Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Donald 1946-“

The Formative in the northern AndesThe northern Andean regions, encompassing northernmost Peru, all of Ecuador and the southern provinces of Colombia, remain archaeologically very poorly known. Although the past 30 years have witnessed an increasing number of archaeological projects in coastal zones, especially the Santa Elena Peninsula, work in the highlands outside of the greater Quito commute zone has lagged sadly behind. Southern Ecuador, in particular, has had little investigation since earlier this century when first Max Uhle, then Donald Collier, John Murra and, finally, Wendell Bennett, demonstrated the existence of ‘Formative’ cultures in Ecuador through their investigations at sites along the Tomebamba and Paute rivers of Azuay province and at Cerro Narrío, just to the north in the Cañar Valley (Uhle 1922; Collier & Murra 1943; Bennett 1946; FIGURE 1).

Forfatteren har ikke nytt noen særlig respekt de siste femti årene. Allerede i 1946 slo W. K. Wimsatt og Monroe C. Beardsley fast at forfatterintensjonen ikke hadde noe å si for det litterære verkets mening, og i 1968 kunngjorde Roland Barthes at forfatteren var død. Dette må man imidlertid ha lov til å tvile på. Her vil jeg først kort drøfte hva slags motiv Barthes og andre kan ha hatt for å kvitte seg med forfatteren som en faktor i tolkningsprosessen. Så vil jeg foreslå at det kan være nyttig å igjen la forfatteren delta i den samtalen vi fører for å komme fram til meningen i en litterær tekst. Her kommer Donald Davidsons trianguleringsbegrep til å spille hovedrollen, særlig slik det legges fram i hans essay "Three Varieties of Knowledge." Så vil jeg kort analysere to scener fra henholdsvis Arne Garborgs romaner Bondestudentar (1883) og Mannfolk (1886), for å prøve å vise at en tolkning kan bli en mer nøyaktig beskrivelse av leseprosessen, og følgelig mer objektiv, dersom vi tar forfatteren med på råd. Til slutt vil jeg vise at en slik intersubjektiv måte å tolke litterære tekster på er et attraktivt alternativ til en litteraturkritikk som baserer seg på skeptisisme overfor verden eller andre sinn.

Iniciamos este trabalho questionando o porquê de o conceito de intuição não fazer parte da metapsicologia de Freud. Após pesquisa, a autora coloca como hipótese de que Freud, preocupado em tornar a psicanálise numa ciência credível e diferente de todas as outras, não formulou o conceito, na época utilizado e aprofundado pelos filósofos. Com Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), surge a psicanálise como um método de tratamento psíquico e de investigação do inconsciente. Para Freud, os sonhos são a via real de acesso ao inconsciente. Posteriormente, Melanie Klein (1946) introduz o conceito de identificação projetiva e Donald Winnicott (1956) descreve a relação analítica à semelhança da relação mãe/bebé. Wilfred Bion (1962), integrando as teorias de Klein e Winnicott, descreve o conceito de rêverie, e a psicanálise integra a noção de intersubjetividade. André Green (1989) descreve o conceito de tiercéité, que é posteriormente desenvolvido por Thomas Ogden (1994), ao designar o terceiro analítico, ilustrando como na relação analítica analista e analisando são modificados pela experiência conjunta da díade. Nesta perspetiva, a autora considera a intuição do psicanalista um mecanismo inconsciente, resultado da intersubjetividade na díade, e que atualmente faz sentido estar integrado no Dicionário de Psicanálise.

The aim of this article is to shed light on the phenomenon of «special relations» between the United States of America and Great Britain. Despite the fact that the topic gained considerable attention in the academic literature and the term «special relations» is applied to different states and regions, it is necessary to understand its origins. The purpose of the article is to investigate the phenomenon of American-British relations, to analyze the historical and political view of the problem, and to formulate the characteristics of the relations between the United States and the United Kingdom. Chronological limits are determined by the first mention of the term in 1946 and the presidential term of D.Trump, who managed the office in 2017–2021. Methodology of the article. Hypotheses were tested through historiographical analysis and the historical-comparative method were used to analyze published studies on the history of «special relations». The scientific novelty of the study consists in determining the peculiarities of relations between the United States and Great Britain during the tenure of Donald Trump. Therefore, the «special relationship» is a unique historically formed complex of interaction between the USA and Great Britain, which is manifested in various spheres of public life: political (to have an opportunity for better implementation of their own foreign policy), military (the USA and the United Kingdom have an unprecedented level of mutual trust and cooperation in the field of intelligence and nuclear programs), cultural (the historical memory of both nations makes American and British society sensitive to the problems of their «English-speaking neighbours»). We consider it necessary to highlight the following features of American-British relations:the long-term historical interaction that brought the two nations closer together and laid the foundation for relations between the United States and Great Britain; the common ideology of liberalism; cooperation provides an opportunity to better implement one’s own foreign policy; close relations between political figures of states; relations are characterized by periodic «approaching and distancing», which create new challenges for the allies. Each of these features is traced in the relations between the USA and Great Britain and during the administration of Donald Trump. Both states faced a number of challenges in international politics, due to the crisis state of the modern system of international relations. The governments of the United States and the United Kingdom have demonstrated the ability to compromise in critical situations, that proves the uniqueness of such an alliance.

