Dissertationen zum Thema „Données bâtiments“
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Fernández, Lorenzo Guillermo Wenceslao. „Des données accélérométriques au comportement dynamique des bâtiments existants“. Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR4071/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this thesis is to simulate the time history response of a high rise building under seismic excitation and provide simplified methodologies that properly reproduce such response. Firstly, a detailed three-dimensional finite element model is produced to validate its reliability to simulate the real behavior of the building during ground motions, recorded using accelerometers. It is proposed to improve the accuracy of the numerical model by imposing multiple excitations, considering rocking effect and spatial variability on the input motion. The use of empirical Green's functions is proposed to simulate the seismic response directly from past event records, without the need of construction drawings and mechanical parameters calibration. A stochastic summation scheme, already used to predict ground motions, is adopted to generate synthetic signals at different heights of the building, extending the wave propagation path from the ground to the structure. A simplified representation of the building as a homogeneous Timoshenko beam is proposed to simulate the seismic response directly from ambient vibration records. Equivalent mechanical parameters are identified using deconvolution interferometry in terms of wave dispersion, natural frequencies and shear to compressional wave
Monceyron, Jean-Luc. „Intégration des données et conception des bâtiments : cas de l'acoustique“. Lyon, INSA, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ISAL0119.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleA system analysis of the building design process leads to the identification of some islands of information: software currently in use during the design process are unable to exchange product data describing a building project, primarily because of the partitioning of knowledge characterizing the meaning to the involved information. In order to come out of this isolation, multi-sector research works dedicated to product model data representation, exchange or sharing, have contributed to the implementation of the ISO 10303 STEP standard. Our research works lie in implementing these developments for the building design field, with an emphasis on the data exchange between an architect (in runtime via its CAD system) and an acoustician (via a knowledge-based system dedicated to the compliance checking of the last French acoustics regulation). To meet this goal, the acoustician's viewpoint on the project was interpreted into a data model, and we re-used an integration framework defined into the ESPRIT project 7280 ATLAS, based on the STEP standard. Furthermore, the exchange with the architect's view model required the specification of data mapping. It was achieved thanks to a rule-based approach. This investigation, combined with the study of several modelling experiments in the building industry field, have been brought into general for the integration of a design field in a wider framework for computer aided building design. The proposed method describes the activities required for the development of a view model and is based on a three-layer architecture: resources, domain and field, the latter reflecting the concept of an actor view
Escudero, Alain. „Etude du comportement thermique des bâtiments“. Lyon, INSA, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ISAL0011.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMezian, Miloud. „Recalage conjoint de données de cartographie mobile et de modèles 3D de bâtiments“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2065.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFor many years, mobile land scanning vehicles have been developed to simultaneously acquire highly accurate laser data and high-resolution georeferenced images. A major application of these data is to exploit their very high level of detail (LOD) to enrich the 3D geographic databases built from aerial images and therefore much lower LOD. The 3Dgeographic databases and mobile terrestrial data prove to be very complementary: roofs are seen from the air but not on land, and facades are very poorly seen from the air but very precisely on land. Geographic databases consist of a set of geometric primitives (3D triangles) of coarse LOD, but present the advantage of being available over large geographical areas. Mobile mapping vehicles offer much more partial coverage but guarantee very fine LOD data. These vehicles also have limitations: in urban environments, the GPS signal needed for good data georeferencing is liable to being disrupted by multi-paths or even stopped during GPS masking phenomena linked to narrow streets or high buildings. The GPS sensor no longer picks up enough satellites to accurately determine its spatial position. These complementary data each have their own geo-referencing and geolocation uncertainties of drift, ranging from a few centimetres to several metres. This means that different datasets in the same area do not coincide. That is why a realignment is essential to bring this highly detailed mobile data into line with the less detailed geographical databases.In this thesis, we have finely modelled all the sources of uncertainty involved in boththe process of building the lidar point cloud and the geographic database to jointly (simultaneously) re-align the data between them. This work around uncertainties makes it possible to model them, then to exploit them in the realignment process, and finally to to propagate them on the final product, by means of a Gauss-Helmert model. The process is based on an Point to plane ICP (Iterative Closest Point) method. This realignment simultaneously corrects the (path) trajectory of the mobile mapping vehicle and the 3D geometric model. Our processing chain has been tested on simulated data from various missions carried out by the National Institute of Geographical and Forest Information (Institut National de l’Information Géographique et Forestière, IGN)
Alileche, Lyes. „Use of BIM for the optimal management of existing buildings“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1I058/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis research concerns the use of the Building Information Modeling (BIM) for the optimal management of existing buildings, in particular social housing buildings. These buildings are characterized by aging, poor energy performances and tenant’s low-income. The building managers suffer from lack of data concerning the buildings asset which could lead to poor operating decisions.The thesis discusses how the BIM could help to meet existing buildings challenges by the creation of a friendly comprehensive system including information about the building and equipment as well as the maintenance. The benefits of the BIM model are illustrated through two case studies, which concern a social housing residence and a research building respectively.This thesis is composed of four parts. The first part includes a literature review concerning the current methods of facility management, and the role of BIM in improving this management.The second part describes steps carried out to realize the BIM model of an existing social housing residence which includes 50 dwells.The third part describes the use of BIM to optimize facilities management and building maintenance. The last part describes the development of a dynamic BIM model using the as built BIM and real time data collected with sensors to inform users and managers about energy consumption and abnormal events
Gholipour, Vida. „Éco-conception collaborative de bâtiments durables“. Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL043N/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAssisting designers in improvement of environmental quality of their project, early in the sketch phase, could result in a better environmental profile of the final product. Designers are facing new necessities related to sustainable development, such as considering sources of energy and usage of local materials, among others. To find a compromise between the project’s context and architectural solutions, one has to carry out complex adjustment tasks to address this issue.To help designers with these tasks, we proposed a method founded on the usage of environment-oriented “design patterns”, which we have named “eco-models”. By being used in their projects, these eco-models are approved by many designers as plausible solutions. The eco-models and the actual projects in which they have been used are gathered and implemented in a (web-based) digital tool, named “eco.mod.”The interface of eco.mod enable designers to navigate in the database, and select appropriate eco-models to create an environmental scenario for their own architectural project. The eco.mod tool allows users to visualize the environmental consequences of theirs choices. Two experiments assisted by this tool have been conducted, and have mainly confirmed our hypothesis about efficacy of this proposed method and its associated tool
Nguyen, Alexandre Huu Tam. „Modélisation du parc de bâtiments du secteur tertiaire et simulation énergétique“. Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPSLM005.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEnergy efficiency and decarbonation of energy use in the building sector is a strategic issue of the ecological transition in France. In 2019, the French building stock accounts for 45% of the final energy consumption, with the tertiary sector alone accounting for about one third of this or 17% of national consumption. The energy consumption of the tertiary stock and its determining factors are poorly documented. Existing tertiary stock models are mostly based on an aggregated representation of the total heated surface of the building stock subdivided by its economic activity and heating energy fuel. This aggregation makes it impossible to represent the extreme heterogeneity of the sector. This work aims at reconciling different accessible databases to establish a tertiary building stock model, its consumption and its load curve. The developed method allows to represent the building stock as a collection of buildings, in which each of them is characterized individually in terms of area, constructive and thermal characteristics, occupants, main activity sector and equipment. This method allows to take account of the link between building, system and occupancy, which contributes to the heterogeneity of the tertiary sector. The methodology is designed to be applicable to any territory in metropolitan France. The results of surface area modelling and energy consumption simulation could thus be compared with existing references for the Île-de-France region. Two applications of the method are presented: the study of the energy saving potential of the tertiary sector in the Île-de-France region, and the study of photovoltaic self-consumption in the tertiary sector for the agglomeration of Orleans
