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Batt, Marie. „Les effets de l’engagement par le brouillon sur des scripteurs au collège“. Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21918/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWhen a professor of french encourages a student to produce a draft, at first, he looks for to act on the writer’s behavior by producing a writing which leads him to carry out a revision of its text. It is then an action that is expected : the one of a review of the writings which materializes under the stroke of erasures. The purpose of a draft don’t stops here. It concerns as much the writer’s attitudes by facing a text that is not in form of a final writing or a dictation deriving from inspiration’s sources but as a work, as an elaboration. This study, through the commitment theory attempts to cover the behavioral and cognitive consequences linked to the completion of a draft. For that purpose, the analysis based on the kind of the erasures covers the drafts of 253 writers pertaining to the 6th and 3rd classes. Besides, a questionnaire gives information about the appearance of cognitive effects. The results either show the commitment situation, the problematic aspects raised by the redaction and the draft or the behavioral and cognitive effects characteristics depending on the writer’s expertise
Evans, Laura. „The informed and enabled small business entrepreneur, a case study of a city of Winnipeg information-based local economic development initiative, the draft document How to do business in the City of Winnipeg“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0002/MQ32103.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWilhelm, Sylvia. „Étude des pertes de charge dans un aspirateur de turbine bulbe par simulations numériques instationnaires“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI020/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe draft tube of a hydraulic turbine is the turbine element located downstream of the runner. It has a divergent shape in order to convert the residual kinetic energy leaving the runner into pressure and thus increase the effective head of the turbine. The performances of low head bulb turbines are highly influenced by the head losses in the draft tube. The prediction of these head losses in a design process is thereby a major issue. The numerical prediction of the head losses in the draft tube is a real challenge because the flow in the draft tube is dynamically complex with high Reynolds numbers, a swirl and an adverse pressure gradient. These characteristics render conventional industrial approaches not appropriate. The objective of this work is twofold: (i) to improve the numerical prediction of the turbulent flow in the draft tube by using URANS and LES unsteady approaches and paying special attention to the description of the inlet boundary conditions of the draft tube and (ii) to conduct a detailed analysis of the energy transfers in the draft tube in order to better understand the origin of the head losses. An unsteady inlet boundary condition for the simulations reproducing the flow field at the runner outlet is developed. Numerical results are compared to experimental measurements in order to evaluate the predictive capacity of each turbulence modelling approach (URANS and LES). This validation step highlights the importance of defining properly the three velocity components at the draft tube inlet. The influence on the numerical results of boundary conditions of the calculation domain, such as wall roughness and the outlet boundary condition, is evaluated, in particular in case of LES. Thanks to a detailed analysis of the mean kinetic energy balance in the draft tube, the hydrodynamic phenomena responsible for head losses are identified. The head losses prediction differences between URANS and LES are thus analyzed in detail and possible improvements for the head losses prediction are identified. Finally, this analysis enables to understand the head losses evolution observed between several operating points of the turbine
Brugière, Olivier. „Fiabilité et évaluation des incertitudes pour la simulation numérique de la turbulence : application aux machines hydrauliques“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GRENI002/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe reliable numerical simulation of hydraulic turbines performance requires : i) to includeinto the conventional RANS computations the effect of the uncertainties existing in practiceon the inflow conditions; ii) to rely on a LES (Large Eddy Simulation) strategy to improve thedescription of turbulence effects when discrepancies between RANS computations and experimentskeep arising even though uncertainties are taken into account. The present workapplies a non-intrusive Uncertainty Quantification strategy (NISP for Non-Intrusive SpectralProjection) to two configurations of practical interest : a Francis turbine distributor, with uncertaininlet flow rate and angle, and a draft-tube of a bulb-type turbine with uncertain inflowconditions (velocity distributions, in particular close to the wall boundaries, and turbulentquantities). The NISP method is not only used to compute the mean value and variance ofquantities of interest, it is also applied to perform an analysis of the variance and identify inthis way the most influential uncertainties. The RANS simulations, verified through a gridconvergence approach, are such the discrepancies between computation and experimentcannot be explained by taking into account the inflow uncertainties for most of the configurationsunder study. Therefore, LES simulations are also performed and these simulations areverified using an original methodology for assessing the quality of the computational grids(since the grid-convergence concept is not relevant for LES). For most of the flows understudy, combining a SGE strategy with a UQ approach yields reliable numerical results. Takinginto account inflow uncertainties also allows to propose a robust optimization strategy forthe Francis turbine distributor under study
Breant, Béatrice. „Étude didactique des effets de dispositifs réflexifs sur le rapport à l'écrit d'élèves de seconde et sur la pratique de l'enseignante“. Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CERG0989/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe traditional models of language do not allow high school students to comprehend their writings to, in the words of Jacqueline Lafont-Terranova (2008) ‘‘produce, in a given situation, the best possible writing’’. To this conclusion is added the difficult evaluation of these writings by teachers, more often proofreaders than readers. Reading once again the works by Saussure, Benveniste and Bakhtine makes it possible to address two questions that arise in mirror of each other. How to write a text and return to it improve it ? How to read this text and accompany the writer-subject towards an improvment given the allocated teaching conditions ? Based on the analysis of manuscripts (drafts, intermediate writings and copy writings) of tenth graders, the relation that writer-subjects have with writings is questioned collectively with the said reflexive measures set up by teacher. The scriptural accomplishement of the student is met by a professional accomplishment. The task led by one cannot be understood without the other’s task
Mantilla, Martinez Marcela Ivonne. „La responsabilité des entreprises transnationales en droit international des droits de l'homme et en droit international humanitaire : le cas du secteur énergétique“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA111009/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSoft law mechanisms have played a central role in developing the current notion of the responsibility of transnational corporations in human rights as defined in the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, an initiative approved by the United Nations Human Rights Council in June 2011. Corporate responsibility to respect human rights, as defined by the Special Representative, is based on social expectations rather than on legal obligations. It means that companies should “avoid prejudice to the rights of others and to address adverse impacts on human rights in which they are involved”. The limitations of this approach are important in medium and long term. Although the pragmatic approach adopted by the Special Representative has closed the international community debate on the Draft Norms on the responsibility for human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises, it also ends the chances of developing an international instrument requiring binding obligations in human rights for transnational corporations. Setting the notion of the responsibility of transnational corporations in human rights exclusively on social expectations seems unsatisfactory and dangerous towards victims of violations committed by these economic actors. Responsibility to respect human rights as defined today reinforces the acceptance of a system where transnational corporations are encouraged but are not compelled to respect human rights, a solution that leaves victims of abuse devoid of any legal action and redress. The purpose of this PhD thesis is to present briefly the evolution of the responsibility of transnational corporations in the energy sector in human rights and international humanitarian law from its origins to our days, as well as to understand the main limitations of the current concept in order to explore potential solutions
Pushkarev, Andrey. „Self-organization of isotopic and drift-ware turbulence“. Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ECDL0057/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn order to give a general statistical description of turbulence, one tries to identify universal statistical features, common to a wider class of turbulent flows. In 1988, Kraichnan and Panda discovered one such possibly universal feature, namely, the fact that Navier-Stokes turbulence tends to reduce the strength of the nonlinearity in its governing equations. In the flrst part of the manuscript we consider the strength of the nonlinear term and, more precisely, of its fluctuations in isotropic turbulence. In order to measure this strength, we compare to the case of a flow fleld with the same energy distribution where the modes are statistically independent, as is the case in Gaussian noise. It is shown that the turbulent flow self-organizes towards a state in which the nonlinearity is reduced, and it is discussed what the implications of this reduction are. Also, in two dimensions it is illustrated how this self-organization manifests itself through the appearance of well-deflned vortical flow structures. In the second part of the manuscript, we investigate the dynamics of the Hasegawa- Wakatani model, a model relevant in the study of magnetically conflned fusion plasmas. The two-dimensional version of this model is considered, which includes some key features of the turbulent dynamics of a tokamak-edge. We consider the limit of the model in which the nonlinearity is reduced with respect to the linear forces. For this weakly nonlinear, wave dominated regime, analytical predictions suggest the presence of a feedback loop in which energy is transferred to highly anisotropic zonal flows by nonlocal interactions. We confirm these predictions and we demonstrate a strong suppression of the turbulent radial particle flux. In wall bounded geometry, the same mechanism is observed and here also the flux is eflciently reduced by the turbulence-zonal flow interaction
Sauce, Sonia. „Etude des mécanismes d’activation d’un catalyseur nanostructuré Ag/TiO₂/SiO₂ dans un environnement plasma lors de la décomposition d’un COV modèle : l'acétaldéhyde“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCD079/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis investigates the surface phenomena which occur when combining a homogeneous phase process – governed by the chemistry of a non-thermal plasma – and a heterogeneous phase process – controlled by the chemistry taking place on the surface of a nanostructured Ag/TiO₂/SiO₂ material – during acetaldehyde (CH₃CHO) removal.It has been shown that acetaldehyde can be removed up to 100 % with a 168 J.L-1 SIE consumption, by using the diphasic process. In these conditions, CH₃CHO is converted into 60 % of COx. Such efficiency is not achieved when using the homogeneous and heterogeneous phase processes alone. Thus, the physico-chemical phenomena occurring in the diphasic process allow a higher CH₃CHO removal compared to the whole kinetics involved in the homogeneous and heterogeneous phase processes alone. So as to understand which physico-chemical processes are involved in this synergistic effect, the study of the acetaldehyde/surface interaction has been started, by Diffuse-Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS), in this thesis. The acetaldehyde adsorption modes on the Ag/TiO₂/SiO₂ surface, without plasma, have been pointed out. Moreover, the effect of bringing a thermal energy source or an oxidizing species (like ozone) on adsorbed acetaldehyde has been evaluated
