus Abdalla, Steve D. Brown, Christina Canter, Robert Conrado, James Daniell, Asela Dassanayake et al. Development of a Sustainable Green Chemistry Platform for Production of Acetone and Downstream Drop-in Fuel and Commodity Products directly from Biomass Syngas via a Novel Energy Conserving Route in Engineered Acetogenic Bacteria. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), März 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1599328.

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