JAMET, Olivier. „Comparaison Vecteurs-Images pour la détection des changements des bâtiments d'une base de données topographiques“. Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005662.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleJamet, Olivier. „Comparaison vecteurs-images pour la détection des changements des bâtiments d'une base de données topographiques“. Paris, ENST, 1998. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005662.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAmadou, Kountché Djibrilla. „Localisation dans les bâtiments des personnes handicapées et classification automatique de données par fourmis artificielles“. Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR4021/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe concept of « smart » invades more and more our daily life. A typical example is the smartphone, which becames by years an essential device. Soon, it’s the city, the car and the home which will become « smart ». The intelligence is manifested by the ability for the environment to interact and to take decisons in its relationships with users and other environments. This needs information on state changes occurred on both sides. Sensor networks allow to collect these data, to apply on them some pre-processings and to transmit them. Sensor network, towards some of their caracteristics are closed to Swarm Intelligence in the sense that small entities with reduced capababilities can cooperate automatically, in unattended, decentralised and distributed manner in order to accomplish complex tasks. These bio-inspired methods have served as basis for the resolution of many problems, mostly optimization and this insipired us to apply them on problems met in Ambient Assisted Living and on the data clustering problem. AAL is a sub-field of context-aware services, and its goals are to facilitate the everyday life of elderly and disable people. These systems determine the context and then propose different kind of services. We have used two important elements of the context : the position and the disabilty. Although positioning has very good precision outdoor, it faces many challenges in indoor environments due to the electromagnetic wave propagation in harsh conditions, the cost of systems, interoperabilty, etc. Our works have been involved in positioning disabled people in indoor environment by using wireless sensor network for determining the caracteristics of the electromagnetic wave (signal strenght, time, angle) for estimating the position by geometric methods (triangulation, lateration), fingerprinting methods (k-nearest neighbours), baysiens filters (Kalman filter). The application is to offer AAL services like navigation. Therefore we extend the definition of sensor node to take into account any device, in the environment, capable of emiting and receiving a signal. Also, we have studied the possibility of using Pachycondylla Apicalis for data clustering and for indoor localization by casting this last problem as data clustering problem. Finally we have proposed a system based on a middleware architecture
Ménézo, Christophe. „Contribution à la modélisation du comportement thermique des bâtiments par couplage de modèles réduits“. Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ISAL0017.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the field of building• physics, modeling needs to face more and more complex systems. Indeed, improvement in machine resolution capacities follows software improvement. Assisted computation software dedicated to study offices in buildings thermal will soon allow precise processing of important studies. In relation to the diversity of building geometry and their huge space, the ensemble of conduction and radiation phenomenon, combined with heat transfers linked to mass transfers in dynamic behavior, lead to resolution of systems of major complexity. This led us to set up reduction tools of state models in order to get a compromise between precision and availability in computation capacities. Characterization of thermal coupling mechanisms is indispensable for reducing computation time. This approach drives to a decomposition of the building system in thermal elementary components and allows local models reduction. Based on a modal analysis, the reducing techniques, originating from automation field, fit well with linear models associated with conduction phenomenon. This work mainly deals with reduction models associated with buildings' envelop. Two strategies of coupling with the other heat transfer modes are then studied as a function of modeling level. The strategy allowing the integration of non-linear limit conditions of local models is validated with the energetic behavior of an experimental cell to scale. This work opens perspectives for the integration of simplified models of mass transfers (zonal models), in the general calculation codes dedicated to the global comportment of buildings
Silhadi, Kamal. „Intégration des systèmes experts en conception assistée par ordinateur des bâtiments d'habitation“. Lyon, INSA, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990ISAL0083.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle[The aim of that thesis is to show the benefits of integrated expert systems in Computer Aided Dwellin Design (CADD) systems. Design is an intricate ill-strcutrure problem. So, because of that complexity, rhe designers organise tehmselves and th design process in oreder to fnd what HA SIMON told the « Satisfectum » : a ssatisficing solution to design problem but not an optimum. But actually the CADD systems are lilited to the representation (calculation, lay outs, …) of the project under design. By integrating expert systems, CADD system will get a king of « intelligence » and will have a better understanding of the users needs. In order to verify that idea, a new CADD system has been built : X2A-SE. It incudes two kinds of expert systems : - deductive on « intelligent » interfaces between designers and classical CADD tools, - heuristic evaluation tools for aproximated calculations. These expert systems have been intregated to a classical CADD system. But they can also work alone out of that system. In our work we have developped the thermal design components of those tolls. ]
Arantes, Laëtitia. „L'intégration des données énergétiques dans la conception architecturale située“. Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00965670.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePellerin, Denis. „Etude et réalisation d'un système de transmission d'informations dans les bâtiments par couplage électromagnétique sur les réseaux de canalisations métalliques“. Lyon, INSA, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ISAL0051.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMacher, Hélène. „Du nuage de points à la maquette numérique de bâtiment : reconstruction 3D semi-automatique de bâtiments existants“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAD006/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe creation of an as-built BIM requires the acquisition of the as-is conditions of existing buildings. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is widely used to achieve this goal. Indeed, laser scanners permit to collect information about object geometry in form of point clouds. They provide a large amount of accurate data in a very fast way and with a high level of details. Unfortunately, the scan-to-BIM process remains currently largely a manual process because of the huge amount of data and because of processes, which are difficult to automate. It is time consuming and error-prone. A key challenge today is thus to automate the process leading to 3D reconstruction of existing buildings from point clouds. The aim of this thesis is to develop a processing chain to extract the maximum amount of information from a building point cloud in order to integrate the result in a BIM software
Mecharnia, Thamer. „Approches sémantiques pour la prédiction de présence d'amiante dans les bâtiments : une approche probabiliste et une approche à base de règles“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASG036.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNowadays, Knowledge Graphs are used to represent all kinds of data and they constitute scalable and interoperable resources that can be used by decision support tools. The Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB) was asked to develop a tool to help identify materials containing asbestos in buildings. In this context, we have created and populated the ASBESTOS ontology which allows the representation of building data and the results of diagnostics carried out in order to detect the presence of asbestos in the used products. We then relied on this knowledge graph to develop two approaches which make it possible to predict the presence of asbestos in products in the absence of the reference of the marketed product actually used.The first approach, called the hybrid approach, is based on external resources describing the periods when the marketed products are asbestos-containing to calculate the probability of the existence of asbestos in a building component. This approach addresses conflicts between external resources, and incompleteness of listed data by applying a pessimistic fusion approach that adjusts the calculated probabilities using a subset of diagnostics.The second approach, called CRA-Miner, is inspired by inductive logic programming (ILP) methods to discover rules from the knowledge graph describing buildings and asbestos diagnoses. Since the reference of specific products used during construction is never specified, CRA-Miner considers temporal data, ASBESTOS ontology semantics, product types and contextual information such as part-of relations to discover a set of rules that can be used to predict the presence of asbestos in construction elements.The evaluation of the two approaches carried out on the ASBESTOS ontology populated with the data provided by the CSTB show that the results obtained, in particular when the two approaches are combined, are quite promising
