Zeitschriftenartikel: „Dominance status“

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Hermanussen, Michael, und Christiane Scheffler. „Stature signals status: The association of stature, status and perceived dominance – a thought experiment“. Anthropologischer Anzeiger 73, Nr. 4 (01.11.2016): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/2016/0698.

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Riella, Gil, und Roee Teper. „Probabilistic dominance and status quo bias“. Games and Economic Behavior 87 (September 2014): 288–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2014.04.010.

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Zumpe, Doris, und Richard P. Michael. „Dominance index: A simple measure of relative dominance status in primates“. American Journal of Primatology 10, Nr. 4 (1986): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350100402.

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Kordsmeyer, Tobias L., Daniel Freund, Mark van Vugt und Lars Penke. „Honest Signals of Status: Facial and Bodily Dominance Are Related to Success in Physical but Not Nonphysical Competition“. Evolutionary Psychology 17, Nr. 3 (Juli 2019): 147470491986316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704919863164.

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Recent studies suggest that both facial and bodily dominance promote high status positions and predict status-seeking behaviors such as aggression and social dominance. An evolutionarily relevant context in which associations between these dominance signals and status outcomes may be prevalent are face-to-face status contests. The present study examined whether facial and bodily dominance predicted success in dyadic competitions (one physical discipline, arm wrestling, and three nonphysical disciplines) in men ( N = 125) in a controlled laboratory setting. Men’s bodies and faces were independently rated for physical dominance, and associations of these ratings with contest outcomes as well as mediating and moderating variables (such as physical strength, body height, trait dominance, baseline and reactive testosterone) were examined. Both facial and bodily dominance positively predicted success in the physical discipline, mediated by physical strength, but not in the three nonphysical disciplines. Our findings demonstrate that facial and bodily physical dominance may be honest signals for men’s formidability and hence status potential, at least in a physically competitive context.

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Vandeleest, Jessica J., Brianne A. Beisner, Darcy L. Hannibal, Amy C. Nathman, John P. Capitanio, Fushing Hsieh, Edward R. Atwill und Brenda McCowan. „Decoupling social status and status certainty effects on health in macaques: a network approach“. PeerJ 4 (13.09.2016): e2394. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2394.

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BackgroundAlthough a wealth of literature points to the importance of social factors on health, a detailed understanding of the complex interplay between social and biological systems is lacking. Social status is one aspect of social life that is made up of multiple structural (humans: income, education; animals: mating system, dominance rank) and relational components (perceived social status, dominance interactions). In a nonhuman primate model we use novel network techniques to decouple two components of social status, dominance rank (a commonly used measure of social status in animal models) and dominance certainty (the relative certainty vs. ambiguity of an individual’s status), allowing for a more complex examination of how social status impacts health.MethodsBehavioral observations were conducted on three outdoor captive groups of rhesus macaques (N = 252 subjects). Subjects’ general physical health (diarrhea) was assessed twice weekly, and blood was drawn once to assess biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP)).ResultsDominance rank alone did not fully account for the complex way that social status exerted its effect on health. Instead, dominance certainty modified the impact of rank on biomarkers of inflammation. Specifically, high-ranked animals with more ambiguous status relationships had higher levels of inflammation than low-ranked animals, whereas little effect of rank was seen for animals with more certain status relationships. The impact of status on physical health was more straightforward: individuals with more ambiguous status relationships had more frequent diarrhea; there was marginal evidence that high-ranked animals had less frequent diarrhea.DiscussionSocial status has a complex and multi-faceted impact on individual health. Our work suggests an important role of uncertainty in one’s social status in status-health research. This work also suggests that in order to fully explore the mechanisms for how social life influences health, more complex metrics of social systems and their dynamics are needed.

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Rahal, Danny, Melissa R. Fales, Martie G. Haselton, George M. Slavich und Theodore F. Robles. „Cues of Social Status: Associations Between Attractiveness, Dominance, and Status“. Evolutionary Psychology 19, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2021): 147470492110561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14747049211056160.

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Hierarchies naturally emerge in social species, and judgments of status in these hierarchies have consequences for social relationships and health. Although judgments of social status are shaped by appearance, the physical cues that inform judgments of status remain unclear. The transition to college presents an opportunity to examine judgments of social status in a newly developing social hierarchy. We examined whether appearances—as measured by raters’ judgments of photographs and videos—provide information about undergraduate students’ social status at their university and in society in Study 1. Exploratory analyses investigated whether associations differed by participants’ sex. Eighty-one first-year undergraduate students ( Mage = 18.20, SD = 0.50; 64.2% female) provided photographs and videos and reported their social status relative to university peers and relative to other people in society. As hypothesized, when participants were judged to be more attractive and dominant they were also judged to have higher status. These associations were replicated in two additional samples of raters who evaluated smiling and neutral photographs from the Chicago Faces Database in Study 2. Multilevel models also revealed that college students with higher self-reported university social status were judged to have higher status, attractiveness, and dominance, although judgments were not related to self-reported society social status. Findings highlight that there is agreement between self-reports of university status and observer-perceptions of status based solely on photographs and videos, and suggest that appearance may shape newly developing social hierarchies, such as those that emerge during the transition to college.

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Kuwabara, Ko, Siyu Yu, Alice J. Lee und Adam D. Galinsky. „Status Decreases Dominance in the West but Increases Dominance in the East“. Psychological Science 27, Nr. 2 (10.12.2015): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797615612694.