LANGER, Susanne Katherina. The Lord of Creation. Fortune Magazine, v. 30. P. 127-154. 1994.2 O senhor da Criação Resumo: Neste artigo, publicado pela revista Fortune em 1944, a filósofa estadunidense Susanne K. Langer retoma temas fundamentais de sua obra mais célebre, Filosofia em nova chave, cuja primeira edição data de 1942. Em linguagem acessível destinada a público não especializado, a autora sintetiza sua concepção antropológica, visitando questões como a especificidade de nossa mentalidade; a distinção entre os signos e os símbolos, assim como entre as esferas do real e do possível; a transformação simbólica; a essência da linguagem; a relevância de formas articuladas não discursivas para a expressão e a cognição humanas; a conexão entre a razão e a loucura. Para além de uma mera síntese, Langer relaciona, de modo sagaz e oportuno, tais aspectos ao período de guerra no qual escreveu este artigo, ao observar, como sintoma da crise cultural de então, a perda de referências simbólicas e a substituição dos antigos símbolos (míticos e religiosos) por aquele do nacionalismo. Palavras-chave: expressão; signo; símbolo; linguagem; crise da cultura The Lord of Creation Abstract: The American philosopher Susanne K. Langer reviews, in this article, published by Fortune Magazine in 1944, some fundamental themes of her most renowned work, Philosophy in a New Key, firstly edited in 1942. The author sums up her anthropological conception, through an accessible language intended to a general public, examining topics such as the specific trait of our mentality; the distinction between signs and symbols, as well as between the domains of the real and the possible; symbolic transformation; the essence of language; the importance of non-discursive articulate forms for human expression and cognition; the relationship between reason and lunacy. In addition to that synthesis, Langer relates those aspects, in an insightful and opportune way, to the war period when this article was written, observing, as a symptom of the cultural crisis of that time, the loss of symbolic references and the substitution of the old symbols (mythical and religious) for the one of nationalism. Keywords: expression; sign; symbol; language; crisis of culture El Señor de la Creación Resumen: En este artículo, publicado por la revista Fortune en 1944, la filósofa estadounidense Susanne K. Langer reanuda temas fundamentales de su más célebre obra, Nueva clave de la filosofía, cuya primera edición data de 1942. Por medio de un lenguaje accesible destinado a un público no especializado, la autora sintetiza su concepción antropológica, examinando cuestiones como la especificidad de nuestra mentalidad; la distinción entre los signos y los símbolos, así como entre los campos de lo real y de lo posible; la transformación simbólica; la esencia del lenguaje; el importante rol de las formas articuladas no discursivas para la expresión y la cognición humanas; la conexión entre razón y locura. Más que una mera síntesis, Langer relaciona esos aspectos de modo agudo y oportuno, al período de guerra en el cual escribió este artículo, al observar, como síntoma de la crisis cultural de entonces, la pérdida de referencias simbólicas y la sustitución de los antiguos símbolos (míticos y religiosos) por aquel del nacionalismo. Palabras clave: expresión; signo; símbolo; lenguaje; crisis de la cultura Data de registro: 28/10/2022 Data de aceite: 01/02/2023 2 Susanne Katherina Knauth nasceu em 20 de dezembro de 1895, na cidade de Nova Iorque, de pais imigrantes alemães, que cultivavam forte apreço pela música e pela literatura. Tal herança familiar se fez notar, desde cedo, em Susanne, que, em sua infância e adolescência, interessou-se pelo estudo do piano, assim como pela escrita e pela ilustração de poemas e contos. Também revelou seu genuíno interesse pela filosofia ainda menina, quando leu, aos doze anos de idade, a Crítica da razão pura, de Kant, no original alemão. Em 1916, ingressou, como aluna de Filosofia, no Radcliffe College, instituição de ensino superior destinada a moças da elite, cujo corpo docente era constituído por professores da Universidade de Harvard, numa época em que essa universidade atendia exclusivamente estudantes do gênero masculino. Paralelamente aos estudos acadêmicos, teve aulas de violoncelo, teoria e composição musical. Graduou-se em Filosofia em 1920, tendo como orientador o lógico Henry Sheffer, que exerceria importante sobre suas concepções de lógica e de forma. Casou-se, em 1921, com o historiador William L. Langer, cujo sobrenome adotou e conservou, mesmo após seu divórcio, em 1942. Seguiu seus estudos de pós-graduação no Radcliffe College, com a dissertação de mestrado Eduard von Hartmann’s Notion of Unconscious Mind and its Metaphysical Implication (1924) e a tese de doutorado A Logical Analysis of Meaning (1926), esta sob a orientação de Alfred Whitehead. Tornou-se tutora de Filosofia no Radcliffe College, em 1927, e fundou, juntamente com C. I. Lewis, Alonzo Church, W. V. Quine, a Associação para Lógica Simbólica, em meados de 1930. Atuou, a partir de 1943, em cargos temporários como docente em diversas instituições de ensino nos EUA, até assumir o primeiro posto permanente num departamento de Filosofia (Connecticut College), em 1954. Recebeu o título de doutora honoris causa de diversas escolas e universidades, incluindo a Columbia University, e foi eleita, em 1960, para a Academia Americana de Artes e Ciências. Foi agraciada com dois fundos de pesquisa: o primeiro, da Fundação Rockefeller (1946-1950), que viabilizou a escrita de Sentimento e forma (1953), e o segundo, da Fundação Kaufmann (1957-1982), que, em sua terceira idade, permitiu-lhe desligar-se de modo definitivo da docência e dedicar-se com exclusividade à pesquisa e à preparação da trilogia Mind: an Essay on Human Feeling (1967, 1971 e 1982). Sua produção filosófica pode ser dividida em três fases: a primeira, que cobre as décadas de 1920 e 1930, focalizada na lógica e na epistemologia [The Practice of Philosophy (1930) e An Introduction to Symbolic Logic (1937)]; a segunda, que cobre as décadas de 1940 e 1950, focalizada na filosofia da ciência, da cultura e da arte, marcada por forte influência de Ernst Cassirer [Filosofia em nova chave: um estudo do simbolismo da razão, rito e arte (1942); Sentimento e forma e Problems of Art (1957)]; e a terceira, que abrange do início da década de 1960 ao início da década de 1980, dirigida à filosofia da mente, à questão do sentimento e à cognição incorporada, numa abordagem em rico diálogo com as ciências empíricas [Ensaios filosóficos (1961) e os três volumes de Mind]. Embora tenha se voltado a diferentes áreas de estudo, a autora destacou-se, sobretudo, por sua filosofia da arte, que despertou o interesse não só de teóricos, mas também de artistas. Seu livro mais conhecido, Filosofia em nova chave, no qual intuiu, a partir da música, uma possível significação para a arte em geral, obteve incomum sucesso para um título filosófico: estima-se que, somando todas as suas edições e traduções em dez idiomas, ele tenha vendido 560.000 exemplares. Fontes: CHAPLIN, Adrienne Dengerink. The Philosophy of Susanne Langer: Embodied Meaning in Logic, Art and Feeling. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020; DRYDEN, Donald. “Susanne K. Langer”. In: DEMATTEIS, Philip B. (ed.); McHENRY, Leemon B. (ed.). Dictionary of Literary Biography, v. 270: American Philosophers before 1950. Farmington Hills (Michigan): Gale Research, 2002. p. 189-199.

