Zeitschriftenartikel: „DPEP“

1

Clezy, PS, CJR Fookes, JK Prashar, and A. Salek. "The Chemistry of Pyrrolic Compounds. LXVII. A New Demethyl Analog of DPEP (Deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin)." Australian Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 4 (1992): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9920703.

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A new demethyl analogue of DPEP, present as a nickel(II) complex in the Julia Creek oil shale deposit of North Queensland, has been shown by ring synthesis to lack a methyl group in ring A. This is now the third demethyl analogue of DPEP to be identified.

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2

Zhu, Shuya, Yinxiao Zhang, Jingyi Wang, Chi Zhang, and Xinqi Liu. "Investigating Differential Expressed Genes of Limosilactobacillus reuteri LR08 Regulated by Soybean Protein and Peptides." Foods 11, no. 9 (2022): 1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11091251.

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Soybean protein and peptides have the potential to promote the growth of Lactobacillus, but the mechanisms involved are not well understood. The purpose of this study is to investigate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of Limosilactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) LR08 responding to soybean protein and peptides using transcriptome. The results showed that both digested protein (dpro) and digested peptides (dpep) could enhance a purine biosynthesis pathway which could provide more nucleic acid and ATP for bacteria growth. Moreover, dpep could be used instead of dpro to promote the ABC transporters, especially the genes involved in the transportation of various amino acids. Interestingly, dpro and dpep played opposite roles in modulating DEGs from the acc and fab gene families which participate in fatty acid biosynthesis. These not only provide a new direction for developing nitrogen-sourced prebiotics in the food industry but could also help us to understand the fundamental mechanism of the effects of dpro and dpep on their growth and metabolisms and provides relevant evidence for further investigation.

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Zhou, Qing, Xiotian Sun, Nicolas Pasquier, et al. "Cell-Penetrating CEBPB and CEBPD Leucine Zipper Decoys as Broadly Acting Anti-Cancer Agents." Cancers 13, no. 10 (2021): 2504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13102504.

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Transcription factors are key players underlying cancer formation, growth, survival, metastasis and treatment resistance, yet few drugs exist to directly target them. Here, we characterized the in vitro and in vivo anti-cancer efficacy of novel synthetic cell-penetrating peptides (Bpep and Dpep) designed to interfere with the formation of active leucine-zipper-based dimers by CEBPB and CEBPD, transcription factors implicated in multiple malignancies. Both peptides similarly promoted apoptosis of multiple tumor lines of varying origins, without such effects on non-transformed cells. Combined with other treatments (radiation, Taxol, chloroquine, doxorubicin), the peptides acted additively to synergistically and were fully active on Taxol-resistant cells. The peptides suppressed expression of known direct CEBPB/CEBPD targets IL6, IL8 and asparagine synthetase (ASNS), supporting their inhibition of transcriptional activation. Mechanisms by which the peptides trigger apoptosis included depletion of pro-survival survivin and a required elevation of pro-apoptotic BMF. Bpep and Dpep significantly slowed tumor growth in mouse models without evident side effects. Dpep significantly prolonged survival in xenograft models. These findings indicate the efficacy and potential of Bpep and Dpep as novel agents to treat a variety of cancers as mono- or combination therapies.

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Kashiyama, Y., N. O. Ogawa, M. Shiro, R. Tada, H. Kitazato, and N. Ohkouchi. "Reconstruction of the biogeochemistry and ecology of photoautotrophs based on the nitrogen and carbon isotopic compositions of vanadyl porphyrins from Miocene siliceous sediments." Biogeosciences Discussions 5, no. 1 (2008): 361–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-361-2008.

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Abstract. We determined both the nitrogen and carbon isotopic compositions of various vanadyl alkylporphyrins isolated from siliceous marine sediments of the Onnagawa Formation (middle Miocene, northeastern Japan) to investigate the biogeochemistry and ecology of photoautotrophs living in the paleo-ocean. The distinctive isotopic signals support the interpretations of previous works that the origin of 17-nor-deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin (DPEP) is chlorophylls c, whereas 8-nor-DPEP may have originated from chlorophylls a2 or b2 or bacteriochlorophyll a. Although DPEP and cycloheptanoDPEP are presumably derived from common precursory pigments, their isotopic compositions differed in the present study, suggesting that the latter represents a specific population within the photoautotrophic community. Based on the δ 15N values of DPEP (−6.9 to −3.6‰ n=7), the average δ15N value for the entire photoautotrophic community is estimated to be −2 to +1‰, considering the empirical isotopic relationships that the tetrapyrrole nuclei of chloropigments are depleted in 15N by ~4.8‰ and enriched in ;13C by ~1.8‰ relative to the whole cells. This finding suggests that nitrogen utilized in the primary production was supplied mainly through N2-fixation by diazotrophic cyanobacteria. Based on the δ13C values of DPEP (–17.9 to −15.6‰ n=7), we estimated isotopic fractionation associated with photosynthetic carbon fixation to be 8–14‰. This range suggests the importance of β-carboxylation and/or active transport of the carbon substrate, indicating in turn the substantial contribution of diazotrophic cyanobacteria to primary production. Based on the δ15N values of 17-nor-DPEP (−7.4 to −2.4‰ n=7), the δ15N range of chlorophylls c-producing algae was estimated to be −3 to +3‰. This relative depletion in ;15N suggests that these algae mainly utilized nitrogen regenerated from diazotrophic cyanobacteria. Given that diatoms are likely to have constituted the chlorophylls c-producing algae within the biogenic-silica-rich Onnagawa Formation, cyanobacteria-hosting diatoms may have been important contributors to primary production.

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Kashiyama, Y., N. O. Ogawa, M. Shiro, R. Tada, H. Kitazato, and N. Ohkouchi. "Reconstruction of the biogeochemistry and ecology of photoautotrophs based on the nitrogen and carbon isotopic compositions of vanadyl porphyrins from Miocene siliceous sediments." Biogeosciences 5, no. 3 (2008): 797–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-797-2008.