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Kiss, Lilla Nóra. „Post-Brexit European Map: the New Continental Status Quo and Institutional Decision-Making“. International and Comparative Law Review 22, Nr. 1 (01.07.2022): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2022-0011.

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Summary Brexit became part of the European public consciousness following the 2016 referendum. We are only just starting to realize the actual effects and consequences of the UK’s withdrawal in multiple issues. The article analyzes the new, post-Brexit continental status quo and the changing trends in institutional decision-making. The position and dominance of the Member States are reflected in their role in the EU institutions. The weight of the Member States in decision-making also has a significant impact on the development of individual common policies. Brexit has strengthened the dominance of Germany and France. However, it also affected the position of Central and Eastern European states. Poland has become one of the “big Member States” that could make the combined dominance of the Visegrád states (Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia) more relevant in forming the future of the EU..

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Martin, J. S., N. Staes, A. Weiss, J. M. G. Stevens und A. V. Jaeggi. „Facial width-to-height ratio is associated with agonistic and affiliative dominance in bonobos ( Pan paniscus )“. Biology Letters 15, Nr. 8 (August 2019): 20190232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0232.

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Facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) is associated with social dominance in human and non-human primates, which may reflect the effects of testosterone on facial morphology and behaviour. Given that testosterone facilitates status-seeking motivation, the association between fWHR and behaviour should be contingent on the relative costs and benefits of particular dominance strategies across species and socioecological contexts. We tested this hypothesis in bonobos ( Pan paniscus ), who exhibit female dominance and rely on both affiliation and aggression to achieve status. We measured fWHR from facial photographs, affiliative dominance with Assertiveness personality scores and agonistic dominance with behavioural data. Consistent with our hypothesis, agonistic and affiliative dominance predicted fWHR in both sexes independent of age and body weight, supporting the role of status-seeking motivation in producing the link between fWHR and socioecologically relevant dominance behaviour across primates.

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Liu, Conghui, Kuan Lu, Guoliang Yu und Chuansheng Chen. „Implicit Association between Authentic Pride and Prestige Compared to Hubristic Pride and Dominance“. Psychological Reports 111, Nr. 2 (Oktober 2012): 424–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/07.09.17.pr0.111.5.424-442.

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Tracy and Robins proposed that pride has authentic and hubristic facets. Cheng, Tracy, and Henrich reported these two facets were based on prestige and dominance, respectively. Nine experiments were conducted in the current study to examine the implicit associations between words related to authentic and hubristic pride and those related to prestige and dominance. Implicit language association between authentic pride and high prestige status was strong, but that between hubristic pride and high dominance status was weak, suggesting that the authentic pride words might automatically convey a strong signal of high prestige status, whereas hubristic pride words might convey a weak signal of high dominance status.

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Mueller, Ulrich. „Aggressiveness and dominance“. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, Nr. 3 (Juni 1998): 381–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x98451227.

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Aggressiveness is a vital component of dominating behavior. We must distinguish adaptive from nonadaptive aggression and must control for skills, intelligence, appropriate context variables, and – most important – whether the aggression displayed was actually suitable for improving a subject's social status. If we do, we may find a consistent positive correlation between adaptive aggressiveness and testosterone.

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ONEA, TUDOR A. „Between dominance and decline: status anxiety and great power rivalry“. Review of International Studies 40, Nr. 1 (08.02.2013): 125–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210512000563.

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AbstractThis article investigates the role of status considerations in the response of dominant powers to the rise of emergent states. Accordingly, the hypothesis explored is that dominant actors are prone to fear that they will lose their upper rank, and, due to this status anxiety, resist the efforts of emergent powers to match or surpass them. The article begins by explaining why political actors deem status important and puts forward a theory of status anxiety in world politics. The more pronounced is this anxiety across status dimensions (economic and military capabilities as well as prestige), the higher the likelihood of conflict. This argument is then tested against competing theories of dominant power behaviour in two cases: the relations between France and Britain from the 1740s to Napoleon and those between Britain and Germany from the 1880s to World War One.

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Parker, Timothy, und David Ligon. „Dominant male red junglefowl ( Gallus gallus ) test the dominance status of other males“. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 53, Nr. 1 (01.12.2002): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-002-0544-5.

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Liker, András, und Zoltán Barta. „Male Badge Size Predicts Dominance Against Females in House Sparrows“. Condor 103, Nr. 1 (01.02.2001): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/103.1.151.

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Abstract We investigated dominance relationships and the use of male badge size as a status signal in a mixed-sex flock of House Sparrows (Passer domesticus). Specifically, we tested whether females differ from males in their fighting behavior or dominance status, and whether badge size predicts dominance and fighting success of males in male-female fights. We found that both sexes were involved frequently in aggressive encounters, and the mean dominance rank of males did not differ from the mean rank of females. Badge size was the only significant predictor of the dominance rank of males, and was a good predictor of their aggressiveness measured as the proportion of fights initiated. On the other hand, female dominance rank was correlated with body weight. In male-female fights, both the proportion of female-initiated aggressive interactions and the proportion of fights won by females decreased with increasing size of the opponent's badge. Large-badged males dominated more females in dyadic interactions than smaller-badged males. These correlational results suggest that male badge size may be used as a signal of dominance status between male and female House Sparrows in winter flocks.

