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Wang, Chee Keng John, Leonard Tan und Eugene I. Dairianathan. „Achievement Goals, Implicit Theories, and Intrinsic Motivation: A Test of Domain Specificity Across Music, Visual Art, and Sports“. Journal of Research in Music Education 66, Nr. 3 (25.06.2018): 320–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022429418784563.
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The purpose of this study was to test the domain specificity of achievement goals across music, visual art, and sports specializations, as measured by Elliot’s 2 × 2 achievement goal framework. Participants in the study were 103 volunteer student teachers from a teacher training institute in Singapore specializing in music, visual art, and physical education. Data were collected via self-report questionnaires that included measures of (a) the 2 × 2 achievement goal orientation constructs; (b) incremental and entity beliefs among the participants in music, visual art, and sports; and (c) participants’ enjoyment, perceived competence, effort, and tension while being engaged in music, visual art, and sports. MANOVA analyses indicated that (a) achievement goals are domain-specific and are highest in participants’ area of specialization; (b) implicit theories can be generalized across the three specializations, with higher incremental beliefs than entity beliefs reported across all specializations; and (c) enjoyment was highest for those who specialized in that particular area. Finally, mastery-approach goals positively predicted enjoyment in each specialization.
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Nakamura, Kimitoshi, Anna Zuppini, Serge Arnaudeau, Jeffery Lynch, Irfan Ahsan, Ryoko Krause, Sylvia Papp et al. „Functional specialization of calreticulin domains“. Journal of Cell Biology 154, Nr. 5 (27.08.2001): 961–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200102073.
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Calreticulin is a Ca2+-binding chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and calreticulin gene knockout is embryonic lethal. Here, we used calreticulin-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts to examine the function of calreticulin as a regulator of Ca2+ homeostasis. In cells without calreticulin, the ER has a lower capacity for Ca2+ storage, although the free ER luminal Ca2+ concentration is unchanged. Calreticulin-deficient cells show inhibited Ca2+ release in response to bradykinin, yet they release Ca2+ upon direct activation with the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3). These cells fail to produce a measurable level of InsP3 upon stimulation with bradykinin, likely because the binding of bradykinin to its cell surface receptor is impaired. Bradykinin binding and bradykinin-induced Ca2+ release are both restored by expression of full-length calreticulin and the N + P domain of the protein. Expression of the P + C domain of calreticulin does not affect bradykinin-induced Ca2+ release but restores the ER Ca2+ storage capacity. Our results indicate that calreticulin may play a role in folding of the bradykinin receptor, which affects its ability to initiate InsP3-dependent Ca2+ release in calreticulin-deficient cells. We concluded that the C domain of calreticulin plays a role in Ca2+ storage and that the N domain may participate in its chaperone functions.
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Pandini, A., und L. Bonati. „Conservation and specialization in PAS domain dynamics“. Protein Engineering, Design and Selection 18, Nr. 3 (01.03.2005): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/gzi017.
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Nowatzki, Tony, Vinay Gangadhar, Karthikeyan Sankaralingam und Greg Wright. „Domain Specialization Is Generally Unnecessary for Accelerators“. IEEE Micro 37, Nr. 3 (2017): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mm.2017.60.
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Schreibmayer, W., und M. Waller. „Domain specialization in voltage-dependent Na+ and Ca2+ channels“. Journal of Theoretical Biology 151, Nr. 1 (Juli 1991): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5193(05)80148-1.
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Garanina, N. O., I. S. Anureev, O. I. Borovikova und V. E. Zyubin. „Methods for Domain Specialization of Verification-Oriented Process Ontologies“. Automatic Control and Computer Sciences 54, Nr. 7 (Dezember 2020): 740–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s014641162007007x.
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Petrov, Alexander A., David J. Jilk und Randall C. O'Reilly. „The Leabra architecture: Specialization without modularity“. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33, Nr. 4 (August 2010): 286–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x10001160.
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AbstractThe posterior cortex, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex in the Leabra architecture are specialized in terms of various neural parameters, and thus are predilections for learning and processing, but domain-general in terms of cognitive functions such as face recognition. Also, these areas are not encapsulated and violate Fodorian criteria for modularity. Anderson's terminology obscures these important points, but we applaud his overall message.
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Grove, B. D., und A. W. Vogl. „Sertoli cell ectoplasmic specializations: a type of actin-associated adhesion junction?“ Journal of Cell Science 93, Nr. 2 (01.06.1989): 309–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.93.2.309.