Mazzonetto, Sara. „On the exact simulation of (skew) Brownian diffusions with discontinuous drift“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10112/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis is focused on the study and the exact simulation of two classes of real-valued Brownian diffusions: multi-skew Brownian motions with constant drift and Brownian diffusions whose drift admits a finite number of jumps. A skew diffusion with several semipermeable barriers, called multi-skew diffusion, is a (Markovian) diffusion partially reflected at some barriers with a probability depending on that particular barrier. In this thesis we first obtain a contour integral representation for the transition semigroup of the multiskew Brownian motion with constant drift, based on a fine analysis of its complex properties. Thanks to this representation we write explicitly the transition densities of the two-skew Brownian motion with constant drift as an infinite series involving Gaussian functions and their tails. Then we propose a new useful generalization of the known rejection sampling method which allows to sample exactly from densities for which only an approximation is known. The originality of our algorithm lies in the fact that we finally sample directly from the law without any approximation, except the machine’s. As an application, we sample from the transition density of the two-skew Brownian motion with or without constant drift and provide also a uniform bound for the ratio between the latter and the transition density of the Brownian motion with constant drift. The second aim of this thesis is to develop an exact simulation algorithm for a Brownian diffusion whose drift admits several jumps. The theoretical method we give allows to deal with any finite number of discontinuities. Then we focus on the case of two jumps, using the transition densities obtained before
Chammas, Antoine. „Drift detection and characterization for supervision, diagnosis and prognosis of dynamical systems“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10064/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe work presented in this thesis deal with the integration of diagnosis and prognosis for optimizing maintenance of complex systems. The particular kind of faults taken into consideration in this work is process drifts. A generic architecture for supervision, diagnosis and prognosis based on handling drifts is developed. The supervision/diagnosis can determine line components that need to be repaired, when fault occurs. It is based on handling the drift by considering indicators for detection and characterization. Then, the prognosis can anticipate system failures by providing information on future states of the components on which preventive maintenance actions may be considered. The developed methodology is based on treating data collected on a system, dropping the need for a mathematical description of the system. Using historically saved data and online generated data, a decision space is constructed, in which different classes corresponding to normal and failure operating modes exist. An incipient fault will cause a drift in the decision space, and consequently a change in the parameters of the classes. Thus, the decision space needs to be dynamically updated in order to treat those drifts. Then, indicators for drift detection and characterization, based on the parameter changes, are calculated. The aim of drift detection it is to detect, as soon as possible, the occurrence of a drift. Drift characterization deals with finding the failure mode causing the drift, and with calculating an indicator that reflects the health state. Prognosis models the evolution of the actual health system indicator, and estimates a RUL (Remaining Useful Life) as well as a confidence interval associated to it. All these aspects are combined together to form the generic architecture for supervision, diagnosis and prognosis
Huang, Yong. „Modélisation des cellules solaires pérovskites, des dispositifs optoélectroniques III-V et de la microscopie à sonde de Kelvin“. Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ISAR0007/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis PhD work focuses on optoelectronic device simulations based on drift-diffusion models. Approaches are developed for the modelling of Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM), perovskite-based solar cells (PSCs), perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells and lll-V/GaP quantum dots (ODs). Firstly, a new approach for the modelling of KPFM is applied to TiOx slabs and to the MAPbI3 perovskite absorber. Secondly, KPFM measurements and simulations are proposed for silicon-based diffused junctions and mesoporous TiOx based PSCs. The built-in potential is investigated, and this study paves the way toward fu rther device improvements. In addition, the influence of the surface of WO. slabs on KPFM measurements is studied theoretically. Various facto rs influencing open circuit voltage (Voe) losses in PSCs are discussed. The abnormal hysteresis effect in the PSCs is simulated as well, considering interface trap states and mobile ions. The design of two-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells is studied in detail. A siliconbased tunnel junction between the top and the bottom subcells is proposed for serial current matching. The influence of the doping profile in the tunnel junction is discussed. At the end of the manuscript, the carrier transport in III-V/GaP QDs is investigated, for the integration of III-V emitters on silicon. The electroluminescence and electrical characteristics of these III -V light emitting devices are simulated by using a cylindrical approximation
Caron, Fabien. „Bridging the gap between spectroscopic and catalytic properties of supported CoMoS catalysts“. Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEN053/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCatalysts used in the selective gasoline hydrodesulphurization (HDS) process are mainly cobalt promoted MoS2 active phase (CoMoS) supported on alumina. The aim of this work is to explore correlation between specific features of those HDS catalysts and their catalytic performances. Three parameters are studied to understand the catalytic performances of HDS catalysts: the nature of the support (γ-Al2O3, δθ-Al2O3, SiO2), the molybdenum surface density and the cobalt/molybdenum ratio. HDS activity and selectivity are measured by performing high pressure catalytic tests on model molecules. In parallel, characterizations of the CoMoS phase were performed by XPS and HRTEM analysis to determine the chemical speciation and structure (size and stacking) of the active phase. Additionally, these techniques are combined with previous ab initio quantum calculations to develop a 2D morphology model of the CoMoS slab by considering the location of cobalt atoms at the edges of the slab. For the three supports, a correlation is found between the HDS activity and the number of Co atoms at the slab edges. The normalization by stacking appears to be necessary to obtain this correlation. Moreover, HRSTEM analysis on CoMoS on δθ-Al2O3 and γ-Al2O3 reveals the impact of the facets of dq-alumina crystallites and the possible role of corner and edges of g-Al2O3 crystallites on the size of the CoMoS slabs. The FTIR spectroscopic study of the adsorption of the NO probe molecule combined with ab initio calculations enables the identification of the nature of the active sites of the CoMoS phase as a function of the support. The spectroscopic features revealed for the silica supported catalyst are in line with its lower HDS activity. Simultaneously, an innovative experimental set up for in situ GC-DRIFT and GC-ATR analysis has been built on-purpose for studying the catalysts. It allows the investigation of the interactions of model reactants contacting the CoMoS phase and its supports close to HDS reaction conditions. This technique shows distinct behaviors of the adsorption and desorption process (non-reversible and reversible) of 3-methylthiophene (3MT) on γ-Al2O3 and SiO2 supported catalysts due to specific surface reactivity towards 3MT depending on the support and the presence of the CoMoS phase. Moreover, the presence of H2 modified the vibrational adsorption modes of 3MT linked to its adsorption and/or reactivity
Ruan, Xifeng. „Search for Higgs boson in the WW* channel in ATLAS and drift time measurement in the liquid argon calorimeter in ATLAS“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112236/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleA Higgs search is performed in the WW → lνlν channel using the full 2011 data at a center-of-mass energy of √s = 7 TeV and part of 2012 data at 8 TeV taken by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. The corresponding integrated luminosity values are 4.7fb−1 and 5.8fb−1, respectively. The cut based analysis is performed and several data-driven methods for background estimation are introduced. The jet veto survival probability method for top background estimation in 0-jet bin is proposed and used in the Higgs search. Another data-driven method to correct the shape of the missing transverse energy distribution in the Drell-Yan process is also presented. In 2011, the standard model Higgs boson with the Higgs mass from 133 to 261 GeV is excluded at 95% CL, while the expected exclusion range is 127 − 234 GeV. In 2012, an excess of events over expected background is observed at mH = 125GeV. Combining the both samples, the minimum observed p0 value is 3 × 10−3, corresponding to 2.8 standard deviations. The fitted signal strength at mH = 125 GeV is μ = 1.4 ± 0.5. The expected p0 for a Higgs with mH = 125 GeV is 0.01, or 2.3 standard deviations. The exclusion limit for a Higgs in a fourth generation model is shown using part of the 2011 data sample, the mass range between 120GeV and 600GeV has been excluded at 95%CL. The study on the drift time in the liquid argon calorimeter in ALTAS is performed using all special data samples from cosmic muon, beam splash and beam collision data. The results show no significant non-uniformity on the cell gap width and a sagging effect due to gravity is observed
Coué, Martin. „Caractérisation électrique et étude TEM des problèmes de fiabilité dans les mémoires à changement de phase enrichis en germanium“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAT018/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis we provide a detailed study of the mechanisms responsible for data loss in Ge-rich Ge2Sb2Te5 Phase-Change Memories, namely resistance drift over time and recrystallization of the amorphous phase. The context of this work is first presented with a rapid overview of the semiconductor memory market and a comparison of emerging non-volatile memories. The working principles of PRAM technology are introduced, together with its advantages, its drawbacks, and the physics governing the crystallization process in phase-change materials, before describing the reliability issues in which we are interested.A full electrical characterization of devices integrating germanium-enriched GST alloys is then proposed, starting with the characterization of the materials used in our PCM cells and introducing the benefits of Ge-rich GST alloys over standard GST. The electrical performances of devices integrating those materials are analyzed, with a statistical study of the SET & RESET characteristics, programming window, endurance and crystallization speed. We then focus on the main topic of this thesis by analyzing the resistance drift of the SET state of our Ge-rich devices, as well as the retention performances of the RESET state.In the last part, we investigate on the physical mechanisms involved in these phenomena by providing a detailed study of the cells' structure, thanks to Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The experimental conditions and setups are described before presenting the results which allowed us to go deeper into the comprehension of the resistance drift and the recrystallization of the amorphous phase in Ge-rich devices. A discussion is finally proposed, linking the results of the electrical characterizations with the TEM analyses, leading to new perspectives for the optimization of PRAM devices
