Thematische Bibliographien / Double tube

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Double tube“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 28. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 25. April 2022

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Double tube"

Yang, Lian, Yong Hong Huang und Liu Zhang. „Study on Engineering Construction with Three-Dimensional Heat Transfer Modeling for Double U-Tube Heat Exchangers in Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems“. Advanced Materials Research 700 (Mai 2013): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.700.231.

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There are many ground source heat pumps in engineering construction application. However, Research on heat exchanger models of single-hole buried vertical ground source heat pump mostly focuses on single U-tube ground heat exchangers other than double U-tube ones in China currently. Compared with single U-tubes, double U-tubes have the heat transfer particularity of asymmetry. Therefore, the use of the traditional single tube models would have large error in the simulation of the actual double U-tube heat exchangers. This paper frames a three-dimensional heat transfer model for the vertical single-hole buried double u-tube heat exchanger in a ground source heat pump system. The model considers the performance of U-bube material and uses a dual coordinate system and makes the control elemental volumes superimposed.

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Hartman, William R., Michael Brown und James Hannon. „Iatrogenic Left Main Bronchus Injury following Atraumatic Double Lumen Endotracheal Tube Placement“. Case Reports in Anesthesiology 2013 (2013): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/524348.

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Tracheobronchial disruption is an uncommon but severe complication of double lumen endotracheal tube placement. The physical properties of a double lumen tube (large external diameter and length) make tracheobronchial injury more common than that associated with smaller single lumen endotracheal tubes. Here we present the case of an iatrogenic left main bronchus injury caused by placement of a double lumen tube in an otherwise unremarkable airway.

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Russell, W. J., und T. S. Strong. „Dimensions of Double-Lumen Tracheobronchial Tubes“. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 31, Nr. 1 (Februar 2003): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x0303100109.

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The diameter of the left main bronchus is the determining dimension when selecting the size of a left tracheobronchial (double-lumen) tube for lung separation. However, this information is not given by any manufacturer, either on the tube or in the package insert. This paper describes the lengths and diameters of the deflated bronchial cuff segment of left tracheobronchial tubes in common use. One hundred and seventy-one left tracheobronchial tubes ranging in size from 28 to 41 nominal French gauge from four manufacturers were measured. There was wide variation between tubes of the same nominal size from the same manufacturer. For tubes of the same size from the same manufacturer, the diameter of the segment with the deflated bronchial cuff varied by more than 1 mm in diameter in some instances.The diameter of the bronchial cuff segment did not consistently decrease as the nominal size decreased even for the same manufacturer. There was major overlap in diameters of the bronchial segments between Fr 41, Fr 39, and Fr 37 tubes from most manufacturers, so that some of the Fr 39 tubes have a bronchial cuff segment diameter as much as 0.5 mm larger than the Fr 41 tube. It is concluded that the current French gauge markings on left tracheobronchial tubes are of very limited value in determining the appropriate size to be selected for a patient. More accurate and consistent dimensions of tracheobronchial tubes are required to improve clinical selection.

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Hegland, Niels, Sebastian Schnitzler, Jan Ellensohn, Marc P. Steurer, Markus Weiss und Alexander Dullenkopf. „Dimensional Variations of Left-Sided Double-Lumen Endobronchial Tubes“. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2019 (24.09.2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3634202.

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Background. Tube size selection is critical in ventilating patients’ lungs using double-lumen endobronchial tubes (DLTs). Little information about relevant parameters is readily available from manufacturers. The aim of this study is to provide reference data for relevant dimensions of conventionally available DLTs. Methods. In this study in a benchmark in vitro setup, several dimensional parameters of four sizes of left-sided double-lumen endobronchial tubes from six different manufacturers were assessed, such as distances and diameters of tube shaft, cuff lengths, and diameters as well the angle at the tip. Results. Endobronchial tubes of ostensibly the same size revealed wide variation in measured parameters between brands from different manufacturers. In some parameters, there was an overlap between different sizes from the same manufacturer, i.e., diameters and distances did not increase with increasing nominal endobronchial tube size. The information about dimensions of endobronchial tubes provided by manufacturers’ leaflets is insufficient. Conclusions. Endobronchial tube size selection carries unnecessary uncertainty because clinically relevant parameters are unknown and vary considerably between different manufacturers.

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Zhang, Bing, Jun-Liang Zhao, Tao Huang, Ning-Yuan Zhang, Yi-Jie Zhang und Xia-Min Hu. „Effect of fiber angles on hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer–concrete–steel double-skin tubular columns under monotonic axial compression“. Advances in Structural Engineering 23, Nr. 7 (02.01.2020): 1487–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219895916.

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Hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer–concrete–steel double-skin tubular columns are a novel form of hollow columns that combine two traditional construction materials (i.e. concrete and steel) with fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer–concrete–steel double-skin tubular columns consist of an inner tube made of steel, an outer tube made of fiber-reinforced polymer, and a concrete layer between the two tubes. Existing studies, however, are focused on hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer–concrete–steel double-skin tubular columns with fibers of the fiber-reinforced polymer tube oriented in the hoop direction or close to the hoop direction. In order to investigate the effect of fiber angles (i.e. the fiber angle between the fiber orientation and the longitudinal axis of the fiber-reinforced polymer tube), monotonic axial compression tests were conducted on hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer–concrete–steel double-skin tubular columns with an fiber-reinforced polymer tube of ±45°, ±60°, or ±80° fiber angles. There were two types of steel tubes adopted for these hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer–concrete–steel double-skin tubular columns. The fiber-reinforced polymer tube thickness was also investigated as an important parameter. Experimental results showed that the confinement effect of the fiber-reinforced polymer tube increased with the increase of the absolute value of fiber angles, whereas the ultimate axial strain of hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer–concrete–steel double-skin tubular columns decreased with the increase of the absolute value of fiber angles. An existing stress–strain model, which was developed on the basis of hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer–concrete–steel double-skin tubular columns with an fiber-reinforced polymer tube of ±90° fiber angles, is verified using the test results of this study. For the compressive strength of the confined concrete in hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer–concrete–steel double-skin tubular columns, the existing model provides conservative predictions for specimens with a ±80° fiber-reinforced polymer tube, overestimated predictions for specimens with a ±60° fiber-reinforced polymer tube, and close predictions for specimens with a ±45° fiber-reinforced polymer tube.