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Townsend, John Marshall. „Male dominance hierarchies and women's intrasexual competition“. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, Nr. 2 (April 1999): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x9947181x.

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In their competition for higher-status men, women with higher socioeconomic status use indirect forms of aggression (ridicule and gossip) to derogate lower-status female competitors and the men who date them. Women's greater tendency to excuse their aggression is arguably a cultural enhancement of an evolutionarily based sex difference and not solely a cultural construction imposed by patriarchy.

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Cheng, Joey T., Jessica L. Tracy und Joseph Henrich. „Dominance is necessary to explain human status hierarchies“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, Nr. 22 (24.05.2021): e2103870118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2103870118.

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Hogue, Mary, und Janice D. Yoder. „Dominance and Instrumentality Linked to Status, not Gender“. Psychology of Women Quarterly 26, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2002): 383–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036168430202600404.

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MORRISON, KIMBERLY RIOS, und NATHANAEL J. FAST. „PERCEIVED INTERGROUP THREAT AND THE STATUS-DOMINANCE RELATIONSHIP.“ Academy of Management Proceedings 2007, Nr. 1 (August 2007): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2007.26526162.

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Carney, Dana R. „The nonverbal expression of power, status, and dominance“. Current Opinion in Psychology 33 (Juni 2020): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.12.004.

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Giles, Sarah L., Pat Harris, Sean A. Rands und Christine J. Nicol. „Foraging efficiency, social status and body condition in group-living horses and ponies“. PeerJ 8 (09.11.2020): e10305. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10305.

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Individual animals experience different costs and benefits associated with group living, which may impact on their foraging efficiency in ways not yet well specified. This study investigated associations between social dominance, body condition and interruptions to foraging behaviour in a cross-sectional study of 116 domestic horses and ponies, kept in 20 discrete herds. Social dominance was measured for each individual alongside observations of winter foraging behaviour. During bouts of foraging, the duration, frequency and category (vigilance, movement, social displacements given and received, scratching and startle responses) of interruptions were recorded, with total interruption time taken as a proxy measure of foraging efficiency. Total foraging time was not influenced by body condition or social dominance. Body condition was associated with social dominance, but more strongly associated with foraging efficiency. Specifically, lower body condition was associated with greater vigilance. This demonstrates that factors other than social dominance can result in stable differences in winter body condition.

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Fast, Nathanael J., und Yoo Kyoung Kim. „Dominance versus cooperativeness: Status construal as a determinant of status acquisition strategy“. Academy of Management Proceedings 2014, Nr. 1 (Januar 2014): 14828. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2014.14828abstract.

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Abril-de-Abreu, Rodrigo, Ana S. Cruz und Rui F. Oliveira. „Social dominance modulates eavesdropping in zebrafish“. Royal Society Open Science 2, Nr. 8 (August 2015): 150220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150220.

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Group living animals may eavesdrop on signalling interactions between conspecifics and integrate it with their own past social experience in order to optimize the use of relevant information from others. However, little is known about this interplay between public (eavesdropped) and private social information. To investigate it, we first manipulated the dominance status of bystander zebrafish. Next, we either allowed or prevented bystanders from observing a fight. Finally, we assessed their behaviour towards the winners and losers of the interaction, using a custom-made video-tracking system and directional analysis. We found that only dominant bystanders who had seen the fight revealed a significant increase in directional focus (a measure of attention) towards the losers of the fights. Furthermore, our results indicate that information about the fighters' acquired status was collected from the signalling interaction itself and not from post-interaction status cues, which implies the existence of individual recognition in zebrafish. Thus, we show for the first time that zebrafish, a highly social model organism, eavesdrop on conspecific agonistic interactions and that this process is modulated by the eavesdroppers' dominance status. We suggest that this type of integration of public and private information may be ubiquitous in social learning processes.

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Lee, Ju-Hyun, und Ha-Cheol Sung. „Morphological characteristics convey social status signals in captive tree sparrows (Passer montanus)“. PLOS ONE 18, Nr. 3 (29.03.2023): e0283625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283625.

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In social animals that form flocks, individuals compete or cooperate to gain access to shared resources. In particular, group-foraging individuals frequently engage in aggressive interactions with conspecifics, including threat displays and physical attacks, in order to acquire food resources. Here, we investigated social interactions in flocks of captive tree sparrows (Passer montanus) to observe the formation of dominance hierarchies. We also examined correlations between social status and morphological traits to identify which physical traits act as indicators of dominance. To do so, we recorded aggressive behaviours (attacks and threats) of tree sparrows caught in two distinct regions in the Republic of Korea (Gwangju and Gurye). After merging the two groups, we examined dominance structures using David’s scores for one month, and we recorded 1,051 aggressive interactions at a feeder in a group of 19 individuals. Using the number of aggressions and attack and threat behaviours, we tested whether morphological traits and sex influenced dominance structures. Aggressions were significantly more frequent in males than in females. However, no significant difference was observed the frequency of between- and within-sex aggression. In addition, differences in the frequency of aggression behaviours were observed between capture-site groups. Dominance structure was significantly correlated with certain morphological traits; specifically, the frequency of attacking behaviours was correlated with bill-nose length, and the frequency of threat displays was correlated with sex and badge size. These results suggest that social signals are closely related to morphological traits that are used to form dominance hierarchies in tree sparrow flocks.

