Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Drinking water Law and legislation Australia“

The need to protect underground sources of drinking and household water supply. Many reasons, including climatic changes, an increase in anthropogenic pressure, and an increase in the need for drinking water, dictate the need to protect underground sources of drinking and domestic water supply. The USSR was the pioneer in the field of drinking water protection in the world. Already in 1956, USSR put an instruction on the establishment of sanitary protection zones (SPZ) into effect. The United States took the first steps in resolving this issue only seven years later. Along with Soviet developments, the USA and German guidelines are still fundamental and contain fundamental recommendations for groundwater protection. The requirements related to the protection of water intakes in the legislative acts of various states have been implemented at the international level (Directive 2000/60 / EU, Directive 2006/118 / EU), nationally (Australian National Strategy, USA Safe Drinking Water Law, PRC Law on Drinking Water Pollution Prevention and Control) and Local Levels (New Jersey safeguard zone (SGZ) Guidelines). Among the standard features is the allocation of belts in the S with different permitted use regimes: belt I (strict regime) - 10-50 m, belt II -50 days -10 years, belt III - the entire catchment area. Conclusions. Despite the fact that each country uses different approaches to protecting groundwater, in general, there is a similarity in the establishment and organization of SGZ for groundwater intakes, in which certain activities are prohibited or restricted. In the Russian Federation, it seems important to formalize the results of scientific research and existing experience in the protection of underground sources of drinking water supply in the form of Guidelines to allow ensuring optimal management of drinking water resources and preserve the quality of drinking water, to guarantee their availability in the future.

There is a serious problem of rural unsafe drinking water in china,but only it is essential for legislation to solve comprehensively.Through the analysis of the legislative background, legislative basis and legislative framework system of rural safe drinking water,the paper explores some legislative issues.Water source contaminated by industrial pollutants, agricultural pollutants, domestic pollutants, is the biggest obstacle to rural drinking water safety.Rural safe drinking water legislation have sufficiently the constitutional basis and the basic law basis. Legislative framework system is composed of drinking water source protection,rural water supply planning,project financing,operation and management mechanisms,emergency warning system, pricing system, supervision system etc. Rural safe drinking water legislation will play a significant role in solving fundamentally the problem of rural safe drinking water.

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) 2000/60/EC, which has been transposed into the national legislation with the Law 3199/2003 (MoEPPW, 2003), will cause substantial changes in the drinking water pricing policy and the domestic water authorities involved such as the Municipal Enterprises for Water Supply and Sewerage (DEYA). Up to date, drinking water pricing policy has been based only on the recovery of the economic cost and in some cases neither this. Therefore, domestic water is not priced taking into account its real cost. Based on data provided by 74 DEYA representing 2.10 million inh, the average water price is estimated to be 1.19 €/m3. Analysis of these data reveals a deviation of 41.67% from the real cost. The relation of consumers with the Enterprise, but also that of management and employees, should be a bidirectional relation, in order to be comprehensible by all. Thus, an agreement that will point out that the most excellent quality of water presupposes water policy which will consider sustainability and the current requirements of the Enterprise and of course the consumers should be established between them.

Recently in Australia concerns have been raised regarding the contamination of municipal drinking water supplies with lead. This is of particular concern to children due to the impact of lead exposure on cognitive development and as such these findings have received much media attention. The response from legislators has been swift, and The Victorian School Building Authority has announced that all new schools and school upgrade works will only use lead-free tapware and piping systems. However, while the immediate replacement of lead-containing brass fittings may seem a logical and obvious response, it does not consider the potential implications on microbial contamination. This is particularly concerning given the increasing public health threat posed by opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens (OPPPs). This commentary explores this public health risk of lead exposure from plumbing materials compared to the potential public health risks from OPPPs. Non-tuberculous mycobacterium was chosen as the example OPPP, and the influence on plumbing material and its public health burden in Australia is explored. This commentary highlights the need for future research into the influence of plumbing material on OPPPs prior to any changes in legislation regarding plumbing material.