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Zhong, T., W. Wang, J. Chen, L. Ran und D. A. Story. „Sore Throat or Hoarse Voice with Bronchial Blockers or Double-Lumen Tubes for Lung Isolation: A Randomised, Prospective Trial“. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 36, Nr. 6 (November 2008): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x0803600601.

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Double-lumen endotracheal tubes and bronchial blockers allow lung isolation for one-lung ventilation. Few studies, however, directly compare these devices. Further, a new endobronchial blocker (Coopdech) is available in some countries. Our primary hypothesis was that bronchial blockers would be associated with less sore throat or hoarse voice than double-lumen tubes. Secondary outcomes were successful one-lung ventilation and surgical access. In this prospective trial, 120 Chinese patients undergoing elective surgery were randomly assigned to one of four groups of 30 patients: Coopdech blocker, Arndt blocker, Univent tube or double-lumen tube. Postoperative sore throat and hoarse voice were assessed in the recovery room and 24 hours after surgery. The incidence and severity of sore throat or hoarse voice was less in the blocker groups than double-lumen tube group: Coopdech 13%, Arndt 20%, Univent 30% and double-lumen tube 60%, P <0.001. The blocker groups did not significantly differ, P=0.28. Compared to the double-lumen tubes the bronchial blockers took about two minutes less to position but five minutes longer for lung deflation. Surgical exposure was uniformly good across the four groups. We conclude that clinical use of the Coopdech endobronchial blocker is similar to the Arndt and Univent blockers and that all three are associated with less sore throat or hoarse voice than double-lumen tubes.

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Jeon, Y., H. G. Ryu, J. H. Bahk, C. W. Jung und J. M. Goo. „A New Technique to Determine the Size of Double-lumen Endobronchial Tubes by the Two Perpendicularly Measured Bronchial Diameters“. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 33, Nr. 1 (Februar 2005): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x0503300109.

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The cross-section of the mainstem bronchi is not completely round. For preoperative selection of a double-lumen endobronchial tube size, it may be necessary to measure the mediolateral and the anteroposterior bronchial diameters, which can be measured respectively on chest radiograph and computed tomography. With Internal Review Board approval and patients’ informed consent, 105 elective thoracic surgical patients who needed left-sided double-lumen tubes were enrolled. Double-lumen tube size was selected depending on the arithmetic mean of the mediolateral and anteroposterior bronchial diameters. Moreover, the outer diameters of the bronchial tube should be smaller than both mediolateral and anteroposterior diameters. The recommended bronchial diameter for each double-lumen tube size was chosen so that the mean of the two bronchial diameters was 0 to 2.0 mm larger than the upper limit of 95% confidence interval of the averaged outer diameter of the bronchial tube of the selected double-lumen tube. In no case was the predicted double-lumen tube size inappropriate. Generally, anteroposterior bronchial diameters appeared to be different from mediolateral diameters (P=0.001). The double-lumen tube size to be selected based on only one bronchial diameter was different from the one selected based on two perpendicularly measured bronchial diameters in 54.3% of patients (57/105). Preoperative selection of the double-lumen tube size based on the anteroposterior, mediolateral and mean bronchial diameters seems to be useful in that this may obviate the need to change an inappropriately sized double-lumen tube and may be helpful in reducing the related complications.

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Abdul Razzaq, Ali K., und Khudheyer S. Mushatet. „A Numerical Study for a Double Twisted Tube Heat Exchanger“. International Journal of Heat and Technology 39, Nr. 5 (31.10.2021): 1583–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.390521.

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The thermal and fluid physiognomies of a double twisted tube heat exchanger was examined numerically. Twisted engineering is a wide-use method to improve heat transfer in heat exchangers. A counter-flow mode utilizing hot water in the inner tube and cold air in the outer tube was considered. This study aims to progress the thermal performance of the double tube heat exchanger by using twisted tubes instead of plane tubes. The heat exchanger was (1m) length, outer diameter (0.05m) and inner diameter (0.025m), both with a thickness (0.004m). It was tested for different values of twist ratios (Tr= 5, 10, and 15 respectively) and Reynolds numbers (Re=5000 to 30000). The Navier - Stockes and energy equations besides the turbulence model in demand for modelling this physical problem. ANSYS Fluent code was used for the numerical simulation. The results showed that the twisted tube heat exchanger showed increasing heat transfer compared with a plain tube heat exchanger. It was found that the cold outlet temperature, pressure drop and effectiveness are increased as the twist ratio increases.

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Jaggar, Siân, Ali Mofeez und Elizabeth Haxby. „Double-lumen tube audit“. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 16, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2002): 790–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-0770(02)70004-9.

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Lohser, Jens, und Jay B. Brodsky. „Silbronco Double-Lumen Tube“. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 20, Nr. 1 (Februar 2006): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2005.03.035.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Double tube"

Rogers, D. „An examination of bubble dynamics and double metastability within an improved glass Berthelot tube“. Thesis, Swansea University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.638705.

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This thesis presents the developmental, practical and theoretical aspects of an improved Berthelot tube apparatus used to investigate cavitation phenomena in deionised water. Values of the breaking tension of deionised water in the range of 2.5 bar to 30 bar are herein reported for experiments in the improved apparatus and the obtained breaking tensions are certainly comparable to those previously reported for experiments carried out using both the Berthelot tube technique and other methods. Herein dynamic pressure records and high-speed photographic images of cavitation occurring in deionised water are reported, for what is believed to be the first time. The initial formation, growth and collapse of cavitation bubbles are compared to the dynamic pressures existing in the tube using analytical methods to process the high-speed images and dynamic pressure traces. The growth/collapse cycles of bubbles associated with cavitation in the improved apparatus are shown to be an order of magnitude higher than those occurring in bullet-piston experiments (a typical cycle taking about 240 μs in the improved Berthelot tube), and the corresponding velocity of the initial growth of the cavity is reported to be in the order of 21 m/s. In Chapter 6 high-speed images of the formation of ice in deionised water under double metastable conditions are reported for the first time. In these experiments it was shown that it was possible for deionised water in a double metastable phase to be cooled to -18°C before ice suddenly started to form, at a specific point, and rapidly propagated throughout the water at a much greater rate (upwards of 25 cm/s) than would otherwise be predicted for the formation of ice under ‘free’ conditions, suggesting that some additional factor was involved in the ice formation. Several proposals have been put forward in an attempt to explain the mechanism behind the ice formation.