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Macdonald, David W., Manuel Berdoy und Pete Smith. „Stability of Social Status in Wild Rats: Age and the Role of Settled Dominance“. Behaviour 132, Nr. 3-4 (1995): 193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853995x00694.

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AbstractOne way of understanding the evolution of social dominance is to establish which factors determine an animal's ability to dominate conspecifics. The dynamics of dominance between 20 adult male wild rats were investigated in a multi-generational, free-breeding colony in a large outdoor enclosure. Dominance relations between the adult males were stable and organised in a near-linear hierarchy. Dyadic interactions not fitting the social hierarchy, as well as challenges by subordinates and overt aggression by dominants were rare (< 5%) and principally occurred between animals of similar social rank. The correlates of social status within the colony show, for the first time in adult small mammals, that despite the significant role of body weight on the probability of winning contests, age was the most reliable indicator of adult dominance, with the higher ranking males being older but not necessarily heavier. Age also explained the outcome of 85% of agonistic encounters between dyads, compared with 65% for weights. The proximate mechanisms of age-related dominance fit better the 'previous outcome' hypothesis than the alternative 'fighting skill' or 'site dominance' hypotheses. The stability of dominance relations and the role of age, which in stable groups is equivalent with time spent in the colony, suggest that rats remain dominant over individuals that they have beaten in the past, long after initial body weight asymmetries have disappeared. The functional significance of the acceptance of subordinate social status is consistent with the fact that dominant individuals generally could not monopolize food resources or mates.

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Hébert, Paule, und Cyrille Barrette. „Experimental demonstration that scent marking can predict dominance in the woodchuck, Marmota monax“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, Nr. 3 (01.03.1989): 575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-082.

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Scent marking is known to be related to dominance in mammals. Here we ask whether the isolated scent from the oral glands of woodchucks (Marmota monax) can advertise dominance. The scent of an individual was presented to a conspecific before the two met and could establish a dominance–subordination relationship. For all 19 dyads that would later express aggressive dominance, the individual pre-encounter rate of scent marking was the same no matter the sex, composition of the dyad, or the future status of the individual. However, when they were presented with scent marks of a conspecific (before meeting the marker), future subordinates marked the scent of future dominants more than vice versa (Mann–Whitney U-test, Z = 2.246, [Formula: see text]). The status of members of dyads was accurately predicted from the pre-encounter marking performance in 14 of the 19 dyads (χ2 = 3.368; 0.10 > p > 0.05). This suggests that scent, by itself, conveys information on the dyadic dominance status of an individual relative to the receiver of the olfactory signal.

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Stroebe, Katherine, Bernard A. Nijstad und Charlotte K. Hemelrijk. „Female Dominance in Human Groups“. Social Psychological and Personality Science 8, Nr. 2 (29.09.2016): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550616664956.

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Compared to men, women less often attain high-level positions and generally have lower status in society. In smaller groups, the relative influence of men and women depends on gender composition, but research is inconclusive regarding the relation between gender composition and female influence. Studies of nonhuman primates show that when females are in the minority they become more dominant over males, but only when conflict levels are high, because under these conditions men fight among each other. Similarly, here we show, in two studies with mixed gender groups ( N = 90 and N = 56), that women were more dominant in groups with a high percentage of men and high levels of conflict. This depends on gender differences in aggressive behavior, inducing more aggressive behavior in women eliminated this increase in female dominance. Our work reveals that status relations between the genders among nonhuman primates can generalize to humans.

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Kokkoris, Ioannis. „The Development of the Concept of Collective Dominance in the ECMR. From its Inception to its Current Status“. World Competition 30, Issue 3 (01.09.2007): 419–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2007027.

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This article analyses how the concept of collective dominance is applied in the case law of the European Control Merger Regulation and how the assessment criteria have been developed through this case law precedence. In spite of the extensive development of the notion of collective dominance accompanied by the improvement of the checklist of the criteria on which the European Commission founds its assessment of collective dominance, legal uncertainty still remains. The CFI judgment in the Airtours case constitutes a clear indication that legal uncertainty is not likely to fade. In the aftermath of Airtours, reforms were adopted that included the adoption of the SIEC test as a more efficient tool in assessing collective mergers. The Airtours judgment outlined three criteria for the assessment of collective dominance, namely transparency, retaliation and countervailing power by customers and competitors. The IMPALA judgment, the first annulment of a clearance decision, implies a lower threshold for collective dominance than the Airtours judgment set. This article will present an extensive account of the development of the concept of collective dominance under the ECMR. It will assess the factors that make a market conducive to collective dominance and determine the criteria that need to be applied by authorities in the assessment of mergers leading to collective dominance.

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Fugère, Vincent, Hernán Ortega und Rüdiger Krahe. „Electrical signalling of dominance in a wild population of electric fish“. Biology Letters 7, Nr. 2 (27.10.2010): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0804.

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Animals often use signals to communicate their dominance status and avoid the costs of combat. We investigated whether the frequency of the electric organ discharge (EOD) of the weakly electric fish, Sternarchorhynchus sp., signals the dominance status of individuals. We correlated EOD frequency with body size and found a strong positive relationship. We then performed a competition experiment in which we found that higher frequency individuals were dominant over lower frequency ones. Finally, we conducted an electrical playback experiment and found that subjects more readily approached and attacked the stimulus electrodes when they played low-frequency signals than high-frequency ones. We propose that EOD frequency communicates dominance status in this gymnotiform species.