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Abstract. We determined both the nitrogen and carbon isotopic compositions of various vanadyl alkylporphyrins isolated from siliceous marine sediments of the Onnagawa Formation (middle Miocene, northeastern Japan) to investigate the biogeochemistry and ecology of photoautotrophs living in the paleo-ocean. The distinctive isotopic signals support the interpretations of previous works that the origin of 17-nor-deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin (DPEP) is chlorophylls-c1-3, whereas 8-nor-DPEP may have originated from chlorophylls-a2 or b2 or bacteriochlorophyll-a. Although DPEP and cycloheptanoDPEP are presumably derived from common precursory pigments, their isotopic compositions differed in the present study, suggesting that the latter represents a specific population within the photoautotrophic community. The average δ15N value for the entire photoautotrophic community is estimated to be –2 to +1‰ from the δ15N values of DPEP (–6.9 to –3.6‰; n=7), considering that the empirical isotopic relationships that the tetrapyrrole nuclei of chloropigments are depleted in 15N by ~4.8‰ and enriched in 13C by ~1.8‰ relative to the whole cells. This finding suggests that nitrogen utilized in the primary production was supplied mainly through N2-fixation by diazotrophic cyanobacteria. Based on the δ13C values of DPEP (–17.9 to –15.6‰; n=7), we estimated isotopic fractionation associated with photosynthetic carbon fixation to be 8–14‰. This range suggests the importance of β-carboxylation and/or active transport of the carbon substrate, indicating in turn the substantial contribution of diazotrophic cyanobacteria to primary production. Based on the δ15N values of 17-nor-DPEP (–7.4 to –2.4‰ n=7), the δ15N range of chlorophylls-c-producing algae was estimated to be –3 to +3‰. This relative depletion in sup>15N suggests that these algae mainly utilized nitrogen regenerated from diazotrophic cyanobacteria. Given that diatoms are likely to have constituted the chlorophylls-c-producing algae within the biogenic-silica-rich Onnagawa Formation, cyanobacteria-hosting diatoms may have been important contributors to primary production.

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6

Bong, ICC, PS Clezy, CJR Fookes, JK Prashar, and A. Salek. "The Chemistry of Pyrrolic Compounds. LXVIII. 13'- and 15'-Methyl Analogs of Deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin (dpep)." Australian Journal of Chemistry 46, no. 8 (1993): 1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9931193.

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A new synthesis of the 13′-methyl (1a) analogue of dpep is described commencing with the methylation of phylloerythroetioporphyrin (1d) with subsequent reduction of the derived tertiary alcohol. The availability of this synthetic material has allowed the presence of this petroporphyrin as its nickel complex to be confirmed in the Julia Creek oil shales. The presence of an isomer of this petroporphyrin has been noted in the same deposit, and the structure of this novel fossil porphyrin has been confirmed as the 15′-methyl analogue (1b) of dpep by a synthesis commencing from the 15′-oxoporphyrin (1e). In addition, the 15′- and 13′-methyl analogues of dpep have been synthesized by cylization of appropriately substituted propenyl- and isopropenyl-porphyrins respectively. The origin of these two petroporphyrins is discussed.

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Clezy, PS, AH Mirza, and JK Prashar. "The Chemistry of Pyrrolic Compounds. LXV. Intramolecular Cyclization of Porphyrins With Acetic Acid Side Chains: Hydroxy Derivatives of Deoxophylloerythroaetioporphyrin (DPEP)." Australian Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 5 (1990): 857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9900857.

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The intramolecular cyclization of porphyrins substituted with an acetic acid side chain has been studied under a range of conditions but the yield of product bearing a fused five- membered ketonic ring system was disappointingly low. Deoxophylloerythroaetioporphyrin (DPEP) derivatives with hydroxy groups at either C 13′ or C 15′ have been prepared by reduction of the corresponding ketones. 1H n.m.r . data for the latter alcohol matches well that reported for a porphyrin obtained from Marl Slate and which is probably derived from DPEP, by oxidation, during the extraction process.

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8

Premovic, Pavle, Ivana Tonsa, Dragan Djordjevic, and Miroslav Premovic. "The kerogen vanadyl porphyrins: Incorporation during catagenesis." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 64, no. 10 (1999): 589–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc9910589p.

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Natural vanadyl (VO 2+)-deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrins (DPEP) have been shown to be capable of reacting and quantitatively incorporating into immature kerogen model materials (torbanite, lignites, subbituminous coal and immature lacustrine kerogen) at 200?C for 72 h in the absence/presence of air. Electron spin resonance was used to monitor the incorporation of VO 2+-DPEP into the kerogen models. The products of the incorporation resemble natural kerogen enriched withVO 2+ . The simulation experiments described in this paper clearly show that the kerogen VO 2+-P may originate from VO 2+-DPEPincorporation into the kerogen macromolecular structures during catagenesis.

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Zhou, Qing, and Lloyd A. Greene. "Dpep Inhibits Cancer Cell Growth and Survival via Shared and Context-Dependent Transcriptome Perturbations." Cancers 15, no. 22 (2023): 5318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15225318.

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Dpep is a cell-penetrating peptide targeting transcription factors ATF5, CEBPB, and CEBPD, and that selectively promotes the apoptotic death of multiple tumor cell types in vitro and in vivo. As such, it is a potential therapeutic. To better understand its mechanism of action, we used PLATE-seq to compare the transcriptomes of six cancer cell lines of diverse origins before and after Dpep exposure. This revealed a context-dependent pattern of regulated genes that was unique to each line, but that exhibited a number of elements that were shared with other lines. This included the upregulation of pro-apoptotic genes and tumor suppressors as well as the enrichment of genes associated with responses to hypoxia and interferons. Downregulated transcripts included oncogenes and dependency genes, as well as enriched genes associated with different phases of the cell cycle and with DNA repair. In each case, such changes have the potential to lie upstream of apoptotic cell death. We also detected the regulation of unique as well as shared sets of transcription factors in each line, suggesting that Dpep may initiate a cascade of transcriptional responses that culminate in cancer cell death. Such death thus appears to reflect context-dependent, yet shared, disruption of multiple cellular pathways as well as of individual survival-relevant genes.