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Koen, Johan Alexander. „An investigation into the axial capacity of eccentrically loaded concrete filled double skin tube columns“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96797.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Concrete filled double skin tube (CFDST) columns is a new method of column construction. CFDST columns consists of two steel hollow sections, one inside the other, concentrically aligned. The cross-sections of the two hollow sections does not have to be the same shape. Concrete is cast in between the two hollow sections resulting in a CFDST. This study only considers CFDST columns constructed with circular steel hollow sections. The advantages of CFDST construction include: ● The inner and outer steel hollow sections replaces the traditional steel reinforcement that would be used in a normal reinforced concrete column. This reduces the construction time since there is no need to construct a reinforcing cage. ● The steel hollow sections acts as a stay in place formwork, eliminating the need for traditional formwork. This also reduces construction time. ● The steel hollow sections confine the concrete, making it more ductile and increasing its yield strength. The objective of this study is to identify methods that can predict the axial capacity of eccentrically loaded circular CFDST columns. Methods chosen for the investigation are: 1. Finite element model (FEM). A model was developed to predict the behaviour of eccentrically loaded CFDST columns. The FE model uses a concrete material model proposed in literature for stub columns. The aim was to determine whether the material model is suited for this application. 2. The failure load of CFDST columns under concentric loading was calculated using a model obtained in literature. These capacities were compared to the experimental test results of eccentrically loaded CFDST columns to establish a correlation. This study found that the concrete material model used does not adequately capture the behaviour resulting in the axial response of the column being too stiff. The difference between the eccentrically loaded experimental test results and the calculated concentrically loaded capacity showed a clear trend that could be used to predict the capacity of eccentrically loaded CFDST columns.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Beton-gevulde dubbel laag pyp (BGDLP) kolomme is ‘n nuwe metode van kolom konstruksie. BGDLP kolomme bestaan uit twee staal pyp snitte, die een binne die ander geplaas met hul middelpunte opgelyn, die dwarssnit van die twee pype hoef nie dieselfde vorm te wees nie. Beton word dan in die wand tussen die twee pyp snitte gegiet. Die resultaat is ‘n hol beton snit. Hierdie studie handel slegs oor BGDLP kolomme wat met ronde pyp snitte verwaardig is. Die volgende voordele kan aan BGDLP toegeken word: ● Die binne en buite staalpype vervang die tradisionele staal bewapening was in normale bewapende-beton gebruik sou word. Dus verminder dit die tyd wat dit sal neem om die kolom op te rig. ● Die staalpypsnitte is ook permanente vormwerk. Dit doen dus weg met die gebruik van normale bekisting, wat ook konstruksie tyd spaar. ● Die buite-staalpypsnit bekamp die uitsetting van die beton onder las. Hierdie bekamping veroorsaak dat die beton se gedrag meer daktiel is en ‘n hoër falings spanning kan bereik. Die doel van die studie is om metodes te identifiseer wat gebruik kan word om die aksiale kapasiteit onder eksentriese laste van BGDLP kolomme te bepaal. Twee metodes was gekies: 1. Eindige element model. ‘n Model was ontwikkel om die gedrag van BGDLP kolomme te voorspel. Die mikpunt was om te bepaal of ‘n beton materiaal gedrag model vanuit die literatuur gebruik kan word om BGDLP kolomme te modelleer. 2. Die swiglas van BGDLP kolomme onder konsentriese belasting was bereken vanaf vergelykings uit die literatuur. Hierdie swiglaste was vergelyk met die eksperimentele toets resultate vir eksentriese belaste BGDLP kolomme om ‘n korrelasie te vind. Hierdie studie het bewys dat die beton materiaal model uit die literatuur kan nie gebruik word om die swiglaste van BGDLP kolomme te bepaal nie. Die model het die gedrag te styf gemodelleer. Die verskil tussen die berekende konsentriese belaste swiglas en die eksperimentele resultate van eksentriese BGDLP kolomme was voorspelbaar en kan gebruik word om die swiglas van eksentriese belaste BGDLP kolomme te voorspel.

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Sharma, Priyanka. „Identification d’un double rôle de l’E3-Ubiquitine ligase Mindbomb au cours de la morphogénèse du tube neural du poisson zèbre“. Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4069/document.

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Au cours de ce projet de thèse, j’ai étudié le lien fonctionnel entre la morphogénèse épithéliale et la signalisation Delta-Notch, dans le cadre de la formation du tube neural chez le poisson-zèbre. La signalisation Delta-Notch est primordiale pour le développement embryonnaire et le maintien de l’homéostasie des tissus adultes. De façon inattendue, j’ai observé suite à la perte-de-fonction de Mib une perte de la polarité apico-basale dans le neuro-épithélium de la moelle épinière embryonnaire. L’analyse plus poussée de ce phénotype m’a ensuite permis de montrer que l’activité de l’intégralité de la signalisation Notch est requise pour l’établissement de la polarité apico-basale dans le tube neural de poisson-zèbre. En effet, l’inhibition des ligands de Notch et des activateurs transcriptionnels situés en aval, Rbpja et Rbpjb, résulte en l’interruption de la polarité apico-basale. De plus, l’activation ectopique de Notch entraîne un sauvetage complet de la polarité apico-basale dans les embryons déplétés pour Mib. Finalement, le mutant Mib échoue à activer la transcription de protéines de polarité apicale Crumbs1 et Crumbs2a au cours de la formation du tube neural, ce qui suggèrerait que la signalisation Notch agit en amont des complexes de polarité. De façon surprenante, nous avons également montré que le composant de la signalisation Notch, Mib, affecte les mouvements de convergence-extension et la division cellulaire orientée, appelée C-divisions, durant la neurulation et la gastrulation à travers la signalisation PCP. Cet effet de Mib sur la PCP est indépendant de son rôle sur la signalisation Notch. Généralement, cette étude révèle un double-rôle de Mib
In this Ph.D. project, I study the functional link between epithelial polarity and Delta-Notch signaling in the context of zebrafish neural tube morphogenesis. Notch signaling, one of the major signaling pathways and of prime importance in neurogenesis, has been widely studied for its function in cell fate specifications. Surprisingly, I found that the Notch signaling component Mindbomb (Mib) loss-of-function led to a loss of apico-basal polarity in the neuroepithelium of the embryonic spinal cord. I further explored that the activity of the entire Notch signaling pathway is actually required for the earliest steps of establishment of apico-basal polarity in the zebrafish neural tube. Indeed, inhibition of Notch ligands and downstream transcriptional activators Rbpja and Rbpjb resulted in a disruption of apico-basal polarity. Moreover, ectopic activation of Notch ensued to a complete rescue of apico-basal polarity in Mib loss of function embryos. Furthermore, Mib mutant embryos fail to upregulate the transcription of the apical polarity proteins Crumbs1 and Crumbs2a in the course of neural tube formation, suggesting that Notch signalling might act upstream of polarity complexes. Moreover, I found that Mib affects convergent-extension movements and oriented cell divisions during neurulation and gastrulation through an effect on planar cell polarity. Remarkably, this effect of Mib on PCP is independent of its role in Notch signaling. These results indicate a novel role of Mib in the regulation of PCP signaling. Altogether, this study revealed a dual role of Mib in the epithelial morphogenesis of the zebrafish neural tube

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Zhao, H., R. Wang, Dennis Lam, C.-C. Hou und R. Zhang. „Behaviours of circular CFDST with stainless steel external tube: Slender columns and beams“. Elsevier, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18141.