Basselin, Justine. „Reconnaissance de bâtiments à partir de nuages de points 3D“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0241.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDigitization of real-world objects is increasingly used in fields such as urban planning, architecture, disaster management, and homeland security. Acquisition tools such as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) airborne scanners are used to produce digital representations of entire cities in the form of 3D point clouds sampling the surfaces of objects in the environment. Despite the high degree of maturity reached by the digitizing techniques, efficient computing solutions for pre-processing and reconstruction from these measurements are scarce and poorly adapted to the complexity of the environment (complex structures of buildings and entire cities). Today, the process of creating a digital model from these data is time-consuming, tedious, and essentially manual. In this reverse engineering process, the human operator manually draws the elements of the 3D model as close as possible to the point cloud. Although significant efforts have been made to develop automatic and semi-automatic methods, which are currently appearing on the market, no solution proposed so far meets all industrial requirements in terms of precision, accuracy and efficiency. Indeed, the reconstruction of 3D building models is a complex task that requires a workflow composed of several processing steps such as classification, contour extraction, segmentation, feature recognition, hypothesis generation and verification, geometric modeling and construction, adjustment and refinement. In addition, the reconstructed models must meet a number of structural constraints (flatness of roof segments, horizontal roof edges, symmetry, etc.). Despite the knowledge gained, there are still a significant number of unsolved problems arising from : data gaps (due to occlusions or unwanted reflections and absorptions) ; noise and outliers ; limited resolution and variable point density ; high variability and complexity of building shapes in urban areas, to name a few. In this work, we address the particular problem of constructing (creating) polygonal 3D roof models from previously classified LIDAR point data
Afra, Hamid. „Identification du comportement sismique de bâtiments à partir de leurs réponses accélérométriques“. Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ENPC9111.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this study is to develop and achieve identification methods for determining dynamic behaviour models of buildings. The strategy use dis the full scale study, from earthquake records measured within buildings during recent Californian earthquakes. The accelerometric records were recovered from the C. S. M. I. P. Program (California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program). The first part of this resarch concerns the identification of linear planar behaviour models. In the first chapter, the accelerometric records are briefly described and then simply analysed and we give for one building an estimation of its vibration frequencies, modal shapes, torsional and rocking motions. In the second chapter, a general methodology is presented to identify the parameters of the assumed behaviour model. An identification method is developed in time and frequency domains and then applied to 25 buildings. Two models with viscous and hysteretic damping are tested. The results obtained are compared with those predicted by the American seismic design codes. The linear behaviour model is revealed to be inadequate to well reproduce the responses of some buildings whih recorded important acceleration levels. The second part of this study deals with the detection, the characterization and the identification of non-linearities. A non parametric representation of the system by Wiener series is used to quantify the part of non-linearities in the global response. Thses non-linearities are characerised by using a modal analysis technique within a moving time window. The time variation of the identified parameters allows to detect an eventual stiffness degradation. An attempt of identification of non linear behaviour models is then presented. Among the examined viscoplasiticy and damage models, the last model reproduce accurately the stiffness degradation phenomenon. An approximation of the restoring forces by Chebyshev polynomials is also used
Frédéricque, Benoit. „Saisie photogrammétrique multi-représentation de bâtiments : une approche Semi-Automatisée Initialisée et Supportée par l'Intervention humainE“. Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19747.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle3D MRDB (Multi Representation Data Base) population is more and more required to support advanced cartographical applications and advanced geospatial decisional analysis. This dissertation presents a new photogrammetric approach dedicated to multiple representation acquisition process to populate the buildings of a 3D MRDB. The proposed approach is named SAISIE (this French acronym matches with a semi-automatic acquisition process, initialized and supported by human intervention). The SAISIE approach tackles simultaneously the Detailed Geometries (DG) extraction and the Simplified Geometries (GS) extraction. This uses both the Multi-Representation Acquisition Pattern concept and the Instance Driven SASS concept (SASS : Selection of the Algorithms, Sources and Setting) to improve the process performance. These two new concepts have been introduced during this research. The MRAP concept stems from bridging together the geometric pattern concept (used to support generalisation process) and the parametric model (used to support the photogrammetric building extraction). Two new algorithms have also been introduced. The first one deals with the automatic implantation of 3D geometric pattern and the second one with the automatic extraction of building footprints. The SAISIE approach, the new concepts and the two new algorithms, have been implemented and tested with four test sites. These test sites cover more than three hundred buildings. Results analysis and several recommendations, based on our experimentation and experience, are proposed to conclude this dissertation.
Tian, Ye. „Développement d'une méthode de géolocalisation à l'intérieur de bâtiments par classification des fingerprints GSM et fusion de données de capteurs embarqués“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066027/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGPS has long been used for accurate and reliable outdoor localization, but it cannot operate in indoor environments, which suggests developing indoor localization methods that can provide seamless and ubiquitous services for mobile users.In this thesis, indoor localization is realized making use of received signal strength fingerprinting technique based on the existing GSM networks. A room is defined as the minimum location unit, and support vector machine are used as a mean to discriminate the rooms by classifying received signal strengths from very large number of GSM carriers. At the same time, multiple sensors, such as accelerometer and gyroscope, are widely available for modern mobile devices, which provide additional information that helps location determination. The hybrid approach that combines the GSM fingerprinting results with mobile sensor and building layout information using a particle filter provides a more accurate and fine-grained localization result.The results of experiments under realistic conditions demonstrate that correct room number can be obtained 94% of the time provided the derived model is used before significant received signal strength drift sets in. Furthermore, if the training data is sampled over a few days, the performance can remain stable exceeding 80% over a period of months, and can be further improved with various post-processing techniques. Moreover, including the mobile sensors allows the system to localize the mobile trajectory coordinates with high accuracy and reliability
Tian, Ye. „Développement d'une méthode de géolocalisation à l'intérieur de bâtiments par classification des fingerprints GSM et fusion de données de capteurs embarqués“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066027.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGPS has long been used for accurate and reliable outdoor localization, but it cannot operate in indoor environments, which suggests developing indoor localization methods that can provide seamless and ubiquitous services for mobile users.In this thesis, indoor localization is realized making use of received signal strength fingerprinting technique based on the existing GSM networks. A room is defined as the minimum location unit, and support vector machine are used as a mean to discriminate the rooms by classifying received signal strengths from very large number of GSM carriers. At the same time, multiple sensors, such as accelerometer and gyroscope, are widely available for modern mobile devices, which provide additional information that helps location determination. The hybrid approach that combines the GSM fingerprinting results with mobile sensor and building layout information using a particle filter provides a more accurate and fine-grained localization result.The results of experiments under realistic conditions demonstrate that correct room number can be obtained 94% of the time provided the derived model is used before significant received signal strength drift sets in. Furthermore, if the training data is sampled over a few days, the performance can remain stable exceeding 80% over a period of months, and can be further improved with various post-processing techniques. Moreover, including the mobile sensors allows the system to localize the mobile trajectory coordinates with high accuracy and reliability
Hamieh, Ahmed. „Planification automatique de chemins à l'intérieur de bâtiments basée sur un modèle BIM“. Thesis, Valenciennes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018VALE0037/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMore than 50% of humans today live in urban areas and spend more than 90 % of their time indoor. This thesis suggests a system, called BiMov, dedicated to automatic path planning in complex building based on their digital mockup (a BIM in IFC format). The process consists in exploiting the semantic, geometric and topologic features of the constituents of a BIM, so as to generate navigation graphs, taking into account the profile of Navigants as well as the operational state of accessibility of spaces and transitions, for finally determining a shortest path. BiMov is based on 4 data models: (1) a building model deduced from the BIM that represents and structures the building features that are relevant for indoor mobility (2) a Navigant model capable to represent its bulk size, abilities for horizontal and vertical displacements and social habilitations (3) a calendar model representing the conjectural state of accessibility of spaces and transitions (4) a navigation graph model with three levels of detail: the Macro level represents a simple graph of connectivity between neighboring interior spaces. It is intended to help architects verify their architectural design in terms of accessibility. The Extern level is used to connect accessible spaces via their horizontal or vertical transitions. This level is intended for Navigants who do not require a detailed path. The Intern level integrates a meshing of each space: a 2D mesh for planar mobility or a 3D mesh for drones. This level is intended for Navigants like bulky objects handlers of mobile robots, needing to validate a reliable path within spaces containing furniture, machinery or equipment. The proposed approach was implemented in a prototype software that allows to illustrate different path planning scenarios in BIM models that were generated externally