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Clezy, PS, and A. Salek. "The Chemistry of Pyrrolic Compounds. LXXI. Synthesis of the Ring C and the Ring D Demethyl Analogues of Deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin (dpep)." Australian Journal of Chemistry 49, no. 3 (1996): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9960265.

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Espinosa, Marcela, Ubaldo S. Pacheco, Florentino Leyte, and Ruben Ocampo. "Separation and identification of porphyrin biomarkers from a heavy crude oil Zaap-1 offshore well, Sonda de Campeche, México." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 18, no. 07 (2014): 542–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s108842461450028x.

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The task to isolate metalloporphyrin compounds from crude oils is difficult, especially from reservoirs; the existence of well-known complexes homologous series type etioporphyrin (E), deoxophyloerythroetioporphyrin (DPEP), tetrahydrobenzodeoxoerythroetioporpyrin (THBD), benzoetio- porphyrin(BE) and benzodeoxoerythroetioporphyrin (BD) of vanadyl and nickel porphyrins, compounds found in crude oils around the world makes it hard. This includes natural porphyrins found in Mexican crude oils such as Ixtal-101, Zaap-1 and Ceh-1 from Sonda de Campeche, México, were the vanadyl porphyrins mixtures of the main series Etio and DPEP have also been reported elsewhere [14]. The objective of this investigation was to isolate porphyrins isomers from a single heavy crude oil from the Sonda de Campeche area, in México, and is based on the modified reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method (RP-HPLC) [9, 11, 12]. Forty vanadyl porphyrin isomers, such as nickel porphyrin complexes were successfully isolated for the first time from heavy crude oil Zaap-1, through an exhaustive work which included a process of demetallization of vanadyl porphyrins to transmetallization to nickel porphyrins, in agreement with other methods [9, 11, 12, 14]. Further purification was achieved by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with small glass chromatographic columns, packed with silica gel; then the purified isomers were analyzed and identified by electron impact mass spectrometry (EI-MS), providing the following results: from the Etio series seven isomers C 27 E , C 28 E , C 29 E , C 30 E , C 31 E , C 32 E , C 33 E were identified. From DPEP series six isomers C 29 D , C 30 D , C 31 D , C 32 D , C 33 D , C 34 D were identified; from the BD series it was identified only 1 isomer of vanadyl from BD.

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Ohkouchi, N., Y. Kashiyama, J. Kuroda, N. O. Ogawa, and H. Kitazato. "An importance of diazotrophic cyanobacteria as a primary producer during Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 2." Biogeosciences Discussions 3, no. 3 (2006): 575–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-3-575-2006.

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Abstract. In Livello Bonarelli black shale deposited during Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE-2, ca. 94 Ma), nitrogen isotopic compositions of bulk sediments are in a narrow range from −2.7 to −0.7. We also determined molecular distribution and nitrogen isotopic compositions of geoporphyrins extracted from the black shale. The nitrogen isotopic compositions of C32 Ni deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin (DPEP) and total Ni porphyrins are −3.5 and −3.3, respectively, leading us to the estimation that the mean nitrogen isotopic composition of photoautotrophic cell was around +1 during the formation of Bonarelli black shale. This value is suggestive of N2-fixation a dominant process for these photoautotrophs when assimilating nitrogen. Furthermore, Ni-chelated C32 DPEP, derived mainly from chlorophyll a was the highest concentration. Based on these evidence, we conclude that diazotrophic cyanobacteria were major primary producers during that time. The cyanobacteria may be key photoautotrophs during the formation of black shale type sediments intermittently observed throughout the later half of the Earth's history, and hence may have played a crucial role in the evolution of geochemical cycles.

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Podeh, Elie, and Andrew Felsenthal. "Israel and Sudan: The Origins of Clandestine Relations (1954–1964)." Israel Studies 28, no. 2 (2023): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/is.2023.a885227.

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ABSTRACT: The years 1954–1964 witnessed two phases of clandestine contacts pursued by Israeli and Sudanese representatives. During the first phase, 1954–1958, Israel developed secret ties with the Sudanese Umma party Israel in an attempt to establish the southern tier of the Periphery Alliance, with Ethiopia and Sudan against Nasser's Egypt but the attempt was sabotaged by the 1958 'Abboud coup. During the second phase, beginning in 1961, the Division for Politico-Economic Planning (DPEP) of Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs developed secret ties with certain Sudanese officials with the aim of helping Sudan compete with its primary competitor in the cotton market, Nasser's Egypt, in order to deal a blow to the Egyptian economy and the Arab boycott of Israel. Although at first the DPEP supplied the 'Abboud regime with anonymous information, over time the Sudanese partners recognized and approve the identity of their Israeli benefactor. This article reveals the extent of the secret ties between Israel and Sudan and the ingenious ways in which Israel fought against Egypt and the Arab Boycott.

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Ohkouchi, N., Y. Kashiyama, J. Kuroda, N. O. Ogawa, and H. Kitazato. "The importance of diazotrophic cyanobacteria as primary producers during Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 2." Biogeosciences 3, no. 4 (2006): 467–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-467-2006.

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Abstract. In Livello Bonarelli black shale deposited during Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE-2, ca. 94 Ma), nitrogen isotopic compositions of bulk sediments are mostly in a narrow range from –2.7 to –0.7‰. We also determined molecular distribution and nitrogen isotopic compositions of geoporphyrins extracted from the black shale. The nitrogen isotopic compositions of C32 Ni deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin (DPEP) and total Ni porphyrins are –3.5 and –3.3‰, respectively, leading us to the estimation that the mean nitrogen isotopic composition of photoautotrophic cells were around +1‰ during the formation of Bonarelli black shale. This value is suggestive of N2-fixation, a dominant process for these photoautotrophs when assimilating nitrogen. Furthermore, Ni-chelated C32 DPEP, derived mainly from chlorophyll a had the highest concentration. Based on this evidence, we conclude that diazotrophic cyanobacteria were major primary producers during that time. Cyanobacteria may be key photoautotrophs during the formation of black shale type sediments intermittently observed throughout the later half of the Earth's history, and hence may have played a crucial role in the evolution of geochemical cycles even in the later half of the Earth's history.

