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Umeno, Ryuichi, Makoto Itoh und Satoshi Kitazaki. „Influence of automated driving on driver’s own localization: a driving simulator study“. Journal of Intelligent and Connected Vehicles 1, Nr. 3 (01.10.2018): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jicv-08-2018-0006.
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Purpose Level 3 automated driving, which has been defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers, may cause driver drowsiness or lack of situation awareness, which can make it difficult for the driver to recognize where he/she is. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to conduct an experimental study with a driving simulator to investigate whether automated driving affects the driver’s own localization compared to manual driving. Design/methodology/approach Seventeen drivers were divided into the automated operation group and manual operation group. Drivers in each group were instructed to travel along the expressway and proceed to the specified destinations. The automated operation group was forced to select a course after receiving a Request to Intervene (RtI) from an automated driving system. Findings A driver who used the automated operation system tended to not take over the driving operation correctly when a lane change is immediately required after the RtI. Originality/value This is a fundamental research that examined how the automated driving operation affects the driver's own localization. The experimental results suggest that it is not enough to simply issue an RtI, and it is necessary to tell the driver what kind of circumstances he/she is in and what they should do next through the HMI. This conclusion can be taken into consideration for engineers who design automatic driving vehicles.
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Shujian, Li, und Wang Guan. „Experimental Research on the Visual Characteristics of Urban Road Landscape Based on Driver’s View“. E3S Web of Conferences 165 (2020): 04026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016504026.
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The vision system is the main way for drivers to obtain information. The distribution of urban road landscape is one of the key factors that cause drivers to be visually irritating. This article selects typical urban road landscape environment sections to conduct driver visual search mode experiments, using quantitative evaluation and synthesis The qualitative evaluation method analyzes and compares the obtained eye dynamic data, explores the influencing factors of urban road landscape on the driver’s visual characteristics and the law of visual change. Based on the experimental data, it is proposed that road landscape design should integrate greening design and guidance signs, Urban optimization strategies for building a coherent system of urban road landscapes.
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Yao, Ying, Xiaohua Zhao, Jianming Ma, Chang Liu und Jian Rong. „Driving Simulator Study: Eco-Driving Training System Based on Individual Characteristics“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, Nr. 8 (26.04.2019): 463–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119843260.
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This research sought to establish an eco-driving training system based on a driving simulator. The eco-driving training system contained five modules: human machine interface, data management, scene management, mode management, and evaluation algorithm management. It was proposed to base the new eco-driving training system on drivers’ individual characteristics. This system first asked drivers to conduct a diagnostic drive on a stretch of roadway in a driving simulator. The data on each driver’s non-ecological driving behaviors under different events were collected. Then each driver was given a customized training course based on an evaluation of his/her driving behaviors during the diagnostic drive. This training process is called eco-driving training based on individual characteristics (EDTIC). Eighty taxi drivers were recruited and divided into two groups for eco-driving training. One group was trained by watching videos, and the other was trained by the EDTIC training. An analysis of results shows that the EDTIC training was significantly more effective than traditional video training. Under the EDTIC training, all driving behaviors improved and emissions and fuel consumption were greatly reduced; the reduction was as great as 8.3–8.4%. The EDTIC training was proven effective at improving the eco-driving behavior of taxi drivers (i.e., professional drivers), and it could also be employed to train other professional drivers (bus and truck drivers) and non-professional drivers.
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Szokało, Agnieszka Aleksandra, und Marcin Rychter. „Reducing Emission of Harmful Toxic Substances by Trucks in the Aspect of Analysis of Selected Vehicle Operating Parameters and Human Factor“. Journal of KONES 26, Nr. 3 (01.09.2019): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kones-2019-0077.
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Abstract Digital tachographs as devices recording the work of a lorry and driver’s work are a constant factor in the work of a professional driver. It is therefore important to preserve the security of recording and storing electronic information. In this matter, cryptography also becomes an inseparable field of science. The control services set up to conduct roadside inspections do not detect all violations in the recording devices by encrypting information in information systems. One of the frequent vehicle operating parameters that can be falsified are the speed of the vehicle and its rotational speed, as well as the time and efficiency of the driver’s work. These parameters affect the amount of fuel consumption. The reduction of fuel consumption translates directly to the reduction of harmful substances emitted by the car to the environment. Variable compression engines are becoming the future of motoring in the case of internal combustion engines. It is noticeable that there are more frequent deliberate of regulations; and more violations rules concerning the proper functioning of recording devices by recording driver activity. Current methods of preventing violations are insufficient. The article points out the violations related to the actual rotational speed of the crankshaft of the internal combustion engine in relation to the vehicle speed profile, which is directly related to the fuel consumption and the emission of harmful substances. The article describes the ways to reduce fuel consumption, of which the correct driving technique is important in addition to the previously marked parameters. The factors that increase the awareness of professional drivers in the aspect of proper driving techniques are described.
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Hwang, Kyung-Hun, Joong-Hoo Park, Hee-Jung Kim, Tea-Yong Kuc und Se-Joon Lim. „Development of a Simple Robotic Driver System (SimRoDS) to Test Fuel Economy of Hybrid Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using Fuzzy-PI Control“. Electronics 10, Nr. 12 (16.06.2021): 1444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10121444.
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Over the past decade, new models of hybrid electric vehicles have been released worldwide, and the fuel efficiency of said vehicles has increased by more than 5%. To further improve fuel efficiency, vehicle manufacturers have made efforts to design modules (e.g., engines, motors, transmissions, and batteries) with the highest efficiency possible. To do so, the fuel economy test process, which is conducted primarily using a chassis dynamometer, must produce reliable and accurate results. To accurately analyze the fuel efficiency improvement rate of each module, it is necessary to reduce the test deviation. When the test conducted by human drivers, the test deviation is somewhat large. When the test is conducted by a physical robot driver, the test deviation is improved; however, these robots are expensive and time-consuming to install and take up considerable amount of space in the driver’s seat. To compensate for these shortcomings, we propose a simple, structured robot system that manipulates electrical signals without using mechanical link structures. The controller of this robot driver uses the widely used PI controller. Although PI controllers are simple and perform well, since the dynamics of each test vehicle is different (e.g., acceleration response), the PI controller has a disadvantage in that it cannot determine the optimal PI gain value for each vehicles. In this work, the fuzzy control theorem is applied to overcome this disadvantage. By using fuzzy control to deduce the optimal value of the PI gain, we confirmed that our proposed system is available to conduct tests on vehicles with different dynamics.
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Hojjati-Emami, Khashayar, Balbir S. Dhillon und Kouroush Jenab. „The Integrative Time-Dependent Modeling of the Reliability and Failure of the Causes of Drivers’ Error Leading to Road Accidents“. International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences 4, Nr. 1 (Januar 2013): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jsds.2013010102.
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Nowadays, the human error is usually identified as the conclusive cause of investigations in road accidents. The human although is the person in control of vehicle until the moment of crash but it has to be understood that the human is under continued impact by various factors including road environment, vehicle and human’s state, abilities and conduct. The current advances in design of vehicle and roads have been intended to provide drivers with extra comfort with less physical and mental efforts, whereas the fatigue imposed on driver is just being transformed from over-load fatigue to under-load fatigue and boredom. A representational model to illustrate the relationships between design and condition of vehicle and road as well as driver’s condition and state on fatigue and the human error leading to accidents has been developed. Thereafter, the stochastic mathematical models based on time-dependent failure rates were developed to make prediction on the road transportation reliability and failure probabilities due to each cause (vehicle, road environment, human due to fatigue, and human due to non fatigue factors). Furthermore, the supportive assessment methodology and models to assess and predict the failure rates of driver due to each category of causes were developed and proposed.
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Zheng, Zhanji, Zhigang Du, Qiaojun Xiang und Guojun Chen. „Influence of multiscale visual information on driver’s perceived speed in highway tunnels“. Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2018): 168781401881896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018818961.