Principaud, Mélanie. „Morphologie, architecture et dynamique sédimentaire d'une pente carbonatée moderne : le Great Bahama Bank (Bahamas)“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0301/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAn analysis of multi-beam echo sounder, sub-bottom profiler (Chirp) and multichannel seismic,highligths the present-day sedimentary dynamics and the Neogene-Quaternary architectural and stratigraphicevolution along the northwestern leeward margin of the Great Bahama Bank.The morpho-bathymetric analysis reveals an aragonite mud-dominated slope, and a broad spectrum ofsedimentary structures, related to various hydrodynamic processes. The density cascading currents associatedwith tidal currents and prevailing easterly winds correspond to the dominant transport mechanisms operatingalong the margin. The Bimini area displays a short and steep slope, stabilized at shelf edge by rimmed reefalbarrier, which constrains the off-bank export of materials.The stratigraphic architecture shows a complex evolution of the slope during the Neogene. The end ofthe Paleogene is marked by a continuous aggrading slope detached from the shelf by a fault escarpment. It passesinto a low angle slope-apron attached to the platform in the Miocene, and ends with an accretionary system witha steepened slope in the Pleistocene. Although the slope deposits are mud-dominated, they show rapid lateralvariations (< 30 km) from South to North throughout the Neogene with the establishment of turbidite aprons,debrite layers and large Mass Transport Complexes. These facies interact since the Langhian with the SantarenDrift which gradually extends and migrates along the slope until today. The maximum extent of the drift occursduring the upper Pliocene and coincides with a global oceanographic reorganization and major climate changesin the northern hemisphere, related to the closure of the Central American Seaway
Tran, Hai Yen. „Modélisation des évolutions à long terme du trait de côte et de l'érosion côtière“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU027/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis research focuses on the long-term shoreline evolution modeling, in which a combined model comprising the shoreline change due to longshore drift in a cross-shore shoreline model is proposed to improve the predictive skills of the long-term shoreline response. The cross-shore shoreline model of cite{splinter2014} is re-implemented for a purpose of comprehensive comparison with the combined model. A simplified longshore shoreline model is developed on the basis of the one-line type approach. The analysis of this longshore model yields the equilibrium beach orientation in relation to the incident wave orientation. It also reveals that part of seasonal shoreline position variability is due to the longshore transport. Therefore, the presence of the longshore model in the combined model clearly improves the model skills. The shoreline evolution models are calibrated with data from different beach types, such as a straight open beach shoreline of Truc Vert, France and embayed beach shoreline of Narrabeen, Australia and Nha Trang, Vietnam.This thesis gives two valuable contributions. The first one is a simplified longshore model and the equilibrium beach orientation. The second one is a combined longshore cross-shore phenomenological model
Kleisarchaki, Sofia. „Analyse des différences dans le Big Data : Exploration, Explication, Évolution“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAM055/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVariability in Big Data refers to data whose meaning changes continuously. For instance, data derived from social platforms and from monitoring applications, exhibits great variability. This variability is essentially the result of changes in the underlying data distributions of attributes of interest, such as user opinions/ratings, computer network measurements, etc. {em Difference Analysis} aims to study variability in Big Data. To achieve that goal, data scientists need: (a) measures to compare data in various dimensions such as age for users or topic for network traffic, and (b) efficient algorithms to detect changes in massive data. In this thesis, we identify and study three novel analytical tasks to capture data variability: {em Difference Exploration, Difference Explanation} and {em Difference Evolution}.Difference Exploration is concerned with extracting the opinion of different user segments (e.g., on a movie rating website). We propose appropriate measures for comparing user opinions in the form of rating distributions, and efficient algorithms that, given an opinion of interest in the form of a rating histogram, discover agreeing and disargreeing populations. Difference Explanation tackles the question of providing a succinct explanation of differences between two datasets of interest (e.g., buying habits of two sets of customers). We propose scoring functions designed to rank explanations, and algorithms that guarantee explanation conciseness and informativeness. Finally, Difference Evolution tracks change in an input dataset over time and summarizes change at multiple time granularities. We propose a query-based approach that uses similarity measures to compare consecutive clusters over time. Our indexes and algorithms for Difference Evolution are designed to capture different data arrival rates (e.g., low, high) and different types of change (e.g., sudden, incremental). The utility and scalability of all our algorithms relies on hierarchies inherent in data (e.g., time, demographic).We run extensive experiments on real and synthetic datasets to validate the usefulness of the three analytical tasks and the scalability of our algorithms. We show that Difference Exploration guides end-users and data scientists in uncovering the opinion of different user segments in a scalable way. Difference Explanation reveals the need to parsimoniously summarize differences between two datasets and shows that parsimony can be achieved by exploiting hierarchy in data. Finally, our study on Difference Evolution provides strong evidence that a query-based approach is well-suited to tracking change in datasets with varying arrival rates and at multiple time granularities. Similarly, we show that different clustering approaches can be used to capture different types of change
Chabaud, Ludivine. „Modèle stratigraphique et processus sédimentaires au Quaternaire sur deux pentes carbonatées des Bahamas (leeward et windward)“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0106/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study proposes a reconstruction of the quaternary sedimentary history of two Bahamian slopes (leeward and windward). This work is based on the stratigraphicand sedimentary analysis of 34 marine cores recovered mainly from the CARAMBAR oceanographic cruse (2010). A high-resolution stratigraphic study was conducted by coupling several tools including ecostratigraphy based on planktonic foraminifera assemblages, which allowed dating all sedimentary sequences despite early diagenesis processes. The sedimentary analysis of the marine cores proposes a new classification for carbonate sediment. It characterizes the dominant particle distributions at the time of deposition and allows for discriminating the fine sediments and for determining the depositional processes such as off-bank transport, contouritic or gravity deposits, and slightly altered sediment. Off-bank transport is the mainprocess responsible for high-accumulation of platform carbonate ooze (aragonite needles and silt) on the Bahamian slopes. It predominates during major flooding of the platform, so during the last 4 ka cal BP, the MIS 5e and at the on set of the MIS11. Intra-slope erosion, bottom currents, and early marine diagenesis processes have also been highlighted. The leeward slope is characterized by a high accumulation of wackestone sediment where as the windward slope preserved its Pliocene morphology with local quaternary sediment accumulation (wackestone to packstone)
Champmartin, Aude. „Modélisation et étude numérique d'écoulements diphasiques : Modélisation d’un écoulement homogène équilibré : Modélisation des collisions entre gouttelettes à l’aide d’un modèle simplifié de type BGK“. Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DENS0007/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis describes the modelisation and the simulation of two-phase systems composed of droplets moving in a gas. The two phases interact with each other and the type of model to consider directly depends on the type of simulations targeted. In the first part, the two phases are considered as fluid and are described using a mixture model with a drift relation (to be able to follow the relative velocity between the two phases and take into account two velocities), the two-phase flows are assumed at the equilibrium in temperature and pressure. This part of the manuscript consists of the derivation of the equations, writing a numerical scheme associated with this set of equations, a study of this scheme and simulations. A mathematical study of this model (hyperbolicity in a simplified framework, linear stability analysis of the system around a steady state) was conducted in a frame where the gas is assumed barotropic. The second part is devoted to the modelisation of the effect of inelastic collisions on the particles when the time of the simulation is shorter and the droplets can no longer be seen as a fluid. We introduce a model of inelastic collisions for droplets in a spray, leading to a specific Boltzmann kernel. Then, we build caricatures of this kernel of BGK type, in which the behavior of the first moments of the solution of the Boltzmann equation (that is mass, momentum, directional temperatures, variance of the internal energy) are mimicked. The quality of these caricatures is tested numerically at the end
Rousseau, Elsa. „Effet de la dérive génétique et de la sélection sur la durabilité de la résistance des plantes aux virus“. Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE4024/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePlants can be fully protected from their pathogens when they carry major resistance genes, but the efficiency of these genes is limited by the emergence and spread of adapted, resistance-breaking pathogen variants. This thesis studies how evolutionary forces imposed by the plants on pathogen populations may increase the durability of major resistance genes. Using plant viruses as a biological model, this thesis investigates the effect of genetic drift and selection, from the within-host to the host population level. Firstly, a stochastic epidemiological SI model at the field level showed that genetic drift could be particularly beneficial for crop yield when the fitness cost associated with virus adaptation to resistance was intermediate in susceptible plants. Then, the design and validation of a mechanistic-statistical model based on deterministic Lotka-Volterra equations and stochastic Dirichlet-multinomial processes allowed to disentangle the effects of genetic drift from those of selection on temporal data of within-host competition between virus variants. The intensities of genetic drift and selection acting on virus populations were shown to be controlled genetically by the hosts. Finally, a correlation analysis between these estimations of genetic drift and selection intensities and an experimental estimation of the durability of a major resistance gene showed that strong genetic drift during the early stages of plant infection led to an increase in resistance durability. These results open new perspectives for more durable management of plant resistance, by breeding plant varieties inducing strong genetic drift on pathogen populations
Malik, Muhammad Hamza. „Information extraction and mapping for KG construction with learned concepts from scientic documents : Experimentation with relations data for development of concept learner“. Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-285572.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSystematisk granskning av forskningsmanuskript är en vanlig procedur där forskningsstudier inom ett visst område klassificeras och struktureras på ett metodologiskt sätt. Denna process innefattar en omfattande granskning och sammanförande av vetenskapliga mätvärden och attribut för manuskriptet, såsom citat, typ av manuskript eller publiceringsplats. Framställning och kartläggning av relevant publikationsdata är uppenbarligen en mycket mödosam uppgift om den utförs manuellt. Avsikten med automatiseringen av processen för denna typ av systematisk kartläggning är att minska den mänskliga ansträngningen, och den tid som krävs kan på så sätt minskas. Syftet med denna avhandling är att automatisera datautvinning och stegen för kartläggning vid systematisk granskning av studier. Den manuella processen ersätts av avancerade grafmodelleringstekniker för effektiv kunskapsrepresentation, liksom avancerade maskininlärningstekniker som syftar till att lära maskinen dessa representationer. Detta automatiserar så småningom denna process genom att karakterisera publikationerna beserat på vissa subjektiva egenskaper och kvaliter som ger granskaren en snabb god översikt över varje forskningsstudie. Den slutliga modellen är ett inlärningskoncept som förutsäger dessa subjektiva egenskaper och dessutom behandlar den inneboende konceptuella driften i manuskriptet över tiden. Olika modeller utvecklades och undersöktes i denna forskningsstudie för utvecklingen av inlärningskonceptet. Resultaten visar att: (1) Diagrammatiskt resonerande som uttnytjar moderna grafdatabaser är mycket effektiva för att fånga den framställda kunskapen i en så kallad kunskapsgraf, och gör det möjligt att vidareutveckla koncept som kan läras med hjälp av standard tekniker för maskininlärning. (2) Neurala nätverksmodeller och ensemblemodeller överträffade andra standard maskininlärningstekniker baserat på utvärderingsvärdena. (3) Inlärningskonceptet kan detektera och undvika konceptuell drift baserat på F1-poäng och omlärning av algoritmen.