Is it possible to buy Greenland which is an overseas territory of the Kingdom of Denmark? The answer to this question is not simple. The question is not a joke. In the past, there was no shortage of ideas and attempts to buy Greenland. The customer in this transaction was the United States of America. It would not be the first territorial purchase made by the USA from the Kingdom of Denmark. During the First World War in 1917, the USA bought from Denmark the so-called Danish West Indies - which is part of today’s Virgin Islands. The US has considered buying the world’s largest island on several occasions. The first such plans appeared in the 19th century. In 1946, President Harry Truman unsuccessfully made an offer to Denmark to buy Greenland for 100 million dollars at that time. The administration of President Donald Trump also deliberates on this issue. The economic (and possibly military) activity of Russia and China forces the USA to be particularly interested in this island. America has military bases in Greenland and is bound by the 1951 treaty together with Denmark to defend it. The US must pursue an active policy in this region of the Arctic, preventing the American continent from being flanked from the east by competing (if not hostile) superpowers. In the opinion of lawyers, the prevailing opinion is that land purchases are a long practice established in history and well-established in international law. This practice, however, may be contrary to the will of the inhabitants of the lands being sold or purchased. In the case of Greenland, apart from issues related to broadly understood human rights, the degree of autonomy enjoyed by this island additionally prevents such transactions. The Greenlanders themselves strive for independence.

La question des formes narratives, de la représentation et de la lecture dans le roman anglais postmoderne s'inscrit dans une perspective qui vise à relier la pratique littéraire et artistique au contexte historique et culturel postmoderne de la fin du vingtième siècle. Ce contexte est caractérisé par un sentiment d'incertitude et de doute. En rapport avec ceci, l'étude est centrée sur les stratégies de déstabilisation de la représentation réaliste et des modes la construction du sens. En effet, le roman anglais postmoderne remet en question le sens commun qui constitue le fondement de l'écriture réaliste qu'elle soit histoire, biographie ou fiction. La principale stratégie consiste en l'introduction, parallèlement au récit réaliste, d'une version du principe d'incertitude et d'un discours interrogatif qui vise à désintégrer les notions communes et insoupçonnées du langage comme véhicule neutre, de la réalité et de la subjectivité comme étant saisissables et (re)présentables. La subversion des habitudes de lecture (et d'écriture) qui en résulte implique une problématisation des principes téléologiques qui déterminent nos rapports au texte et au monde
This thesis is concerned with questions of form, representation and the reading process in the English postmodern novel. The idea is to relate the postmodern novel of the last decades of the twentieth-century to a historical and cultural (post-industrial, postmodern and post-humanist) context characterized by a general feeling of uncertainty and doubt. Related to this is the study of the destabilizing strategies of realist representation and of the common modes of meaning-construction. In fact, postmodern English fiction calls into question the common sense basis of realistic writing be it historical, biographical or fictional. The principal strategy consist in introducing, parallel to a realistic narrative, a version of the uncertainty principle and an outward interrogative discourse that seeks to subvert familiar notions of language, reality and subjectivity. The resulting subversion of the reading (and writing) habits implies a problematizing of the teleological principles that determine our relationships with text and world

This thesis argues that Barthelme's major 1985 essay "Not-Knowing" contains within its title Barthelme's central artistic idea, and that not-knowing informs both the subject of his fiction and his philosophy of art. This study will be the first critical treatment of Barthelme that positions his work from beginning to end in terms of the dimensions of not-knowing that came out of his own reading in psychology, art theory, philosophy, religion, and education, offering coherent readings of content and suggesting the ways in which content relates to form. The Introduction explores the origins of Barthelme's ideas of not-knowing, paying special attention to the influence of Mallarmé, Joyce, and Beckett on Barthelme's first characterisations of not-knowing, creativity, and reception. The first chapter gives an in-depth reading of Come Back, Dr. Caligari (1964), Barthelme's first collection of stories. Though Barthelme had not yet begun to formally theorise his ideas of not-knowing, they were already latent in Come Back, Dr. Caligari's characterisation of psychological experience, specifically in relation to anxiety, boredom, and interpretation. The second chapter looks at the ways in which Harold Rosenberg’s theories of the visual arts, and especially collage, which Barthelme encountered while co-editing Location magazine with Rosenberg in the early 1960s, address form and not-knowing, and how Barthelme treats these issues in Unspeakable Practices, Unnatural Acts (1968), City Life (1970), The Slightly Irregular Fire Engine (1971), Sadness (1972), Guilty Pleasures (1974), and Amateurs (1976). The third chapter shows how Barthelme's university studies in 19th century philosophy, especially Kierkegaard in The Concept of Irony (1841) and Kierkegaard's treatment of Schlegel in that treatise, inform his concern with irony, both in theory and practice, in City Life (1970), Great Days (1979), and Overnight to Many Distant Cities (1983). Chapter Four argues that Kierkegaard's theories of education and religion in Either/Or (1843) and The Present Age (1846), as well as the contemporary incarnation of Dewey's ideas of progressive education, both had a profound influence on Barthelme's ideas about the way a society is educated into knowingness, the artist's aspiration toward not-knowing, and the validity of religion in the postmodern world. The conclusion to the thesis reexamines the Introduction's argument about literary influence through a brief reading of The Dead Father (1975). Barthelme is recognised as one of the most important American postmodernist writers, and yet there has been relatively little critical treatment of his oeuvre. The major books that address Barthelme's work, which include Jerome Klinkowitz's Literary Disruptions: The Making of a Post-Contemporary American Fiction (1975) and Donald Barthelme: An Exhibition (1991), as well as Alan Wilde's Horizons of Assent (1981) and Stanley Trachtenberg's Understanding Donald Barthelme (1990), belong to a two-decade span of classifying writers such as Barthelme, Thomas Pynchon, Robert Coover, and John Barth using a limited set of ideas about postmodernism that were interesting as theory at the time, but did little to explore the actual literary, philosophical, and aesthetic content and contexts of these writers' works (with the possible exception of Pynchon). This thesis aims to rescue Barthelme from now-hackneyed ways of talking about postmodernism, which include lumping various aesthetic techniques under the rubric of "metafiction," claiming that the era's sole interest is in surface at the expense of depth, and that the dependence upon clichés is a deliberate expression of artistic exhaustion.