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Speed illusion is the leading contributing factor to traffic accidents in highway tunnels. This study aimed to estimate the influence of visual information at different scales and frequencies on drivers’ visual perception and driving safety in highway tunnels. The speed perception of drivers was measured using the stimulus of subjectively equivalent speeds as an index. Thirty drivers were recruited to conduct a psychophysical experiment on speed perception using a driving simulator. The large-, medium- and small-scale visual information in a frequency range of 0.1–32 Hz were used in the experimental scene to generate scenes for comparison. The results show that high-frequency visual information (2–32 Hz) might lead to driver overestimation of vehicle speed in tunnels, while medium-frequency (0.4–1 Hz) and low-frequency (0.1–0.2 Hz) visual information contribute to speed underestimation. The medium-scale information had the largest speed overestimation effect, followed by large- and small-scale information (significant differences of 2–8 Hz). Medium-scale visual information below 8 Hz had the lowest degree of dispersion of speed perception. Therefore, the use of integrated high-frequency, medium-scale visual information and medium-frequency, large- and small-scale visual information is suggested to reduce the speed illusion of drivers and ensure driving safety.
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Kim, Chang-Min, Ellen J. Hong, Kyungyong Chung und Roy C. Park. „Driver Facial Expression Analysis Using LFA-CRNN-Based Feature Extraction for Health-Risk Decisions“. Applied Sciences 10, Nr. 8 (24.04.2020): 2956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082956.
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As people communicate with each other, they use gestures and facial expressions as a means to convey and understand emotional state. Non-verbal means of communication are essential to understanding, based on external clues to a person’s emotional state. Recently, active studies have been conducted on the lifecare service of analyzing users’ facial expressions. Yet, rather than a service necessary for everyday life, the service is currently provided only for health care centers or certain medical institutions. It is necessary to conduct studies to prevent accidents that suddenly occur in everyday life and to cope with emergencies. Thus, we propose facial expression analysis using line-segment feature analysis-convolutional recurrent neural network (LFA-CRNN) feature extraction for health-risk assessments of drivers. The purpose of such an analysis is to manage and monitor patients with chronic diseases who are rapidly increasing in number. To prevent automobile accidents and to respond to emergency situations due to acute diseases, we propose a service that monitors a driver’s facial expressions to assess health risks and alert the driver to risk-related matters while driving. To identify health risks, deep learning technology is used to recognize expressions of pain and to determine if a person is in pain while driving. Since the amount of input-image data is large, analyzing facial expressions accurately is difficult for a process with limited resources while providing the service on a real-time basis. Accordingly, a line-segment feature analysis algorithm is proposed to reduce the amount of data, and the LFA-CRNN model was designed for this purpose. Through this model, the severity of a driver’s pain is classified into one of nine types. The LFA-CRNN model consists of one convolution layer that is reshaped and delivered into two bidirectional gated recurrent unit layers. Finally, biometric data are classified through softmax. In addition, to evaluate the performance of LFA-CRNN, the performance was compared through the CRNN and AlexNet Models based on the University of Northern British Columbia and McMaster University (UNBC-McMaster) database.
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Yang, Yucheng, Matthias Gerlicher und Klaus Bengler. „How does relaxing posture influence take-over performance in an automated vehicle?“ Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, Nr. 1 (September 2018): 696–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621157.
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The driver will not have to constantly monitor the vehicle while driving in a level-3 automation or at a higher level (SAE International, 2016), which enables the driver to conduct different activities and be out of the control loop. To achieve the goals of non-driving related tasks (NDRTs) rather than the driving task better, the driver may take other sitting positions, defined as “non-driving postures (NDPs)”. Different pos-tures represent different driver motoric states. This may result in different reactions to a take-over request (TOR). In this work, relaxing NDPs are built by manipulating the driver’s knee angle (133°) and torso an-gle (38°) via seat adjustments. Their take-over performances of each posture are evaluated. The torso angle is identified as a significant influencing factor: the reclined driver takes over more poorly, whereas a larger relaxing knee angle does not affect take-over performance if the heel is able to contact the pedal.
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Maeng, Kyuho, Sungmin Ko, Jungwoo Shin und Youngsang Cho. „How Much Electricity Sharing Will Electric Vehicle Owners Allow from Their Battery? Incorporating Vehicle-to-Grid Technology and Electricity Generation Mix“. Energies 13, Nr. 16 (17.08.2020): 4248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164248.
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Global trends and prospects of environmentally friendly transportation have helped to popularize electric vehicles (EVs). With the spread of EVs, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology is gaining importance for its role in connecting the electricity stored in the battery of EVs to a grid-like energy storage system (ESS). Electricity generation mix and battery for V2G energy storage have a decisive effect on the stabilization of a V2G system, but no attempt has been made. Therefore, this study analyzes consumer preference considering the electricity generation mix and battery for the V2G. We conduct a conjoint survey of a 1000 South Koreans and employ the multiple discrete-continuous extreme value model. The results show that drivers prefer plug-in hybrid- and battery EVs to other vehicles. Additionally, findings show that driver’s utility changes at 27.9% of the battery allowance for V2G system and it becomes positive after 55.7%. Furthermore, we conduct a scenario analysis considering the electricity generation mix (more traditional vs. renewable) and battery allowance. Based on this analysis, we suggest some policies and corporate strategies to support the success of the V2G market depending on energy policies and battery allowance level.
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Tama, Yuanda Patria. „Fenomena Lalu Lintas Simpang Bersinyal di Kota Bekasi (Studi Kasus: Simpang Tol Bekasi Timur)“. JURNAL PEMBANGUNAN WILAYAH & KOTA 11, Nr. 4 (29.12.2016): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/pwk.v12i2.12895.
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The transportation’s problem that common in Indonesia is a limitation of road space and intersection that needed to conduct the traffic flow. An accident and degradation of intersection’s performance, it’s caused by the driver’s attitude which have a less concern to the traffic law. This research attempt to observe the driver violation which influences the characteristic of urban’s intersection to find out the phenomenon of traffic’s signal intersection. The strategy to design the intersection in East Bekasi highway for reducing driver violation by using the side friction factor that consists of extending the radius of junction sleeves, constructing lay bay in bus stop, demolition the street vendor, ojek base and public transportation. Also, the geometric intersection factor consists of installation signs, marka reparation, constructing the pedestrian facility, and specific stopping area for motorcycle, then the traffic’s characteristic factor consists of an intensive supervising by policeman, constructing the priority track to turn left on red and installation signs.
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Szydłowski, Tomasz, Krzysztof Surmiński und Damian Batory. „Drivers’ Psychomotor Reaction Times Tested with a Test Station Method“. Applied Sciences 11, Nr. 5 (09.03.2021): 2431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052431.
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The article presents the standard method of the evaluation of car drivers’ psychomotor reaction times. A characteristic feature of this method is the ability to conduct tests using real vehicles equipped with mobile measuring apparatus. Measurements are carried out on people whose task is to initiate specific maneuvers (such as: a braking or turning maneuver, a combined braking and turning maneuver, as well as e.g., the use of an audio signal) in response to external stimuli coming from different directions. The sources of the stimuli are light signals emitted by variable message signs placed around the vehicle. The developed control and measurement equipment allows us to realize various and complex test scenarios. It generates stimulus sequences, assesses the correctness of the driver’s response and measures its time. This method allows us to obtain sets of results from tests carried out under different conditions and variable test durations. The possibility of testing a large number of participants in a relatively short time and in repetitive conditions allows for reliable statistical inference. The paper presents examples of research results obtained on the basis of few thousand tests carried out on a large group of respondents. The registered data was statistically processed and referred to the literature. A high degree of correlation between the analyzed results and the literature reports proves that the presented method may be a source of data for the analysis of phenomena related to the time of the driver’s response, especially the influence of various factors affecting its values.
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Mohan Kumar, Ugra, Devendra Singh, Sudhir Jugran, Pankaj Punia und Vinay Negi. „A System on Intelligent Driver Drowsiness Detection Method“. International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, Nr. 3.4 (25.06.2018): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.4.16765.
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We actualized a fatigue driver recognition framework utilizing a mix of driver's state and driving conduct pointers. For driver's express, the framework observed the eyes' blinking rate and the flickering span. Fatigue drivers have these qualities higher than ordinary levels. We utilized a camera with machine vision procedures to find out and watch driver's blinking behavior. Harr's feature classifier was utilized to first find the eye's range, and once found, a layout coordinating was utilized to track the eye for fast preparing. For driving conduct, we gained the vehicle's state from inertial measurement unit and gas pedal sensors. The principle component analysis was utilized to choose the components that have high change. The difference esteems were utilized to separate weakness drivers, which are accepted to have higher driving exercises, from typical drivers.