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Rosa, Izhani, Erin Kaseda und Alexandra Kirsch. „A-259 Interpersonal Dominance Predicts Treatment Resistance in Adolescents Without, But Not With, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder“. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 37, Nr. 6 (17.08.2022): 1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acac060.259.

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Abstract Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with interpersonal challenges in adolescents. Greater interpersonal dominance has been found to predict poorer therapeutic alliance in adolescents, but previous work has not examined a potential moderating impact of ADHD. The goal of the present study was to examine the relationship between dominance and treatment resistance as measured by the Personality Assessment Inventory-Adolescent (PAI-A) in a mixed clinical sample. Method: Data were collected from 144 adolescents referred for neuropsychological evaluation (M=15.27 years, Range=12-19, 41.0% female, 47.9% diagnosed with ADHD). ADHD diagnosis was determined through neuropsychological clinical evaluation of behavior, mood, and cognitive functioning across settings. Exploratory moderation analysis was conducted to examine if interpersonal dominance predicts treatment rejection and to see if the relationship is moderated by ADHD status. Results: Controlling for ADHD status, the main effect of dominance was significant, such that higher interpersonal dominance was associated with greater treatment rejection (t=2.38, p=.019). No main effect for the relationship between ADHD status and treatment rejection when controlling for dominance was observed. In participants without ADHD, dominance significantly predicted treatment rejection (t=2.38, p=.019), but the effect was no longer significant in adolescents with ADHD. Conclusion: Based on self-report of personality, interpersonal dominance is related to treatment rejection in adolescents without ADHD, but not adolescents with ADHD. Symptoms of ADHD such as impulsivity and behavioral disinhibition may impact responses related to interpersonal functioning and thus ratings for adolescents with ADHD may not reflect the same constructs important for treatment considerations.

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Craib, Ian. „Masculinity and Male Dominance“. Sociological Review 35, Nr. 4 (November 1987): 721–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1987.tb00563.x.

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The problems with established sociological and socio-psychological conceptions of masculinity are discussed, and it is argued that object-relations theory can provide a clearer understanding of masculinity. An ideal type of the development of masculinity is built up in contrast to similar ideal types of human development and the development of femininity as portrayed by recent feminist writers. The status of the ideal type is then discussed, drawing out its implications for the relationship between psychoanalysis and sociological analysis, and for the nature of social change.

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Santiago-Moreno, J., A. Gómez-Brunet, A. Toledano-Díaz, A. Pulido-Pastor und A. López-Sebastián. „Social dominance and breeding activity in Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica) maintained in captivity“. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 19, Nr. 3 (2007): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd06122.

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The relationship between ovulatory activity and social dominance was determined in 10 Spanish ibex females by recording their plasma progesterone and plasma cortisol levels. In a second experiment, the influence of dominance status on the establishment of pregnancy after introduction to males during late anoestrous (late October) was evaluated in another nine females. Dominance hierarchies were established in both groups by noting agonistic interactions between the individual females. Six high-ranking females of the 10 ibexes without male contact showed ovulatory activity with 1–3 progesterone cycles. The first progesterone cycle appeared in December (18 December ± 4 days). Dominance status correlated with age (R = 0.86, P < 0.01), bodyweight (R = 0.96, P < 0.001) and the number of progesterone cycles (R = 0.82, P < 0.01). Cortisol differences were associated with differences in reproductive function rather than social status per se. Introduction to males during late anoestrous brought forward the initiation of ovulatory activity (14 November ± 5 days) and resulted in three pregnancies in females with higher dominance ranks. The results suggest that social interactions are important in the control of ovulatory activity in the Spanish ibex.

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Vargas-Salfate, Salvador, Dario Paez, James H. Liu, Felicia Pratto und Homero Gil de Zúñiga. „A Comparison of Social Dominance Theory and System Justification: The Role of Social Status in 19 Nations“. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44, Nr. 7 (15.03.2018): 1060–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218757455.

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This study tests specific competing hypotheses from social dominance theory/realistic conflict theory (RCT) versus system justification theory about the role of social status. In particular, it examines whether system justification belief and effects are stronger among people with low socioeconomic status, and in less socially developed and unequal nations than among better-off people and countries. A cross-national survey was carried out in 19 nations from the Americas, Western and Eastern Europe, Asia, and Oceania using representative online samples ( N = 14,936, 50.15% women, Mage = 41.61 years). At the individual level, system justification beliefs, right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, national identification, sociopolitical conservatism, sex, age, and social status were measured. At the national level, the human development index and the Gini index were used. Multilevel analyses performed indicated that results fit better with the social dominance/RCT approach, as system justification was higher in high-status and developed nations; further, associations between legitimizing ideologies and system justification were stronger among high-status people.

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May, H. Y., und A. J. Mercier. „Responses of crayfish to a reflective environment depend on dominance status“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, Nr. 8 (August 2006): 1104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-098.