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Vivek P K, Remya T P, and Veenus P K. "Student-Centered Pedagogy – Lessons from DPEP." International Journal of Smart Education and Urban Society 10, no. 4 (2019): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijseus.2019100102.

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India has always been a center of education from the glorious era of Nalanda and Thakshasila. The last three decades have witnessed some remarkable transformations in the traditional environment of teaching learning. The subject-oriented and teacher-oriented methods have given way to the student-oriented approach. One of the major breakthroughs in the reforms was the introduction of the District Primary Education Program. This concept revolutionized the entire primary education field. This article illustrates the design concepts and implementation strategies of the program, along with the impact on the teaching learning environment. This also elucidates some of the serious concerns about this activity-oriented approach.

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Miranda, Claudio De Souza, João Paulo Resende De Lima, and Elisabeth De Oliveira Vendramin. "Domínio das planilhas eletrônicas por profissionais da área contábil-financeira na América hispânica." Cuadernos de Contabilidad 21 (May 19, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.cc21.dpep.

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Este estudo analisa a importância que os profissionais da área contábil e financeira atribuem às habilidades no uso de planilhas eletrônicas. Trata-se de um levantamento efetuado a partir de uma amostra de 237 profissionais (auditores, contadores, controllers e analistas financeiros) da América Hispânica, captados pelo LinkedIn. Observa-se que as planilhas eletrônicas estão entre as habilidades mais necessárias para estes profissionais e seu nível de conhecimento é, em média, elevado, principalmente entre os controllers. Por outro lado, ferramentas mais avançadas como Macros e Visual Basic for Application –VBA–, apresentam níveis de conhecimento ainda baixo. O conhecimento é adquirido principalmente no trabalho e no autoaprendizado mais que nas faculdades. Os resultados revelam que os novos entrantes têm um nível de conhecimento inferior aos seus pares. Igualmente, para a maioria dos profissionais as instituições de ensino superior deveriam capacitar melhor aos alunos nestas ferramentas.

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Cardinault, Nicolas, Franck Tourniaire, Julien Astier, et al. "Botanic Origin of Propolis Extract Powder Drives Contrasted Impact on Diabesity in High-Fat-Fed Mice." Antioxidants 10, no. 3 (2021): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10030411.

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Propolis extracts are considered as nutraceutical products with potentialities towards obesity and comorbidities management. Nevertheless, propolis extracts composition is highly variable and depends on the botanic origin of plants used by the bees to produce propolis. This study aims to evaluate the differential effect of poplar propolis extract powder (PPEP), Baccharis propolis extract powder (BPEP), and/ or Dalbergia propolis extract powder (DPEP) on obesity and glucose homeostasis in high-fat-fed mice. PPEP supplementation reduced high-fat (HF)-mediated body weight gain, adiposity index, and improved glucose homeostasis in male C57Bl/6J mice that were submitted to a high-fat diet for 12 weeks, whereas BPEP, DPEP, or a mix of the three PEPs did not modify those parameters. Adipose tissue (AT) gene expression profiling highlighted an induction of mRNA related to lipid catabolism and an inhibition of mRNA coding for inflammatory markers. Several Nrf2 target genes, coding for antioxidant enzymes, were induced in AT under PPEP effect, but not by other PEP. Interestingly, representative PPEP polyphenols mediated the induction of Nrf2 target genes cell-autonomously in adipocytes, suggesting that this induction may be related to the specific polyphenol content of PPEP. Whereas PPEP supplementation has demonstrated a clear potential to blunt the onset of obesity and associated comorbidities, other PEPs (from Baccharis and Dalbergia) were inefficient to support their role in preventive nutrition.

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Dhankar, Rohit. "The Notion of Quality in DPEP Pedagogical Interventions." Contemporary Education Dialogue 1, no. 1 (2003): 5–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097318490300100102.

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Ongarbayev, Yerdos, Shynar Oteuli, Yerbol Tileuberdi, Yahe Zhang, Fang Zheng, and Quan Shi. "Characterization of Vanadium and Sulfur Containing Compounds of Kazakhstan Petroleum Vacuum Residuum." Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 65, no. 4 (2021): 476–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.17629.

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In the paper, bulk property and chemical composition of Kazakhstan vacuum residuum were characterized. Sulfides and thiophenes were selectively isolated from the residuum and characterized by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Molecular weights of the sulfur compounds were varied from 150 to 800 Da and S1 , S2 , O1S1 , O2S1 , N1S1 class species were assigned in the heavy oil derived methylsulfonium. Vanadyl porphyrins characterized by positive-ion electrospray ionization and FT-ICR MS, which showed that etioporphyrins (ETIO) (CnH2n-28N4V1O1 , corresponding to DBE = 17) and deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrins (DPEP) (CnH2n-30N4V1O1, corresponding to DBE = 18). It should be noted that the vanadyl porphyrins were most abundant.

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Prowse, W. G., M. I. Chicarelli, B. J. Keely, S. Kaur, and J. R. Maxwell. "Characterisation of fossil porphyrins of the “di-DPEP” type." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51, no. 10 (1987): 2875–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90166-9.

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Steingart, Karen R., Nandini Dendukuri, Megan Henry, et al. "Performance of Purified Antigens for Serodiagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis: a Meta-Analysis." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 16, no. 2 (2008): 260–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00355-08.