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In this work, experimental and numerical investigations were performed on the behaviours of circular concrete filled double steel tubular (CFDST) slender columns and beams, in which the external tube employed stainless steel tube. Eighteen specimens, 12 slender columns and 6 beams, were tested to obtain the failure patterns, load versus deflection relationships and strain developments of stainless steel tube. A finite element (FE) model was developed and verified by experimental results. The validated FE model was then employed to investigate the effects of key parameters, including hollow ratio, eccentric ratio and material strength, on the load-carrying capacity. The load distribution among the components and contact stress between steel tube and sandwiched concrete were also analyzed. Finally, the design methods for CFDST, hollow CFST and solid CFST members with carbon steel external tube respectively suggested by Han et al. (2018), Chinese GB 50936-2014 (2014) and AISC 360-16 (2016) were employed to evaluate their applicability for the circular CFDST slender columns and beams with stainless steel outer tube.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the Shanxi Province Outstanding Youth Fund (No. 201701D211006) and the National Natural Science Foundation (No. 51838008).
The full-text of this article will be released for public view at the end of the publisher embargo on 9th Nov 2021.

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Yamamoto, Yasumichi. „Intrathoracic esophageal replacement in the dog using a collagen sponge-silicone double layer tube as an artificial esophagus“. Kyoto University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/181244.

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Gebert, Marina. „The gametophyte specific ARM repeat protein AtARO1 is required for actin dynamics in Arabidopsis during pollen tube growth and double fertilization“. kostenfrei, 2008. http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-regensburg/volltexte/2008/1072/.

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Barrios, Godoy Miguel Alejandro. „Validation of the Fung double tube to enumerate Clostridium perfringens from the intestinal contents of broiler chickens raised on different diets“. Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13759.

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Master of Science
Department of Animal Science
R. Scott Beyer
Daniel Y.C. Fung
Clostridium perfringens causes necrotic enteritis (NE), resulting in decreased feed efficiency and increased mortality, costing the poultry industry USD 2 billion a year worldwide. The objective of the first trial was to validate the Fung Double Tube (FDT) to detect and enumerate C. perfringens in chicken intestines. Two methods (FDT and petri plates) and three media (Shahidi Ferguson Perfringens [SFP] with egg supplement, polymyxin B [p], and kanamycin [k; E]; SFP with p and k [P]; and SFP with cycloserine [C]) were arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial, resulting in six treatments. The FDT with medium C (5.35 log CFU/g) had significantly (P<0.05) higher C. perfringens counts than any other media/method combination. The objective of the second and third trials was to determine the effect of diet type on the population of C. perfringens in broiler intestines using the FDT. Trial 2 tested: corn-soybean meal (SBM), low-crude protein (19.8%)/high synthetic amino acids (SAA), and barley (56%)-fishmeal (4%; BF). Diets in Trial 3 included: corn-SBM, barley (7.46%), fishmeal (4%), and BF. Diets in Trial 2 contained an antibiotic and a coccidiostat; diets in Trial 3 did not. After 21 days, birds in Trial 2 fed BF had significantly higher (P<0.05) counts (5.96 log CFU/g) of C. perfringens, as compared to all other diets. Both, corn-SBM and SAA diets resulted in 3.89 log CFU/g. In Trial 3, birds fed the corn-SBM diet (2.7 log CFU/g) had significantly lower (P<0.05) counts than broilers fed BF (4.15 log CFU/g). When broilers were fed fishmeal (3.583 log CFU/g) and barley (3.577 log CFU/g) separately, C. perfringens counts were numerically higher compared to the corn-SBM diet, but numerically lower than birds fed BF. Barley and fishmeal inclusion increased the incidence of C. perfringens, and their combination resulted in a cumulative effect. The FDT method is able to detect C. perfringens at higher levels than the conventional petri plate method (P<0.001) and it also proved to be an effective method to detect differences in C. perfringens counts from the intestines of chickens fed different diet.

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Mutelle, Hervé. „Modelisation de l'ecoulement et de la thermique double phase a l'interieur d'un tube droit de generateur de vapeur once-through a surchauffe chauffe au sodium“. Nantes, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NANT2113.

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Pour les futurs reacteurs nucleaires a neutrons rapides, il est prevu d'utiliser des generateurs de vapeur composes de tubes droits. Compte tenu de la structure hyperstatique de ce type de composant, il est necessaire lors de la phase de dimensionnement de disposer d'un outil numerique fiable avec des modeles d'echange thermique et de perte de charge adaptes a toute la plage de fonctionnement de l'appareil. Ce memoire porte sur l'etude et sur le choix de ces modeles physiques. Notre analyse s'est faite a partir de donnees experimentales obtenues sur une maquette monotubulaire a l'echelle une et a l'aide d'un logiciel de simulation developpe dans le cadre de cette these. On montre que, quelles que soient les correlations utilisees, l'accord calcul-mesure se degrade d'autant plus que le niveau de puissance est faible. L'instrumentation utilisee nous a permis egalement d'obtenir des informations interessantes sur la geometrie de la zone d'assechement et sur les fluctuations de temperature induites par ce phenomene. On montre, en particulier, que les frequences principales se situent en-deca de 3 hertz. A partir de thermocouples implantes en sortie de la maquette, nous avons egalement constate l'existence d'un desequilibre thermique entre phases en ecoulement vapeur-gouttes, y compris a pression elevee. De plus, plusieurs elements suggerent que les gouttes se deplacent par paquets.

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Ghyoot, Christiaan Jacob. „The modelling of particle build up in shell-and-tube heat exchangers due to process cooling water / Christiaan Jacob Ghyoot“. Thesis, North-West University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9511.