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She-ji, Zhang, MA Wei und MO Jin-ming. „Research and Application on the Key Parameters of the Long Compression and Short Pumping Ventilation Dust Removal System“. MATEC Web of Conferences 237 (2018): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823701015.
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For the question of circulation wind emerged in the process of using long compression and short pumping ventilation dust removal system, a new model of air volume matching was proposed, and the empirical formula of the key process parameters such as axial and radial air volume, axial and radial air out distance were derived according to the relevant theories of air jet in the confined space. Then the 20106 return roadway of fully mechanized working face in Wang Jia Ling coal mine was selected to conduct field verification tests. The result showed that the new air volume catching model had good adaptability, and the key process parameters obtained by theoretical calculation and field test were basically identical. Under the condition of optimum technological parameters, the total dust and respiratory dust concentration of the driver’s place can be reduced 91.98% and 89.53% respectively.
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Fan, Jieyu, Shengdi Chen, Mingzhang Liang und Fengyuan Wang. „Research on visual physiological characteristics via virtual driving platform“. Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, Nr. 1 (Januar 2018): 168781401771766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814017717664.
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The transportation system is synthesized by people, vehicles, roads, and environment, and people factor is initiative and plays a key role in the intermediate link between complex environment and vehicles. Virtual driving test is designed to research driver’s dynamic visual characteristics under different road conditions. This article applies faceLAB 5.0 eye tracker, Blue Tiger virtual driving device, and others to record eye movement changes of a driver in different road conditions, collect driver’s eye movement data, and analyze eye movement variation. Also, by comparing, checking, and disciplinary analyzing the measured data in different driving phases, this article conducts an analysis of eye movement changes of a driver while driving. In virtual driving test, drivers have low blinking frequency and long blinking duration in started section. When the section is complicated, drivers have increasing blinking frequency but shorter blinking duration and disperse visual fixation points. In decelerating section, drivers slow down and stop the vehicle. The research results provide the basis for safe driving, when date is more than a variable value, which can determine the driver unsafe driving. The research also has an important and practical role in the research of the driver’s behavior process in multi-source information environment.
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Kruszewski, Mikołaj, und Mirosław Nader. „Analysis of the attention distraction of inexperienced drivers using a fuzzy model – research results“. WUT Journal of Transportation Engineering 125 (01.06.2019): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6570.
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Limiting the number and consequences of the traffic accidents is one of the most important goals of the EU policy for the road transport. Despite significant efforts in this area, the targets set for the 2010-2020 decade are unlikely to be achieved. This may be due to, inter alia, the increasing importance of the driver attention distraction as a factor contributing to their occurrence. In order to limit the effects of distraction, attempts are made to develop a method to detect such a state of a driver. The distraction of the driver affects the way he drives the vehicle. The authors in their earlier work conducted a research aimed at developing model for detecting states of distraction of the driver's attention, based on a change in the method of vehicle steering. The developed model uses fuzzy logic to detect distraction. This paper presents the results of this model's operation on a sample of 72 drivers, including 36 inexperienced drivers who were the main object of the tests.
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Sabir, Asrar Ahmed, Ahmad Shahru, Nizam Bin Isha, Naseebullah Langove und Muhammad Umair Javaid. „An Integrative Approach to Study Drivers Perceived Stress on Aberrant Driving Behaviour: The Mediation Role of Driver Fatigue“. SHS Web of Conferences 56 (2018): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185602009.
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Robust scientific evidence exists for occupational group of heavy vehicle drivers in oil and gas transport who are infected with acute fatigue. Numerous recent studies relate driver’s perceived stress and fatigue with dangerous driving behaviours during performance of delivery duties. This study investigates the association between driver’s perceived stress on aberrant driving behaviour and determines fatigue to be the mediation factor. Sample size of 378 male drivers from 10 oil and gas transport companies was selected that operate in peninsular west and east Malaysia, who answered adapted version of Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ) in the conducted survey. Structural Equation Model (SEM) was applied that proved aberrant driving behaviours of heavy vehicle drivers can be predicted through driver’s perceived stress and fatigue. Fatigue is a mechanism that mediates the association amongst driver perceived stress and aberrant driving behaviours. In conclusion, the parameter of fatigue mediates between the perceived stress which is an appropriate prediction tool and consequent aberrant driving behaviour of heavy vehicle drivers. This study suggests abatement in individual stress and recommends fatigue management to alter risky and aberrant driving behaviours in order to encourage and give impetus to safe driving culture in oil and gas transportation sector in Malaysia.
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Zuraida, Rida. „Tingkat Kelelahan Pengemudi Bus Rapid Transport (BRT) Jakarta Berdasarkan Swedish Occupational Fatigue Index (SOFI)“. ComTech: Computer, Mathematics and Engineering Applications 6, Nr. 2 (01.06.2015): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/comtech.v6i2.2267.
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Fatigue is a common situation experienced by everyone, but until now a simple measuring tools universally accepted is not exist. Fatigue measurement instrument most widely used is an instrument-based questionnaire. This study used the Swedish Occupational Fatigue Index (SOFI) as one of the instrument to measure BRT driver’s fatigue. The aim is to evaluate physical mental, and shift work fatigue and provide an overview of fatigue levels experienced by the driver BRT on two different shifts. Hopefully it can be used for driver fatigue management by a company. The study was conducted for two different shifts (morning and afternoon), with a total participants are 30 drivers. Results showed that motivation level of shift 2-driver is lower after they finish their work compared to shift1-driver. In shift 1, generally available time to rest,socializing and hanging out with family is longer than available time for shift 2-driver. Perception of loss of energy after work is also higher in shift 2 compared to shift 1, especially the perception of feeling exhausted. Similar results were obtained in the physical aspect and the physical exertion and physical discomfort. Therefore we can conclude the work shift has affected fatigue level experienced by the driver's BRT, and shift rotation is suggested to help the driver to recuperate.
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A., Geetha, und Subramani C. „Development of driving cycle under real world traffic conditions: A case study“. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, Nr. 6 (01.12.2019): 4798. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i6.pp4798-4803.
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<p><span>The modeling of a car is essentially done by taking into consideration the driving terrain, traffic conditions, driver’s behavior and various other factors which may directly or indirectly affect the vehicle’s performance. A vehicle is modeled for given specifications and constraints like maximum speed, maximum acceleration, and braking time, appropriate suspension for the gradient of the road and fuel consumption. Henceforth, a profound study and analysis of different drive cycles are essential. A time dependent drive cycle is a condensed form of data that helps us to determine the time taken to conduct the driving test on the road. This article highlights the development of a real driving cycle in the area of Tamilnadu, India. On-road vehicle’s speeds versus time data were obtained along the selected route. The data obtained were analyzed first and then a new driving cycle was developed.</span></p>
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Fu, Rui, Tong Liu, Yuxi Guo, Shiwei Zhang und Wendong Cheng. „A Case Study in China to Determine Whether GPS Data and Derivative Indicator Can Be Used to Identify Risky Drivers“. Journal of Advanced Transportation 2019 (24.11.2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9072531.
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This paper presents an investigation of the relationship between driver risk and factors indicating vehicle’s speed and driver’s acceleration behavior. The main objective is to examine whether GPS data and derivative indicator can be used to identify risky drivers by means of factor analysis. In doing so, a real road driving experiment is conducted to collect data. Fifty drivers are asked to drive along a route which includes both rural highways and urban roads. The trajectories are recorded by GPS devices to calculate speed and derive acceleration measures. Driver’s behavior is also recorded by cameras and analyzed by another group of volunteers to determine whether the driver is risky or not. The drivers are then classified into five groups with different levels of risk based on the scores obtained through factor analysis. The results are verified by the volunteer's categorization and further evaluated by symbolic aggregate approximation. A binary logistic regression model is established ultimately for predicting high-risk drivers. The potential applications of this study include developing quantitative measures to identify risky drivers, especially for auto-insurance companies with usage-based insurance (UBI) applications, bus companies, and transport enterprises.