Water quality and water supply system in our country are primarily related to inadequate environment management in 1990s, due to poor economic situation in the country and insufficient investments. With a view to improve conditions of environment, strategic documents at various levels have been adopted. One of these, water-supply basis for Serbia 2002-2012, was adopted by Government of the Republic of Serbia in 2002, which defined basic strategy for water management. Law on Environment Protection (2004) provides basis and possibility of further applicability of EU directions complying with respective standards. Apparent trend in this field is tendency of setting up certain standards for each purpose (Council Directive 75/440/EEC, Council Directive 76/160/EEC) as well as for some types of water systems (rivers, lakes, ground waters). Our paper presents the most important regulations of the Republic Serbia and EU in the field of water quality management, control of water quality in our country, monitoring, that would, followed by adequate information system, contribute to quality improvement of ambient and drinking waters.

Diffuse pesticide pollution is a problem for the environment, but it also presents a challenge for water companies managing treatment infrastructure to produce potable water. The legal framework for this context has three main components: that dealing with pesticides and pesticide use, that dealing with environmental water quality and that dealing with drinking water quality. The study set out to identify, interpret and assess the impact of the legal framework related to this challenge. The study found that the current policy and legislation do not provide a coordinated legal framework and some changes are warranted. For example the Water Framework Directive (WFD) sets environmental quality standards for some, but not all, pesticides. Article 7 provides special protection of water bodies used as sources for drinking water supply, but it is not clear whether the UK will achieve full compliance by 2015. This is a problem for water companies planning investment, because the WFD and Drinking Water Directive remain legally distinct. Further uncertainty arises from the application of Regulation (EC) 1107/2009 and the extent that restricted availability of pesticides will drive changes in agricultural practice and pesticide use.

AbstractThe National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), which was signed into law on January 1,1970, has come to be regarded as the first major piece of federal legislation to call for comprehensive attention to environmental concerns in the United States. During the two decades following enactment of NEPA, Congress adopted and then refined major legislation on nearly every aspect of environmental quality concerns: air pollution, water pollution, drinking water quality, hazardous waste management, wildlife protection, pesticide use, and several related problem areas. Current arguments for environmental regulatory reform are a phase in the continuing evolution of this body of federal environmental policy.

This article focuses on how water users perceive the state of water security and their concerns about water resources in Baguio City using survey data from 300 poor households. The financial and social aspects of the poor household's access to potable water are described before features of the Baguio Water Code on drinking water quality, water permits and groundwater extraction, and rainwater harvesting are tackled. The high expectations that accompanied the approval of this breakthrough legislation to address the city's long-standing water problems which were only partially met as the key provision on water permits remains unimplemented. Drinking water quality and rainwater harvesting have had some success in implementation. Still more needs to be done through measures that rely on the partnership of the local water utility and the city government offices in order to respond to the need of poor households for clean water.

Objective. Analysis of the results of systematic observations of the indicators that characterize the "blooming" of the water of the Dnieper River in space-time aspect, and providing recommendations for its prevention. Materials and methods. To assess the water quality of the Dnieper River, an array of data from the State Agency of Water Resources "Dnieper Basin Water Resources Management" (2015–2017, 906 samples), the State Water Cadastre (2016), "UNHC Ministry of Health" on the state of water in Ukraine (1992–1994), “National Report on Drinking Water Quality and the State of Drinking Water Supply in Ukraine” (2005–2016), Lithuanian Waste Management Regulation (2006), Council Directive 91/271/ЄEC. Methods were used for data processing: analytical, statistical, correlation, mathematical modeling. Results and conclusions. A high content of phosphates and organic substances in the water of the Dnipro river in the spatial-and-temporal section is demonstrated, which indicates a natural and anthropogenic contamination and will lead to the potential problems with the contamination of tap drinking water made of the Dnipro water. It is proved that one of the priority tasks today should be to reduce the content of organic matter, phosphorus and nitrogen in surface waters, which can be achieved by establishing coastal strips and provided by law, as well as the use of modern technologies for industrial and domestic wastewater treatment, this requires regulation. Further harmonization of Ukraine’s water legislation with European legislation will help prevent water-related morbidity.