Adiaviakoye, Ladji. „Observatoire de trajectoire de piétons à l'aide d'un réseau de télémètre laser à balayage : application à l'intérieur des bâtiments“. Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0086.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn everyday life, we witness surprising choreographies in the movements of crowds of pedestrians. The mechanisms that underlie the dynamics of human crowd dynamics remain poorly understood. One of the ways of observing pedestrians consists in taking measurements in real conditions (e. g. airport, station, etc.). The trajectory, speed and acceleration are the basic data for such an analysis. It is in this context that our work is placed, which closely combines observations in the natural environment with controlled experiments. We proposed a system for tracking multiple pedestrians in a closed environment using a network of scanning laser rangefinders. We have advanced the state of the art on four levels: first, we have introduced an automatic data fusion method to discriminate static objects (walls, poles, etc.) and also to increase the detection rate; second, we have proposed a non-parametric detection method based on walking modeling. The algorithm estimates the position of the pedestrian, whether stationary or moving, and finally, our monitoring is based on the Rao-Blackwell Monte Carlo Association Data Method, with the particularity of tracking a variable number of pedestrians, which was quantitatively evaluated by experiments in social behaviour at different levels of density. These experiments took place in a school, nearly 300 pedestrians were followed, about thirty of them simultaneously
Colin, Clément. „Gestion et visualisation multiscalaire du territoire au bâtiment : Application à la Gestion et Maintenance assistée par Ordinateur“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 2, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO20010.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCities and the objects that make them up, such as buildings, water, electricity and road networks, have increasingly precise digital twins that play an important role in understanding territories. The growing use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Building Information Model (BIM) and City Information Model (CIM) has led to the creation of a large number of geospatial representations of these urban objects, made up of geometric and semantic data, structured by numerous standards. These representations provide a variety of thematic and spatial information to describe what these objects are physically, functionally and operationally. A better understanding of these urban objects can be provided by applications enabling users to access, visualize and analyze these urban objects using these different representations.In this thesis, we focus on multiscalar interactive web navigation and visualization of multiple representations of the same object. We will consider various heterogeneous standards for representing the interior and exterior of a building and a city. Our first two contributions enable the creation of navigable and contextual views of these heterogeneous representations in a single web context, using approaches based on data integration methods. To this end, we propose a methodology and an open-source tool, Py3DTilers, for extracting, manipulating and visualizing the geometry of geospatial data, as well as a model-based semantic data integration methodology, to ensure that all the information present in these data can be brought and understood by the users. Our third contribution is the formalization of the concepts of Variant - instance or set of instances representing the same entity- and Variant Identifier to reference and navigate through a set of representations of the same object. Finally, our last contribution focuses on the choice of geometric representation of an object to be displayed, depending on the users' 3D context. We propose a study of the levels of detail described in different geospatial data standards, as well as a metric for describing the complexity of a geometric representation to enable this choice.Finally, this thesis was carried out in partnership with Carl Software - Berger-Levrault, a publisher of computer-aided maintenance software and asset management solutions. Particular attention was paid to interoperability (use of standards), reusability (creation of shared software architecture based on open-source tools) and reproducibility of the proposed solutions. This thesis aims to improve the understanding of equipment to facilitate its maintenance and management, by allowing the 3D visualization of equipment and the exploitation of the knowledge that can be found in various representations. This is achieved by establishing a natural link between equipment representations existing in this domain and various geospatial data sources
Lasvaux, Sébastien. „Étude d'un modèle simplifié pour l'analyse de cycle de vie des bâtiments“. Phd thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2010. https://pastel.hal.science/pastel-00712043.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEnergy and environmental aspects are more and more integrated in the design process of buildings. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is generally used to assess the environmental performance of buildings. This method uses to date a high number of data which can be a limiting aspect for its application. For instance, it can be difficult for some manufacturers to give life cycle inventory (LCI) gathering several hundreds of flows. In addition, the interpretation of the results with about ten environmental indicators can be complex for the building practitioners. In this context, the aim of this research is to study a simplified model for the LCA of buildings. A simplified life cycle inventory (LCI) database gathering building materials, products and processes is first developed. It is composed of data from the Ecoinvent and INIES database with the help of a homogeneous nomenclature. The use of statistical methods then enables to assess the relevance of simplification of the LCA model. Simplified life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) model are built between the LCI flows and the LCIA indicators. They enable previously to the applications using the database to identify the flows that are the most significant in the environmental impact of a building. The understanding of the consequences of the simplification of the LCA model and the statistical methods used in this work enable to better appreciate the reliability of simplified LCA applied to building products and buildings as a whole
Lasvaux, Sébastien. „Étude d'un modèle simplifié pour l'analyse de cycle de vie des bâtiments“. Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00712043.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGimenez, Lucile. „Outils numériques pour la reconstruction et l'analyse sémantique de représentations graphiques de bâtiments“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA080047.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMany buildings have to undergo major renovation to comply with regulations and environmental challenges. The BIM (Building Information Modeling) helps designers to make better-informed decisions, and results in more optimal energy-efficient designs. Such advanced design approaches require 3D digital models. However such models are not available for existing buildings. The aim of our work is to develop a method to generate 3D building models from existing buildings at low cost and in a reasonable time. We have chosen to work with 2D scanned plans. We assume that it is possible to find a paper plan for most buildings even if it is not always up-to-date and if the recognition quality is also dependent to the plan. The automatic reconstruction of a BIM from a paper plan is based on the extraction and identification of 3 main components: geometry (element shape), topology (links between elements) and semantics (object properties). During this process, some errors are generated which cannot be automatically corrected. This is why, we propose a novel approach based on punctual and guided human interventions to automatically identify and propose correction choices to the user to avoid error propagation.We describe the developed methodology to convert semi-automatically a 2D scanned plan into a BIM. A result analysis is done on 90 images. The following works is focused on the process genericity to test its robustness, the challenge of moving to scale and the multi-level management. The results highlight the pertinence of the error classification, identification and choices made to the user. The process is flexible in order to be completed by others data sources
Amayri, Manar. „Estimation de l'occupation dans le bâtiment“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAT112.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBuilding energy management and monitoring systems (EMMS) should not only consider building physics and HVAC systems but also human behavior. These systems may provide information and advice to occupants about the relevance of their behavior regarding the current state of a dwelling and its connected grids. Therefore, advanced EMMS need to estimate the relevance of occupant activities. Additionally, innovative end-user services such as replay past situations, anticipate the future or mirror the current state are under development and require models together with building state estimations including the human part of the state. However, to define the state of a zone, non-measured values should be known in both physical (i.e. heat flows) and human part (i.e. occupancy and activities).The problem is to identify and calculate data processed from sensors, calendars, etc… that could be used in a classification model to estimate the number of occupants and various activities happening in offices/homes. The sensor data must provide a rich context for a classifier to have a broad separation plane and represent the office situation closely. Since the use of video cameras is a problem in many areas, the solution must respect privacy issues and relies largely on non-intrusive sensors.The thesis identifies the most relevant calculation from the sensor data in order to classify the number of people in a zone and their activities in offices/homes at a given time period. The proposed approach is inspired from machine learning and interactive learning to avoid using the camera and build a general estimation method.Three approaches are proposed for occupancy and activities estimation:- supervised learning approach. It starts to determine the common sensors that shall be used to estimate and classify the approximate number of people (within a range) in a room and their activities. Means to estimate occupancy include motion detection, power consumption, CO2 concentration sensors, microphone or door/window positions. It starts by determining the most useful measurements in calculating the information gains. Then, estimation algorithms are proposed: they rely on decision tree learning algorithms because it yields decision rules readable by humans, which correspond to nested if-then-else rules, where thresholds can be adjusted depending on the considered living areas. An office has been used for testing.- knowledge base approach using sensor data and knowledge coming respectively from observation and questionnaire. It relies on hidden Markov model and Bayesian network algorithms to model a human behavior with probabilistic cause-effect relations and states based on knowledge and questionnaire. Different applications have been studied for validation: an office, an apartment and a house.- an interactive learning approach is proposed. It estimates the number of occupants in a room by questioning occupants when relevant, meaning limiting the number of interactions and maximizing the information gains, about the actual occupancy. Occupancy and activities estimation algorithms use information collected from occupants together with common sensors. A real-time application has been done in an office case study