Tournadour, Elsa. „Architecture et dynamique sédimentaire d'une pente carbonatée moderne : exemple de la pente nord de Little Bahama Bank (LBB), Bahamas“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0201/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study focuses on the architectures and the sedimentary dynamic of a carbonate slope located on the northern part of Little Bahama Bank (Bahamas) using a dataset composed of multibeam echo sounder,subbottom profiler (Chirp) and High-Resolution (HR) multichannel seismic collected during the Carambar 1cruise (2010). A morpho-sedimentary surface analysis defines the physiographic domains and the architectural elements of the slope and investigates the spatial distribution of sediments in the context of the current sea-level highstand. It reveals a slope dominated by periplatform ooze with several levels of induration and incised by numerous slides and submarine canyons. The spatial variability of off-bank transport, combined with the lateral variability of the Antilles Current intensity, are at the origin of a morphological evolution from west to east in the study area. In the western part, the slope is around twice as large as the eastern part and can be considered as a prograding system. The eastern slope is marked by bypass processes. Indeed, numerous submarine canyons are visible on the seafloor and are connected to several shallow distributary furrows feeding confined depositional areas. An integrated study allows a high resolution characterisation of slides and submarines canyons and enables us to propose a model of formation. These architectural elements are initiated by intra-slope destabilisations and their evolution is controlled by phases of retrogressive erosion,pelagic sedimentation and muddy gravity flows. Finally, a seismo-stratigraphic analysis allow to reconstitutethe tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the slope since the Albian to the present-day by establishing a link with the geodynamic context of Caraïbes, relative sea-level changes and the carbonate production on the platform
Najoui, Zhour. „Prétraitement optimal des images radar et modélisation des dérives de nappes d'hydrocarbures pour l'aide à la photo-interprétation en exploration pétrolière et surveillance environnementale“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1158/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis deals with the preprocessing of radar images and their optimization for the analyzes in order to detect natural marine oil slicks (Sea surface Outbreak/SSO) as well as better determine their source location at the Sea Floor Source (SFS). We explained herein means, methods and difficulties encountered. This thesis consists of the following three distinct research axes represented by three submitted papers :1- A stochastic approach for pre-processing and improvement of C-band radar images to automatically detect oil slicks;2- A stochastic approach using a large quantity of radar images to evaluate the influence of wind speed and the different modes of the instrument (SAR) on the delectability of marine oil slicks ;3- Accurate location of the Sea Floor Source of marine hydrocarbon emissions using a new vertical drift model within the water column, applied to the northern Gulf of Mexico (southern USA).So first, we focused on the optimization of pre-processing and the improvement of C-band radar images by stochastic methods to automatically detect oil slicks. The proposed methodology includes three processing levels : preprocessing, thresholding, and binary cleaning. The first level consists of correcting the heterogeneity of the luminosity in the radar images resulting from the non-Lambertian reflection of the radar signal on the sea surface. The second level consists of a thresholding step which aims to produce dark objects as close as possible to the manually developed training data set. The third level consists of cleaning the output binary images from the noise residuals. Several preprocessing and cleaning methods have been tested and evaluated by a qualification engine that compares the objects automatically detected with the manual detection. Then, we focus in a second chapter in the evaluation of the influence of wind speed and instrument modes on the detection of oil slicks from radar images by using a stochastic approach. This study was dictated by the need to define the meteorological conditions capable for an optimal detection of oil slicks, from the radar images. The objective was to determine the wind speed range which optimizes the detection of oil slicks in all radar images using BigData and a stochastic approach. This work was also an opportunity to investigate the properties of the radar acquisition modes used in the detection of oil slicks. Thus, a 5-mode performance order is established (IW, APP, PRI, IMP and WSM) and shows that the IW (Sentinel-1) mode, with the best spatial resolution (greater than 5x20m) detects oil slicks at high wind speed. Finally, we focused on estimating the location of marine natural oil seeps sources using a new vertical drift model, applied in the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, we have developed a new method for detecting the source of oil seeps from natural sources on the seafloor according to the vertical drift model. Occurrences of oil seeps on the sea surface are generally offset from their sources on the seabed by several hundred meters or even kilometers. This deflection is dependent on the upward velocity of the oil and marine currents along the water column. In this study, the diameter of the droplets is not known to us a priori. To fill this gap, a new method called "the sources path" was applied herein that propose the Sea Floor Source taking into account the droplet size and the vertical drift within the water column before their Sea surface Outbreak (SSO).If these three studies can be taken independently of each other, they are firmly interconnected and complementary. They form a sort of process ranging from the optimization of the detection of an oil slick (the most appropriate means and tools for better detection) to the location of its source on the seafloor
Pellerin, Le Bas Xavier. „Morphodynamique des deltas de jusant et des flèches sableuses en domaine macrotidal : les embouchures de l'Orne et de la Dives“. Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC274/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this thesis is to understand the mechanisms of sediment bypassing at tidal inlets in a macrotidal environment and the formation of a sandspit with perpendicular hooks. Two closed areas are studied, the Orne and Dives inlets on the coast of Normandy (France). Wave and topographic data, at several space-time scales, are used to study the inlet morphodynamics.The Orne inlet is affected by strong human impacts due to several port facilities whereas the Dives inlet knows a limited anthropogenic impact. The study of the two inlets allows to deduce the impact of the human activities in the sediment transport patterns. The Orne and Dives inlets share the same mechanisms of sediment transport. Both show a major cross-shore component of the transport, underlines by the swash bars migration over the ebb-tidal deltas. All swash bars have similar volumes and migration rates, between 3.5 and 8.0 m/month.The Orne inlet shows deposition on both sides. The accretion on the updrift coast follows the building stages of the harbour of Caen-Ouistreham. On the downdrift coast, the deposition creates the Merville spit, which has several interlocked ridges. A perpendicular hook is present on the distal part of each ridge. This work shows that the swash bar attachment at the shoreline shapes a new ridge. Wave diffraction around the distal part of the swash bars and ridges, and the local wave directions, explain the formation of perpendicular hooks
Leybros, Robin. „Etude des vitesses de dérive fluides dans le plasma de bord des tokamaks : modélisation numérique et comparaison simulation/expérience“. Thesis, Ecole centrale de Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECDM0006/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe transport of heat and particles in the edge of tokamaks plays a key role in both the performance of the confined plasma and the extraction of power and thus the lifetime of the plasma facing components. It’s in this context that this thesis is inscribed, which focuses on the role played by the transverse magnetic field flows in the balance between parallel and perpendicular dynamic that governs the edge region of a tokamak. These flows can produce poloidal asymmetries of heat and particles deposit on plasma facing components and generally asymmetries of various amounts in plasma. The radial drift velocities are due to the presence of a radial electric field resulting from charge balance (electric drift velocity) or related to effects of the toroidal geometry inducing a magnetic field inhomogeneity (curvature drift velocity). To advance the understanding of these phenomena, numerical modeling of transport and turbulence in complex geometries is essential. In addition, synthetic diagnostic tools for modeling the measurement process in numerical plasmas are developed to enable a realistic comparison between models and experiments. Modeling of perpendicular drift velocities was introduced into the SOLEDGE2D code describing the transport of the density, momentum and energy of a tokamak plasma. We first studied the impact of a prescribed electric field on plasma equilibrium to understand the mechanisms behind plasma asymmetries and study the establishment of parallel flows and asymmetry of the heat flux on plasma facing components. Then we implemented a self-consistent model solving the electric potential in SOLEDGE2D fluid equations to understand the equilibrium of the electric field and to study the effect of the magnetic configuration of the tokamak and the curvature drift velocity on it. In the second part of this thesis, a synthetic diagnosis modeling the experimental measurements of Doppler backscattering was developed and tested in order to be applied to simulations of 3D turbulent fluid code TOKAM3X. This diagnosis measures the perpendicular velocity of the plasma from the movement of the density fluctuations. It was used to compare the perpendicular velocity asymmetries observed experimentally to asymmetries measured in numericalsimulations