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ABSTRACT Serological antibody detection tests for tuberculosis may offer the potential to improve diagnosis. Recent meta-analyses have shown that commercially available tests have variable accuracies and a limited clinical role. We reviewed the immunodiagnostic potential of antigens evaluated in research laboratories (in-house) for the serodiagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis and conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the performance of comparable antigens. Selection criteria included the participation of at least 25 pulmonary tuberculosis patients and the use of purified antigens. Studies evaluating 38 kDa, MPT51, malate synthase, culture filtrate protein 10, TbF6, antigen 85B, α-crystallin, 2,3-diacyltrehalose, 2,3,6-triacyltrehalose, 2,3,6,6′-tetraacyltrehalose 2′-sulfate, cord factor, and TbF6 plus DPEP (multiple antigen) were included in the meta-analysis. The results demonstrated that (i) in sputum smear-positive patients, sensitivities significantly ≥50% were provided for recombinant malate synthase (73%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 58 to 85) and TbF6 plus DPEP (75%; 95% CI, 50 to 91); (ii) protein antigens achieved high specificities; (iii) among the lipid antigens, cord factor had the best overall performance (sensitivity, 69% [95% CI, 28 to 94]; specificity, 91% [95% CI, 78 to 97]); (iv) compared with the sensitivities achieved with single antigens (median sensitivity, 53%; range, 2% to 100%), multiple antigens yielded higher sensitivities (median sensitivity, 76%; range, 16% to 96%); (v) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients who are sputum smear positive, antibodies to several single and multiple antigens were detected; and (vi) data on seroreactivity to antigens in sputum smear-negative or pediatric patients were insufficient. Potential candidate antigens for an antibody detection test for pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-infected and -uninfected patients have been identified, although no antigen achieves sufficient sensitivity to replace sputum smear microscopy. Combinations of select antigens provide higher sensitivities than single antigens. The use of a case-control design with healthy controls for the majority of studies was a limitation of the review. Efforts are needed to improve the methodological quality of tuberculosis diagnostic studies.

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Wan, Yating, Yanping Li, and Dan Yue. "Dye-Encapsulated Metal–Organic Frameworks for the Multi-Parameter Detection of Temperature." Molecules 28, no. 2 (2023): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020729.

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Temperature is an important physical parameter and plays a significant role in scientific research, the detection of which cannot be too crucial to study. In order to reduce the interference of the external environment on the detection of temperature and improve the accuracy of the detection results, a multi-parameter detection method using several optical signals was proposed. Here, a novel porous metal–organic framework (MOF), Zn-CYMPN, was synthesized and structurally characterized. Then, fluorescent organic dyes, either DPEE or DPEM, were encapsulated into the pores of Zn-CYMPN independently. The successful synthesis of the composites Zn-CYMPN⊃DPEE or Zn-CYMPN⊃DPEM could easily introduce other fluorescent centers into the original material and made it more convenient to realize multi-parameter temperature detection. More specifically, when the temperature changed, the maximum fluorescent emission wavelength (W) and the maximum optical intensity (I) of the Zn-CYMPN⊃DPEE/DPEM both showed good linear responses with temperature over a wide range, indicating that the composites were highly sensitive thermometers with multi-parameter temperature readouts. In addition, the quantum efficiency and thermal stability of the organic dyes, which bother every researcher, were improved as well.

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Sundararaman, Padmanabhan. "On the mechanism of change in DPEP/ETIO ratio with maturity." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57, no. 18 (1993): 4517–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90501-m.

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Yakubov, Makhmut, Guzalia Abilova, Elvira Tazeeva, et al. "A Comparative Analysis of Vanadyl Porphyrins Isolated from Resins of Heavy Oils with High and Low Vanadium Content." Processes 9, no. 12 (2021): 2235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9122235.

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The composition of purified vanadyl porphyrins recovered from the resins of heavy oils possessing high and low vanadium contents was investigated. Vanadium content in the resins of the heavy oils under study differs by a factor of ca. 15. To recover and purify vanadyl porphyrins from the resins, extraction by N,N–dimethylformamide (DMF) with subsequent two-stage column chromatography on silica gel and sulfocationite were employed. The change of structural-group composition and content of vanadyl porphyrins in the products obtained at each stage was evaluated using Fourier IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Analysis of the purified vanadyl porphyrins using MALDI mass spectrometry determined distribution of their most abundant types (etio- and DPEP) and identified C27–C39 homologs for the resins possessing high vanadium content and C28–C39 homologs for the resins with low vanadium content.

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Myltykbayeva, Zh K., Zh T. Yeshova, A. B. Seisembekova, and M. B. Smaiyl. "DETERMINATION OF THE CONCENTRATION AND SEPARATION OF VANADYLPORPHYRIN COMPLEXES BY EXTRACTION FROM OIL OF THE OIL AND GAS DISTRICT “NORTH BUZACH”." Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan 74, no. 2 (2021): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.51580/2021-1/2710-1185.27.

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Oil vanadylporphyrin complexes were obtained by extraction in the presence of N-N-dimethylformamide. In the chromatographic separation of vanadylporphyrin complexes, four main fractions were obtained from the oils of the oil field “North Buzachi” , where all types of known oil porphyrin structures were identified, dominated by deoxophylloerythroethioporphyrin – types with two absorption maxima of 534 Nm and 573 nm. It was found that the total concentration of vanadylporphyrin complexes registered in the absorption zone of 534 nm and 573 nm is 11 times higher than the concentration of nickelporphyrin complexes characteristic of the absorption zone of 550 nm. The ratio of vanadylporphirins of the etio - and deoxo-phylloerythroethioporphyrin (DPEP) type was 0.11. The results of the research allow us to conclude that the oil of the “North Buzachi” oil and gas district is a promising raw material for obtaining vanadylporphyrin complexes.

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Ahluwalia, Pankaj, Ashis K. Mondal, Kimya Jones, and Ravindra Kolhe. "Abstract 6311: Clinical assessment of DPEP1 expression and its interacting genes in tumor (T) and adjacent normal tissue (NAT) of colorectal cancer." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (2022): 6311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-6311.