Diakité, Abdoulaye Abou. „Application des cartes combinatoires à la modélisation géométrique et sémantique des bâtiments“. Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10281/document.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle3D building models are widely used in the civil engineering industry. While the models are needed by several applications, such as architectural representations and simulation processes, they often lack of information that are of major importance for the consistency of the calculations. The original models are then often rebuilt in the way that fits better to the intended applications. To overcome this drawback, we introduce a framework allowing to enrich a 3D model of a building presenting just a geometry, in a way more interoperable model, by adding to it topological and semantic information. A cellular subdivision of the building space is first performed relying on its geometry, then the topological relationships between the cells are explicitely defined. Semantic labels are then attributed to the identified components based on the topology and defined heuristic rules. A 3D combinatorial map data structure (3-map) is used to handle the reconstructed information. From the enriched model we show how to extract applications-driven information allowing to perform acoustic simulation and indoor ray tracing navigation. The approach stands as a bridge between the modeling approaches and the applications in building analysis using the model. It is fully automatic and present interesting results on several types of building models
Breton, Jean. „Modélisation thermique et simulation numérique en régime variable de parois à lame d'air insole et/ou ventilée : intégration dans un code de calcul de charges thermiques de bâtiments“. Lyon, INSA, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ISAL0014.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn our present work we develop detailed numerical software of the thermal behaviour of walls containing a vertical air slab and used as solar or internal gains collectors(Trombe wall, green house effect wall. . . ). The first part is devoted to a bibliographic analysis of convective behaviour of large aspect ratio cavities. In a second part we define the hypothesis and describe the numerical mode is used for each wal1 and their coupling with a detailed software of the thermal behaviour of buildings. The third part presents parametric studies of physical or technological characteristics of the walls. We use here an original criteria for the energetic performance (the Solar Gain Ratio) which enable us to show the main influence of the aeraulic and thermal couplings between the wall and the dwelling cell. Finally we propose simplified mode is which respect this last point and accept a more general description of the physical phenomena inside the walls
Labiadh, Mouna. „Méthodologie de construction de modèles adaptatifs pour la simulation énergétique des bâtiments“. Thesis, Lyon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LYSE1158.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePredictive modeling of energy consumption in buildings is essential for intelligent control and efficient planning of energy networks. One way to perform predictive modeling is through machine learning approaches. Alongside their good performance, these approaches are time efficient and facilitates the integration of buildings into smart environments. However, accurate machine learning models rely heavily on collecting relevant building operational data in a sufficient amount, notably when deep learning is used. In the field of buildings energy, historical data are not available for training, such is the case in newly built or newly renovated buildings. Moreover, it is common to verify the energy efficiency of buildings before construction or renovation. For such cases, only a contextual description about the future building and its design is available. The goal of this dissertation is to address the predictive modeling tasks of building energy consumption when no historical data are available for the given target building. To that end, existing data collected from multiple different source buildings are leveraged. This is increasingly relevant with the growth of open data initiatives in various sectors, namely building energy. The main idea is to transfer knowledge across building models. There is little research at the intersection of building energy modeling and knowledge transfer. An important challenge arises when dealing with multi-source data, since large domain shift may exist between different sources and also between each source and the target. As a contribution, a two-fold query-adaptive methodology is developed for cross-building predictive modeling. The first process recommends relevant training data to a target building solely by using a minimal contextual description on it (metadata). Contextual descriptions are provided as user queries. To enable a task-specific recommendation, a deep similarity learning framework is used. The second process trains multiple predictive models based on recommended training data. These models are combined together using an ensemble learning framework to ensure a robust performance. The implementation of the proposed methodology is based on microservices. Logically independent workflows are modeled as microservices with single purposes and separate data sources. Building metadata and time series data collected from multiple sources are integrated into an unified ontology-based view. Experimental evaluation of the predictive model factory validates the effectiveness and the applicability for the use case of building energy modeling. Moreover, because of its generic design, the methodology for query-adaptive cross-domain predictive modeling can be re-used for a diverse range of use cases in different fields
Jibrini, Hassan. „Reconstruction automatique des bâtiments en modèles polyédriques 3-D à partir de données cadastrales vectorisées 2D et d'un couple d'images aériennes à haute résolution“. Paris, ENST, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ENST0010.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGong, Xin. „Gestion de patrimoine immobilier et transition numérique : modélisation des flux de données et mesure des impacts du BIM“. Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSET005.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe phase of Facility Management (FM) accounts for 75% of the total cost of a building over its entire life cycle. While nowadays new construction can benefit from many services resulting from the digital transition and particularly BIM (Building Information Modeling), the integration of such services in the FM is still problematic. And because of the offer of tools still confidential, it is in lack of practical feedback and therefore objective evaluations, and the lack of measurement tools of impacts of this digital transition on FM. Not to mention the digital transition with BIM on existing buildings considering the break in data flows between design-construction and FM. The present thesis aims to propose a tool for quantifying the effects of the introduction of BIM in the FM strategy of real estate asset managers, based on the modeling of data flows according to a system development lifecycle V-Model. First, the needs of the managers were identified and formalized from real situations; the information needed for modeling was obtained from data collection, interviews and observations in situ. The organizational structure and operation of the managers were then translated into a schematic modeling ordering the real estate asset management activities, the functional relationships between entities, the work processes. This structuring led to the construction of a multiple-criteria metric based on KPI (Key Performance Indicator), exploiting in three indices of importance, competence and performance. The resulting MIB (Measurement of Impacts of BIM) model uses data from two real case studies to establish the current diagnosis and evaluate the impacts of the digital transition. Following the estimated impacts, optimization solutions are identified to guide managers in their transition strategy
Bennis, Abdelhamid. „Contribution à la reconstruction 3D de bâtiments à partir de nuage de points de scanner laser terrestre“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0139.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe renovation and the improvement of the energy efficiency of existing housing stock is one of big challenges identified for coming decades. In front of this imperative, timber based elements for building renovation are more and more used due to their substantial improvement of the building insulation, aesthetic renewal and functional additions. However, this technology faces some difficulties, one of them is the improvement of the renovation projects automation, which is bound to the knowledge of the existing built geometry. The plans representing the existing state of the building are not always available, and if so, they may be not exact, because the modifications made on the building are usually undocumented. After a literature review of existing methods which are detailed the first chapter. The work within the framework of cooperation between the CRITTBois and CRAN have allowed to develop an automatic method for 3D building CAD model reconstruction from point clouds acquired by a terrestrial LASER scanner. The proposed method is composed of three main phases. The first one detailed in the second chapter, consists in segmenting the point cloud into planar patches representing the building facades. To decrease the segmentation algorithm complexity, the colorimetric information is also considered. The approach consists in making a colorimetric classification of the point cloud in a first step, then a geometrical segmentation of the point cloud using a robust segmentation algorithm (RANSAC). The third chapter presents the second phase of our approach consists in surface sampling steps modeling and boundary point extraction. Here, we consider a local threshold defined according to the approximated surface sampling steps. The aim of considering local threshold is to improve the reliability of the boundary point extraction algorithm and approximating the CAD model error. The last chapter presents the main three steps of the boundary model reconstruction method. The first step consists in classifying the regions defined by their boundary points into three types of regions: Irregularity Region (IR), Architectural Element Region (AER) as windows, and Facades Regions (FR) which represent the building facades defined by their outer boundaries. The second step consists in modeling these regions considering a Delaunay triangulation for the IR and a polyhedral model for the AER and the FR. The third step consists in making an approximation of the error in the model. The method reliability tests were conducted on real projects; they were performed by industrial construction and renovation professionals. The tests show that the quality of the 3D reconstruction remains strongly dependent to the acquisition factors and the scanned surface properties. Also, the approximation of the modeling error can predict in advance the errors on the CAD model