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In this paper we provide evidence that ectoplasmic specializations are a form of intercellular adhesion junction. Ectoplasmic specializations, found at basal junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells and at sites of adhesion between Sertoli cells and germ cells, consist of actin filament bundles sandwiched between the plasma membrane and a cistern of endoplasmic reticulum. The actin filaments in each bundle are unipolar and are hexagonally packed. The bundles are coupled to the adjacent membranes and to each other. Because ectoplasmic specializations are associated with junctional sites, they may play a role in intercellular adhesion. In this study, we report a procedure for obtaining samples enriched for ectoplasmic specializations and identify polypeptides that may be associated with ectoplasmic specializations. On SDS-polyacrylamide gels, an 83K (K = 10(3) Mr) polypeptide is specific to the ectoplasmic specialization-enriched sample, suggesting that it may be a component of ectoplasmic specializations. Other polypeptides at 38, 53, 56 and 69K also may be associated with ectoplasmic specializations. Immunoblots further indicate that fimbrin and vinculin are present in the ectoplasmic specialization-enriched fraction. In addition, immunofluorescence indicates that vinculin is associated with spermatid-Sertoli cell and Sertoli-Sertoli cell junctions. We suspect that fimbrin, an actin-bundling protein, may be involved in cross-linking the hexagonally packed actin filaments in ectoplasmic specializations while vinculin may be associated with actin-membrane linkages. If so, ectoplasmic specializations may be a new class of actin-associated junctional site. Moreover, the presence of vinculin in testicular fractions enriched for ectoplasmic specializations and at junctional sites supports the view that these structures may play a role in intercellular adhesion, possibly by stabilizing an adhesive membrane domain.
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JEFFREY WYATT und MITCHELL RABINOWITZ. „The impact of domain and subject specialization on knowledge organization“. American Journal of Psychology 123, Nr. 3 (2010): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.123.3.0295.
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van Zuylen, Henk J. „Multidisciplinarity in Transport Research and Education“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1729, Nr. 1 (Januar 2000): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1729-10.
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The evolution of science has followed the path of specialization—a certain domain of knowledge within one discipline becomes a discipline in itself with its own paradigms and social structure of scientists and institutions. Multidisciplinarity is the reverse movement; progress is sought not in further specialization but in the integration of several approaches. This kind of research can take many forms. The simplest form of multidisciplinary problem solving is to split problems into subproblems and then solve each subproblem in a monodisciplinary fashion. Another way is to integrate the monodisciplinary contributions into a single, complete solution. A third way is to apply the paradigms of one discipline to enhance the problem-solving potential of another. Research in the domain of transportation is well suited to the different forms of the multidisciplinary approach. Many problems in transportation have aspects in the domains of disciplines ranging from pure engineering to psychology and ethics. Furthermore, only a few practical transportation problems can be solved satisfactorily without the cooperation of many disciplines. Finally, many examples within the domain of transportation show that completely new areas of knowledge have been developed by the integration of elements from other disciplines. Multidisciplinarity for the education of transport and traffic professionals is essential for the healthy development of the transport domain.
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Maekawa, Takaki, Barbara Kracher, Isabel M. L. Saur, Makoto Yoshikawa-Maekawa, Ronny Kellner, Artem Pankin, Maria von Korff und Paul Schulze-Lefert. „Subfamily-Specific Specialization of RGH1/MLA Immune Receptors in Wild Barley“. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 32, Nr. 1 (Januar 2019): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-07-18-0186-fi.
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The barley disease resistance (R) gene locus mildew locus A (Mla) provides isolate-specific resistance against the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis hordei and has been introgressed into modern cultivars from diverse germplasms, including the wild relative Hordeum spontaneum. Known Mla disease resistance specificities to B. graminis hordei appear to encode allelic variants of the R gene homolog 1 (RGH1) family of nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins. Here, we sequenced and assembled the transcriptomes of 50 H. spontaneum accessions representing nine populations distributed throughout the Fertile Crescent. The assembled Mla transcripts exhibited rich sequence diversity, linked neither to geographic origin nor population structure, and could be grouped into two similar-sized subfamilies based on two major N-terminal coiled-coil (CC) signaling domains that are both capable of eliciting cell death. The presence of positively selected sites located mainly in the C-terminal leucine-rich repeats of both MLA subfamilies, together with the fact that both CC signaling domains mediate cell death, implies that the two subfamilies are actively maintained in the population. Unexpectedly, known MLA receptor variants that confer B. graminis hordei resistance belong exclusively to one subfamily. Thus, signaling domain divergence, potentially as adaptation to distinct pathogen populations, is an evolutionary signature of functional diversification of an immune receptor. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
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Amorim, Fabrício Da Silva. „Gramaticalização no domínio da causalidade (Grammaticalization in the domain of causality)“. Estudos da Língua(gem) 10, Nr. 1 (01.06.2012): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22481/el.v10i1.1170.