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Wang, Xiaoyuan, Yongqing Guo, Chen Chen, Yuanyuan Xia und Yaqi Liu. „Analysis of female drivers’ ECG characteristics within the context of connected vehicles“. Journal of Intelligent and Connected Vehicles 2, Nr. 2 (10.06.2019): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jicv-01-2019-0002.
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Purpose This study aims to analyze the differences of electrocardiograph (ECG) characteristics for female drivers in calm and anxious states during driving. Design/methodology/approach The authors used various materials (e.g. visual materials, auditory materials and olfactory materials) to induce drivers’ mood states (calm and anxious), and then conducted the real driving experiments and driving simulations to collect driver’s ECG signal dynamic data. Physiological changes in ECG during the stimulus process were recorded using PSYLAB software. The paired T-test analysis was conducted to determine if there is a significant difference in driver’s ECG characteristics between calm and anxious states during driving. Findings The results show significant differences in the characteristic parameters of female driver’s ECG signals, including (average heart rate), (atrioventricular interval), (percentage of NN intervals > 50ms), (R wave average peak), (Root mean square of successive), (Q wave average peak) and ( S wave average peak), in time domain, frequency domain and waveform in emotional states of calmness and anxiety. Practical implications Findings of this work show that ECG can be used to identify driver’s anxious and calm states during driving. It can be used for the development of personalized driver assistance system and driver warning system. Originality/value Only a few attempts have been made on the influence of human emotions on physiological signals in the transportation field. Hence, there is a need for transport scholars to begin to identify driver’s ECG characteristics under different emotional states. This study will analyze the differences of ECG characteristics for female drivers in calm and anxious states during driving to provide a theoretical basis for developing the intelligent and connected vehicles.
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Wu, Qiong, und Guohui Zhang. „Formulating alcohol-influenced driver’s injury severities in intersection-related crashes“. Transport 33, Nr. 1 (29.02.2016): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2016.1144221.
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Approximately one third of all traffic fatal crashes are alcohol-related in the US according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), alcohol-related crashes cost more than $37 billion annually. Considerable research efforts are needed to understand better significant causal factors for alcohol-related crash risks and driver’s injury severities in order to develop effective countermeasures and proper policies for system-wide traffic safety performance improvements. Furthermore, since two thirds of urban Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) is on signal-controlled roadways, it is of practical importance to investigate injury severities of all drivers who are involved in intersection-related crashes and their corresponding significant causal factors due to control and geometric impacts on flow progression interruptions. This study aims to identify and quantify the impacts of alcohol/non-alcohol-influenced driver’s behavior and demographic features as well as geometric and environmental characteristics on driver’s injury severities around intersections in New Mexico. The econometric models, multinomial Logit models, were developed to analyze injury severities for regular sober drivers and alcohol-influenced drivers, respectively, using the crash data collected in New Mexico from 2010 to 2011. Elasticity analyzes were conducted in order to understand better the quantitative impacts of these contributing factors on driver’s injury outcomes. The research findings provide a better understanding of contributing factors and their impacts on driver injury severities in crashes around intersections. For example, the probability of having severe injuries is higher for non-alcohol-influenced drivers when the drivers are 65 years old or older. Drivers’ left-turning action will increase non-alcohol-influenced driver injury severities in crash occurring around intersections. However, different characteristics are captured for alcohol-influenced drivers involved in intersection-related crashes. For example, more severe injuries of alcohol-influenced drivers can be observed around intersections with three or more lanes on each approach. The model specifications and estimation results are also helpful for transportation agencies and decision makers to develop cost-effective solutions to reduce alcohol-involved crash severities and improve traffic system safety performance.
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Li, Yang, Xiaohua Zhao, Qing He, Lihua Huang und Jian Rong. „Comprehensive Evaluation and Classification of Interchange Diagrammatic Guide Signs’ Complexity“. Journal of Advanced Transportation 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9865305.
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The effectiveness of interchange diagrammatic guide signs has significant meaning in traffic safety and driver’s understanding. This paper presented a comprehensive evaluation and classification of interchange diagrammatic guide signs’ complexity. The effectiveness of interchange diagrammatic guide signs relies on how well road users can understand those diagrams. This study tested 37 types of diagrams on the visual recognition complexity degree in three levels, general level, partial level, and detailed level, and finally seven indexes are selected to evaluation and classification of interchange diagrammatic guide signs’ complexity. These indexes can be used to conduct quantitative evaluation and classification. And the result of diagram complexity range is between −1.366 and 2.046, which have a correlation with graph cognition complexity, including perspective of distribution, diagram character, essential element expression manner, and utilization degree, andK-means clustering method was used in the analysis. Based on the presented method, 37 types of diagrams are separated into three categories according to their complexity score: low complexity, medium complexity, and high complexity. This study not only presents a theoretical approach for quantitative evaluation of guide signs’ complexity and effectiveness but also can be a reference for traffic sign design and application.
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Grethlein, David, Flaura Koplin Winston, Elizabeth Walshe, Sean Tanner, Venk Kandadai und Santiago Ontañón. „Simulator Pre-Screening of Underprepared Drivers Prior to Licensing On-Road Examination: Clustering of Virtual Driving Test Time Series Data“. Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, Nr. 6 (18.06.2020): e13995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/13995.
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Background A large Midwestern state commissioned a virtual driving test (VDT) to assess driving skills preparedness before the on-road examination (ORE). Since July 2017, a pilot deployment of the VDT in state licensing centers (VDT pilot) has collected both VDT and ORE data from new license applicants with the aim of creating a scoring algorithm that could predict those who were underprepared. Objective Leveraging data collected from the VDT pilot, this study aimed to develop and conduct an initial evaluation of a novel machine learning (ML)–based classifier using limited domain knowledge and minimal feature engineering to reliably predict applicant pass/fail on the ORE. Such methods, if proven useful, could be applicable to the classification of other time series data collected within medical and other settings. Methods We analyzed an initial dataset that comprised 4308 drivers who completed both the VDT and the ORE, in which 1096 (25.4%) drivers went on to fail the ORE. We studied 2 different approaches to constructing feature sets to use as input to ML algorithms: the standard method of reducing the time series data to a set of manually defined variables that summarize driving behavior and a novel approach using time series clustering. We then fed these representations into different ML algorithms to compare their ability to predict a driver’s ORE outcome (pass/fail). Results The new method using time series clustering performed similarly compared with the standard method in terms of overall accuracy for predicting pass or fail outcome (76.1% vs 76.2%) and area under the curve (0.656 vs 0.682). However, the time series clustering slightly outperformed the standard method in differentially predicting failure on the ORE. The novel clustering method yielded a risk ratio for failure of 3.07 (95% CI 2.75-3.43), whereas the standard variables method yielded a risk ratio for failure of 2.68 (95% CI 2.41-2.99). In addition, the time series clustering method with logistic regression produced the lowest ratio of false alarms (those who were predicted to fail but went on to pass the ORE; 27.2%). Conclusions Our results provide initial evidence that the clustering method is useful for feature construction in classification tasks involving time series data when resources are limited to create multiple, domain-relevant variables.
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Yang, Haifei, und Zhong Wu. „Effect of novice driver’s car-following characteristic on roadway segment capacity“. Advances in Mechanical Engineering 9, Nr. 7 (Juli 2017): 168781401771185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814017711853.
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The presence of significant proportion of novice drivers greatly affects traffic flow performance due to their poor driving skills. The primary objective of this study was to develop adjustment factors to evaluate the impacts of novice driver’s car-following characteristic on roadway segment capacity. On-road experiments were conducted for measuring the car-following behavioral data associated with novice and experienced drivers. Comparative analyses were conducted. It was found that novice drivers preferred keeping significantly larger spacing and headways than experienced drivers did. Linear regression analyses were conducted to relate travel speeds to spacing and headways. Adjustment factors were developed to quantitatively evaluate the effects of novice drivers’ car-following behaviors on roadway segment capacity. It was found that as the proportion of novice drivers in the traffic stream increased, the reduction rate of capacity had the same trend of increasing. The presence of novice drivers may result in up to 13% of capacity reduction when traffic flow composed entirely of novice drivers traveling with an average speed of 90 km/h. The validity of implementing the novice driver adjustment factor was tested against measured data. The results of validation determined that the proposed adjustment factors improve the estimation accuracy of roadway segment capacity.