From the moment it was first indicated that use of aluminum chloride during purification of drinking water might be one of the triggers of Alzheimer’s disease, it took only a few years to almost abandon this practice worldwide. Now, two years after the initial evidence was presented that the cheapest possible replacement for aluminum chloride (ferric hydroxide, better known as ferrous sludge) significantly threatens soil fertility, there is almost no action. A robust case study was conducted among European drinking water treatment plants. First, it is reported that some samples of ferrous sludge can reduce phosphorus availability by more than 70%. This creates a precondition for a significant reduction in fertility over a decade. Because the legislation usually responds to similar findings with great delay, the extent to which managers of drinking water treatment plants are willing to change process settings by themselves has also been assessed. The findings obtained allow us to expect that a long continuation of this hazardous practice can be expected, since managers of drinking water treatment plants show little willingness to switch from the ongoing questionable technology (harmful to nutrient cycles in soil) to environmentally favorable (though slightly more costly) solutions.

During the early 1980s, concern over the poor quality of the nation's drinking water began to arise. Though the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) had been passed almost a decade earlier, many problems still existed. These problems included the inability of the Environmental Protection Agency to promulgate new drinking water standards and to enforce new and existing standards. To address the shortcomings of the original act, Congress passed the 1986 SDWA Amendments.

This document attempts to accomplish two main goals. The first is to summarize selectively the requirements of the 1986 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Amendments as reflected in proposed and finalized drinking water regulations. The areas of coverage include proposed regulations for eight inorganic and thirty synthetic organic chemical contaminants, the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), and the Total Coliform Rule (TCR). In order to facilitate an understanding of the SDWA and the 1986 Amendments, a sectional analysis was provided in an appendix.

The second goal of this document is to assess the economic impact of this legislation upon Virginia water facilities. In this regard, the cost of water treatment technologies whose use will likely increase as a result of the legislation have been estimated, compiled, and documented.

These technologies include granular activated carbon (GAC); reverse osmosis; ion exchange; and various aeration, filtration, and disinfection technologies. Several case studies that assess and highlight the direct impacts of the 1986 SDWA Amendments upon Virginia water facilities are presented.
Master of Science