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Sasol Limited experiences extremely high particulate fouling rates inside shell-and-tube heat exchangers that utilize process cooling water. The water and foulants are obtained from various natural and process sources and have irregular fluid properties. The fouling eventually obstructs flow on the shell side of the heat exchanger to such an extent that the tube bundles have to be replaced every nine months. Sasol requested that certain aspects of this issue be addressed. To better understand the problem, the effects of various tube and baffle configurations on the sedimentation rate in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger were numerically investigated. Single-segmental, double-segmental and disc-and-doughnut baffle configurations, in combination with square and rotated triangular tube configurations, were simulated by using the CFD software package, STAR-CCM+. In total, six configurations were investigated. The solution methodology was divided into two parts. Firstly, steady-state solutions of the six configurations were used to identify the best performing model in terms of large areas with high velocity flow. The results identified both single-segmental baffle configurations to have the best performance. Secondly, transient multiphase simulations were conducted to investigate the sedimentation characteristics of the two single-segmental baffle configurations. It was established that the current state of available technology cannot adequately solve the detailed simulations in a reasonable amount of time and results could only be obtained for a time period of a few seconds. By simulating the flow fields for various geometries in steady-state conditions, many of the observations and findings of literature were verified. The single-segmental baffle configurations have higher pressure drops than double-segmental and disc-and-doughnut configurations. In similar fashion, the rotated triangular tube configuration has a higher pressure drop than the square arrangement. The single-segmental configurations have on average higher flow velocities and reduced cross-flow mass flow fractions. It was concluded from this study that the single-segmental baffle with rotated triangular tube configuration had the best steady-state performance. Some results were extracted from the transient multiphase simulations. The transient multiphase flow simulation of the single-segmental baffle configurations showed larger concentrations of stagnant sediment for the rotated triangular tube configuration versus larger concentrations of suspended/flowing sediment in the square tube configuration. This result was offset by the observation that the downstream movement of sediment was quicker for the rotated triangular tube configuration. No definitive results could be obtained, but from the available results, it can be concluded that the configuration currently implemented at Sasol is best suited to handle sedimentation. This needs to be verified in future studies by using advanced computational resources and experimental results.
Thesis (MIng (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

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Van, Wayenbergh Réginald. „Recherche de partenaires protéiques du facteur de transcription HRT1 par la technique du double hybride: identification de BOIP, nouvel ADNc codant une protéine interagissant avec le domaine Orange de HRT1“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211120.

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Un nouveau facteur de transcription, appartenant à la famille des protéines à domaine bHLH, a récemment été isolé dans notre laboratoire. Initialement appelé « clone bc8 » puis HRT1, ce facteur présentait des similitudes avec les protéines Hairy and Enhancer of split qui interviennent notamment dans le phénomène d’inhibition latérale lors de la formation du tissu neural. Des études d’hybridation in situ réalisées chez l'embryon de xénope ont suggéré un rôle important de XHRT1, la protéine HRT1 de xénope, dans le développement neural. Nous avons recherché les partenaires protéiques de XHRT1 par la technique du double-hybride afin de mieux comprendre son mécanisme d’action moléculaire dans la neurogenèse.

Tout d’abord nous avons construit les outils appropriés pour l’élaboration du travail, à savoir, les clones de levures exprimant les appâts spécifiques des domaines de la protéine étudiée et la création d’une banque d’ADNc du xénope au stade de la neurulation. Ensuite, trois criblages ont été réalisés. Dans le premier cas, nous avons recherché les partenaires des domaines bHLH et Orange (bHLH-O). Le domaine bHLH est en effet responsable de la dimérisation de ce type de protéine. Le domaine Orange qui suit le domaine bHLH, pourrait participer dans le choix du partenaire d’hétérodimérisation. Nous avons isolé deux facteurs de type bHLH-Orange apparentés à HRT1, XHairy1 et XHairy2b et confirmé leur interaction avec XHRT1. Les domaines impliqués dans ces interactions sont les bHLH-O pour les trois facteurs. Ce même criblage nous a permis d’isoler un nouvel ADNc qui code une protéine sans domaine apparent connu actuellement. Nous avons montré que cette protéine reconnaissait spécifiquement le domaine Orange de HRT1 mais pas celui des autres facteurs de type bHLH-O. Elle a été baptisée BOIP pour Bc8 Orange Interacting Protein. Le rôle physiologique de cette interaction n’a pu être démontré. Nous avons établi que la protéine BOIP pouvait aussi s’homodimériser. Nous avons aussi déterminé son profil d’expression chez le xénope et la souris. Son transcrit est hautement présent dans les testicules adultes. La protéine pourrait donc jouer un rôle important dans la spermatogenèse. Les deux autres criblages, utilisant les domaines situés dans la partie C-terminale de XHRT1, ont apporté des nouveaux partenaires potentiels, mais ces interactions n’ont pu être confirmées dans un système indépendant.

Enfin, en étudiant plus en détail les interactions entre XHRT1 et XHairy1 ou XHairy2b, nous avons mis à jour une possible fonction de spécificité dans le choix du partenaire dans la région C-terminale de HRT1. La formation de ces dimères pourrait jouer un rôle dans la formation du tube neural mais également dans d’autres différenciations tissulaires.

Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie moléculaire
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Bücher zum Thema "Double tube"

Abu-Mansour, T. M. N. The dynmaic response of double skin concrete tube subjected to internal loading as related to oil wells THESIS. Manchester: UMIST, 1988.

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Zhang, Yufen, und Degang Guo. Structural Analysis of Concrete-Filled Double Steel Tubes. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8089-5.

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Wuorinen, Charles. Trio for bass instruments: Bass trombone, tuba, and contrabass. New York: C.F. Peters, 1995.

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Mulligan, Gerry. Jeru: For jazz nonet : alto sax, baritone sax, trumpet, horn, trombone, tuba, drums, piano and bass. Newton Centre, Mass: GunMar Music, 1989.

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Mulligan, Gerry. Rocker: For jazz nonet : alto sax, baritone sax, trumpet, horn, trombone, tuba, drums, piano and bass. Newton Centre, Mass: Gunmar Music, 1989.

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Mulligan, Gerry. Jeru: For jazz nonet : alto sax, baritone sax, trumpet, horn, trombone, tuba, drums, piano and bass. Newton Centre, Mass: GunMar Music, 1989.