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Łukaszewicz, Krzysztof, und Norbert Niechoćko. „Dynamic simulation of a virtual prototype of a one-track vehicle in motion on uneven ground conditions“. MATEC Web of Conferences 254 (2019): 02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925402015.
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This article presents the procedure of designing and testing the virtual prototype of the one-track vehicle using the Autodesk Inventor Professional software. A multi-stage process of preparing the virtual prototype and the results of selected simulation tests were presented. During the first stage of work, a digital geometric model of the vehicle was created. The second stage includes placing the model in the dynamic simulation environment and defining the testing conditions corresponding to the actual vehicle operation conditions. The next phase relates to the realization of virtual model tests in the Autodesk Inventor dynamic simulation environment. The model was subjected to tests using the multibody systems method (MBS) to determine the forces and displacements in selected structural nodes of the vehicle, in motion on uneven ground conditions. The obtained simulation results in the form of force values over time and displacements were analyzed and conclusions were formulated. The test results can be used to conduct a more detailed endurance analysis of individual construction elements, model optimization and impact on the driver’s body. It was stated that the used method allows for a more efficient process of creating a new product and more efficient evaluation of the impact of the conditions in which it will be used.
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Marafie, Zahraa, Kwei-Jay Lin, Daben Wang, Haoyu Lyu, Yanan Liu, Yu Meng und Jiaao Ma. „AutoCoach: An Intelligent Driver Behavior Feedback Agent with Personality-Based Driver Models“. Electronics 10, Nr. 11 (07.06.2021): 1361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10111361.
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Nowadays, AI has many applications in everyday human activities such as exercise, eating, sleeping, and automobile driving. Tech companies can apply AI to identify individual behaviors (e.g., walking, eating, driving), analyze them, and offer personalized feedback to help individuals make improvements accordingly. While offering personalized feedback is more beneficial for drivers, most smart driver systems in the current market do not use it. This paper presents AutoCoach, an intelligent AI agent that classifies drivers’ into different driving-personality groups to offer personalized feedback. We have built a cloud-based Android application to collect, analyze and learn from a driver’s past driving data to provide personalized, constructive feedback accordingly. Our GUI interface provides real-time user feedback for both warnings and rewards for the driver. We have conducted an on-the-road pilot user study. We conducted a pilot study where drivers were asked to use different agent versions to compare personality-based feedback versus non-personality-based feedback. The study result proves our design’s feasibility and effectiveness in improving the user experience when using a personality-based driving agent, with 61% overall acceptance that it is more accurate than non-personality-based.
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Uchiyama, Yuji, Shin-ichi Kojima, Takero Hongo, Ryuta Terashima und Toshihiro Wakita. „Voice Information System Adapted to Driver's Mental Workload“. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, Nr. 22 (September 2002): 1871–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204602220.
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There is a risk that voice messages from in-vehicle information systems may cause a driver to be distracted while driving. To avoid such a risk the message systems need to be adapted to drivers' mental workload. Such adaptive systems deliver voice messages when drivers' mental workload is low and postpone the messages when the driver workload is high. It is important for the system to estimate the current driver workload from car sensors such as car speed, steering wheel angle, accelerator pedal position and so on. In order to find some relations between the driver's mental workload and the data from car sensors, a dual task experiment was conducted on a public road. In the experiment, participants performed a memory task while driving an experimental car. At the same time, the data from the car sensors were recorded. The correlation coefficients between the memory task performance and the data from car sensors showed that release of the accelerator pedal was the most significant indicator of workload. Based on these results a workload estimator was developed, which has been applied to a voice information delivery test system. The potential of a voice information system that adapts to the driver's mental workload was evaluated.
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Zwahlen, Helmut T., Andrew Russ und Thomas Schnell. „Viewing Ground-Mounted Diagrammatic Guide Signs Before Entrance Ramps at Night: Driver Eye Scanning Behavior“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1843, Nr. 1 (Januar 2003): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1843-08.
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The driver eye scanning study is part of a larger study conducted for the Ohio Department of Transportation to evaluate the effectiveness of ground-mounted diagrammatic guide signs placed before entrance ramps at highway freeway interchanges. This nighttime study investigated driver eye scanning behavior while approaching ground-mounted diagrammatic guide signs placed before entrance ramps. Six highway-freeway interchanges were selected in the Greater Columbus, Ohio, area for placement of the diagrammatic signs in the field. Subjects were six unfamiliar drivers, between the ages of 22 to 42. Two diagrammatic signs were located at each of the six interchanges, .5 mi (805 m) and .25 mi (402 m) before the last point of the gore, where a driver can still gain access to the correct freeway entrance ramp. Driver eye scanning behavior measurements were recorded at night to determine if the presence of the diagrammatic signs elicited an excessive number of eye fixations or was visually distracting to the drivers or both. The results indicate that the diagrammatic signs are not looked at excessively often or excessively long. The average look numbers and average look duration times indicate a normal and reasonable level of information acquisition processing employed by the drivers. These values agree with those previously obtained for regular traffic signing determined in previous eye scanning studies. Ground-mounted diagrammatic signs on multilane arterials in advance of highway freeway interchanges were not demonstrated to unduly distract drivers and detrimentally affect a driver’s looking behavior.
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Mitropoulos, Lambros, Annie Kortsari und Georgia Ayfantopoulou. „Factors Affecting Drivers to Participate in a Carpooling to Public Transport Service“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 16 (14.08.2021): 9129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169129.
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Several studies have focused on understanding travelers’ attitudes and characteristics toward using carpooling services. However, few of these studies have focused the driver’s behavior and carpooling services that are organized to feed public transport. This research investigates the willingness of drivers to accept a carpooling ride, as part of their trip, to/from public transport stations (i.e., rail, tram and metro). Data from the EU project Ride2Rail are used, for which a survey (n = 327) was conducted in EU27 and the UK. Fisher’s exact and chi-square tests are used to explore the relationships between drivers/non-drivers and explanatory variables. A binary logit model is developed to estimate the likelihood of carpooling as a driver to/from a public transport station. The results show that delay, convenience, residence location, security and the number of passengers influence the drivers’ decision toward using their private vehicle in carpooling services. Findings provide concrete recommendations for carpooling drivers regarding the planning of a successful carpooling service. The recommendations to “recruit” the drivers become significant, as the concept of carpooling cannot be realized without them.
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Shaaban, Khaled. „Impact of Experience and Training on Traffic Knowledge of Young Drivers“. Open Transportation Journal 15, Nr. 1 (21.05.2021): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874447802115010061.
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Background: An acceptable level of knowledge of traffic rules is needed for any driver to drive on public roads. This knowledge is typically acquired at a younger age during the process of attaining a driver's license. Aim: The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of knowledge among young drivers and how it could be improved. The study also explores the relationships between driving experience and knowledge scores as well as between driving training and knowledge scores for young drivers. Methods: A questionnaire survey that covered questions related to traffic law, fines, demerit points, traffic signs, and different driving situations was conducted among young drivers to assess their knowledge level. In addition to the different demographic questions, the survey included questions related to their licensing-related training and driving experience. Results: The participants revealed an acceptable level of knowledge in general, measured in terms of the percentage of correct responses. The participants showed an above-average level of knowledge of traffic signs, an acceptable level of knowledge in questions related to handling different driving situations, but they lacked knowledge of questions related to fines and demerit points. Drivers who attended a driving course before obtaining their driver's license performed better than drivers who did not. Similarly, drivers with more driving experience performed better than drivers with less experience. Conclusion: In summary, the results suggest that providing driving courses and acquiring driving experience are relevant to the acquisition of driving knowledge for young drivers.
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Wu, Kuan, Shiliang Shi, Yijie Shi und Yong Chen. „CFD-Based Determination of the Optimal Blowing and Suction Air Volume Ratio of Dual-Radial Swirl Shielding Ventilation in a Fully Mechanized Excavation Face“. Geofluids 2021 (14.09.2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5473256.