In September 2000 water fluoridation became mandatory in South Africa. Since then water service providers like Umgeni Water (UW), a bulk water supply authority in the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) province of South Africa began the process of implementing the legislation. This study was undertaken to establish the spatio-temporal variations of fluoride concentrations in surface and ground waters within the Umgeni Operational Area, to establish whether these waters would require fluoridation or defluoridation to meet a fluoride concentration of 0.70 mglf, and to assess the potential impacts of water fluoridation. Baseline fluoride concentrations of surface and ground water: It was concluded that the fluoride concentration of all sample types (rivers, dams, water works raw and final waters, wastewater influent and effluents, and boreholes), except pollution point sources, is less than O.S; mglR, 50 percent of the time. Some rivers (Mshazi, KwaNyuswa, KwaNgcolosi,·Mshwati and the MgoShongweni) exhibited high fluoride concentrations, while someboreholes also exhibited high fluoride concentrations. Temporal Variations and Seasonality: There are seasonal variations in the fluoride concentrations for surface waters, with higher fluoride concentrations in winter than in summer (64 out of 125 occasions). This low fluoride concentration in summer can be attributed to the dilution effects caused by rainfall runoff. Identification of "Hot Spots": "Hot Spots", sites where the fluoride concentration exceeds 1 mglR are present within the study area, for surface and borehole water. For surface water, the MgoShongweni exhibited fluoride concentrations in excess of 1mglRat least 75% of the time. The KwaNgcolosi and Mshwati exhibited fluoride concentrations In excess of 1mglR at least 25% of the time, while the Mshazi and the KwaNyuswa exhibited fluoride concentrations in excess of 1mglR only 5% of the time. The storm water discharge below AECI had high fluoride concentrations in excess of 1mg/R at least 20% of the time and the concentrations exceeded the fluoride concentration for seawater (1.4 mglf) at least 5% of the time. Of the 286 boreholes sampled, 17 boreholes (6% of all boreholes sampled) had fluoride levels in excess oft mglf . The impacts of long term consumption of water from these boreholes could range from slight mottling of the dental enamel in sensitive individuals (boretioles JD26, C29, H19, CB7, 112/1, 69/5, Thembeni 108 and EC (Thembeni 105, Keats Drift boreholes 1 and 2). Spatial patterns and possible sources of high fluoride concentrations: With respect to spatial patterns, relatively high concentrations of fluoride (300 IJglR to 1000 IJglR) can be found in surface water in the Msunduzi river, the Mgeni river downstream of the Msunduzi confluence and along the coastal belt. No spatial patterns are evident with respect to borehole water. For surface water, high fluoride concentrations in the Mshazi, KwaNyuswa and the KwaNgcolosi streams (inflows to the Inanda dam) appear to be associated with the catchment geology. The ~igh fluoride concentrations in Mshwati and the MgoShongweni are most likely as a result of industrial activities in the respective catchments. For borehole water, high fluoride concentrations may be attributed to catchment geology. Additional fluoride dosaqe ' at water treatment works: Since the fluoride concentrations at the water works were low (mean ranging between 0.5 mglf to 0.38 mglf) , fluoride would need to be added to meet the fluoride standard of 0.7 mgl£ . For most of the water works, the additional fluoride (sodium fluoride) requirement to meet the fluoride standard of 0.7 mgl£, ranged from 1.201 kglMRto 1.555 kg/MR. For the water works, Imfume and Umzinto, the additional fluoride , requirement is 0.768 kg/MR and 0.109 kg/MR respectively. In final water, the fluctuations in fluoride concentrations observed would translate to continuous testing being required to maintain optimal dosing of fluoride. Comparison of influent and effluent fluoride concentrations at wastewater works: There was no evidence of fluoride removal at the Mpophomeni Wastewater Works . There was evidence of 22.4% fluoride removal at the DarvHI Wastewater Works possibly due to the activated sludge treatment process at the wastewater works. Future fluoride levels in surface water that will receive return flows: Once water fluoridation is implemented, the Darvill Wastewater Works would receive fluoridated return flows, and discharge its fluoride rich effluent into the Msunduzi river. The average monthly fluoride road discharged from Darvill Wastewater Works would increase from 0.23 tons to 1.46 tons, an additional 1.23 tons per month on the aquatic environment of the Msunduzi river. The sludge fluoride load, disposed to land, could increase from 4 056 tons/month to 27 863 tons/month, which implies an increase in the fluoride runoff potential from the sludge-lands to the Msunduzi river. Number of people in sensitive groups that could be affected by water fluoridation: A significant number of people in KZN could be sensitive to water fluoridation. This has been estimated to be at least one third of KZN's population that are HIV infected. Recommendations were made and the most important ones are as follows: In the light of the large number of people, one-third the population of KZN, that is HIV positive and therefore could be sensitive to fluoridated water, it is recommended that the South African legislation mandating water fluoridation be withdrawn. Examination of the most recent literature indicated a significant lack of confidence in the best available studies that researched the safety and efficacy of water fluoridation. In the light of this it is recommended that the South African Department of Health re-examine and withdraw its legislation that mandates water fluoridation.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.

The use, protection and management of water resources belong to the most urgent among global environmental problems of our time. Today, the civilization clearly realizes the need for careful management of water resources, maintaining and restoring its quality. Water quality determines the possibility of its use in various fields of human activity. For Ukraine problems of water sector are also acute and urgent. Low efficiency of water use, poor drinking water quality, nitrate contamination of water resources, poor condition of water bodies in Ukraine require more foreign experience in this sphere, especially the EU experience. The purpose of our scholarly work is to explore actual problems of harmonization of water legislation of Ukraine with the requirements of EU water policy and development of proposals for the improvement of Ukrainian legislation. Main features of harmonization of Ukrainian legislation in the water resources management sphere with EU law and prospects for implementation of principles of EU Water Framework Directive were analyzed. As a result of the study the ways of implementation of positive foreign experience of water objects management in Ukraine are considered. Considering the scale of ecological crisis in Ukraine the necessity of forming a new system of economic regulators of nature is obvious. Such system must not only accumulate funds for urgent actions, but primarily encourage economic entities to protect the natural environment. We consider it appropriate to introduce mandatory environmental insurance for operators of environmentally hazardous activities.