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Mulligan, Gerry. Rocker: For jazz nonet : alto sax, baritone sax, trumpet, horn, trombone, tuba, drums, piano and bass. Newton Centre, Mass: Gunmar Music, 1989.

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Hartley, Walter S. Sonatina giocosa: (1987) for bass saxophone and piano : included are alternate parts for string bass and tuba. [United States]: Tenuto Publications, 1988.

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Tom, Badgett, Hrsg. Ultimate unauthorized Nintendo game strategies: Winning Strategies for 100 Top Games. New York: Bantam Books, 1989.

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Scarves in the Round: 25 Knitted Infinity Scarves, Neck Warmers, Cowls, and Double-Warm Tube Scarves. Stackpole Books, 2015.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Double tube"

Chen, G. B., L. M. Qiu, J. Y. Zheng, P. D. Yan, Z. H. Gan, X. Bai und T. Jin. „3K Double-Orifice Two-Stage Pulse Tube Refrigerator“. In Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, 2063–68. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_260.

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Mitchell, Matthew P., Drazen Fabris und B. J. Tomlinson. „Double Vortex Tube as Heat Exchanger and Flow Impedance for a Pulse Tube Refrigerator“. In Cryocoolers 10, 257–64. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47090-x_30.

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Mirels, Harold. „Double Inlet Pulse Tube Cryocooler with Stepped Piston Compressor“. In Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, 1425–31. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_175.

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Miyata, Y., T. Miura, S. Kasahara, H. Shohtani, M. Akiyama und Y. Tonoike. „Thermal Performance of a Double-Tube Type Lng Vaporizer“. In Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, 1599–606. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_196.

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Brock-Utne, John G. „Case 70: Selecting the Right Size Double Lumen Tube“. In Case Studies of Near Misses in Clinical Anesthesia, 205–6. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1179-7_70.

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Kotsubo, V., P. Huang und T. C. Nast. „Observation of DC Flows in a Double Inlet Pulse Tube“. In Cryocoolers 10, 299–305. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47090-x_35.

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Benumof, Jonathan L. „Anesthesia for Thoracic Surgery: Part I—Double-Lumen Tube Intubation“. In Anesthesia and the Lung, 133–39. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0899-4_18.

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Hofmann, A., und S. Wild. „A Model for Analyzing Ideal Double Inlet Pulse Tube Refrigerators“. In Cryocoolers 8, 371–81. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9888-3_38.

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Wild, S., L. R. Oellrich und A. Hofmann. „Two-Stage Double-Inlet Pulse Tube Refrigerator down to 10 K“. In Cryocoolers 9, 255–60. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5869-9_30.

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Shiraishi, M., M. Murakami und A. Nakano. „Visualization of Secondary Flow in Tapered Double-Inlet Pulse Tube Refrigerators“. In Cryocoolers 13, 313–22. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-27533-9_42.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Double tube"

Wei, Xinyu, Fuyu Zhao, Yun Tai und Chunhui Dai. „Characteristic Optimization of the Double-Tube OTSG“. In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29137.

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The OTSG (Once-Through Steam Generator) is usually used in the integral nuclear power equipment which requires smaller size and better effect of heat transfer. The OTSG with double-side heat transfer component is presented in this paper. The heat transfer component is composed of straight tube outside and helix tube inside. In the both sides of the helix tube, the flow is spirally, therefore, the heat transfer is enhanced. The smaller the pitch, the stronger the spirally flow, the effect of heat transfer is better, but the flow resistance is raised. Especially the increased flow resistance in the secondary side brings a great influence to the pump. The heat transfer region of the secondary fluid are divided into three regions: sub-cooled region, boiling region, and superheated region, the effects of heat transfer induced by the spirally flow vary in different regions. Thus, there is an optimization problem which is to find an optimization pitch of the inner helix tube with the best effect of heat transfer and the minimum flow resistance. Based on analyzing the effects of the pitch on heat transfer enhancement and flow resistance, the pitch is optimized by the constrained nonlinear optimization method.

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Kodama, Tatsuya, Nobuyuki Gokon, Shin-ichi Inuta, Shin-go Yamashita, Tsuyoshi Hatamachi und Taebeom Seo. „Molten-Salt Tubular Absorber/Reformer (MoSTAR) Project: Metal-Plate-Bridged Double Tube Reactor“. In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90230.

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The Molten-Salt Tubular Absorber/Reformer (MoSTAR) Project, which is jointly conducted by Niigata University, Japan, and Inha University, Korea, aims to develop a novel-type of “double-walled” tubular absorbers/reformers with molten-salt thermal storage at high temperature for use in solar natural-gas reforming and solar air receiver, and to demonstrate their performances on sun with a 5-kWt dish-type solar concentrator. The new concept of “double-walled” reactor tubes was proposed for use in a solar reformer by Niigata University, Japan, and involves packing a molten salt in the annular region between the internal catalyst tube and the exterior solar absorber tube of the double reactor tube. In this work, “metal-plate-bridged” double reactor tubes are newly proposed for use in a solar reformer. Two different sized reactor tubes are constructed, and tested on chemical reaction performance for dry reforming of methane during cooling or heat-discharge mode of the reactor tube using an electric furnace. The experimental results obtained under feed gas mixture of CH4/CO2 = 1:3 at a residence time of 0.36 s and at 1 atm showed that the double reactor tube with the heat storage medium Na2CO3 in the annular region successfully sustained a high methane conversion above 90% with about 0.7-kW output power of the reformed gas based on HHV for 40 min of the heat-discharge mode. The application of the new reactor tubes to solar tubular reformers is expected to help realize stable operation of the solar reforming process under fluctuating insolation during a cloud passage.

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Kanda, Hironori, Yasuhiro Enuma, Satoshi Futagami, Masaya Kawamura, Hiroshi Ushiki, Shinya Ogumo, Takashi Ichihara und Takashi Nakashima. „A Study on the Straight Double-Walled Tube Steam Generator Design Against Sodium-Water Reaction in DECs“. In 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-60156.