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Dust is one of the main pollutants in coal mines, which seriously affects the physical and mental health of workers, as well as the safe production in underground mines. Dual-radial swirl shielding ventilation is a new ventilation method for a fully mechanized excavation face and can effectively reduce the dust concentration in the underground. The dust control effect of dual-radial swirl shielding ventilation is mainly affected by the thickness and integrity of the shielding air curtain, as well as the disturbance of the flow field near the air curtain. By changing the blowing and suction air volume ratio of the air duct, the strength of the radial air curtain can be improved, and the dust control effect of the dual-radial swirl shielding ventilation system can be effectively improved. In order to determine the optimal operating parameters of the dual-radial swirl shielding ventilation system, a numerical simulation method was used to conduct an in-depth study on the blowing and suction air volume ratio of the system. The results showed that when the blowing and suction air volume ratio of the air duct was 1.5, the radial air curtain had the highest strength. Under this condition, the dust concentration at the driver’s position of the roadheader was the lowest, and the dual-radial swirl shielding ventilation system can achieve an ideal dust control effect.
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Guo, Yongqing, Xiaoyuan Wang, Qing Xu, Quan Yuan, Chenglin Bai und Xuegang (Jeff) Ban. „Analysis of Differences in ECG Characteristics for Different Types of Drivers under Anxiety“. Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (23.08.2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6640527.
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Anxiety is a complex emotion characterized by an unpleasant feeling of tension when people anticipate a threat or negative consequence. It is regarded as a comprehensive reflection of human thought processes, physiological arousal, and external stimuli. The actual state of emotion can be represented objectively by human physiological signals. This study aims to analyze the differences of ECG (electrocardiogram) characteristics for various types of drivers under anxiety. We used several methods to induce drivers’ mood states (calm and anxiety) and then conducted the real and virtual driving experiments to collect driver’s ECG signal data. Physiological changes in ECG during the experiments were recorded using the PSYLAB software. The independent sample t-test analysis was conducted to determine if there are significant differences in ECG characteristics for different types of drivers in anxious state during driving. The results show that there are significant differences in ECG signal characteristics of drivers by gender, age, and driving experience, in time domain, frequency domain, and waveform under anxiety. Our findings of this study contribute to the development of more intelligent and personalized driver warning system, which could improve road traffic safety.
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Čulík, Kristián, und Alica Kalašová. „Statistical Evaluation of BIS-11 and DAQ Tools in the Field of Traffic Psychology“. Mathematics 9, Nr. 4 (22.02.2021): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9040433.
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This paper focuses on the statistical evaluation of two independent research tools in the field of traffic psychology. Our research focuses on young drivers in the Slovak Republic and conducts an international comparison. At present, these young drivers make up only about 7% of the total number of drivers, but they cause about 20% of accidents. The paper analyzes the traffic accident rate of young as well as inexperienced drivers. All drivers in the survey had a short period of driving experience. The traffic-psychological survey obtained detailed data via two independent tools. We aimed to find relations between the factors and subfactors of the tools used, namely the BIS-11 (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale) and DAQ (Driver Attitude Questionnaire). The researchers also used these tools in other countries, so it was possible to compare the results obtained. The results from these tools should reveal the psychological causes of as many traffic accidents as possible. Our paper shows the possibilities for the evaluation of the tools used with correlation analysis. The results of our research are shown in symmetrical matrixes of correlation coefficients. Our study also compares its values with the results of foreign authors. Such research has revealed some facts about young drivers’ violations connected with drunk driving, speeding, and other traffic offenses. Our aim was to find connections between the driver’s history (skills, traffic accidents, age, etc.) and psychological characteristics, and we have answered several research questions. In conclusion, we have highlighted the most significant relationships between the factors of driver psychology.
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Yang, Xiaonan, Jung Hyup Kim und Roland Nazareth. „Hierarchical Task Analysis for Driving under Divided Attention“. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, Nr. 1 (November 2019): 1744–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631022.
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Although researchers have made various models of driving behavior, the behavior model under divided attention is not well studied. In this paper, the driver’s behavior differences under divided-attention were studied in a simulated driving environment. A driving scenario was developed to simulate hazards on the highway in dynamic driving conditions. Based on crash and non-crash cases through eye tracking videos from the experiment, Hierarchical task analysis (HTA) was conducted, and decomposed different complex driving behaviors into drivers’ perception, cognition, and decision. Also, their reaction times were compared by using the cognitive-perceptual model in GOMS. Through this study, different driving behaviors and corresponding cognitive factors, which contributed to a slower reaction were identified. The results from this study could be as a valuable input to develop advanced driver assistance systems which could provide smart collision warnings based on the driver’s attention.
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Topolšek, Darja, und Dejan Dragan. „Behavioural Comparison of Driverswhen Driving a Motorcycle or a Car: A Structural Equation Modelling Study“. PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 27, Nr. 6 (17.12.2015): 457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v27i6.1816.
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The goal of the study was to investigate if the drivers behave in the same way when they are driving a motorcycle or a car. For this purpose, the Motorcycle Rider Behaviour Questionnaire and Driver Behaviour Questionnaire were conducted among the same drivers population. Items of questionnaires were used to develop a structural equation model with two factors, one for the motorcyclist’s behaviour, and the other for the car driver’s behaviour. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were also applied in this study. Results revealed a certain difference in driving behaviour. The principal reason lies probably in mental consciousness that the risk-taking driving of a motorbike can result in much more catastrophic consequences than when driving a car. The drivers also pointed out this kind of thinking and the developed model has statistically confirmed the behavioural differences. The implications of these findings are also argued in relation to the validation of the appropriateness of the existing traffic regulations.
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Chrzanowicz, Marcin, und Piotr Jaskowski. „Analysis of results of emission parameters of advertising media in field conditions“. MATEC Web of Conferences 231 (2018): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823104002.
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The lighting parameters of advertising media observed from the road leading drivers are one of the basic factors which should be taken into account in the process of determining the influence of the carrier on the risk related to the possibility of a road event. As a result, exceeding the permissible parameters may lead to disturbance of the vision process or distraction from the driver’s primary objective, which is to observe the road situation. The article presents the results of tests of lighting and geometric parameters carried out on a large number of advertising media located in the vicinity of Polish roads. The study was conducted at night, using an original research procedure. Observation of advertising media from the driver’s position is included. The final result of the work is information about the actual levels of lighting parameters generated by a large group of advertising media of different character of light beam emission (broken down into defined emission groups A - D), which can be observed from the driver's position.
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Ng, Sik Hung, Howard Giles und Joanna Moody. „Information-Seeking Triggered by Age“. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 33, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1991): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/1uv0-uyql-7aqv-v6un.
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Age labels may lead to the seeking of age-stereotypic information from target individuals. Using Carver and de la Garza's [1] information-seeking procedure (which asked respondents to judge the relative importance of various kinds of information they would glean from drivers involved in an automobile accident for assigning accident responsibility), but extending it to a wider life span (16 to 91 years of age) and to both genders, we generalized earlier findings to a similar undergraduate sample ( n = 437) in another country. Also demonstrated for the first time is the fact that ageist information-seeking across the life span was independent of the driver's gender, the participant's age, and the participant's gender. Specifically, participants wanted to know from younger drivers about their driving conduct (whether they had been drunk and speeding), and from older drivers about their capacity for driving (mental competence, vision, and health). The seeking of environmental information (car safety and road conditions) did not vary with the age of driver in any systematic way.
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Bella, Francesco, und Manuel Silvestri. „VEHICLE–PEDESTRIAN INTERACTIONS INTO AND OUTSIDE OF CROSSWALKS: EFFECTS OF DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS“. Transport 36, Nr. 2 (30.04.2021): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2021.14739.