Cozarenco, Lock Anastasia. „Essays on microfinance in developed countries : the role of business training, information, and regulation“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM2004/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis is organized in four chapters.Chapter 1 theoretically analyses how various forms of state intervention impact microfinance institutions' (MFIs') lending behavior. We show that loan guarantees can have a counterproductive effect on financial inclusion triggered by unsubsidized business development services (BDS). Alternatively, we show that, BDS subsidization can do better in terms of financial inclusion than the loan guarantee. Chapter 2 analyses how decisions of an MFI on BDS provision can impact borrowers' behavior. We show that, reversed asymmetric information can lead to a non monotonic relationship between borrowers' type and assignment to BDS. In this equilibrium the MFI does not train the lowest and the highest type borrowers. This relationship occurs due to the "looking-glass self" effect. Our empirical bivariate probit model confirms the existence of such equilibrium. Chapter 3 tackles the issue of loan ceilings imposed to MFIs. We show that loan ceilings can trigger mission drift by facilitating the co-financing of large projects with regular banks at the expense of small projects. We test this prediction by exploiting the natural experiment of a French MFI. Difference-in-differences probit estimations show that the risk of the mission drift is real.Chapter 4 compares the loans granted to male and female entrepreneurs by a French MFI before and after the enforcement of the loan ceiling. We find that the ceiling free MFI selected women with larger requested amounts. However, under ceiling enforcement this was no longer the case, suggesting that female entrepreneurs are worse off after ceiling enforcement
Alheidary, Majid. „Identification des descripteurs macroscopiques de la dérive pour sa modélisation“. Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSAM0002/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSpray drift might be measured either infield or in a wind tunnel through specific sampling strategies. Paradoxically field tests are subjected to a high variability due to the atmospheric conditions but can be more easily conducted in the absence of a wind tunnel. The result is that most of spray drift models are based on infield measurements. Conversely very few models were developed on the basis of wind tunnel measurements. The objective of this work was to define spray drift descriptors from the analysis of drift curves in IRSTEA wind tunnel. Compared to the majority of existing wind tunnels, a long duration exposure protocol was applied with a high sampling density. A large experimental plan of 99 modalities were conducted including nozzle types (FF, AI, AI Twin jet), boom heights from 40 to 80cm, boom positions (frontal, lateral, and intermediate angles) and wind velocities from 2 to 7.5ms-1. Results showed that the drift ratio at 5m (DR5) was the most robust drift indicator considering the wide range of parameters and operations conditions (wind velocity, boom height). First order models were drawn for the expression of the effect of the wind velocity and the boom height according to the droplet time of flight (ToF). As a result it was possible to compare data from different experimental conditions and to simulate the effect of the wind velocity and the boom height for a given type of nozzle. In situ droplet size measurements confirmed the relevance of the time of flight expression
El, Cheikh Noura. „"Marinus et Marina" de Claude Louis-Combet à l'épreuve de la critique génétique“. Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA1025/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe thesis concerns a genetic study of the first “mythobiographie” Claude Louis-Combet Marinus and Marina, a project completely original because, until our days, no genetic thesis has been reserved for this author. Our study includes the original manuscript of the “mythobiographie” and the file of marginalia, files which the author lent to th center Jacques Petit-center and which the laboratory digitized. We chose to subject this novel to the test genetic criticism to surprise the genesis of the work, comfronting pre-texts with the autograph, making the difference between the drafts which speak about remorse and about choices of the novelist and abandoned sketchs, which draw another novel, were the saint was not maybe envisaged so sublime in her cosmic self-fulfillment. And surprise also, through the file of the documentary notes preserved by the author, the gestation of the novel. Gestation and genesis: study of sources and confrontation of pre-text to the text, here is our double genetic approach which allows us to the provide insights and comments, inevitably incomplete, on the “mytobiographie” of Claude Louis-Combet
Bottemanne, Laure. „Influence de la motivation liée à autrui sur la décision : corrélats computationnels et magnétoencéphalographiques chez l’Homme“. Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1257/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHumans are inherently social: most of human’s decisions are within a social context and depend on others. For more than a century, researchers explore aspects of social cognition. Aiming to understand human behavior in social contexts, neuro-economic researches showed that taking others into account involve complex brain computations that include all environmental and contextual factors. However, most of the work was made using money allocation tasks; mixing self-affecting and other-affecting rewards into the decision making process. The present work intended the understanding of the brain mechanisms underpinning the integration of others into the decision making process for decisions that include others and do not interfere with self-rewards.Taking advantage of mathematical models from the drift diffusion models framework, we conducted experiments investigating how others influence the mechanistic of perceptual decisions and their correlates in the human brain. We showed that taking rewards for others into account and being observed by others influence the drift rate of the decision variable. The drift rate is higher in audience than in secret and higher for self-rewards than for other-rewards. These results indicate that others are integrated into the accumulation process together with the evidence available for making a decision. At the brain level, we found difference between self and other decisions over the anterior temporal and centro-frontal cortices during decision making. This suggests that the beneficiary of a decision modifies sensory-motor transformation processes. In addition, self- and other-affecting difference showed difference over the medial frontal sensors after the decision making process, indicating a variation in the speed-accuracy tradeoff adjustment process
Montiel, López Jacob. „Fast and slow machine learning“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLT014/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Big Data era has revolutionized the way in which data is created and processed. In this context, multiple challenges arise given the massive amount of data that needs to be efficiently handled and processed in order to extract knowledge. This thesis explores the symbiosis of batch and stream learning, which are traditionally considered in the literature as antagonists. We focus on the problem of classification from evolving data streams.Batch learning is a well-established approach in machine learning based on a finite sequence: first data is collected, then predictive models are created, then the model is applied. On the other hand, stream learning considers data as infinite, rendering the learning problem as a continuous (never-ending) task. Furthermore, data streams can evolve over time, meaning that the relationship between features and the corresponding response (class in classification) can change.We propose a systematic framework to predict over-indebtedness, a real-world problem with significant implications in modern society. The two versions of the early warning mechanism (batch and stream) outperform the baseline performance of the solution implemented by the Groupe BPCE, the second largest banking institution in France. Additionally, we introduce a scalable model-based imputation method for missing data in classification. This method casts the imputation problem as a set of classification/regression tasks which are solved incrementally.We present a unified framework that serves as a common learning platform where batch and stream methods can positively interact. We show that batch methods can be efficiently trained on the stream setting under specific conditions. The proposed hybrid solution works under the positive interactions between batch and stream methods. We also propose an adaptation of the Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm for evolving data streams. The proposed adaptive method generates and updates the ensemble incrementally using mini-batches of data. Finally, we introduce scikit-multiflow, an open source framework in Python that fills the gap in Python for a development/research platform for learning from evolving data streams
Calvo, García-Maroto Marta. „Analysis of long-term gravity records in europe : consequences for the retrieval of small amplitude and low frequency signals including the core resonance effects“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAH003/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe study of temporal variations of gravity has a long tradition in Central Europe. Since the 1970s three main gravimeter types (spring, superconducting (SG) and absolute) have been set up at the J9 gravity station located in Strasbourg. These series allow us to review the instrumental improvements from the analyses of long term stability and instrumental drift. We show that the SG is the most powerful tool for thestudy of the low frequency and small amplitudes tides. We show the tidal analysis results for these tidal waves. We estimate the period of the Free Core Nutation and we seek the one of the Free Inner Core Nutation (FICN), which has not yet been observed. For this we make a careful study, in order to separate the low-amplitude waves in the vicinity of possible periods of FICN
La deformación elasto-gravitacional de la Tierra y las correspondientes variaciones temporales de la gravedad asociadas, registradas en la superficie terrestre mediante los gravímetros, son debidas a distintos fenómenos geofísicos con diferentes períodos y amplitudes, incluyendo entre otros a las denominadas mareas terrestres, que son el fenómeno que genera los efectos más fuertes (dichas mareas terrestres son los movimientos inducidos en la Tierra sólida y los cambios en su potencial gravitatorio derivados de las fuerzas de marea generadas por los cuerpos celestes).El objetivo principal de este trabajo consiste en mostrar la importancia tanto de la longitud de las series de datos de gravedad, como de la calidad de dichas series para mejorar nuestro conocimiento sobre la dinámica de la Tierra a través de los análisis de las mareas terrestres. [...]