La notion d’idéologie figure parmi les principaux facteurs qui ont un impact sur l’esprit des traducteurs lors de la production du texte cible. L’analyse critique du discours (ACD) est souvent utilisée pour analyser le discours politique afin de découvrir l’idéologie de l’orateur. En adoptant l’analyse critique du discours et en mettant particulièrement l’accent sur le cadre théorique de Hatim et Mason (1990, 1991, 1997), la présente étude a pour objectif de révéler la relation entre la langue et l’idéologie impliquées dans la traduction, de découvrir les hypothèses idéologiques sous-jacentes dans les textes source et cible, et de déterminer si les idéologies des traducteurs sont imposées ou non dans leurs traductions. Pour ce faire, nous analyserons la traduction en persan du discours du président Trump lors de son retrait de l’accord nucléaire iranien. Afin d’indiquer les orientations idéologiques du traducteur, l’étude s’est principalement concentrée sur deux caractéristiques textuelles, à savoir la transitivité et la lexicalisation. Mots-clés : traduction, idéologie, analyse critique du discours, discours politique.
La notion d’idéologie figure parmi les principaux facteurs qui ont un impact sur l’esprit des traducteurs lors de la production du texte cible. L’analyse critique du discours (ACD) est souvent utilisée pour analyser le discours politique afin de découvrir l’idéologie de l’orateur. En adoptant l’analyse critique du discours et en mettant particulièrement l’accent sur le cadre théorique de Hatim et Mason (1990, 1991, 1997), la présente étude a pour objectif de révéler la relation entre la langue et l’idéologie impliquées dans la traduction, de découvrir les hypothèses idéologiques sous-jacentes dans les textes source et cible, et de déterminer si les idéologies des traducteurs sont imposées ou non dans leurs traductions. Pour ce faire, nous analyserons la traduction en persan du discours du président Trump lors de son retrait de l’accord nucléaire iranien. Afin d’indiquer les orientations idéologiques du traducteur, l’étude s’est principalement concentrée sur deux caractéristiques textuelles, à savoir la transitivité et la lexicalisation. Mots-clés : traduction, idéologie, analyse critique du discours, discours politique.

This study asks whether and how the presidential inaugural address influences American audiences. The current study explores how the 2017 Presidential Inaugural Address of Donald Trump influences audiences. Two areas were studied: Candidate image and the state of the nation. I hypothesized that participants who watched the address would have different attitudes regarding candidate image and the state of the nation compared to non-viewers. I also hypothesized that viewers of the address who voted for Donald Trump would respond differently to candidate image and the state of the nation when compared with those who did not vote for Trump. With one exception, none of the findings was significant. That is, attitudes of inaugural address viewers and non-viewers were similar, and attitudes of those who voted for the president and those who did not vote for the president were also similar. The exception was noted between those who voted for the candidate and oppositional voters: Those who voted for Donald Trump reported the nation is headed "in the right direction" while dissenters disagreed.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Humanas, 2009.
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A presente pesquisa é resultado de um estudo sobre 10 produções animadas do início da década de 1940, dos estúdios Walt Disney. Protagonizadas pelo personagem Pato Donald, verifica-se nelas as mais diversas formas de representações traçadas pelos estúdios a respeito da Segunda Guerra Mundial e de alguns de seus atores: os Estados Unidos da América e seus inimigos. Pela análise de diálogos, de letras de músicas, das interações entre as personagens das tramas, tenta-se enxergar a construção da imagem do inimigo (os países do Eixo) e de si (EUA); também, a possível construção de uma memória sobre eles (Alemanha, Estados Unidos, Japão...) que hoje se faz presente. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
This research is the result of a study of 10 Walt Disney‘s animated productions of the early 1940.With Donald Duck, the Disney Studios drawn forms of representations on the Second World War and some of its actors: the United States and its enemies. For the analysis of the dialogues, the lyrics, the interactions between the characters of the frame, one tries to see the construction of the image of the enemy (the countries of the Axis) and the construction of the self image (USA). It is also tried to see the possible construction of a memory on them (Germany, United States, Japan ...) that is present today.

Combining analyses of primary documents housed at American, Russian and Czech archives, and employing industrial analysis, market analysis, and analytical tools developed in reception studies, this thesis examines Hollywood's post-war operations in Eastern Europe, the strategies that were employed to advance them, and the responses of the indigenous film industries of Eastern Europe to them. While scholars examining Hollywood's post-war international activities have focused on western European markets, arguing that they were of supreme importance to Hollywood, this thesis shows that Eastern Europe was also central to Hollywood's post-war economic agenda. The major Hollywood studios, I argue, were, as early as 1944, drawing up highly ambitious plans to become the dominant player on Eastern European markets, including the Soviet market, and were working to prevent the Soviet film industry from expanding into Western Europe. Sitting at the border of East and West, the small country of Czechoslovakia played a key role in what this thesis calls Hollywood's Soviet Sphere Project. By revealing the extent to which expansion into Eastern Europe was central to Hollywood's short-, medium- and long-term economic objectives, this thesis offers new insight into Hollywood's domestic and international conduct during the early stages of the Cold War and reorients understandings of the relationships between Hollywood and communism. To date, scholars have focused considerable attention on the lengths to which Hollywood went to position itself as an anti-communist institution by distancing itself from, and demonizing, Communists and communism across the late 1940s and 1950s. However, this thesis shows that Hollywood's relationships to communism and Communists were more pragmatic, opportunistic, and ambivalent than previously thought. And, by revealing how Hollywood's Soviet Sphere Project clashed with global agenda of the Soviet government and film industry, this thesis complicates notions of Hollywood's worldwide dominance, and contributes to our understanding of mid-twentieth-century globalization.