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Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide with an estimated global rise of 60% cases by 2030. Over the last decade, advances in surgical-, chemo-, targeted-, and immuno- therapies have significantly improved survival rates, but novel biomarkers are required for the design of better screening and therapeutic strategies for CRC patients. The tumor (T) and adjacent normal tissue (NAT) can capture tumor heterogeneity and assist in the molecular classification of the tumors. In this study, we explored the clinical and molecular features of Dipeptidase (DPEP1)-related gene expression in CRC. DPEP1 is an enzyme involved in the conversion of leukotrienes and functions as an adhesive receptor for neutrophil recruitment in inflamed tissue. Primary analysis using the TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) dataset identified survival and tumorigenic role of DPEP1-related gene network in COAD (colon adenocarcinoma) dataset. Higher expression of DPEP1-interacting genes (KIF1BP, GGT5, GGT1, DPEP2, and DPEP3) was found to be associated with worse overall and progression-free survival (log-rank p-value &lt;0.01). To further characterize the distribution of the DPEP1 as a hub gene, we quantified its expression in the Augusta University cohort (40 patients, 80 T/NAT pairs). FFPE (Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded) blocks were sectioned to extract tissue sections and were subsequently stained using H&E (Hematoxylin and eosin dyes) to identify the tumor and normal regions. Total RNA was isolated from the tumor-rich and adjacent normal regions separately post macrodissection. The mRNA molecules were quantified using a medium throughput NanoString platform. The expression of DPEP1 was found to be significantly higher (2.5-fold) in tumor-rich regions compared to adjacent normal. A similar trend of higher expression in tumors was observed in the orthologous TCGA-COAD dataset. Immune cell infiltration analysis identified a positive correlation between DPEP1 expression and M2 macrophages (p-value &lt;0.01). Generally, the M2 subtype of macrophages has been known to exhibit immunosuppressive and pro-tumor properties. Additional gene set enrichment analysis identified an inverse association between DPEP1 expression and the Interferon-gamma signaling pathway (NES = -2.4, p-value &lt;0.01). In conclusion, higher expression of DPEP1-related gene expression has a prognostic influence on CRC. Its positive association with M2 macrophages and negative association with anti-tumor cytokines forms a distinct subtype of CRC tumor that can benefit from emerging immunotherapies. Citation Format: Pankaj Ahluwalia, Ashis K. Mondal, Kimya Jones, Ravindra Kolhe. Clinical assessment of DPEP1 expression and its interacting genes in tumor (T) and adjacent normal tissue (NAT) of colorectal cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 6311.

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Jeandon, Christophe, Rubèn Ocampo, and Henry J. Callot. "Improved preparation deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin (DPEP) and its 15′-methyl derivative from chlorophyll a." Tetrahedron Letters 34, no. 11 (1993): 1791–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)60780-3.

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Doukkali, Anass, Ahmed Saoiabi, Mohamed Ferhat, Yves Mugnier, Alain Vallat, and Roger Guilard. "Thermodynamic and kinetic control over the oxidation mechanism of the natural vanadyl porphyrin series (DPEP)VO in methylene chloride: electrogeneration of an unusual dicationic species [(DPEP)VO]22+." New Journal of Chemistry 30, no. 7 (2006): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b512360g.

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Konik, A. A., A. V. Zimin, and O. A. Atadzhanova. "Spatial and Temporal Variability of the Characteristics of the River Plume Frontal Zone in the Kara Sea in the First Two Decades of the XXI Century." Fundamental and Applied Hydrophysics 15, no. 4 (2023): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.59887/fpg/38mu-zda7-dpep.

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The article is devoted to obtaining long-term physical and geographical characteristics of the River Plume frontal zone as a separate hydrological structure that forms at the boundary of the fresh surface layer of the Ob and Yenisei Rivers. The primary data for identifying the frontal zone are satellite measurements of surface temperature (MODIS Aqua, Suomi NPP-VIIRS), surface salinity (NASA SMAP) and sea level (AVISO) for the period from July to October from 2002 to 2020. The position and characteristics of the River Plume frontal zone were determined using cluster analysis, which was applied for the first time to an integrated set of remote satellite sensing data in this region. The results of the study showed that in the warm period of the year, the average long-term surface temperature gradient of the River Plume frontal zone was 0.08 °C/km, the surface salinity gradient was 0.1 PSU/km, and the area was 155,000 km2. During the ice-free period of the second decade of the 21st century, the temperature gradient of the frontal zone weakens by 0.04 °C/km, and the area decreases by 100,000 km2. The correlation analysis showed that the temperature and salinity gradients, as well as the area of the River Plume frontal zone, were determined by the volumes of the river discharge of the Ob and Yenisei and ice parameters in the warm period of the year. The article presents the obtained estimates of the relationship between the characteristics of the frontal zone and the volume of river discharge, ice cover and wind parameters, as well as the value of the atmospheric indices of the Scandinavian oscillation (SCAND).

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Ocampo, R., H. J. Callot, P. Albrecht, B. N. Popp, M. R. Horowitz, and J. M. Hayes. "Different isotope compositions of C32 DPEP and C32 etioporphyrin III in oil shale." Science of Nature 76, no. 9 (1989): 419–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00366165.

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Niu, Hao. "Walt Disney Company 2021 Strategy and Stock Price Analysis." BCP Business & Management 26 (September 19, 2022): 696–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v26i.2029.

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This article analyses Walt Disney Company's business strategy and stock price. Disney is currently the second largest media and entertainment firm in the world, behind Comcast, and the outbreak of Covid-19 in 2020 has had a constant impact on Disney's corporate growth. We need to investigate Disney's performance as well as strategy throughout this unique period. I utilised Porter five-force analysis, SWOT analysis, and PESTLE analysis to determine and illustrate Disney's strategy. Next, I individually reviewed the financial reports of Disney and its competitors. I divided Disney into two parts, the DMED department compared with Netflix, the DPEP department compared with Universal, and then Disney compared with Comcast as a whole. Furthermore, I analysed and compared Disney's price-earnings ratio and enterprise value ratio to those of Netflix, NBCUniversal, and Comcast, respectively. Finally, I analysed Disney's stock price and projected the company's free cash flow over the next five years. The analysis reveals that Disney will have good business ability in the future and generate revenue in the future. I hope to provide some enlightenment to stakeholders.

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Xiang, Yang. "An Analysis of Disneys Revenue during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 14, no. 1 (2023): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/14/20230840.

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The COVID-19 pandemic, ever since its outbreak in 2019, has been greatly affecting all aspects of life, and businesses across the world have been hurt as a result of the pandemic and measures taken to prevent it. While Walt Disney Co. has also experienced a decline in profit in years 2020 and 2021, its revenue fluctuates only within 7%, indicating a sign of the success and sustainability of Disneys business model. This paper will focus primarily on Disneys two business segments: the Disney Parks, Experiences and Product (DPEP) segment, and the Disney Media and Entertainment Distribution (DMED) segment. The analysis of revenue generated by these two segments will show how the combination of the two segments manages to keep Disney sustainable, as the decrease in revenue in one will be offset by an increase in another. Moreover, the combination of the two and Disneys reserve of countless well-known intellectual properties will prove the strength in its business model, as it successfully overcame emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Wang, Xin, Yaqiu Guo, and Meijian Wang. "Effects of dural puncture epidural technique with different drug delivery methods for labor analgesia: A randomized controlled clinical trial." Medicine 102, no. 38 (2023): e35217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000035217.