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The Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) is one of the most promising concepts suggested for Generation-IV nuclear reactor systems. Some SFRs adopt Steam Generator (SG) as their heat exchange system between sodium and water. Sodium-water reaction occurs in the tube failure accident of a SG. The tube failure may propagate to adjacent tubes resulting in a large scale tube failure by this reaction. In an advanced loop-type SFR design promoted by Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), a straight double-walled tube SG is adopted to prevent this sodium-water reaction [1], [2]. The double-walled tube is expected to prevent water leakage by acting as double wall boundary and mitigate consequences of the sodium-water reaction. It is expected for the outer tubes to practically behave as waste resistant for the adjacent tubes to mitigate sodium water reaction consequences. Mitigation is expected in Design Extension Conditions (DECs) such as the loss of the mitigation function which might lead an initial water leakage to large scale tube failure. In addition to the prevention of the initial leakage, the initial water leakage rate is practically suppressed because of the narrow gap between the inner and the outer tube. In this paper, tube failure propagation has been calculated to assess property protection performance on outer tubes. The evaluation results showed that the total leakage rate is limited to one double-ended guillotine scale hence the double-walled tube SG has the property protection performance. By additional calculations assuming the loss of the mitigation function, a sever event in DECs is cleared. These calculations suggest that increase of the reliability of water blowdown system and enhancement of the pressure release system are effective for the boundary integrity between primary and secondary cooling systems. There is an issue to be addressed to adopt the concept described above, that is, the decrease of temperature difference between exchange tubes especially for structural integrity of the straight double-walled tube SG for its thermal contact resistance between double-walled tubes and its lack of bending part to release thermal stress. The dispersion of thermal contact resistance between tubes causes temperature difference there due to their heat transfer rate difference. To suppress this dispersion, the oxidized scale is reduced on the interface between the inner and the outer tubes by applying heat treatment using hydrogen furnace for the tube element production. Then, thermal contact resistance of the double-walled tube is successfully reduced at laboratory scale. Thus, these results suggest that the double-walled tube SG may suppress water leakage rate and sodium-water reaction consequences in DECs. Furthermore, temperature difference between exchange tubes due to oxidized scale on the interface between the inner and the outer tubes can be reduced at laboratory scale. Hereafter, the specifications of the double-walled tube SG will be determined including tolerance reinforcement of sodium boundary.

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Yuan, S. J. „Numerical simulation of hydroforming a double conical tube“. In NUMISHEET 2005: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference and Workshop on Numerical Simulation of 3D Sheet Metal Forming Process. AIP, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2011287.

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Li, Yonghui, Minghui Chen und Rizhu Li. „Heat Transfer Experiments and Analyses on Double-Tube Bundle Heat Exchanger“. In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29228.

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Experiments were performed on the double-tube bundle heat exchanger. The hot side of the heat exchanger consists of parallel flow channels of the inner tubes and the space between the shell and the double-tube bundle, and the cold side is the narrow annular flow channels between the inner and outer tubes. The test fluid in both hot and cold sides is de-ionized water. The heat-transfer coefficients were obtained from the experiment in the range of Reynolds number from 2000 to 38000. The detached coefficients method was used in the absence of direct measurement of the tube temperature. It is found that the ranges of laminar flow in both internal and external flow passages are wider than regular circular tube. The heat transfer coefficient of internal side is lower than those from Dittus-Boelter formula, while the heat transfer coefficient of external side in this experiment is higher than that for the corrugated pipe. The heat transfer coefficient of the narrow annular channel is significantly determined by its structure.

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Hong, Chungpyo, Yutaka Asako und Koichi Suzuki. „Performance of Parallel-Flow Gas-to-Gas Micro-Double-Tubes-Heat Exchangers“. In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12430.

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Heat transfer performance of two-stream parallel-flow gas-to-gas micro-double-tubes-heat exchangers was investigated numerically. The flow passages of the micro- double-tubes-heat exchanger are a circular tube for hot passage and a concentric annular tube for cold passage. A circular tube of r = 50 μm and a concentric annular tube of ri = 51 μm and ro = 71 μm with an identical cross-sectional area were chosen and the selected length was 20mm, respectively. Then, the partition wall is assumed to be a stainless steel tube with 1 μm in thickness. Numerical methodology is based on the arbitrary-Langrangian-Eulerian method. Computations were performed for wide flow range to find the effects of capacity ratio on the heat transfer characteristics of gas-to-gas micro-double-tubes-heat exchangers. The results are presented in form of temperature contours, bulk temperature, total temperatures and heat flux variation along the length. Also, the effectiveness and the number of transfer units approach and the estimation of the heat exchange rate were discussed.

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Choi, Seog-Nam, Ki-Seok Yoon und Taek-Sang Choi. „An Analytical Method to Predict Fretting-Wear Damage in the Double 90° U-Bend Tubes“. In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89425.

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When the flow velocity exceeds a critical value, fluid-elastic instability is believed to be a factor of the large-amplitude vibration and results in the rapid wear of heat exchanger tubes. For sub-critical flow velocities, however, the random turbulence excitation is considered the main mechanism to cause the long-term wear on steam generator tubes. Since flow-induced interactions between the tube and tube supports in the sub-critical flow velocity can cause a localized tube wear, tube movement in the clearance between the tube and tube support, as well as the normal contact force on the tubes by fluid should be maintained as low as possible. An analytical method is proposed for predicting fretting-wear damage of the double 90° U-bend tubes. This approach is based on Archard’s equation for adhesive wear with both the straight single-span tube analytical model proposed by Connors and the linear structural dynamic theory of ASME Section III, Appendix N-1300. The results from the presented method show good trend compared with the field data. It is expected that this method can be utilized to predict the fretting-wear of the double 90° U-bend tubes in steam generators.

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Hatamachi, T., T. Kodama, Y. Isobe, D. Nakano und N. Goukon. „Double-Walled Reactor Tube With Molten Salt Thermal Storage for Solar Tubular Reformers“. In ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76184.

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This paper proposes a novel type of “double-walled” reactor tube with molten-salt thermal storage at high temperatures for use in solar tubular reformers. The prototype reactor tube is demonstrated on the heat-discharge and chemical reaction performances during cooling mode of the reactor tube at laboratory scale. The Na2CO3 composite material with MgO ceramics was filled into the outer annulus of the double-walled reactor tube while the Ru-based catalyst particles were filled into the inner tube. The heat discharge form the molten Na2CO3 circumvented the rapid temperature change of the catalyst bed, which resulted in the alleviation of decrease in chemical conversion during cooling mode of the reactor tube. The application of the new reactor tubes to solar tubular reformers is expected to help realize stable operation of the solar reforming process under fluctuating insolation during a cloud passage.

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Stotz, Ingo, Grazia Lamanna, Bernhard Weigand und Johan Steelant. „A Double-Diaphragm Shock Tube for Hydrocarbon Disintegration Studies“. In 14th AIAA/AHI Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2006-8109.