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This study aimed to analyse the driver’s behaviour during the interaction with a pedestrian crossing into and outside the zebra crossing, and evaluate the effectiveness of two kinds of Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) that provided to the driver an auditory alert, and a visual alert to detect the pedestrian. 42 participants joined the experiment conducted using the fixed-base driving simulator of the Department of Engineering (Roma Tre University). They experienced different crossing conditions (legal and illegal) and ADAS conditions (no ADAS, visual warning and auditory warning) in an urban scenario. The parameters Time-To-Arrive (TTA) and Speed Reduction Time (SRT) were obtained from the drivers’ speed profiles in the last 150 m in advance of the conflict point with the pedestrian. Results clearly showed the criticality of illegal crossings. When the pedestrian crossed outside of the crosswalk, the highest number of collision occurred and the ANalysis Of VAriance (ANOVA) returned significant effects on both the dependent variables TTA and SRT, highlighting the higher criticality of the vehicle–pedestrian interaction and the more abrupt yielding manoeuvre. Positive effects (the vehicle–pedestrian interaction was less critical and the yielding manoeuvre was smoother) emerged for both the driver assistance systems, although not statistically significant. Besides, both the driver assistance systems positively affected the behaviour of the average cautious drivers. No significant effects of the warning systems were recorded on the aggressive drivers, which because of their behavioural characteristics ignored the warning alarm. In addition, no significant effects of the warning systems were recorded for the very cautious drivers, which adjusted their behaviour even before the alarm trigger. Finally, the outcomes of the questionnaire submitted to the participants highlighted the clear preference for the auditory warning, probably because of the different physical stimuli that are solicited by the warning signal. The results confirm that adequate pedestrian paths should be planned to avoid jaywalker conditions, which induce the driver to assume critical driving behaviour and provide useful findings of the effectiveness of driver assistance systems for pedestrian detection.
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Khushairy Makhtar, Ahmad, Ahmed Khameini und . „A Study on the Effect of Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) by Using Human Speech and the Acceptance“. International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, Nr. 4.27 (30.11.2018): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.27.22497.
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Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) is an in-vehicle system that support drivers compliance with the speed limit. ISA is in fact a collective term for various different systems. Today, speeding was listed as the major cause of road accidents and traffic fatalities worldwide. By having a reliable and acceptable system that could alert the drivers about the speed limit in any particular areas, it will help in reducing the number of road accidents worldwide. This study was conducted to develop a system of Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) by using GPS that would alert the bus drivers in UiTM Shah Alam about speed limits in any particular areas and it must be reliable and acceptable. This research is to determine the factors of acceptance from the drivers towards the ISA system. The system developed was an advisory system. Hence, the way this system give warning about the speed limit to the driver is an important criterion to be taken care of. The output parameter of for this study is the driver’s acceptance towards this ISA system and they must be happy to have this system inside their vehicles.
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Ahn, DaeHan, Homin Park, Kyoosik Shin und Taejoon Park. „Accurate Driver Detection Exploiting Invariant Characteristics of Smartphone Sensors“. Sensors 19, Nr. 11 (11.06.2019): 2643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19112643.
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Distracted driving jeopardizes the safety of the driver and others. Numerous solutions have been proposed to prevent distracted driving, but the number of related accidents has not decreased. Such a deficiency comes from fragile system designs where drivers are detected exploiting sensory features from strictly controlled vehicle-riding actions and unreliable driving events. We propose a system called ADDICT (Accurate Driver Detection exploiting Invariant Characteristics of smarTphone sensors), which identifies the driver utilizing the inconsistency between gyroscope and magnetometer dynamics and the interplay between electromagnetic field emissions and engine startup vibrations. These features are invariantly observable regardless of smartphone positions and vehicle-riding actions. To evaluate the feasibility of ADDICT, we conducted extensive experiments with four participants and three different vehicles by varying vehicle-riding scenarios. Our evaluation results demonstrated that ADDICT identifies the driver’s smartphone with 89.1% average accuracy for all scenarios and >85% under the extreme scenario, at a marginal cost of battery consumption.
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Hassan, Rayya A., und Kerry McManus. „Assessment of Interaction Between Road Roughness and Heavy Vehicles“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, Nr. 1 (Januar 2003): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819b-30.
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Road surface roughness excites low- and high-frequency vibration modes of a heavy articulated vehicle body. These vibrations result in motions in all directions that detract from the driver’s perceived ride and comfort and increase pavement damage due to dynamic wheel loads (DWLs). A subjective assessment survey was conducted to identify surface roughness characteristics that mainly influence the perceptions of heavy-vehicle drivers of pavement rideability and their comfort. The latter was achieved by correlating drivers’ ratings to roughness contents in different roughness wavebands. The results indicated that the drivers mainly object to low-frequency body vibrations excited by roughness wavelengths in the range of 4.88 to 19.5 m. Roughness content in this band was used to establish a new profile-based index called the profile index for truck ( PIt). Drivers consider pavement rideability to be poor when PIt exceeds 2.75 m/km. PIt provides better predictions of heavy vehicle ride than the international roughness index (IRI). The methodology for developing the PIt and assessment of its reliability as a measure of heavy vehicle ride are described. The latter was achieved by testing the statistical significance of the effects of factors other than road roughness that influence the perceived ride of truck drivers. They include factors related to the vehicle, the road, and the driver as well as situational factors. In addition, PIt was found to be a better indicator than IRI of the levels of whole body vibrations transmitted to the driver through the seat and a better predictor of the magnitude of DWL to which the test pavements are subject.
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Mazzariol, Brenno, Antonella Pastorini, Alessandro di Luca und Natale Mario di Luca. „Recent Medico-Legal Developments on the Issue of Epilepsy and Driver’s License Requirements in the Italian and European Legislation“. Behavioural Neurology 2019 (30.09.2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7127956.
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Epilepsy is a condition that comprises a group of neurological disorders characterized by seizures. Forms of epilepsy that produce abrupt bouts that cause lapses in consciousness may pose a major road safety problem for drivers who, while going through a seizure, could seriously harm themselves as well as others. A fundamental strategy for the purpose of reducing the risk of car accidents caused by epileptic drivers is constituted by prevention, in addition to adequate pharmacological therapies. In that respect, forensic medicine plays a pivotal role, since it deals with the set of requirements that must be met by those who have been diagnosed with epilepsy in order to get a driver’s license, and with the obligation to signal such individuals to the national Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (in Italian: Motorizzazione Civile). In that regard, the Italian legislative framework is partly hazy in some respects, which the authors have set out to analyze herein, taking into account recently issued European norms. The aim of this paper was to better understand the current Italian legislation in the matter of epilepsy and driver’s license requirements, especially regarding the medical criteria that must be met in order to obtain the driving license. The importance of those criteria is underlined by the fact that they directly influence (and are influenced by) the safety for the drivers and for the persons involved in car accidents. Thus, we can consider the issue not only strictly of medico-legal relevance but also from the standpoint of primary prevention. The analysis was conducted by reviewing the most recent documents of medico-legal relevance, in the light of European Union legislation. The authors have ultimately stressed the need for clearer and straightforward regulations, given that professional liability may arise whenever a driver’s license is issued, in disregard of legal norms, to an individual who then causes a road accident.
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Reynolds, S. H., und F. Renae Bowers-Carnahan. „Vertical Eye Positions in Heavy Trucks“. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 37, Nr. 9 (Oktober 1993): 585–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129303700915.
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In the truck industry, the driver's eye location is represented by an ellipse. The specific ellipse used is defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and is called an “eyellipse.” A preliminary study investigated whether an observed difference between the design eyellipse and the actual driver eye positions is significant. A sample of five drivers was selected based on anthropometric dimensions. The eye positions of the drivers were measured in a static production vehicle. The results indicated that the sample population mean was significantly higher (at the α = 0.01 level) than the design eyellipse centroid. Several potential causes for the demonstrated difference are discussed. Further studies should be conducted to verify the results of this study to determine whether the eyellipse equations or procedure need to be modified.
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Brugger, Sandra Olivia, und Theresa Watts. „Transportation Network Companies: Drivers’ Perceptions of Ride-Sharing Regarding Climate Change and Extreme Weather“. Climate 9, Nr. 8 (14.08.2021): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli9080131.