Bouabdallaoui, Yassine. „Introduction de l'intelligence artificielle dans le secteur de la construction : études de cas du Facility Management“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Centrale Lille Institut, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021CLIL0022.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe industry of Facility Management (FM) has known a rapid advancement through the last decades which leads to a largeexpansion of FM activities. The FM organisations have evolved from the traditional role of providing maintenance services toinclude complex and interconnected activities involving people, processes and technologies. As a consequence of thisexponential growth, facility managers are dealing with growing and varied challenges ranging from energy efficiency andenvironmental challenges to service customisation and customer satisfaction. The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI)is offering academics and practitioners a new set of tools to address these challenges. AI is enabling multiple solutions suchas automation, improving predictability and forecasting and offering services customisation. The Facility Managementindustry can benefit from these new techniques to better manage their assets and improve their processes. However, theintegration of AI into the FM ecosystem is a challenging task that needs to overcome the gap between the business driversand the AI. To unlock the full potential of data analytics and AI in the FM industry, significant work is needed to overcomethe issues of data quality and data management in the FM sector. The overall aim of this thesis is to conceptualise thetheoretical and practical understanding and implementation of artificial intelligence and data-driven technologies into FacilityManagement activities to leverage data and optimise facilities usage. Promises of AI implementations were presented alongwith the challenges and the barriers limiting the development of AI in the FM sector. To resolve these issues, a frameworkwas proposed to improve data management and leverage AI in FM. Multiple case studies were selected to address thisframework. The selected case studies covered predictive maintenance, virtual assistant and natural language processingapplications. The results of this work demonstrated the potential of AI to address FM challenges such in maintenancemanagement and waste management. However, multiple barriers limiting the development of AI in the FM sector wereidentified including data availability issues
Gimenez, Lucile. „Outils numériques pour la reconstruction et l'analyse sémantique de représentations graphiques de bâtiments“. Thesis, Paris 8, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA080047.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMany buildings have to undergo major renovation to comply with regulations and environmental challenges. The BIM (Building Information Modeling) helps designers to make better-informed decisions, and results in more optimal energy-efficient designs. Such advanced design approaches require 3D digital models. However such models are not available for existing buildings. The aim of our work is to develop a method to generate 3D building models from existing buildings at low cost and in a reasonable time. We have chosen to work with 2D scanned plans. We assume that it is possible to find a paper plan for most buildings even if it is not always up-to-date and if the recognition quality is also dependent to the plan. The automatic reconstruction of a BIM from a paper plan is based on the extraction and identification of 3 main components: geometry (element shape), topology (links between elements) and semantics (object properties). During this process, some errors are generated which cannot be automatically corrected. This is why, we propose a novel approach based on punctual and guided human interventions to automatically identify and propose correction choices to the user to avoid error propagation.We describe the developed methodology to convert semi-automatically a 2D scanned plan into a BIM. A result analysis is done on 90 images. The following works is focused on the process genericity to test its robustness, the challenge of moving to scale and the multi-level management. The results highlight the pertinence of the error classification, identification and choices made to the user. The process is flexible in order to be completed by others data sources
Hadj, Said Yanis. „Prise en compte de la complexité de modélisation dans la gestion énergétique des bâtiments“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAT121/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEnergy management for building has become a major issue this last decade because of its energy impact. Building energy management reduces energy wastes and enable a better matching between energy needs and grid capabilities. Different types of energy management systems are proposed in scientific literature, most of them with anticipation capacities.The first results do not really consider the complexity issue coming from the number of modeling elements and also coming from the diversity of energy management applications.This thesis proposes elements of solution to the complexity problem. The work started by analyzing the energy management system 'GHomeTech' and its adaptation to the complex building prototype CANOPEA. The issue of composition from elementary models is explored. A solution is proposed; it enables the reusability of elementary models. Aggregation and transformation into mixed integer linear programming optimization models is presented. The resulting tool has been validated on the CANOPEA project.Energy management is not limited to MILP optimization. Different types of applications are also used to provide other services: parametric estimation models to simplify the configuration of energy management systems, simulation for validation and prediction depending on pre-defined scenarios for example. This other dimension of complexity is discussed in a second part of the manuscript. Solutions for automatic rewriting of models are detailed. It relies on symbolic manipulations in different types of processing. Several examples of applications illustrating the automatic generation of models are presented
Brédif, Mathieu. „Modélisation 3D de bâtiments : reconstruction automatique de superstructures de toits et recalage cinétique de toits polyédriques prenant en compte la topologie“. Phd thesis, Paris, Télécom ParisTech, 2010. https://pastel.hal.science/pastel-00006232.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThere is nowadays a growing demand for increasingly more accurate 3D city models. Whereas recent works have lead to the robust generation of polyhedral building models, they do not model roof superstructures such as chimneys or dormer windows, and may feature large geometric and topological errors. We propose an approach to refine geometrically and semantically a superstructure-less approximate building model, using a Digital Surface Model (DSM). This iterative approach alternates between superstructure reconstructions and geometric fitting of the main roof planes. Superstructure detection and reconstruction are based on a library of parametric superstructure models. A set of disjoint superstructures is searched to explain the height differences between the DSM and the building model, reducing the search to a maximum weighted clique problem. The fitting step uses the previously detected superstructures to refine the main roof plane estimations. It corrects both geometric simplifications such as an erroneous roof symmetry, and topological simplifications such as the merging of close vertices of the polyhedral building model. The proposed representation of the building geometry uses the planes supporting each polyhedral facet, which is more intuitive in this context than the usual representation using the vertex locations. We introduce the trihedralization problem of splitting vertices that become over-constrained after updating their adjacent facet supports into well-defined vertices at the intersection of 3 planes. We propose a novel kinetic data structure that prevents facet self-intersections throughout the iterative reestimation of their supporting planes
Brédif, Mathieu. „Modélisation 3D de bâtiments : reconstruction automatique de superstructures de toits et recalage cinétique de toits polyédriques prenant en compte la topologie“. Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00006232.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFrayssinet, Loïc. „Adapter les modèles de chauffage et climatisation des bâtiments en puissance à l'échelle du quartier“. Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEI071/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDistrict-scale building energy models are generally simplified to cope with a lack of data and to reduce computational cost. However, the impacts of these simplifications on model accuracy are not systematically studied, particularly when considering power demand. The present manuscript introduces a methodology to determine the suitability of any simplifications, notably those at the district scale, and considering the power demand. This methodology was applied to usual simplifications of the building envelope model thanks to a specific platform developed in the frame of this thesis. This platform enables automatically generating and simulating building energy models with different modelling levels of detail from geographical information systems. The parallelisation of the building energy simulations was notably implemented at the district scale in order to benefit from the model structure and to efficiently reduce the computational duration. The definition of indicators related to specific simulation objectives appears to be a necessary step when focusing on power demand. The results show a higher sensitivity to simplifications of the power demand than the annual energy consumption. These effects are quantified and physically analysed. The district-scale ability to attenuate the impacts of simplifications and to integrate statistical sources of data were demonstrated. The resulting quantification of the impacts of the simplifications made it possible to guide the adaptations of models to the simulation objectives and to the technical constraints. Such contribution aims to increase the efficiency and to favour the development of city-scale energy simulations, which are particularly needed to cope with future challenges