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Shi, Xianbao, Weihua Xiong und Chunhua Wen. „A 340GHz 20W Staggered Double Vane Traveling Wave Tube“. In 2019 International Vacuum Electronics Conference (IVEC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ivec.2019.8745209.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Double tube"

Blandford, Edward David, Amir Ali, Joel Hughes, Maolong Liu, Bryan Wallace, Denise Chaves und Matthew D. Carlson. Experimental Validation of a Compact Double-walled Twisted-Tube Heat Exchanger Concept. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1562302.

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Yogev, David, Ricardo Rosenbusch, Sharon Levisohn und Eitan Rapoport. Molecular Pathogenesis of Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma agalactiae and its Application in Diagnosis and Control. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573073.bard.

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Mycoplasma bovis and M. agalactiae are two phylogenetically related mycoplasmas which cause economically significant diseases in their respective bovine or small ruminant hosts. These organisms cause persistent asymptomatic infections that can result in severe outbreaks upon introduction of carrier animals into susceptible herds. Little is known about the mechanisms underlying mycoplasma-host interaction, variation in virulence, or of the factors enabling avoidance of the host immune system. In recent years it has become apparent that the ability of pathogenic microorganisms to rapidly alter surface antigenic structures and to fine tune their antigenicity, a phenomena called antigenic variation, is one of the most effective strategies used to escape immune destruction and to establish chronic infections. Our discovery of a novel genetic system, mediating antigenic variation in M. bovis (vsp) as well as in M. agalactiae (avg) served as a starting point for our proposal which included the following objectives: (i) Molecular and functional characterization of the variable surface lipoproteins (Vsp) system of M. bovis and comparison with the Vsp-counterpart in M. agalactiae (ii) Determination of the role of Vsp proteins in the survival of M. bovis when confronted by host defense factors, (iii) Assessment of Vsp-based genetic and antigenic typing of M. bovis and M. agalactiae for epidemiology of infection and (iv) Improvement of diagnostic tests for M. bovis and M. agalactiae based on the vsp-and vsp-analogous systems. We have carried out an extensive molecular characterization of the vsp system and unravelled the precise molecular mechanism responsible for the generation of surface antigenic variation in M. bovis. Our data clearly demonstrated that the two pathogenic mycoplasma species possess large gene families encoding variable lipoprotein antigens that apparently play an important role in immune evasion and in pathogen-host interaction during infection. Phase variable production of these antigens was found to be mediated by a novel molecular mechanism utilizing double site-specific DNA inversions via an intermediate vsp configuration. Studies in model systems indicate that phase variation of VspA is relevant in interaction between M. bovis and macrophages or monocytes, a crucial stage in pathogenesis. Using an ELISA test with captured VspA as an antigen, phase variation was shown to occur in vivo and under field conditions. Genomic rearrangements in the avg gene family of M. agalactiae were shown to occur in vivo and may well have a role in evasion of host defences and establishment of chronic infection. An epidemiological study indicated that patterns of vsp-related antigenic variation diverge rapidly in an M. bovis infected herd. Marked divergence was also found with avg-based genomic typing of M. agalactiae in chronically infected sheep. However, avg-genomic fingerprints were found to be relatively homogeneous in different animals during acute stages of an outbreak of Contagious Agalactiae, and differ between unrelated outbreaks. These data support the concept of vsp-based genomic typing but indicate the necessity for further refinement of the methodology. The molecular knowledge on these surface antigens and their encoding genes provides the basis for generating specific recombinant tools and serological methods for serodiagnosis and epidemiological purposes. Utilization of these methods in the field may allow differentiating acutely infected herds from chronic herds and disease-free herds. In addition the highly immunogenic nature of these lipoproteins may facilitate the design of protective vaccine against mycoplasma infections.

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THE SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF DOUBLE TUBE BUCKLING RESTRAINED BRACE WITH CAST STEEL CONNECTORS. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, März 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2022.18.1.2.

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The special concentrically braced frame (SCBF) is an aseismic structure, but its bracing system exhibits brittle failure and premature buckling connected with the weld fracture of the gusset plate and the post-buckling of the braces; thus, maximizing the role of energy dissipation is difficult. Here, this paper proposes a system of double-tube buckling-restrained brace with cast steel connectors for steel SCBFs. The large inelastic deformation of the bracing system is mainly concentrated in the ductile cast connectors under the earthquake, and the degree of buckling and post-buckling of braces can be reduced. Cyclic loading tests were conducted on two groups of specimens with different parameters, then the deformation trend, stress distribution, energy dissipation capacity, and stiffness degradation of the specimens were analyzed. The improved measures of increasing the width–thickness ratio of the energy dissipation plate and stiffener and casting the end right-angle tip tightly for a certain length of cast connector in Group 2 specimens, which overcomes the brittle fracture caused by the crack of the connection segment due to flexural buckling in Group 1 specimen tests, was evaluated. The cast steel connector conducts the main energy dissipation member that exhibits good ductile and energy absorption performance, and the advantages of using improved ductile cast steel connectors to obtain the energy dissipation of BRBs are illustrated. The test results provided direct evidence that the seismic performance of specimens is closely associated with the length of the energy dissipation segment of the cast connector and the overstrength factor of axial force. Also, the strength, rigidity, deformation, and energy dissipation performance of the members can be independently controlled by reasonably designing the cast connector. Our results provide the underlying insights needed to guide the design of the bracing connector.

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STRESS RESPONSE AND INITIAL STIFFNESS OF SIDE PLATE CONNECTIONS TO WCFT COLUMNS. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2021.17.3.9.

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To study the mechanism of load transfer in double-side-plate connections between I-beams and wall-type concrete-filled steel tubular columns, a pseudo-static experiment and finite element analysis were conducted for two full-scaled specimens. The results revealed that the primary load was transmitted along an S-shaped path in the side plate, and the primary strain occurred in an X-shaped region between the left and right steel beam flanges. The shear force in the steel beam web was transmitted first to the side plate centre and then to the joint area, where the side plate, steel tube web, and concrete all resisted the internal force. Based on principal component methods, a calculation formula was established for initial rotational stiffness that comprehensively considers the influence of the tensions, compression, and shear deformation of the cover plate, side plate, and web. Comparing this formula with an existing model showed that the proposed formula is suitable for new types of side plate joints. Moreover, it can accurately calculate the initial rotational stiffness of the joint, thus providing a reliable basis for future engineering design.

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