On désigne par l'expression de « Synthèse Moderne » la renaissance du darwinisme au sein d'un certain nombre de sciences biologiques entre les années 1930 et les années 1950, et dont le généticien T. Dobzhansky a exprimé l'orientation majeure en disant que « plus rien en biologie n'a de sens qu'à la lumière de l'évolution ». Cette Synthèse s'est effectuée dans le sillage d'une nouvelle discipline, la génétique des populations : l'évolution a été dès lors comprise comme une modification de la composition génétique des espèces. Dans ce travail d'histoire des sciences centré sur les recherches de William D. Hamilton, John Maynard Smith et George C. Williams entre les années 1960 et les années 1980, je décris un épisode postérieur à la Synthèse Moderne, au cours duquel les approches évolutionnistes éclairent un nouveau domaine des sciences du vivant, les comportements des animaux. Ces approches sont néo¬darwiniennes, parce qu'elles placent la sélection naturelle au cœur du raisonnement évolutionniste. En un sens, ce programme est conservateur : les outils de la génétique des populations sont employés pour développer une théorie évolutionniste des comportements. Mais ces recherches entraînent une importante clarification des fondements de la théorie de la sélection naturelle. Elles conduisent enfin à renouveler le discours évolutionniste, en introduisant de nouvelles méthodes de modélisation désormais émancipées de la génétique des populations, qui traitent le comportement au niveau du phénotype, comme une stratégie adaptative, susceptible d'une analyse en termes de coûts et de bénéfices. Elles favorisent la constitution d'une nouvelle discipline, l'écologie du comportement
During the Modem Synthesis (1930-1950), several biological sciences were integrated into a common evolutionary framework, which gave a central status to a new formal science, population genetics. In this work, I study an episode following the Modem Synthesis, the integration of the study of animal behaviour in an evolutionary framework between the 1960s and the 1980s. I follow in close detail the works and careers of William D. Hamilton (1936-2000), John Maynard Smith (1920-2004) and George C. Williams (1926-2010) who developed an evolutionary theory of behaviour. These new approaches were neo-Darwinian, since natural selection became the core of evolutionary reasoning. This program was conservative: the classical tools of population genetics were used to develop an evolutionary theory of behaviour. But this research led also to an important clarification of the central tenets of the theory of natural selection. Finally, these theoreticians were able to build new models without mentioning genes: in phenotype-centred models, behaviours were considered as adaptive strategies, and developed a cost / benefit analysis. This research catalysed the birth of a new field, behavioural ecology

Orientador: Antonio Fernando da Conceição Passos
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes
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Resumo: Desde o início do cinema, quando começaram a ser elaboradas as primeiras teorias cinematográficas, já existiam, nas análises fílmicas, pressupostos que tentavam definir a figura do espectador, o que ocasionou o surgimento de um pensamento heterogêneo com relação a sua função como sujeito que assiste a uma manifestação artística. Este trabalho pretende posicionar o espectador cinematográfico como um sujeito que realiza uma poética da leitura acontecendo como um jogo numa área transiciona/localizada entre ele e o filme a que assiste. Para tanto, serão desenvolvidos conceitos com base na teoria winnicottiana, teorias dos jogos e teoria do efeito estético para estabelecer possíveis efeitos de sentido que podem ocorrer na área transicional, a qual coloca o espectador em um estado ativo, construindo e atualizando experiências ao ver o filme. Para a aplicação desta leitura, foram escolhidos dois filmes do cineasta russo Andrei Tarkovski: Solaris e Stalker
Mestrado
Mestre em Multimeios

Sinful Exotics of A. V. Novák Literary image of a journey to Asie in 1926–1927 Traveller and writer Archibald Václav Novák (1895–1979) rose to fame in the 1920s as the author of popular nov els and short stories inspired by a stay in Tahiti and the United States of America from 1919 to 1921. Sucesess of books and lectures allowed Novák to undertake another long journey. From October 1926 to April 1926 A. V. Novák visited Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar, Malaya, Singapore, Sumatra, Vietnam, Cambodia, China and Japan. After returning home, Novák organized public lectures and published new novels and short stores inspored by the places he visited and the people he met. He also wrote a four-volume travelogue based on his travel diary. On his journey, Novák took not only still photographs, but short movies as well. After the communists took power in Czechoslovakia in 1948, Novák was purged from public life. No longer heralded as either a traveller or a writer, he was virtually consigned to oblivion. It was not until after 2000 that a study of the phenomenon of Czecho slovak emigration to Tahiti kindled renewed interest in him. In 2010, some of Novák’s previously unknown pho tographs were discovered and donated to the Náprstek Museum’s photographic collection, which is a part of the National Museum in Prague. Movies, diaries and the most of negatives by A. V. Novák have not been preserved, but there is a large number of glass slides used as an accom paniment of lectures. Photographic collection and books by A. V. Novák offer a valuable source of information about the non-Europen countries in 1920s and the ways, how they were presented to public in Czechoslovakia.

The rare book section appeared in the library named after M.V. Lomonosov 8 years ago. This fund is small - only a couple of hundred books. However, its value is measured not by size, but by uniqueness. The basis of the fund is made up of editions of the XIX–XX centuries. In terms of its content, the fund is universal. Most of it is fiction. In addition, there is popular science literature of past centuries, dictionaries, encyclopedias, newspapers. The collection of rare books includes: the collection “Poems and Prose Articles” by Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, published in 1886 and donated in 1984 by the poet Ion Odobescu; A. Glazunov, 1895 edition; I. Turgenev –1898; M. Gorky – 1901; Emilian Bukov – 1938; V. Zhukovsky – 1902; N. Leskov – 1903; P. Tchaikovsky – 1908; I. Brahms – 1873; M. Yu. Lermonotov – 1940; H. Wells – 1909 “Otechestvennye zapiski” – 1840; “Bulletin of Europe” – 1879; “Course of Geography of NonEuropean Countries” – 1905; “Niva” – 1899; K. Marx’s “Capital” – published in 1950 and much more. Our books are not museum pieces. They form part of the actively used collection of the library. Any interested reader can get acquainted with the collection of rare books on the website of the library M. V. Lomonosov in the “Rare Books” section.