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Previous work has shown that the reflection from aquarium walls can modify several aspects of crayfish behaviour, but only if the crayfish are socialized. Such socialization is known to generate a dominance hierarchy composed of dominant and subordinate animals. The present study was conducted to determine whether or not behavioural responses to reflection depend on dominance status. Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) were maintained in pairs for 2 weeks to establish dominance ranks and were subsequently observed in an aquarium in which half of the walls were lined with mirrors and the other half were lined with nonreflective plastic. Dominant crayfish spent more time on the reflective side of the aquarium than on the nonreflective side, and they spent more time in reflective corners than in nonreflective corners. Dominant crayfish also turned more frequently on the reflective side and crossed the tank more frequently toward reflective walls. Such differences in behaviour were not observed for subordinate crayfish or for crayfish that had been isolated for 2 weeks. Subordinate crayfish exhibited more reverse walking on the reflective side of the aquarium than on the nonreflective side, but crayfish in the other groups did not. Thus, responses of crayfish to reflection depend on dominance status.

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Kustan, Jacqueline M., Karen P. Maruska und Russell D. Fernald. „Subordinate male cichlids retain reproductive competence during social suppression“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, Nr. 1728 (06.07.2011): 434–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0997.

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Subordinate males, which are excluded from reproduction often save energy by reducing their investment in sperm production. However, if their position in a dominance hierarchy changes suddenly they should also rapidly attain fertilization capability. Here, we asked how social suppression and ascension to dominance influences sperm quality, spermatogenesis and reproductive competence in the cichlid Astatotilapia burtoni , where reproduction is tightly coupled to social status. Dominant territorial (T) males are reproductively active while subordinate non-territorial (NT) males are suppressed, but given the opportunity, NT males will perform dominance behaviours within minutes and attain T male testes size within days. Using the thymidine analogue 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to label germ cell proliferation, we found that the spermatogenic cycle takes approximately 11–12 days, and social status had no effect on proliferation, suggesting that spermatogenesis continues during reproductive suppression. Although sperm velocity did not differ among social states, NT males had reduced sperm motility. Remarkably, males ascending in status showed sperm motility equivalent to T males within 24 h. Males also successfully reproduced within hours of social opportunity, despite four to five weeks of suppression and reduced testis size. Our data suggest that NT males maintain reproductive potential during suppression possibly as a strategy to rapidly improve reproductive fitness upon social opportunity.

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Simon, Jasper C., und Ulrike Heberlein. „Social hierarchy is established and maintained with distinct acts of aggression in male Drosophilamelanogaster“. Journal of Experimental Biology 223, Nr. 24 (02.12.2020): jeb232439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.232439.

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ABSTRACTSocial interactions pivot on an animal's experiences, internal states and feedback from others. This complexity drives the need for precise descriptions of behavior to dissect the fine detail of its genetic and neural circuit bases. In laboratory assays, male Drosophila melanogaster reliably exhibit aggression, and its extent is generally measured by scoring lunges, a feature of aggression in which one male quickly thrusts onto his opponent. Here, we introduce an explicit approach to identify both the onset and reversals in hierarchical status between opponents and observe that distinct aggressive acts reproducibly precede, concur or follow the establishment of dominance. We find that lunges are insufficient for establishing dominance. Rather, lunges appear to reflect the dominant state of a male and help in maintaining his social status. Lastly, we characterize the recurring and escalating structure of aggression that emerges through subsequent reversals in dominance. Collectively, this work provides a framework for studying the complexity of agonistic interactions in male flies, enabling its neurogenetic basis to be understood with precision.

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Moors, Agnes, und Jan De Houwer. „Automatic Processing of Dominance and Submissiveness“. Experimental Psychology 52, Nr. 4 (Januar 2005): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.52.4.296.

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Abstract. We investigated whether people are able to detect in a relatively automatic manner the dominant or submissive status of persons engaged in social interactions. We used a nonaffective variant of the affective Simon paradigm of De Houwer and Eelen (1998 ) in which participants responded by saying either “dominant” or “submissive” depending on the right or left spatial position of a target person who was engaged as either the dominant or the submissive agent in a social interaction. We observed that responses were facilitated when the status connotation of the target person and the correct response corresponded. These results provide new information about the automatic nature of information related to emotion-antecedent appraisals.

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Simmons, Aneika L., und Elizabeth E. Umphress. „The selection of leaders and social dominance orientation“. Journal of Management Development 34, Nr. 10 (12.10.2015): 1211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmd-11-2014-0149.

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Purpose – Individuals who are high in social dominance orientation (SDO) tend to endorse the belief that members of traditionally considered high-status groups should dominate members of traditionally considered low-status groups within society. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how SDO influences the selection of an individual who is a member of a traditionally considered low-status group for a leadership position as opposed to a non-leadership position. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology included undergraduate business students who were investigated in a laboratory setting. Findings – Results indicate that individuals who are high in SDO are more likely to discriminate against the most qualified candidate who is a traditionally considered low-status group member when compared to those low in SDO, and job position moderated this outcome. This effect was stronger when selecting the traditionally considered low-status group member candidate for a leadership role as opposed to a non-leadership position. Originality/value – To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first investigation to examine both leadership and selection using social dominance theory as a theoretical framework. Further, this is the first empirical analysis to determine that the influence of SDO is stronger when an individual high in SDO is selecting a traditionally considered low-status group member for a leadership position as opposed to a non-leadership position.

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Kubinyi, Enikő, und Lisa J. Wallis. „Dominance in dogs as rated by owners corresponds to ethologically valid markers of dominance“. PeerJ 7 (09.05.2019): e6838. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6838.