Vander, Vorste Ross. „The hyporeic zone as a primary source of invertebrate community resilience in intermittent alluvial rivers : evidence from field and mesocosm experiments“. Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10259/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUnderstanding community response to disturbance is essential to identifying processes that determine their assembly and to predicting the future effects of climate change on biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Drying (complete loss of surface water) is a natural disturbance affecting 50% of rivers worldwide and is occurring more in perennial rivers due to climate change. However, its effects on aquatic invertebrate communities and the underlying processes contributing to their resilience (i.e. return to pre-drying or undisturbed levels) have not been well quantified. Using 4 congruous field and mesocosm experiments to quantify community resilience and identify its primary sources in environmentally harsh alluvial rivers. First, I found communities in 8 alluvial rivers were highly resilient to moderate and severe drying. Second, I showed that the hyporheic zone (saturated interstitial sediments) can be the primary source of colonists, promoting high community resilience. Third, I found high water temperature and intraspecific competition caused Gammarus pulex, a common benthic detritivore, to migrate into the hyporheic zone. Fourth, I found increasing depth to the water table diminished the hyporheic zone’s role as a source of colonists by reducing survival of G. pulex. My results support an emerging concept that harsh ecosystems are highly resilient and indicate that the effects of drying on biodiversity and ecosystem functions could vary across river systems. In alluvial rivers, the hyporheic zone can contribute strongly to community resilience and management should focus on protecting and restoring vertical connectivity to maximize resilience to climate change
Barrasso, Adrien. „Decoupled mild solutions of deterministic evolution problemswith singular or path-dependent coefficients, represented by backward SDEs“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLY009/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis introduces a new notion of solution for deterministic non-linear evolution equations, called decoupled mild solution.We revisit the links between Markovian Brownian Backward stochastic differential equations (BSDEs) and parabolic semilinear PDEs showing that under very mild assumptions, the BSDEs produce a unique decoupled mild solution of some PDE.We extend this result to many other deterministic equations such asPseudo-PDEs, Integro-PDEs, PDEs with distributional drift or path-dependent(I)PDEs. The solutions of those equations are represented throughBSDEs which may either be without driving martingale, or drivenby cadlag martingales. In particular this thesis solves the so calledidentification problem, which consists, in the case of classical Markovian Brownian BSDEs, to give an analytical meaning to the second component Z ofthe solution (Y,Z) of the BSDE. In the literature, Y generally determinesa so called viscosity solution and the identification problem is only solved when this viscosity solution has a minimal regularity.Our method allows to treat this problem even in the case of general (even non-Markovian) BSDEs with jumps
Pham, Toan Thang. „Advances in opto-electronic oscillator operation for sensing and component characterization“. Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DENS0013/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) was first introduced in 1996 by S. Yao and L. Maleki as a very low phase noise microwave oscillator working in direct synthesis. The OEO developments concern applications in microwave photonics, optical telecommunication, radar and high speed signal processing systems but it should also be used in the sensing domain. In this thesis, we study several aspects to apply the OEO to liquid refractive index measurement. Because of its structure the OEO is very dependent on the ambient conditions. If the OEO is not optimized and controlled, it cannot operate well for long duration. We have analyzed the influences of temperature on the electrooptic modulator (EOM) and the global OEO behavior. Temperature control can significantly reduce the drift phenomena of the EOM. In order to totally remove this drift, we have developed a complete digital system, based on a DSP kit, to detect and compensate automatically the EOM optical bias point drift and to control simultaneously its temperature. The first technique is based on a dither signal at low frequency, injected to DC electrode of the EOM. The second one is based on the average optical output power of the EOM. A combination of these two techniques can take advantages from both of them. Using like that the OEO, we have tested several configurations to measure the refractive index of four classical chemical solutions leading to a standard deviation of 3 per thousand. The results are in rather good agreement with previous publications. Finally, we have introduced a new method to improve the long-term refractive index measurement by monitoring, with a vector network analyzer, the variations of the optical delay in the fiber loop of the OEO. Introducing by this way a correction to the long-term frequency measurement it is possible to reduce the oscillation frequency fluctuations to only 606 Hz, compared to the 8 GHz of the oscillator, for a duration of 62 hours. Therefore the signal-to-noise ratio in the refractive index measurement can be enhanced and so the detection resolution of the refractive index variations during time
Leang, Isabelle. „Fusion en ligne d'algorithmes de suivi visuel d'objet“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066486/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVisual object tracking is an elementary function of computer vision that has been the subject of numerous studies. Drift over time is one of the most critical phenomena to master because it leads to the permanent loss of the target being tracked. Despite the numerous approaches proposed in the literature to counter this phenomenon, none outperforms another in terms of robustness to the various sources of visual perturbations: variation of illumination, occlusion, sudden movement of camera, change of aspect. The objective of this thesis is to exploit the complementarity of a set of tracking algorithms by developing on-line fusion strategies capable of combining them generically. The proposed fusion chain consists of selecting the trackers from indicators of good functioning, combining their outputs and correcting them. On-line drift prediction was studied as a key element of the selection mechanism. Several methods are proposed for each step of the chain, giving rise to 46 possible fusion configurations. Evaluated on 3 databases, the study highlighted several key findings: effective selection greatly improves robustness; The correction improves the robustness but is sensitive to bad selection, making updating preferable to reinitialization; It is more advantageous to combine a small number of complementary trackers with homogeneous performances than a large number; The robustness of fusion of a small number of trackers is correlated to the incompleteness measure, which makes it possible to select the appropriate combination of trackers to a given application context
Rezgui, Yacine. „Intégration des systèmes d'informations techniques pour l'exploitation des ouvrages“. Phd thesis, Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ENPC9421.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe handling and management of a construction project information through its life cycle require to impose order and structure in the data description. The latter is intended for both project actor and computer use. It is therefore expressed in an appropriate language whose neutral aspect enables the inter-operability and the sharing of computer-based information within an open software infrastructure. This approach improves the communication, relevance and effectiveness of the information flow between the actors. This building structure description is commonly called a « data model ». The document is the traditional support of an enginering project description. It constitutes the conceptual and the regulation basis for any enginering process. The deep analysis of the documents produced within a project life cycle emphasises the importance and the relevance o their legal and specification aspects as indicated by the full specification document « CCTP ». The CCTP is one of the essential documents issued from the detailed design stage. It distinguishes by the volume and the relevancy of its content : it defines the particular conditions for the execution of the works and thus completes their description made through the technical drawings. The consultation of the contractors imposes the decomposition of the construction tasks info work packages. The main consequences of such approach concerns the management and the coordination of the works realization in conjonction with the other work packages. All these details should be rigorously handled. Thus, the participant main worry is to be able to produce at the right moment a detailed full specification compatible with the ones previously generated and reflecting the real description of the construction project, provided by a building data model. This thesis demonstrates th feasibility of the generation of project documents via a date model supporting the physical, formal and performative description of a construction project. It consists of propsing a document logical structure, which is used to derive the Document Type Definition (DTD) of the CCTP according to the SGML language. The DTD elements are instanciated in order to produce a marked version of the CCTP. This approach enables the generation of the contents, the references list and the hypertext links. Moreover, we propose an association model through which building data model concepts are indexed to the documentary items of the marked CCTP. The project applied CCTP is then produced thanks to the instances of the association model in consideration of which the internal and external coherency of the CCTP is achieved. This approach insures a high quality of the full specifications documents of a projects and contributes to diminish the mistakes and errors due to the complexity of the design/construction/maintenance process. We finaly propose a generalisation of this approach to any project document
Vernay, Clara. „Déstabilisation de nappes liquides d'émulsions diluées“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS199/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOne of the major environmental issues related to spraying of pesticides on cultivated crops is the drift phenomenon. Because of the wind, small droplets may drift away from the targeted crop and cause contamination. One way to reduce the drift is to control the spray drop size distribution and reduce the proportion of small drops. In this context, anti-drift additives have been developed, including dilute oil-in-water emulsions. Although being documented, the effects of oil-in-water emulsions on spray drop size distribution are not yet understood. The objective of this thesis is to determine the mechanisms at the origin of the changes of the spray drop size distribution for emulsion-based sprays.Agricultural spraying involves atomizing a liquid stream through a hydraulic nozzle. At the exit of the nozzle, a free liquid sheet is formed, which is subsequently destabilized into droplets. In order to elucidate the mechanisms causing the changes of the spray drop size distribution, we investigate the influence of emulsions on the destabilization mechanisms of liquid sheets. Model single-tear experiments based on the collision of one tear of liquid on a small solid target are used to produce and visualize liquid sheets with a fast camera. Upon impact, the tear flattens into a sheet radially expanding in the air bounded by a thicker rim. Different destabilization mechanisms of the sheet are observed depending on the fluid properties. A pure water sheet spreads out radially and then retracts due to the effect of surface tension. Simultaneously, the rim corrugates forming radial ligaments, which are subsequently destabilized into droplets. The destabilization mechanism is drastically modified when a dilute oil-in-water emulsion is used. Emulsion-based liquid sheets are destabilized through the nucleation of holes within the sheet that perforate the sheet during its expansion. The holes grow until they merge together and form a web of ligaments, which are then destabilized into drops.The physical-chemical parameters of the emulsion, such as emulsion concentration and emulsion droplet size distribution, are modified to rationalize their influence on the perforation mechanism. We correlate the size distribution of drops issued from conventional agricultural spray with the amount of perforation events in single-tear experiments, demonstrating that the single-tear experiment is an appropriate model experiment to investigate the physical mechanisms governing the spray drop size distribution of anti-drift formulations. We show that the relevant mechanism causing the increase of drops size in the emulsion-based spray is a perforation mechanism.To gain an understanding of the physical mechanisms at the origin of the perforation events, we develop an optical technique that allows the determination of the time and space-resolved thickness of the sheet. We find that the formation of a hole in the sheet is systematically preceded by a localized thinning of the liquid film. We show that the thinning results from the entering and Marangoni-driven spreading of emulsion oil droplet at the air/water interface. The localized thinning of the liquid film ultimately leads to the rupture of the film. We propose the perforation mechanism as a sequence of two necessary steps: the emulsion oil droplets (i) enter the air/water interface, and (ii) spread at the interface. We show that the formulation of the emulsion is a critical parameter to control the perforation. The addition of salt or amphiphilic copolymers can trigger or completely inhibit the perforation mechanism. We show that the entering of oil droplets at the air/water interface is the limiting step of the mechanism. Thin-film forces such as electrostatic or steric repulsion forces stabilize the thin film formed between the interface and the approaching oil droplets preventing the entering of oil droplets at the interface and so inhibit the perforation process