The American Helicopter Museum and Education Center opened to the public at the Brandywine Airport on October 18, 1996. This milestone was the realization of a vision adopted at a luncheon meeting hosted by the Philadelphia Chapter of the American Helicopter Society on July 30, 1993. Chapter leaders had previously brainstormed potential ideas for commemorating the upcoming 50th Anniversary of the American Helicopter Society in 1994, but recognized the need to engage a broader constituency to do something significant. With the goal of establishing a 50th Anniversary Committee, a luncheon was scheduled at Boeing Helicopters in Ridley Park, PA. Participants included the author, several Chapter officers and an invitation list that included Philadelphia area rotary-wing business leaders, industry pioneers and influencers. Attendees at that first meeting included Lee Douglas, Frank Duke, Vincent Genovese, Euan Hooper, Warren Jacobs, Wes Moore, Ren Pierpoint, John Schneider, George Townson, Edward B. Wilford III and Peter Wright, Sr. After debating multiple options for the commemoration, the idea of a museum was embraced when Peter Wright, then President of Keystone Helicopters, offered to donate several vintage helicopters if a museum was established. Two weeks later, the nascent 50th Anniversary Committee met again with a mission to: “Lay the foundation for a permanent rotary-wing restoration, conservation and exhibition facility in the Delaware Valley.” Referencing the documented minutes of the aforementioned meeting and that of subsequent meetings of the 50th Anniversary Committee, other documents and the recollections of the author, this paper will trace the formative years of the museum from July 1993 to October 1996. It will address the many challenges of founding an aviation museum including incorporation, location identification, building the collection and creating the exhibits and programs. It will recall the people involved and their significant contributions. This paper is particularly compelling to publish this year, recognizing the 25th anniversary of the American Helicopter Museum and Education Center on 18 October 2021.

There is an enhanced incidence (>50%) of severe coagulopathy in association with several types of acute leukemias. Cell associated procoagulants are considered important in this context. So far only a Tissue Factor (TF)-type procoagulant has been described in leukemic cells. We have set up here the experimentalconditions to identify other possible cellular procoagulants in leukemia. We have tested blast cell extracts from 21 patients with 5 different cytological subtypes (from Ml to M5 of acute non lymphoid leukemia (ANLL), according to theFAB classification, in order to assay whether they express "cancer procoagulant" (CP), a F VH-independent FX activating cysteine proteinase (Falanga … Gordon, 1985; Donati, et al. 1986). All the samples shortened the recalcification time of normal human plasma, the effect being significantly greater (p<0.001) in the M3 group. The activity was 20% to 100% independent from the presence of FVII and was susceptible to 2 cysteine proteinase inhibitors (Iodoacetamide, 2 mM, and HgCl2 ,0.1 mM) in all of the extracts but the M5 type. In addition, M2 and M3 samples directly activated pure FX in a two stage clotting assay. Control cell extracts from 10 healthy donors did not show any procoagulant activity, under the same conditions. This study provides evidence for a new procoagulant expressed by cells of ANLL; the peculiar characteristics of this procoagulant (i.e. its confinement to the malignant phenotype, its shedding into the plasma, its possible modulation by vitamin K antagonists) make this observation of potential interest in the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic tools in ANLL.