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This study aimed to investigate the effect of dural puncture epidural (DPE) combined with small-dose lidocaine for labor analgesia. Parturients were randomly divided into epidural anesthesia (EA), DPE1, and DPE2 groups. In the EA group, 5 mL of 1% lidocaine was administered via conventional L2–L3 puncture catheterization; in the DPE1 group, epidural drug was administered after catheterization using the DPE technique; in the DPE2 group, epidural puncture drug was administered through the epidural puncture needle before catheterization using the DPE technique. The primary outcome was the onset time of analgesia. The secondary outcomes included the numerical rating scale (NRS) scores during uterine contraction before bolus injection of experimental dose (T0) and the second time (T1), the fifth time (T2) and the tenth time (T3) after bolus injection of experimental dose; NRS scores at the second stage of labor (T4) and during perineal suture (T5); operation time of anesthesia; puncture related complications; anesthesia related complications; delivery outcome; use of local anesthesia during vaginal suture; and Apgar score of the neonates. There were 115 women included. The onset time in the DPE2 group was markedly shorter than in the EA and DPE1 groups (P < .001). The NRS scores in the DEP2 group at T1 and T4 were significantly lower than in the EA and DEP1 groups (P < .001). The overall incidence of puncture related complications in the DEP1 and DEP2 groups was markedly higher than in the EA group (P < .05). In dural puncture epidural analgesia, when the experimental dose was injected directly through the epidural puncture needle, the onset time was shorter and the analgesic effect was better as compared to the injection of test dose after inserting the epidural catheter.

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Jeandon, Christophe, Rubén Ocampo, and Henry J. Callot. "Unexpected methylation and propylation of porphyrin E-ring during the hemisynthesis of deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin (DPEP)." Tetrahedron 53, no. 47 (1997): 16107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4020(97)10030-8.

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Li, Wei, and Timothy D. Lash. "Synthesis of deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin (DPEP) and three ring homologs by an improved b-bilene methodology." Tetrahedron Letters 39, no. 47 (1998): 8571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(98)01960-1.

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Rodgers, Ryan P., Christopher L. Hendrickson, Mark R. Emmett, Alan G. Marshall, Mark Greaney, and Kuangnan Qian. "Molecular characterization of petroporphyrins in crude oil by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 79, no. 5-6 (2001): 546–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v00-153.

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Petroporphyrin compositional analysis of a heavy crude oil has been realized by isolation and subsequent ESI-FT-ICR mass spectrometric analysis of the porphyrin-containing fractions. Vanadium octaethyl (V=O(II)OEP) and nickel octaethyl (Ni(II)OEP) porphyrin standards were analyzed to determine favorable electrospray ionization conditions and provide insight as to the molecular species present (e.g., adducts, multimers). Standard V=O(II)OEP and Ni(II)OEP solutions revealed the presence of both monomer and dimer species with a greater relative abundance of monomers. In contrast, mass spectral analysis of a porphyrin fraction from Cerro Negro crude oil was dominated by dimeric species. MS3 analysis identified a dioctylphthalate (DOP) contaminant, likely introduced during fractionation of the crude oil. DOP-porphyrin complexes and porphyrin-porphyrin dimers were then identified. Infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) of dimeric species produced the corresponding monomers with minimal fragmentation. The monomeric petroporphyrins were analyzed to reveal the metal (Ni(II) or V=O(II)), porphyrin type (e.g., etio vs. DPEP), and distribution of alkylation.Key words: petroporphyrin, porphyrin, petroleum, electrospray ionization, mass spectrometry, Fourier transform, ion cyclotron resonance, ICR, FT-ICR, FTMS.

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Sundrraraman, Padmanabhan, Rong J. Hwang, Rubén Ocampo, Christopher J. Boreham, Henry J. Callot, and Pierre Albrecht. "Temporal changes in the distribution of C33 cycloheptenoDPEP and 17-nor C30 DPEP in rocks." Organic Geochemistry 21, no. 10-11 (1994): 1051–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(94)90068-x.

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JEANDON, C., R. OCAMPO, and H. J. CALLOT. "ChemInform Abstract: Improved Preparation of Deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin (DPEP) and Its 15′-Methyl Derivative from Chlorophyll a." ChemInform 24, no. 30 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199330246.

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CLEZY, P. S., C. J. R. FOOKES, J. K. PRASHAR, and A. SALEK. "ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Pyrrolic Compounds. Part 67. A New Demethyl Analogue of DPEP (Deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin)." ChemInform 23, no. 30 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199230140.

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Greene, Lloyd A., Qing Zhou, Markus D. Siegelin, and James M. Angelastro. "Targeting Transcription Factors ATF5, CEBPB and CEBPD with Cell-Penetrating Peptides to Treat Brain and Other Cancers." Cells 12, no. 4 (2023): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells12040581.

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Developing novel therapeutics often follows three steps: target identification, design of strategies to suppress target activity and drug development to implement the strategies. In this review, we recount the evidence identifying the basic leucine zipper transcription factors ATF5, CEBPB, and CEBPD as targets for brain and other malignancies. We describe strategies that exploit the structures of the three factors to create inhibitory dominant-negative (DN) mutant forms that selectively suppress growth and survival of cancer cells. We then discuss and compare four peptides (CP-DN-ATF5, Dpep, Bpep and ST101) in which DN sequences are joined with cell-penetrating domains to create drugs that pass through tissue barriers and into cells. The peptide drugs show both efficacy and safety in suppressing growth and in the survival of brain and other cancers in vivo, and ST101 is currently in clinical trials for solid tumors, including GBM. We further consider known mechanisms by which the peptides act and how these have been exploited in rationally designed combination therapies. We additionally discuss lacunae in our knowledge about the peptides that merit further research. Finally, we suggest both short- and long-term directions for creating new generations of drugs targeting ATF5, CEBPB, CEBPD, and other transcription factors for treating brain and other malignancies.