Mazières, Alaïs. „Evolution morphologique et processus sédimentaires actuels du plateau continental interne sud-aquitain : étude comparée des zones de la Salie-Biscarosse (Sud des passes d'Arcachon) et la zone de la tête du canyon de Capbreton“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0171/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study proposes an analysis of the morphological evolution and recent sedimentary processes of the south Aquitaine inner shelf (south east Bay of Biscay, France). This area is greatly documented but improvement of our knowledge is needed for a better understanding.Two complementary study areas are analyzed: « La Salie-Biscarrosse » area of the south-Aquitaine inner shelf (in a water depth extending from 5 to 50 m), and the head of the Capbreton Canyon (in a water depth extending from 5 to 120 m). Two approaches are used:(1) a descriptive and comparative analysis of the geophysical and sedimentological data setsand (2) a numerical modeling taking into account swell, current and sediments. The results obtained allow the description and the interpretation of the morphology, the nature, the internal geometry of the sedimentary structures, and their evolution along the last 29 years(between 1984 and 2013). The major result highlights the presence of sorted bedforms maintained by the swell, migrating northeastward and associated with the recent discovery of punctual poleward current on the shelf. The seafloor morphology of the Capbreton Canyonhead located only 250 m off the coastline, has experienced significant changes between 1998 and 2013, nonetheless it oscillates around a position of equilibrium. Furthermore, the influence of the littoral drift on sediment transfer from the shelf to the canyon was demonstrated. Sedimentary and morphological evidences combined with numerical modelingattest to the feeding of the Capbreton canyon head with coastal sand supplied by the southward long shore drift under high-energy wave conditions
Loeffel, Pierre-Xavier. „Algorithmes de machine learning adaptatifs pour flux de données sujets à des changements de concept“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066496/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis, we investigate the problem of supervised classification on a data stream subject to concept drifts. In order to learn in this environment, we claim that a successful learning algorithm must combine several characteristics. It must be able to learn and adapt continuously, it shouldn’t make any assumption on the nature of the concept or the expected type of drifts and it should be allowed to abstain from prediction when necessary. On-line learning algorithms are the obvious choice to handle data streams. Indeed, their update mechanism allows them to continuously update their learned model by always making use of the latest data. The instance based (IB) structure also has some properties which make it extremely well suited to handle the issue of data streams with drifting concepts. Indeed, IB algorithms make very little assumptions about the nature of the concept they are trying to learn. This grants them a great flexibility which make them likely to be able to learn from a wide range of concepts. Another strength is that storing some of the past observations into memory can bring valuable meta-informations which can be used by an algorithm. Furthermore, the IB structure allows the adaptation process to rely on hard evidences of obsolescence and, by doing so, adaptation to concept changes can happen without the need to explicitly detect the drifts. Finally, in this thesis we stress the importance of allowing the learning algorithm to abstain from prediction in this framework. This is because the drifts can generate a lot of uncertainties and at times, an algorithm might lack the necessary information to accurately predict
Nguyen, Thi-Hien. „Etude de l'asymptotique du phénomène d'augmentation de diffusivité dans des flots à grande vitesse“. Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0072/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn application, we would like to generate random numbers with a precise law MCMC (Markov Chaine Monte Carlo). The method consists in finding a diffusion which has the desired invariant law and in showing the convergence of this diffusion towards its equilibrium with an exponential rate. The exponent of this convergence is the spectral gap of the generator. It was shown by C.-R. Hwang, S.-Y. Hwang-Ma and S.-J. Sheu that the spectral gap can grow up by adding a non-symmetric term to the self-adjoint generator.This corresponds to passing from a reversible diffusion to a non-reversible diffusion. A means of constructing a non-reversible diffusion with the same invariant measure is to add an incompressible flow to the dynamics of the reversible diffusion.In this thesis, we study the behavior of diffusion when the flow is accelerated by multiplying the field of the vectors which describes it by a large constant. In 2008, P. Constantin, A. Kisekev, L. Ryzhik and A. Zlatoˇs have shown that if the flow was weakly mixing then the acceleration of the flow was sufficient to converge the diffusion towards its equilibrium after finite time. In this work, the speed of this phenomenon is explained under a condition of correlation of the flow. The article by B. Franke, C.-R.Hwang, H.-M. Pai and S.-J.Sheu (2010) gives the asymptotic expression of the spectral gap when the large constant goes to infinity. Here we are also interested in the speed with which the phenomenon manifests itself. First, we study the special case of an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck diffusion which is perturbed by a flow preserving the Gaussian measure. In this case, thanks to a result of G. Metafune, D. Pallara and E. Priola (2002), we can reduce the study of the generator spectrum to eigenvalues of a family of matrices. We study this problem with methods of limited development of eigenvalues. This problem is solved explicitly in this thesis and we also give a boundary for the convergence radius of the development. We then generalize this method in the case of a general diffusion in a formal way. These results may be useful to have a first idea on the speeds of convergence of the spectral gap described in the article by Franke et al. (2010)
Horne, Iribarne Ernesto. „Transport properties of internal gravity waves“. Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL1027/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleInternal waves are produced as a consequence of the dynamic balance between buoyancy and gravity forces when a particle of fluid is vertically displaced in a stably stratified environment. Geophysical systems such as ocean and atmosphere are naturally stratified and therefore suitable for internal waves propagation. Furthermore, these two environments stock a vast amount of particles at their boundaries and in their bulk. Therefore, internal waves and particles will inexorably interact in these systems. In this work, exploratory experiments are performed to study wave generated erosive transport of particles. In order to determine a transport threshold, the peculiar properties of internal waves (“critical reflection”) are employed to increase the intensity of the wave field at the boundaries. A method was developed in collaboration with a signal processing team to improve the determination of the wave components involved in near-critical reflection. This method enabled us to compare our experimental results with a theory of critical reflection, showing good agreement and allowing to extrapolate these results to experiments beyond ours and to oceanic conditions. In addition, we study the interaction of internal waves with a column of particles in sedimentation. Two main effects are observed: the column oscillates around an equilibrium position, and it is displaced as a whole. The direction of the displacement of the column is explained by computing the effect of the Lagrangian drift of the waves. This effect could also explain the frequency dependence of the displacement
Hajjej, Mohamed Lasmer. „Couches initiales et limites de relaxation aux systèmes d'Euler-Poisson et d'Euler-Maxwell“. Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF22233/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMy work is concerned with two different systems of equations used in the mathematical modeling of semiconductors and plasmas : the Euler-Poisson system and the Euler-Maxwell system. The first is given by the Euler equations for the conservation of the mass and momentum, with a Poisson equation for the electrostatic potential. The second system describes the phenomenon of electromagnetism. It is given by the Euler equations for the conservation of the mass and momentum, with a Maxwell equations for the electric field and magnetic field which are coupled to the electron density through the Maxwell equations and act on electrons via the Lorentz force. Using an asymptotic expansion method, we study the zero relaxation limit of unipolar Euler-Poisson system and of two-fluid multidimensional Euler-Poisson equations, we prove the existence and uniqueness of profiles to the asymptotic expansion and some error estimate. By employing the classical energy estimate for symmetrizable hyperbolic equations, we justify rigorously the convergence of Euler-Poisson system with well-prepared initial data. For ill-prepared initial data, the phenomenon of initial layers occurs. In this case, we also add the correction terms in the asymptotic expansion. Using an iterative method of symmetrizable hyperbolic systems and asymptotic expansion method, we study the zero-relaxation limit of unipolar and bipolar Euler-Maxwell system. For well-prepared initial data, we construct an approximate solution by an asymptotic expansion up to any order. For ill-prepared initial data, we also construct initial layer corrections in the asymptotic expansion
Rabatel, Matthias. „Modélisation dynamique d'un assemblage de floes rigides“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAM050/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis, we present a model describing the dynamics of a population of ice floes with arbitrary shapes and sizes, which are exposed to atmospheric and oceanic skin drag. The granular model presented is based on simplified momentum equations for ice floe motion between collisions and on the resolution of linear complementarity problems to deal with ice floe collisions. Between collisions, the motion of an individual ice floe satisfies the linear and angular momentum conservation equations, with classical formula applied to account for atmospheric and oceanic skin drag. To deal with collisions, before they lead to interpenetration, we included a linear complementarity problem based on the Signorini condition and Coulombs law. The nature of the contact is described through a constant coefficient of friction, as well as a coefficient of restitution describing the loss of kinetic energy during the collision. In the present version of our model, this coefficient is fixed. The model was validated using data obtained from the motion of interacting artificial wood floes in a test basin. The results of simulations comprising few hundreds of ice floes of various shapes and sizes, exposed to different forcing scenarios, and under different configurations, are also discussed. They show that the progressive clustering of ice floes as the result of kinetic energy dissipation during collisions is well captured, and suggest a collisional regimes of floe dispersion at small scales, different from a large-scale regime essentially driven by wind forcing