Astorga, Nino Ariana. „Surveillance sismique des structures : caractérisation de la réponse des bâtiments en analysant l'élasticité non linéaire et la dynamique lente“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU021/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMonitoring structural response is fundamental for evaluating the performance of buildings and reducing losses during future earthquakes. One practical way to detect changes in structural behavior is analyzing variations of elastic properties during dynamic excitations. Here we show that variations in the fundamental frequency of buildings during (weak -to- strong) earthquakes might be explained by nonlinear elastic processes carried out within the structural material, which affect the global macroscopic structural behavior. These nonlinear elastic processes are responsible for both transitory and permanent structural softening, and might explain the intriguing recovery effects observed in the fundamental frequency of buildings following seismic events. This study bridges the gap between microscale laboratory experiments and macroscale seismological observations, where nonlinear elasticity is also observed. In the first part of this study, a new seismic database of building responses is presented: thousands strong motion recordings and several buildings from Japan and US were processed, providing useful tools for the earthquake engineering community, notably for the empirical prediction of structural response as a function of several ground motion intensity measures. Examples of uncertainties associated to damage prediction are presented, as well as the vulnerability assessment of a building throughout fragility curves. Next, the seismic database is used to analyze nonlinear elastic signatures in buildings, particularly the slow dynamics or relaxation effects. Variations of resonant frequencies are monitored at both short and long-term, estimating the contribution of soil in the response of the system soil-structure. Different levels of damage are inferred according to loading amplitudes and structural states. Some laboratory-based models of relaxation are adapted to the building data in order to infer crack-density and heterogeneities over time, making comparisons between structural states before and after large excitations such as the Mw 9 Tohoku earthquake. Conditioning effects are observed during the backbone recovery of aftershocks sequences. The results are extended to different building typologies, analyzing the influence of structural material and loading features, notably strain-rates. Finally, some general conclusions are presented, together with a perspective work using machine learning to predict building response based on nonlinear elastic signatures
Calero, Pastor Maria. „Méthode simplifiée d'évaluation de la performance énergétique utilisable en conception et alimentée par des données issues de politiques publiques de produit : application aux systèmes de chauffage de bâtiments“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI015/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEnvironmental performances of products largely influence performances of systems. Moreover, systems have still an untapped energy-saving potential concerning environmental performances at system level rather than at the level of the individual products of which they are composed.The objective of this work is to propose an approach to deal with energy performance assessments at system level considering information/data from European product policies (Ecodesign, Energy Labels, Green Public Procurement and EU Ecolabel). The hypothesis here is that environmental product policies, that have been very useful in facilitating a homogeneous rating scheme in the EU market for individual products, can also be advantageously used in a method to assess the energy performance of systems.This research work proposes a simplified method for supporting the design of good performing heating systems using data from EU product policies, which is available during the design stage. Firstly, a system modelling with a top-down approach is used so that system aspects (geographical conditions, building characteristics, etc.) are regarded. Secondly, the system energy performance is calculated from a bottom-up approach so that, from the performance of the products and sub-systems composing the system. The method has 5 steps divided in two main phases: diagnostic of the initial system and improvement. The method is supported by an original calculation tool which determines the energy parameters (energy demand, energy losses, energy consumption and low-emission energy efficiency) at system level using performance figures from EU product policies. It helps assessing how good a heating system is by setting worst, benchmark and best possible systems. The method is flexible, and allows different product configurations to be assessed and can hence support the design activities of heating systems.The method is tested on a real case study, the re-design of existing heating systems of a dwelling in north Italy, including a solar hot water system and a space heating system. The case study demonstrates the potential of improvement of the heating systems based on the results produced by the method, by helping selecting products currently available in the market. In addition, based on the assessment, several improved design alternatives can be proposed combining different performances of the products which compose the heating systems.The dissertation also analyses the evolution of the different approaches of EU product policies (product, extended product and system). In particular, the package concept set in the energy labelling regulations of heating systems is studied in detail. The package label of Regulation 811/2013 is implemented on the same prior case study so that results can be compared with the ones of previous sections. It is shown that the package concept can also support decisions made in the building design phase especially in the choice of appropriate components based on estimation of system performances. In addition, the peer-reviewed paper analyses the link of building-related product policies with the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, and it is concluded that they should be somehow better aligned
Poulain, Vincent. „Fusion d'images optique et radar à haute résolution pour la mise à jour de bases de données cartographiques“. Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPT0093/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work takes place in the framework of high resolution remote sensing image analysis. It focuses on the issue of cartographic database creation or updating with optical and SAR images. The goal of this work is to build a generic processing chain to update or create a cartographic database representing roads and buildings in built-up areas. According to available data, various scenarios are foreseen. The proposed processing chain is composed of two steps. First, if a database is available, the presence of each database object is checked in the images. The second step consist of looking for new objects that should be included in the database. To determine if an object should be present in the updated database, relevant features are extracted from images in the neighborhood of the considered object. Those features are based on caracteristics of roads and buildings in SAR and optical images. The object removal/inclusion in the DB is based on a score obtained by the fusion of features in the framework of the Dempster-Shafer evidence theory. Results highlight the interest of multi sensor fusion. Moreover the chosen framework allows the easy integration of new features in the processing chain
Diallo, Thierno Mamadou Oury. „Impact des polluants gazeux du sol sur la qualité de l'air intérieur des bâtiments“. Thesis, La Rochelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LAROS416/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTransfer of soil gas pollutants (Radon, VOC) into buildings can cause significant health risks. However, analytical models used today to estimate health risks associated with these pollutants contain many uncertainties which can lead to poor risk assessment. Initially, the main objective of this thesis is to contribute to the improvement of these models for risk assessment. Secondly, we propose the development of air flow model for passive Sub slab Depressurization Systems (SDS) design used to protect buildings. The improvement of models focused on the inclusion of the main phenomena of convection and diffusion at building/soil interface, taking into account different types of building substructures. The first improvement concerns the assessment of convection phenomenon through the development of analytical models to quantify air flow rates entering through many kinds of building substructures: floating slab, bearing slab, crawl space and basement. Buildings with buried walls and substructures with a sub slab gravel layer are also treated. A methodology taking into account the presence of cracks, holes and singular leakages of the slab is also proposed. The second improvement of the models is the inclusion of coupled transfer of convection and diffusion near foundations. A numerical study allowed a better understanding of the behavior of pollutants at soil / building interface. Based on this understanding, semi-empirical laws for estimating soil gas pollutants entry rate into buildings are proposed. The various models developed have been validated numerically using a CFD model and experimentally with data from the literature when available. The impact of building substructure on pollutant transfer has been highlighted. A first application of the model is illustrated by their integration into a multizone simulation code to study the impact of these transfers on indoor air quality. Finally, the work ends with the development of a model for designing passive sub slab depressurization systems. The design model developed is validated with in situ experimental data. Preliminary applications using this model focused at first on the impact of meteorological conditions (stack effect, wind) on the sub slab system running. At second, the impact of ventilation strategies on sub slab depressurization performance is studied. Thus, we see the potential interest of this model to test the effective running of passive sub slab depressurization systems in given configuration