Els múltiples desplaçaments de persones, informació i mercaderies són els que defineixen l’època en la que ens trobem, una època altament tecnològica, dinàmica i, per alguns autors com Bauman (2007) o Sennet (2006) governada per una sensació d’incertesa vers el futur. Les possibilitats que el ràpid desenvolupament tecnològic posa en joc, implica noves lògiques, que difuminen les tradicionals fronteres d’espai i temps, convertint-ho tot en immediat, instantani i pròxim. És en aquesta situació on prenen força les inèrcies pròpies del predomini de fluxos i de la multiplicació de les interconnexions, que caracteritzen la societat de la informació i la comunicació (Castells, 1996, 1998). En consonància, les ciutats estan immerses en una intensa transformació per a adaptar-se als nous reptes i donar resposta a les noves ànsies i necessitats socials i econòmiques. La ciutat es redefineix per adequar-se i possibilitar els nous ritmes i estils de vida, doncs la societat és relaciona amb l’espai urbà d’una determinada manera, mentre que l’espai facilita un cert tipus de relació. Per nosaltres és en aquesta relació bidireccional on la ciutat pren forma i significació. Alguns autors com Shelly & Urry (2006) ens parlen del nou paradigma de la mobilitat segons el que les noves formes de vida serien regides per aquests constants trànsits de fluxos, tant de informacions o dades, com de persones o de mercaderies. Trobem en les ciutats múltiples espais que faciliten el trànsit de persones. Els espais de trànsit, han catalitzat les necessitats de mobilitat i han facilitat que és produeixin fets com la descentralització, la transformació del territori, la reducció de la percepció de les distàncies, etc. Els espais de trànsit, segons Vivas, Pellicer i López (2008), són emplaçaments urbans que faciliten els desplaçaments i la connexió entre diferents llocs, espais contemporanis que guarden coherència amb la mobilitat. Espais que han anat adquirint rellevància dins el context urbà i no només en són els vertebradors de les ciutats, sinó que també en són icones i indicadors de la seva potència. Alguns exemples d’aquests espais en són les andanes, els vestíbuls i els intercanviadors de trens i metros, aeroports, autopistes, àrees de serveis, algunes cadenes d’hotels i diversos vehicles com el tren, el metro, l’avió... Aquests espais s’han convertit en uns espais vitals en l’articulació de la xarxa urbana i social, uns espais en els que es posen de manifest característiques de la societat actual, com la mobilitat, l’homogeneïtzació, la vigilància, la globalització, l’anonimat... i que tenen conseqüències importants en l’organització i planificació de la ciutat. El nostre treball gira entorn d’aquests espais, els espais de trànsit, uns espais emblemàtics de la societat i la ciutat actual. Mitjançant la realització d’una etnografia urbana, hem observat la Barcelona actual i la seva transformació des del seu metro, un gran eix de mobilitat urbana, amb la finalitat d’entendre la ciutat i els seus usuaris/es. Amb el nostre treball volem oferir respostes a com es viu i es transforma la ciutat, alhora que volem mostrar alguns aspectes relacionats amb els dispositius de control i tecnològics, la forma de practicar i relacionar-se amb els espais urbans emergents, la incidència dels espais de trànsit en els processos de transformació de ciutats, entre altres aspectes. The important amount of people's journeys, information and objects, explains at the present time, a dynamic and technologic time. For some authors such as Bauman (2007) or Sennet (2006), this time is guided by the sensation of the uncertainty towards the future. The possibilities that fast development of new technologies imply new logics which stump the traditional borders of space and time, transforms everything into immediate, instantaneous and near. In this context appears a predominance of flows and multiplication of the interconnections, which characterize the society of the information and the communication (Castells, 1996, 1998). The cities are changing to adapt themselves to the new social, economic and politic demands. The city reinvents itself in order to adapt at modern, both time and ways of life. The society and the urban space have a bidirectional relation, and it is in that relationship where the city takes form and meaning. According to Urry (2007) “the mobility paradigm” explains the constant exchanges and journeys (of people, ideas, objects and information) which guides towards new ways of living and relationships. In this way, in today's city we find urban places which facilitates people’s journeys and the transformation of the urban space, the reduction of the perception of the distances or the decentralisation of the city, etc. Transitspaces catalyse the necessities of the mobility. Transit-spaces, for Vivas, Pellicer and López (2008) are urban spaces designed to facilitate people’s journeys and mobility; they are contemporaries spaces and built through an ongoing process of multiple complex and changing interactions. They are places that have assumed huge relevance and upon which the modern urban network is sustained, and at the same time, inform about the power of the city.Within a range of different transit spaces we find: underground train, train platforms, connecting passageways, airports, motorways, service stations, some hotel chains and different vehicles. These spaces are vital in connecting the urban and social network. In them are revealed the common determinations of modern society. Characteristics such as mobility, homogenisation, anonymity, vigilance, globalisation, acceleration... are present in these spaces. These characteristics produce important effects in the organization and design of the city. Our attention will focus on these spaces: transit-spaces. These places are becoming spacial and architectural points of reference, and they claim a central role through their design as identifying elements of modern cities and society. Our proposal for the investigation of urban spaces is the urban ethnography. With this technique we research about Barcelona and its transformation. The space selected is the Barcelona underground train systems, a vast network of urban mobility. Focusing our analysis on Barcelona underground we are responding to the fact that they are a privileged viewing point to observe contemporary urban life, city and citizens. With our work we want to offer answers to ways of living and changing the city, and at the same time, we want to explain some aspects regarding the control practices and technologic possibilities, the form of practice these spaces and the effects of these spaces in the transformation of the city, for example.