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Dominance is well defined in ethology, debated in psychology, and is often unclear among the dog owning public and in the press. However, to date, no study has examined how owners perceive dominance in dogs, and what different behaviours and personality types are used to describe dominant and subordinate individuals. A questionnaire study was launched to investigate the external validity of owner-derived estimates of dominance in dog dyads sharing the same household (N = 1,151). According to the owners, dogs rated as dominant (87%) have priority access to resources (resting place, food, and rewards), undertake certain tasks (defend and lead the group, bark more), display dominance (win fights, lick the other’s mouth less, and mark over the other’s urine), share certain personality traits (smarter, more aggressive and impulsive), and are older than their partner dog (all p < 0.0001). An age-related hypothesis has been suggested to explain dominance in dogs; but we found that dog age did not explain the occurrence of dominance related behaviours over the owners’ estimate of dominance status. Results suggest that owner-derived reports of dominance ranks of dogs living in multi-dog households correspond to ethologically valid behavioural markers of dominance. Size and physical condition were unrelated to the perceived dominance. Surprisingly, in mixed-sex dyads, females were more frequently rated as dominant than males, which might correspond to a higher proportion of neutered females in this subgroup. For future studies that wish to allocate dominance status using owner report, we offer a novel survey.

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Kern, Julie M., Seirian Sumner und Andrew N. Radford. „Sentinel dominance status influences forager use of social information“. Behavioral Ecology 27, Nr. 4 (2016): 1053–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arv240.

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Rudin, Fabian S., Joseph L. Tomkins und Leigh W. Simmons. „Changes in dominance status erode personality and behavioral syndromes“. Behavioral Ecology 28, Nr. 1 (11.10.2016): 270–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arw151.

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Barnard, C. J., und N. Luo. „Acquisition of dominance status affects maze learning in mice“. Behavioural Processes 60, Nr. 1 (Oktober 2002): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-6357(02)00121-3.

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Kojola, Ilpo. „Mother's dominance status and differential investment in reindeer calves“. Animal Behaviour 38, Nr. 2 (August 1989): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(89)80080-6.

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Jones, Carolyn E., und Marie-H. Monfils. „Dominance status predicts social fear transmission in laboratory rats“. Animal Cognition 19, Nr. 6 (13.07.2016): 1051–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-016-1013-2.

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Drews, Carlos. „The Concept and Definition of Dominance in Animal Behaviour“. Behaviour 125, Nr. 3-4 (1993): 283–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853993x00290.

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AbstractThe concept of dominance has contributed greatly to our understanding of social structure in animals. Over the past three decades, however, a variety of concepts and definitions of dominance have been introduced, leading to an ongoing debate about the usefulness and meaning of the concept. Criticisms aimed at one definition of dominance do not necessarilly apply to other definitions. Existing definitions can be structural or functional, refer to roles or to agonistic behaviour, regard dominance as a property of individuals or as an attribute of dyadic encounters, concentrate on aggression or on the lack of it, and be based either on theoretical constructs or on observable behaviour. Thirteen definitions of dominance are reviewed, and their usefulness assessed with respect to their descriptive value. The predictive and explanatory values of definitions are specific to the questions asked in each particular study and are not considered as criteria to judge the usefulness of the dominance concept. By virtue of its high descriptive value, the original definition of dominance by SCHJELDERUPP-EBBE (1922, Z.Psychol. 88: 226-252) emerged as the basis to formulate a structural definition with wide applicability and which reflects the essence of the concept: Dominance is an attribute of the pattern of repeated, agonistic interactions between two individuals, characterized by a consistent outcome in favour of the same dyad member and a default yielding response of its opponent rather than escalation. The status of the consistent winner is dominant and that of the loser subordinate. Dominance status refers to dyads while dominance rank, high or low, refers to the position in a hierarchy and, thus, depends on group composition. Dominance is a relative measure and not an absolute property of individuals. The discussion includes reference to the heritability of dominance, application of dominance to groups rather than individuals, and the role of individual recognition and memory during agonistic encounters.

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付, 可可. „Prestige or Dominance, Who Has Greater Influence?—Research on the Dominance-Prestige Theory of Social Status“. Advances in Psychology 12, Nr. 01 (2022): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ap.2022.121005.

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Berteaux, Dominique, Rémi Duhamel und Jean-Marie Bergeron. „Can radio collars affect dominance relationships in Microtus?“ Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, Nr. 4 (01.04.1994): 785–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-106.

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We measured the effects of radio-collar mass (3.9–17.3% of live body mass) on dominance relationships between adult female meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus). Fifty individuals of known dominance status were fitted with dummy transmitters and their status was measured 2 and 14 days later. There was no significant change in dominance when collar mass was < 10% of live body mass. However, we registered a significant loss of dominance after voles received collars of > 10% of live body mass. Body mass and activity levels of voles decreased after collar attachment, but these reductions were not correlated with collar mass. Control voles did not experience such decreases. The radiotelemetry technique as it is generally used in microtine research is not put in doubt by our results, but we demonstrate social costs associated with the use of heavier transmitters.

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Poniewozik, Małgorzata, und Tomasz Lenard. „Phytoplankton Composition and Ecological Status of Lakes with Cyanobacteria Dominance“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, Nr. 7 (23.03.2022): 3832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073832.