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The transportation sector is a major factor contributing to climate change. Transportation Network Companies (TNC) may become part of solutions to reduce emissions and their drivers play an important role in doing so. This study aims to understand TNC driver’s perceptions of climate change, to understand how climate change and extreme weather affects their business and how they see their role in contributing to or mitigating climate change. We conducted an in-person survey of TNC drivers in Nevada, USA, and analyzed the derived information with descriptive statistics and content analysis. Among the 75 TNC drivers, almost half believe climate change is happening and is caused by human activities. We found TNC drivers and their business are affected by extreme weather events. Currently the drivers do not see their role in mitigating climate change and lack the awareness of green initiatives already in place by TNCs’. We conclude that TNCs could increase their climate change responsibility by providing driver incentives for cars with reduced emissions or by geographically expanding customer incentives for using sustainable TNC options such as car-pooling. By doing so, TNC may play a role in reducing global greenhouse gas emissions and traffic congestion; thus, contributing to improved sustainable transportation practices.
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Hugeng, Hugeng, Eko Syamsudin und Hadytio Putra. „Sistem Pengingat Safety Riding bagi Pengemudi Mobil Pribadi“. Jurnal ULTIMA Computing 6, Nr. 1 (01.06.2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31937/sk.v6i1.288.
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The purpose of the utility of safety belt is to minimize the impact that could occur in a car accident. Safety belt consists of two main parts; i.e. transverse diagonal sash belt and lap belt that lies horizontally on the abdomen. Both parts make a form of continuous network that securing the driver. The main problem in the usage of safety belt is that many drivers ignored the function of the safety belt and did not use it. Some drivers tightened one part of the belt only, others even did not use it at all. Facing this problem, a model was designed in this research that can always remind and force the drivers to use their safety belt. Additional features were detection system for car speed and for driver’s head position. This designed device consists of several main components such as microcontrollers, limit switches, heat sensors, sound system, an accelerometer, and potentiometers. Some components were designed based on separate modules and merged into a single unit device that can always remind drivers to use safety belts correctly. Based on the results of the conducted experiments, the system can function correctly in which it always perfomed rechecking of each parameter.
Index Terms - microcontroller, safety riding system
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Sugiono, Sugiono, Denny Widhayanuriyawan, Debrina P. Andriani und Renaldi P. Prasetya. „INVESTIGATING THE INFLUENCE OF DISTANCE BETWEEN CARS ON THE DRIVER PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY DURING BRAKING USING EEG: A CASE STUDY ON DRIVING IN INDONESIA“. Acta Neuropsychologica 17, Nr. 3 (04.12.2019): 329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6189.
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The multiple crashes in Indonesia are categorized into a frequently occurring accident, which often causes death. The aim of this paper is to examine the driver psychophysiology during braking in response to the vehicle in the front, which is varied. The research was initiated with a literature review regarding the electrooculography (EEG), safe braking distance, Emotive Epoc+, and Central Nervous System (CNS). The research was initiated with a literature review regarding the Electroencephalography (EEG), safe braking distance, Emotive Epoc+, and Central Nervous System (CNS). Research design with direct driving experiments on the road is used to analyze what happens to the driver's brain when braking at a certain distance (psychophysiology factor). The collected sampling data are from 4 male healthy drivers with the age between 20 - 40 years and average driving experience of more than 5 years. The measurement of brain activities into a spectrum of colors and Emotive BCI 16 electrodes through the performance matrices was conducted for the existing condition and condition suitable with the safety distance permitted. Experiments have been tested in 4 different road conditions of residential road (speed <30Km/h), city road (speed <50Km/h), rural road (speed <80Km/h) and motorway (speed <100Km/h). Safety distance measurement used standard data with residences road = 10m, city road = 29m, rural road 73m, and motorways = 115m. Results of brainwave signal have been recorded by Emotive Epoc Brain Activity map and Emotive BCI matrix and have been used to analyse the driver’s psychophysical. The findings show that the level of stress in the existing condition is very wherein for the braking in the densely populated residence = 87, urban areas = 83, intercity = 76, and motorways = 60. In contrast, following the safety distance rules have successfully reduced mental stress to average 47 as proofed by lower beta signal especially on occipital lobe (vision function) and on frontal lobe (attention function). Improper infrastructure such as narrow road at heavy residential damaged driver relaxes and increased stress level as indicated by increasing brain signal significantly. Meanwhile, driving while concerning the safety braking distance psychophysiologically through the identification of brain activity will be able to lower the driver’s stress and fatigue level.
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Magaña, Víctor Corcoba, Wilhelm Daniel Scherz, Ralf Seepold, Natividad Martínez Madrid, Xabiel García Pañeda und Roberto Garcia. „The Effects of the Driver’s Mental State and Passenger Compartment Conditions on Driving Performance and Driving Stress“. Sensors 20, Nr. 18 (15.09.2020): 5274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185274.
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Globalization has increased the number of road trips and vehicles. The result has been an intensification of traffic accidents, which are becoming one of the most important causes of death worldwide. Traffic accidents are often due to human error, the probability of which increases when the cognitive ability of the driver decreases. Cognitive capacity is closely related to the driver’s mental state, as well as other external factors such as the CO2 concentration inside the vehicle. The objective of this work is to analyze how these elements affect driving. We have conducted an experiment with 50 drivers who have driven for 25 min using a driving simulator. These drivers completed a survey at the start and end of the experiment to obtain information about their mental state. In addition, during the test, their stress level was monitored using biometric sensors and the state of the environment (temperature, humidity and CO2 level) was recorded. The results of the experiment show that the initial level of stress and tiredness of the driver can have a strong impact on stress, driving behavior and fatigue produced by the driving test. Other elements such as sadness and the conditions of the interior of the vehicle also cause impaired driving and affect compliance with traffic regulations.
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Wilson, Derrick Ashietey Yebuah, Gang Tian, Gabriel Dodzi Pekyi, Michael Novor Addo, Prince Owusu Sarkodie und Afako Jephthah Kwame. „Institutional Drivers for Corporate Social Responsibility of Ghanaian Firms“. European Journal of Business and Management Research 6, Nr. 1 (24.02.2021): 212–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2021.6.1.731.
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The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has dominated the academic space with a significant number of studies focusing on attempting to establish the relationship between corporate responsibility and firm performance. Minimal empirical attention is, however, accorded to attempting to establish what drives corporate responsibility among firms. This study sought to examine the institutional drivers for CSR practices of firms in Ghana using a mixed-method approach. An interview was conducted with personnel in charge of executing their respective firm’s corporate responsibility initiatives to obtain a firsthand insight into the level of appreciation for CSR among Ghanaian firms as well as to identify the drivers for CSR. The drivers for CSR were classified into internal and external institutional drivers. The study sourced for data for its analysis by administering questionnaires to 100 respondents. Responses were quantitatively analyzed using a regression technique. Among the internal drivers for CSR, it was found that only board commitment to CSR was a significant and positive driver of corporate responsibility. International trade relations, the media, and the local community were similarly found to be significant and positive drivers of CSR among the external drivers. Regulations was found to be a significant driver for CSR but impacted on corporate responsibility negatively. It is recommended that incentives by the government, award schemes, and enforcement of CSR reporting be implemented to drive a broad adoption of CSR among firms in developing nations.
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Yuan, Quan, Wei Hao, Haotian Su, Guanwen Bing, Xinyuan Gui und Abolfazl Safikhani. „Investigation on Range Anxiety and Safety Buffer of Battery Electric Vehicle Drivers“. Journal of Advanced Transportation 2018 (13.06.2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8301209.
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Drivers tend to have more range anxiety compared with driving traditional fuel vehicles if they are driving battery electric vehicle (BEV) with a long trip. Range anxiety could potentially have negative effect on driver’s emotions and behaviors. In order to understand this behavior and improve the related safety issues, this paper will focus on BEV drivers’ study in China. A survey on BEV drivers’ actual range anxiety as well as the effect of range anxiety on drivers’ behaviors is conducted in this research. Levels of feelings and attitudes of the interviewees are quantized with Likert scales using mathematical tools of the relationship. Safety buffer is defined as a measurement of the period given range anxiety starting to significantly intervene in driver’s operation. The research reveals the proportional quotative relationship between BEV drivers’ safety buffer and the mileage of trip. Factors, including driving experience, satisfactory level of recharge accessibility, and resistibility to emotions, are found to be significant contributing factors to influence the perceived range anxiety level of BEV drivers. This research will provide implications to the future study on the interface design of BEV.