Albisson, Grégory. „Les gangs maori de Wellington : « Some people said that tribes stopped existing in the 1970s »“. Thesis, Avignon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AVIG1112/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Maori urban drift after the Second World War has deeply altered New Zealand’s sociocultural landscape. This thesis explores one of its direct aftermath: the emergence of Maori gangs as an attempt to reterritorialise the surrounding space in a logic of differen-tiation from the established order. Therefore, breaking off with the European city and Maori ancestral traditions was required. In this respect, so called “Maori” gangs could and can no longer be thought as the extension of Maori tribalism and precolonial belli-cism. This type of analysis freezes the Maori into essentialist considerations. This thesis introduces the Maori gang in its historical contingent dimension and aims – without sup-porting the essentialist approach – at pinpointing its very effects on gang members’ daily practices and also on their relationship with wider society.The same gangs that wanted to create their own space ended up acknowledging their Maori heritage. As a result, the members were not only to rewrite the history of their or-ganisation, as they found out other origins, but also precontact Maori history as they in-troduced elements that are typical of contemporary street gangs
Renaud, Denis. „Caractérisation du propulseur PEGASES : diagnostics du filtre magnétique et du faisceau : optimisation de la géométrie“. Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2018/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe PEGASES ion thruster differs from standard electric propulsion technologies through its use of electronegative gases, such as SF₆, as a propellant. Its operation relies on the trapping of electrons using a magnetic field and the creation of a plasma dominated by positive and negative ions. These ions are alternately accelerated to produce thrust, and later undergo a recombination to ensure beam neutrality. This thruster eliminates the need for an electron-producing neutralizer, which is a standard feature in other sources such as the Hall thruster. This thesis is divided into three parts. The first describes the development and implementation of a new EXB probe for the study of the ion beam properties, the identification of the beam chemical composition and the verification of the presence of negative and positive ion species. The second part concerns the design and application of a new laser photodetachment diagnostic for the measurement of the negative ion fraction. Lastly, a new ion-ion thruster with a circular geometry, known as AIPE, has been designed, constructed and successfully tested. This prototype eliminates the plasma asymmetry present in PEGASES and reveals the importance of the magnetic filter to source operation
Souiki-Figuigui, Sarra. „Etude de la fiabilité de mémoires PCRAM : analyse et optimisation de la stabilité des états programmés“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAT032/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNowadays, new technologies are rising steadily and forming an integral part in the daily lives of everyone. They take advantage of the development of electronic systems for which the complexity requires the use of memory devices more and more efficient and with large storage capacities. Because of some performance degradation, the scaling of Flash technology who was so far predominant in the non-volatile memories market, is today reaching its limits. As a result, different emerging resistive memories are being developed. Among them, the phase-change memory technology PCRAM is very attractive because of its non-volatility, scalability, as well as reduced cost compared to standard Flash. Nevertheless, to compete with other technologies and to address the embedded applications market, PCRAM still face some challenges, such as decreasing the programming current densities, increasing the programming speed and increasing the thermal stability of the two memory states. For that purpose, different solutions have been tried in the literature, including using new device architectures and optimized phase-change materials. In this work, we are interested in investigating the failure mechanisms that affect thermal and temporal stability of phase change memories, in particular the retention of the RESET state and the stability of the programmed states disturbed by the drift phenomenon. The development of alternative materials using an optimized stoichiometry or incorporating doping allows us to achieve high electrical performance devices and to reach the required retention properties of embedded applications and particularly the automotive one. Moreover, thanks to the development of a new pre-coding procedure, these devices allow to keep stable the preprogrammed data on the memory chip during the soldering step of the latter on the electronic circuit. They represent a promising solution for Smart-Card applications. Finally, we have proposed an optimized programming procedure which enables to reduce the drift effect of the resistance of the SET state observed for optimized materials. This drift phenomenon was investigated by using low frequency noise measurements. Therefore, we have shown that this effect is due to the structural relaxation of amorphous parts in the active material. Besides, we highlighted for the first time the major influence of interface defects on the low-frequency noise of this state
Pham, Thi Trang Nhung. „Méthodes numériques pour l'équation de Vlasov réduite“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAD051/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMany numerical methods have been developed in order to selve the Vlasov equation, because computing precise simulations in a reasonable time is a real challenge. This equation describes the time evolution of the distribution function of charged particles (electrons/ions), which depends on 3 variables in space, 3 in velocity and time. The main idea of this thesis is to rewrite the Vlasov equation in the form of a hyperbolic system using a semi-discretization of the velocity. This semi-discretization is achieved using the finite element method. The resulting model is called the reduced Vlasov equation. We propose different numerical methods to salve this new model efficiently: finite volume methods, semi-Lagrangian methods and discontinuous Galerkin methods
Petit, Coraline. „Évolution et Développement d'un organe sériel - la molaire : Transcriptomique comparée des bourgeons de molaire chez les rongeurs“. Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEN009/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDevelopmental programs are the result of the coordinate expression of thousands of genes which is nowadays accessible through RNA-sequencing.Which differences in expression levels underlie differences in developmental programs, (i) betweensimilar organs of the same species? (ii) between homologous organs in different species?While others studies have been focusing on master regulatory genes, I concentrated on transcriptomeas a whole to untangle the link between differences in developmental programs and differences in final morphologies. Our model of study is the development of rodent upper and lower first molars, for which we obtained transcriptomes for either whole molar germs at different stages of development or molar germs cut in half.The main variation in these data is a temporal signal which is present in whole organs, as in biological replicates and also in germ halves. The second pattern of variation is the difference between upper and lower molars. We evidenced that transcriptome reflects the relative tissue proportions composing the organ, thus it informed us on differences in cellular proportion between each molars. Thus mouse first molars differ in their relative proportion in mesenchyme and cusp tissue. Then, we showed that specificities of the upper/lower molar developmental programs are conserved between mouse and hamster. However, transcriptomic differences between species are not correlated to the morphological differences, even when the final morphology is similar (eg. the lower molar). This rapid evolution of expression profiles between species is consistent with a phenomenon known as Developmental System Drift (DSD).At last, I was interested in the identity of the buccal and lingual side (BL) of mouse molars, because the supplementary cusps of the mouse first upper molar are formed lingually. We evidenced that the lingual side has an identity of its own and that the differences of expression between buccal and lingual side are increased in mouse upper molar.Finally, the prospects for this work will be to understand the changes of the developmental program that differentiate mouse upper molar from hamster ones, relying more these BL data, to understand how the mouse first upper molar developed formed two supplementary lingual cusps
Quinquis, Michel. „Relations entre bassins versants et cellules sédimentaires littorales : les exemples du Maroc, de l'Algérie et de la Tunisie“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0330/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this study conducted on the Mediterranean coast of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia at an extended spatial and temporal scale (2200 km of coastline and about 100 years), we determine, using a "source-to- sink ", the existing relationships between erosion produced in watersheds and sediment transported in suspension by wadis, with the redistribution of these sediments along the shoreline. We propose a new empirical model of suspended sediment transport along the watersheds of our study site. We then determine the impact of dams on the sediments, and then quantitatively estimate the sedimentary contributions to the sea. We analyze the morphological characteristics of the littoral according to its geometry and the morphodynamic indices from the literature . After mapping the position of the coastline at different periods, the kinematics of the shoreline is determined, as well as the shoreline drift. These analyzes are based on the concept of a littoral cell. We conclude with a general synthesis before drawing the main conclusions on the relations between watersheds and coastal cells, such as (1) the role of precursor and sediment buffer played by deltas to limit the erosion of beaches in the sector (3) the links between sediment inputs from pre-barrage wadis, minus the volume of sediment moved by the coastal drift, with the size of the deltas and the number of coastal bars
Reichel, Katja. „Effets de la reproduction partiellement asexuée sur la dynamique des fréquences génotypiques en populations majoritairement diploïdes“. Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NSARC123/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleReproductive systems determine how genetic material is passed from one generation to the next, making them an important factor for evolution. Organisms that combine sexual and asexual/clonal reproduction are very widespread [… yet] the effects of their reproductive system on their evolution are still controversial and poorly understood.The aim of this thesis was to model the dynamics of genotype frequencies under combined sexual/clonal reproduction in dominantly diploid life cycles [. … A] state and time discrete Markov chain model served as the mathematical basis to describe [their] changes […] through time.The results demonstrate that partial clonality may indeed change the dynamics of genomic diversity compared to either exclusively sexual or exclusively clonal populations. […] Time has a crucial role in partially clonal populations and needs to be taken into account in any analysis of their genomic diversity.This thesis provides recommendations for data collection and a null hypothesis for the interpretation of population genetic/genomic data […]. Moreover, it includes new methods for the analysis of genotype-based population genetic Markov chain models. These results have a high potential relevance in several areas, ranging from basic research […] to applications in agriculture […], fisheries […] and nature conservation […]