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Bauder, Claude, Ruben Ocampo, and Henry J. Callot. "Acid-Catalyzed Cyclization of Vinyl-Substituted Porphyrins. An Improved Synthesis of Deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin (DPEP) and Related Compounds." Synlett 1990, no. 06 (1990): 335–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1990-21083.

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Verne-Mismer, J., R. Ocampo, H. J. Callot, and P. Albrecht. "Molecular fossils of chlorophyll c of the 17-nor-DPEP Series. Structure determination, synthesis, geochemical significance." Tetrahedron Letters 29, no. 3 (1988): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)80099-4.

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43

JEANDON, C., R. OCAMPO, and H. J. CALLOT. "ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Methylation and Propylation of Porphyrin E-Ring During the Hemisynthesis of Deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin (DPEP)." ChemInform 29, no. 9 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199809119.

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Kang, Xiuqi, Chao Ren, Zhenzhong Mei, et al. "Hydrothermal Assembly, Structural Multiplicity, and Catalytic Knoevenagel Condensation Reaction of a Series of Coordination Polymers Based on a Pyridine-Tricarboxylic Acid." Molecules 28, no. 22 (2023): 7474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28227474.

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A pyridine-tricarboxylic acid, 5-(3′,5′-dicarboxylphenyl)nicotinic acid (H3dpna), was employed as a adjustable block to assemble a series of coordination polymers under hydrothermal conditions. The seven new coordination polymers were formulated as [Co(μ3-Hdpna)(μ-dpey)]n·nH2O (1), [Zn4.5(μ6-dpna)3(phen)3]n (2), [Co1.5(μ6-dpna)(2,2′-bipy)]n (3), [Zn1.5(μ6-dpna)(2,2′-bipy)]n (4), [Co3(μ3-dpna)2(4,4′-bipy)2(H2O)8]n·2nH2O (5),[Co(bpb)2(H2O)4]n[Co2(μ3-dpna)2(H2O)4]n·3nH2O (6), and [Mn1.5(μ6-dpna)(μ-dpea)]n (7), wherein 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene (dpey), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), 2,2′-bipyridine(2,2′-bipy),4,4′-bipyridine(4,4′-bipy),1,4-bis(pyrid-4-yl)benzene (bpb), and 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethane (dpea) were employed as auxiliary ligands. The structural variation of polymers 1–7 spans the range from a 2D sheet (1–4, 6, and 7) to a 3D metal–organic framework (MOF, 5). Polymers 1–7 were investigated as heterogeneous catalysts in the Knoevenagel condensation reaction, leading to high condensation product yields (up to 100%) under optimized conditions. Various reaction conditions, substrate scope, and catalyst recycling were also researched. This work broadens the application of H3dpna as a versatile tricarboxylate block for the fabrication of functional coordination polymers.

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LI, W., and T. D. LASH. "ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin (DPEP) (Ia) and Three Ring Homologues by an Improved b-Bilene Methodology." ChemInform 30, no. 7 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199907259.

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Houghton, Raymond L., Michael J. Lodes, Davin C. Dillon, et al. "Use of Multiepitope Polyproteins in Serodiagnosis of Active Tuberculosis." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 9, no. 4 (2002): 883–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.9.4.883-891.2002.

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ABSTRACT Screening of genomic expression libraries from Mycobacterium tuberculosis with sera from tuberculosis (TB) patients or rabbit antiserum to M. tuberculosis led to the identification of novel antigens capable of detecting specific antibodies to M. tuberculosis. Three antigens, Mtb11 (also known as CFP-10), Mtb8, and Mtb48, were tested together with the previously reported 38-kDa protein, in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies in TB patients. These four proteins were also produced as a genetically fused polyprotein, which was tested with two additional antigens, DPEP (also known as MPT32) and Mtb81. Sera from individuals with pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-TB coinfections, and purified protein derivative (PPD)-positive and PPD-negative status with no evidence of disease were tested. In samples from HIV-negative individuals, the ELISA detected antibodies in >80% of smear-positive individuals and >60% smear-negative individuals, with a specificity of ∼98%. For this group, smears detected 81.6% but a combination of smear and ELISA had a sensitivity of ∼93%. The antigen combination detected a significant number of HIV-TB coinfections as well as antibodies in patients with extrapulmonary infections. Improved reactivity in the HIV-TB group was observed by including the antigen Mtb81 that was identified by proteomics. The data indicate that the use of multiple antigens, some of which are in a single polyprotein, can be used to facilitate the development of a highly sensitive test for M. tuberculosis antibody detection.

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Verne-Mismer, J., R. Ocampo, H. J. Callot, and P. Albrecht. "Identification of a novel C33 DPEP petroporphyrin from boscan crude oil : evidence for geochemical reduction of carboxylic acids." Tetrahedron Letters 27, no. 43 (1986): 5257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)85184-9.

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48

BONG, I. C. C., P. S. CLEZY, C. J. R. FOOKES, J. K. PRASHAR, and A. SALEK. "ChemInform Abstract: The Chemistry of Pyrrolic Compounds. Part 68. 13′- and 15′-Methyl Analogues of Deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin (Dpep) (IIIc)." ChemInform 24, no. 48 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199348148.

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Unterhalter, Elaine, and Shushmita Dutt. "Gender, Education and Women's Power: Indian state and civil society intersections in DPEP (District Primary Education Programme) and Mahila Samakhya." Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 31, no. 1 (2001): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057920020030162.

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Lee, Albert K., Hugh R. Gregg, and John G. Reynolds. "METALLOPETROPORPHYRINS AS PROCESS INDICATORS: MASS SPECTRAL IDENTIFICATION OF Ni(ETIO) AND Ni(DPEP) HOMOLOGOUS SERIES IN GREEN RIVER SHALE OIL." Fuel Science and Technology International 13, no. 9 (1995): 1153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08843759508947729.

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