Aim/Purpose: This paper provides the results of the preliminary analysis of the findings of an ongoing study that seeks to examine the social media use, cultural and political awareness, civic engagement, issue prioritization, and social activism of Gen Z students enrolled at four different institutional types located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The aim of this study is to look at the group as a whole as well as compare findings across populations. The institutional types under consideration include a mid-sized majority serving or otherwise referred to as a traditionally white institution (TWI) located in a small coastal city on the Atlantic Ocean, a small Historically Black University (HBCU) located in a rural area, a large community college located in a county that is a mixture of rural and suburban and which sits on the border of Maryland and Pennsylvania, and graduating high school students enrolled in career and technical education (CTE) programs in a large urban area. This exploration is purposed to examine the behaviors and expectations of Gen Z students within a representative American region during a time of tremendous turmoil and civil unrest in the United States. Background: Over 74 million strong, Gen Z makes up almost one-quarter of the U.S. population. They already outnumber any current living generation and are the first true digital natives. Born after 1996 and through 2012, they are known for their short attention spans and heightened ability to multi-task. Raised in the age of the smart phone, they have been tethered to digital devices from a young age with most having the preponderance of their childhood milestones commemorated online. Often called Zoomers, they are more racially and ethnically diverse than any previous generation and are on track to be the most well-educated generation in history. Gen Zers in the United States have been found in the research to be progressive and pro-government and viewing increasing racial and ethnic diversity as positive change. Finally, they are less likely to hold xenophobic beliefs such as the notion of American exceptionalism and superiority that have been popular with by prior generations. The United States has been in a period of social and civil unrest in recent years with concerns over systematic racism, rampant inequalities, political polarization, xenophobia, police violence, sexual assault and harassment, and the growing epidemic of gun violence. Anxieties stirred by the COVID-19 pandemic further compounded these issues resulting in a powder keg explosion occurring throughout the summer of 2020 and leading well into 2021. As a result, the United States has deteriorated significantly in the Civil Unrest Index falling from 91st to 34th. The vitriol, polarization, protests, murders, and shootings have all occurred during Gen Z’s formative years, and the limited research available indicates that it has shaped their values and political views. Methodology: The Mid-Atlantic region is a portion of the United States that exists as the overlap between the northeastern and southeastern portions of the country. It includes the nation’s capital, as well as large urban centers, small cities, suburbs, and rural enclaves. It is one of the most socially, economically, racially, and culturally diverse parts of the United States and is often referred to as the “typically American region.” An electronic survey was administered to students from 2019 through 2021 attending a high school dual enrollment program, a minority serving institution, a majority serving institution, and a community college all located within the larger mid-Atlantic region. The survey included a combination of multiple response, Likert scaled, dichotomous, open ended, and ordinal questions. It was developed in the Survey Monkey system and reviewed by several content and methodological experts in order to examine bias, vagueness, or potential semantic problems. Finally, the survey was pilot tested prior to implementation in order to explore the efficacy of the research methodology. It was then modified accordingly prior to widespread distribution to potential participants. The surveys were administered to students enrolled in classes taught by the authors all of whom are educators. Participation was voluntary, optional, and anonymous. Over 800 individuals completed the survey with just over 700 usable results, after partial completes and the responses of individuals outside of the 18-24 age range were removed. Findings: Participants in this study overwhelmingly were users of social media. In descending order, YouTube, Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter, Facebook, Pinterest, WhatsApp, LinkedIn and Tik Tok were the most popular social media services reported as being used. When volume of use was considered, Instagram, Snapchat, YouTube and Twitter were the most cited with most participants reporting using Instagram and Snapchat multiple times a day. When asked to select which social media service they would use if forced to choose just one, the number one choice was YouTube followed by Instagram and Snapchat. Additionally, more than half of participants responded that they have uploaded a video to a video sharing site such as YouTube or Tik Tok. When asked about their familiarity with different technologies, participants overwhelmingly responded that they are “very familiar” with smart phones, searching the Web, social media, and email. About half the respondents said that they were “very familiar” with common computer applications such as the Microsoft Office Suite or Google Suite with another third saying that they were “somewhat familiar.” When asked about Learning Management Systems (LMS) like Blackboard, Course Compass, Canvas, Edmodo, Moodle, Course Sites, Google Classroom, Mindtap, Schoology, Absorb, D2L, itslearning, Otus, PowerSchool, or WizIQ, only 43% said they were “very familiar” with 31% responding that they were “somewhat familiar.” Finally, about half the students were either “very” or “somewhat” familiar with operating systems such as Windows. A few preferences with respect to technology in the teaching and learning process were explored in the survey. Most students (85%) responded that they want course announcements and reminders sent to their phones, 76% expect their courses to incorporate the use of technology, 71% want their courses to have course websites, and 71% said that they would rather watch a video than read a book chapter. When asked to consider the future, over 81% or respondents reported that technology will play a major role in their future career. Most participants considered themselves “informed” or “well informed” about current events although few considered themselves “very informed” or “well informed” about politics. When asked how they get their news, the most common forum reported for getting news and information about current events and politics was social media with 81% of respondents reporting. Gen Z is known to be an engaged generation and the participants in this study were not an exception. As such, it came as no surprise to discover that, in the past year more than 78% of respondents had educated friends or family about an important social or political issue, about half (48%) had donated to a cause of importance to them, more than a quarter (26%) had participated in a march or rally, and a quarter (26%) had actively boycotted a product or company. Further, about 37% consider themselves to be a social activist with another 41% responding that aren’t sure if they would consider themselves an activist and only 22% saying that they would not consider themselves an activist. When asked what issues were important to them, the most frequently cited were Black Lives Matter (75%), human trafficking (68%), sexual assault/harassment/Me Too (66.49%), gun violence (65.82%), women’s rights (65.15%), climate change (55.4%), immigration reform/deferred action for childhood arrivals (DACA) (48.8%), and LGBTQ+ rights (47.39%). When the schools were compared, there were only minor differences in social media use with the high school students indicating slightly more use of Tik Tok than the other participants. All groups were virtually equal when it came to how informed they perceived themselves about current events and politics. Consensus among groups existed with respect to how they get their news, and the community college and high school students were slightly more likely to have participated in a march, protest, or rally in the last 12 months than the university students. The community college and high school students were also slightly more likely to consider themselves social activists than the participants from either of the universities. When the importance of the issues was considered, significant differences based on institutional type were noted. Black Lives Matter (BLM) was identified as important by the largest portion of students attending the HBCU followed by the community college students and high school students. Less than half of the students attending the TWI considered BLM an important issue. Human trafficking was cited as important by a higher percentage of students attending the HBCU and urban high school than at the suburban and rural community college or the TWI. Sexual assault was considered important by the majority of students at all the schools with the percentage a bit smaller from the majority serving institution. About two thirds of the students at the high school, community college, and HBCU considered gun violence important versus about half the students at the majority serving institution. Women’s rights were reported as being important by more of the high school and HBCU participants than the community college or TWI. Climate change was considered important by about half the students at all schools with a slightly smaller portion reporting out the HBCU. Immigration reform/DACA was reported as important by half the high school, community college, and HBCU participants with only a third of the students from the majority serving institution citing it as an important issue. With respect to LGBTQ rights approximately half of the high school and community college participants cited it as important, 44.53% of the HBCU students, and only about a quarter of the students attending the majority serving institution. Contribution and Conclusion: This paper provides a timely investigation into the mindset of generation Z students living in the United States during a period of heightened civic unrest. This insight is useful to educators who should be informed about the generation of students that is currently populating higher education. The findings of this study are consistent with public opinion polls by Pew Research Center. According to the findings, the Gen Z students participating in this study are heavy users of multiple social media, expect technology to be integrated into teaching and learning, anticipate a future career where technology will play an important role, informed about current and political events, use social media as their main source for getting news and information, and fairly engaged in social activism. When institutional type was compared the students from the university with the more affluent and less diverse population were less likely to find social justice issues important than the other groups. Recommendations for Practitioners: During disruptive and contentious times, it is negligent to think that the abounding issues plaguing society are not important to our students. Gauging the issues of importance and levels of civic engagement provides us crucial information towards understanding the attitudes of students. Further, knowing how our students gain information, their social media usage, as well as how informed they are about current events and political issues can be used to more effectively communicate and educate. Recommendations for Researchers: As social media continues to proliferate daily life and become a vital means of news and information gathering, additional studies such as the one presented here are needed. Additionally, in other countries facing similarly turbulent times, measuring student interest, awareness, and engagement is highly informative. Impact on Society: During a highly contentious period replete with a large volume of civil unrest and compounded by a global pandemic, understanding the behaviors and attitudes of students can help us as higher education faculty be more attuned when it comes to the design and delivery of curriculum. Future Research This presentation presents preliminary findings. Data is still being collected and much more extensive statistical analyses will be performed.