Viot, Hugo. „Modélisation et instrumentation d'un bâtiment et de ses systèmes pour optimiser sa gestion énergétique“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0349/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe building sector is forced to reduce its energy consumption in a context of high energy prices and global warming. Proper control of building energy systems can be an important lever to move towards this goal. The main goal of this work is to obtain small size buildings models in order to use it in a controller to improve energy management. The inputs of these models are fed in real-time with available measurements on site. A demonstration building at the IUT Civil Engineering and Sustainable Construction of Bordeaux serves as experimental support for the project. This work consists of four parts. The first one is to make lightweight models based on the electrical analogy and state-space representation to describe the dynamics of the building on upcoming days. The second part concerns the instrumentation of the building because short measurement campaigns are carried out to identify the model parameter values to minimize the gap between model output and measurement. Some sensors are then used for energy management of the building; thus this work also raise the question of the minimum set of sensors. The third address the characterization of the systems used to control air temperature. For an optimal control logic we must be able to link the effect of the command on the interest variable (air temperature). The demonstration building includes two heating systems : floor heating system (FHS) and fan coil units (FC). A dual flow air handling unit (AHU) is used for air renewal. The last part concerns energy management with the use of a predictive controller boarding one of the identified models. This project intends to anticipate the control of long time response capacitive systems as floor heating through knowledge of future disturbances on a prediction horizon of a few hours (occupation, weather). A reactive control is ensured by the fan coil units. Predictive management is compared to more conventional management strategies in simulation and on-site with the demonstrator building. The originality of this work is to propose a method for the establishment of a full control loop (controller/sensor/actuator) and demonstrate an interest in the predictive management of long response time systems in the building sector
Bennis, Abdelhamid. „Contribution à la reconstruction 3D de bâtiments à partir de nuage de points de scanner laser terrestre“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0139/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe renovation and the improvement of the energy efficiency of existing housing stock is one of big challenges identified for coming decades. In front of this imperative, timber based elements for building renovation are more and more used due to their substantial improvement of the building insulation, aesthetic renewal and functional additions. However, this technology faces some difficulties, one of them is the improvement of the renovation projects automation, which is bound to the knowledge of the existing built geometry. The plans representing the existing state of the building are not always available, and if so, they may be not exact, because the modifications made on the building are usually undocumented. After a literature review of existing methods which are detailed the first chapter. The work within the framework of cooperation between the CRITTBois and CRAN have allowed to develop an automatic method for 3D building CAD model reconstruction from point clouds acquired by a terrestrial LASER scanner. The proposed method is composed of three main phases. The first one detailed in the second chapter, consists in segmenting the point cloud into planar patches representing the building facades. To decrease the segmentation algorithm complexity, the colorimetric information is also considered. The approach consists in making a colorimetric classification of the point cloud in a first step, then a geometrical segmentation of the point cloud using a robust segmentation algorithm (RANSAC). The third chapter presents the second phase of our approach consists in surface sampling steps modeling and boundary point extraction. Here, we consider a local threshold defined according to the approximated surface sampling steps. The aim of considering local threshold is to improve the reliability of the boundary point extraction algorithm and approximating the CAD model error. The last chapter presents the main three steps of the boundary model reconstruction method. The first step consists in classifying the regions defined by their boundary points into three types of regions: Irregularity Region (IR), Architectural Element Region (AER) as windows, and Facades Regions (FR) which represent the building facades defined by their outer boundaries. The second step consists in modeling these regions considering a Delaunay triangulation for the IR and a polyhedral model for the AER and the FR. The third step consists in making an approximation of the error in the model. The method reliability tests were conducted on real projects; they were performed by industrial construction and renovation professionals. The tests show that the quality of the 3D reconstruction remains strongly dependent to the acquisition factors and the scanned surface properties. Also, the approximation of the modeling error can predict in advance the errors on the CAD model
Bertin, Ingrid. „Conception des bâtiments assurant leur réversibilité, leur déconstruction et leur réemploi, méthodologie de suivi et évaluation environnementale sur les cycles de vie“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC1041.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn a context of strong environmental pressure in which the construction sector has the greatestimpact, the reuse of the load-bearing elements is the most promising as it significantly avoidswaste production, preserves natural resources and reduces greenhouse gas emissions by cuttingdown on embodied energy.This thesis consequently covers three main areas of research:1. Improvement of structural design through expedient typologies by defining the DfReu(Design for Reuse) in order to anticipate the use of load-bearing elements (vertical andhorizontal), that can be dismantled and reused at the end of their service life to extendtheir lifespan, ultimately increasing the stock of available elements for reuse.2. Development of a methodology for the implementation of a reinforced and long-lastingtraceability centered on a materials bank with the use of BIM in order to secure all thecharacteristics, in particular physico-mechanical, of the load-bearing elements and tofacilitate the reuse processes as well as the commitment of a new responsibility for thereuse engineer.3. Identification of the key parameters influencing the environmental impacts of reuse anddevelopment of sensitivity study, allowing a better comprehension of the consequencesof this process and its consideration in design to support to decision making.An experiment based on reinforced concrete demonstration portals frames has enabledcorroboration of these three lines of research by generating missing data in literature. Thispractical analysis of column-beam assembly has generated technical data on the structuralbehavior after reuse, but also environmental data for implementation and deconstruction.This research offers subsequently a methodology based on a chain of tools to enable engineersto design reversible construction assemblies within a reusable structure, to secure the necessaryinformation in the BIM model coupled with physical traceability, to build a bank of materials andto enhance design through a stock of load-bearing elements. The study thus distinguishes"design with a stock" which aims to combine as many available elements as possible, from"design from a stock" which leads to the reuse of 100% of the elements and thus presents a newparadigm for the designer.At the same time, the environmental impacts of the reuse process are studied using a life cycleassessment (LCA). A sensitivity study, based among other things on the number of uses and thelifespan, in comparison to equivalent new constructions, provides a better understanding of theareas of interest of the DfReu. Consideration of criteria specific to the circular economy inbuildings completes the definition of reuse criteria. In the end, environmental studies establishunder which conditions reuse reduces the impact of a building and identify the key parameters.The results obtained are primarily intended for structural engineers but more broadly fordesigners part of the project management: architects, engineers and environmental designoffices, in order to offer and encourage the study of variants anticipating the reusability of newlydesigned buildings. By extension, the results can also be used in projects involving existingbuildings
Dugué, Antoine. „Caractérisation et valorisation de protections solaires pour la conception de bâtiments : analyse expérimentale et propositions de modélisations“. Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00958676.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleArnal, Etienne. „Modélisation et commande hiérarchisées du bâtiment pour l'amélioration des performances énergétiques, thermiques et optiques“. Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00873975.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMadelenat, Jill. „La consommation énergétique du secteur tertiaire marchand : le cas de la France avec données d’enquête à plan de sondage complexe“. Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100183/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis deals with energy consumption in the French tertiary buildings. We adopt an empirical approach based on a French national survey, the Tertiary Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (l’Enquête sur les Consommations d’Énergie dans le Tertiaire (ECET)). From a literature review, we present the econometric analyses of the drivers of energy consumption in buildings (residential and tertiary). This review highlights the coexistence of two estimation methods. We discuss these methods, and then we detail consensus and debates on the effects of every driver that has already been analyzed in the literature. Because the data we use are complex sample survey data, we describe the statistical tools that must be used to analyze this type of data, and next present the still controversial issue of econometric modeling based on survey data. Then we use our database to produce a first statistical description of energy consumption in tertiary buildings. This description is based on a nomenclature that we establish to obtain information at the subsector level. Finally, we use all the methods and approaches identified previously to study the drivers of the tertiary buildings’ energy demand by implementing an econometric analysis on the ECET data. This lead to a double analysis of our results, both as elements of knowledge on the impact of each driver on energy consumption and as materials that help to compare the different methods to use