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Phytoplankton is one of the five biological quality elements used in the assessment of the ecological status of surface waters according to the European Water Framework Directive established in 2000. In this study, we determined the ecological status of three small and shallow lakes in the Polesie Plain, Eastern Poland, by using indices based on phytoplankton assemblages. The predominant phytoplankton of all three lakes were filamentous cyanobacteria, both heterocystous and non-heterocystous, represented by the genera Aphanizomenon, Planktothrix, Limnothrix, and Planktolyngbya. We used the Hungarian Q index, German PSI (Phyto-See-Index), and recently developed PMPL (Phytoplankton Metrics for Polish Lakes) for Polish lakes. We compared the results from the calculation of the indices to physicochemical data obtained from the lake water and Carlson’s Trophy State Index (TSI). On the basis of TSI, Gumienek and Glinki lakes were classified as advanced eutrophic, whereas Czarne Lake had a better score and was classified as slightly eutrophic. The trophic state was generally confirmed by the ecological status based on phytoplankton indices and also showed the diverse ecological situation in the lakes studied. Based on the Polish PMPL, Gumienek Lake was classified as having bad status (ecological quality ratio (EQR) = 0.05), whereas Glinki and Czarne lakes were classified within the poor status range (EQR = 0.25 and 0.35, respectively). However, based on the German PSI, the lakes were classified in a different manner: the status of Gumienek and Czarne lakes was better, but unsatisfactory, because they were still below the boundary for the good status category recommended by the European Commission. The best ecological status for the studied lakes was obtained using the Q index: Gumienek Lake with EQR = 0.42 had a moderate status, and Czarne Lake with EQR = 0.62 obtained a good status. However, Glinki Lake, with EQR = 0.40, was classified at the boundary for poor and moderate status. Based on our study, it seems that the best index for ecological status assessment based on phytoplankton that can be used for small lakes is the Polish (PMPL) index.

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Cowan, D., L. M. Gosling, J. Hudson und S. A. Collins. „Does Behaviour After Weaning Affect the Dominance Status of Adult Male Mice (Mus Domesticus)?“ Behaviour 134, Nr. 13-14 (1997): 989–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853997x00359.

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AbstractTo investigate whether behaviour in the litter predicted later dominance status, male mice were observed whilst within their litters from three weeks old, and when paired with an unrelated male as an adult. We found that males that were dominant in their litter were not more likely to become dominant as an adult. The best predictor of adult dominance status was the relative scent marking rate when with littermates, males that marked more than their adult partner were more likely to become dominant. The high scent mark rate of dominant males may be the cause not the consequence of dominance, they scent mark at a higher rate before becoming dominant. It was also shown that there are strong family resemblances for scent mark rate, body weight and most urogenital gland weights. This indicates that scent mark rate and urogenital gland weights may be determined genetically, or partly determined by parental effects. As found in previous work the preputial gland was heavier in dominant males than subordinates. Furthermore, dominant males were lighter than subordinates at the end of the experiment indicating that there may be a cost to maintaining dominance.

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Mazur, Allan, und Alan Booth. „Testosterone and dominance in men“. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, Nr. 3 (Juni 1998): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x98001228.

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In men, high levels of endogenous testosterone (T) seem to encourage behavior intended to dominate – to enhance one's status over – other people. Sometimes dominant behavior is aggressive, its apparent intent being to inflict harm on another person, but often dominance is expressed nonaggressively. Sometimes dominant behavior takes the form of antisocial behavior, including rebellion against authority and law breaking. Measurement of T at a single point in time, presumably indicative of a man's basal T level, predicts many of these dominant or antisocial behaviors. T not only affects behavior but also responds to it. The act of competing for dominant status affects male T levels in two ways. First, T rises in the face of a challenge, as if it were an anticipatory response to impending competition. Second, after the competition, T rises in winners and declines in losers. Thus, there is a reciprocity between T and dominance behavior, each affecting the other. We contrast a reciprocal model, in which T level is variable, acting as both a cause and effect of behavior, with a basal model, in which T level is assumed to be a persistent trait that influences behavior. An unusual data set on Air Force veterans, in which data were collected four times over a decade, enables us to compare the basal and reciprocal models as explanations for the relationship between T and divorce. We discuss sociological implications of these models.

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Weatherhead, Patrick J., und Kevin L. Teather. „The paradox of age-related dominance in brown-headed cow birds (Molothrus ater)“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, Nr. 10 (01.10.1987): 2354–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-355.

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Studies of brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) suggest that yearling males are as successful at acquiring mates as adult males. Our aim in this study was to determine if dominance status of males was also independent of age when they were competing for access to food. Five mixed-age (adult and yearling) groups of 9 or 10 male brown-headed cowbirds were maintained in aviaries. Using 6829 interactions recorded at a feeding dish we computed dominance hierarchies, all of which proved to be linear and stable. In two of the five groups all adult males were dominant to all yearlings, with less clear-cut age differences in the remaining three groups. Adults were dominant in 54 of the 66 dyads consisting of an adult and a yearling in which one individual won a significant proportion of their interactions. Although adults were significantly heavier and larger than yearlings, weight and size contributed little to the outcome of dominance interactions. These results suggest that dominance status in one social arena may be a poor predictor of social status in another for brown-headed cowbirds. Our results do not explain why young male cowbirds are successful in competing for mates.

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