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Baseado na abordagem da Gramaticalização (HOPEER; TRAUGOTT, 1993), este artigo apresenta uma análise comparativa entre os conectores causais por causa que, porque e que, a fim de atestar a implementação de um processo de especialização semântico-pragmática (HOPPER, 1991) no inventário dos conectores causais do português falado. Os usos desses conectores são descritos à luz da proposta de Sweetser (1991), segundo a qual a relação de causalidade pode ser estabelecida em três domínios distintos: o domínio referencial, o domínio epistêmico e o domínio dos atos de fala. Além disso, parte da análise se baseia no princípio funcionalista da iconicidade (NEVES, 2004, 2010).PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Gramaticalização. Causalidade. Conectores. Especialização. Iconicidade.ABSTRACT Based on the Grammaticalization approach (HOPEER; TRAUGOTT, 1993), this article presents a comparative analyze among the connectors por causa que (“by cause that”), porque (because) and que (that), aiming at asserting an implementation of a semantic-pragmatic specialization (HOPPER, 1991) among spoken Portuguese causal connectors. The uses of the connectors in question are discussed using the semantic-pragmatic approach designed by Sweetser (1991), according to which causality can be established in three distinct domains: the referential domain, the epistemic domain and the speech act domain. Furthermore, part of the analyze is based on the iconicity functionalist principle (NEVES, 2004, 2010). KEYWORDS: Grammaticalization; Causality; Connectors; Specialization; Iconicity.
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Peng, Chih-Wen, Valera V. Peremyslov, Arcady R. Mushegian, William O. Dawson und Valerian V. Dolja. „Functional Specialization and Evolution of Leader Proteinases in the Family Closteroviridae“. Journal of Virology 75, Nr. 24 (15.12.2001): 12153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.24.12153-12160.2001.
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ABSTRACT Members of the Closteroviridae andPotyviridae families of the plant positive-strand RNA viruses encode one or two papain-like leader proteinases. In addition to a C-terminal proteolytic domain, each of these proteinases possesses a nonproteolytic N-terminal domain. We compared functions of the several leader proteinases using a gene swapping approach. The leader proteinase (L-Pro) of Beet yellows virus (BYV; a closterovirus) was replaced with L1 or L2 proteinases of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV; another closterovirus), P-Pro proteinase of Lettuce infectious yellows virus (LIYV; a crinivirus), and HC-Pro proteinase of Tobacco etch virus(a potyvirus). Each foreign proteinase efficiently processed the chimeric BYV polyprotein in vitro. However, only L1 and P-Pro, not L2 and HC-Pro, were able to rescue the amplification of the chimeric BYV variants. The combined expression of L1 and L2 resulted in an increased RNA accumulation compared to that of the parental BYV. Remarkably, this L1-L2 chimera exhibited reduced invasiveness and inability to move from cell to cell. Similar analyses of the BYV hybrids, in which only the papain-like domain of L-Pro was replaced with those derived from L1, L2, P-Pro, and HC-Pro, also revealed functional specialization of these domains. In subcellular-localization experiments, distinct patterns were observed for the leader proteinases of BYV, CTV, and LIYV. Taken together, these results demonstrated that, in addition to a common proteolytic activity, the leader proteinases of closteroviruses possess specialized functions in virus RNA amplification, virus invasion, and cell-to-cell movement. The phylogenetic analysis suggested that functionally distinct L1 and L2 of CTV originated by a gene duplication event.
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Viitanen, Elina, Lauri Kokkinen und Hannu Puolijoki. „Hospital management teams – reflections on organizational and medical specialization cultures“. Journal of Hospital Administration 5, Nr. 1 (30.11.2015): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jha.v5n1p90.
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Although hospital management is studied in several branches of science, scarcity of studies investigating management team work in hospitals exist. The purpose of this paper was to study managers’ understanding concerning the role of management team work in specialized health care, as well as management team work methods within the different activity areas in a hospital and in the operational units within their domain. A total of 54 interviews of activity area managers and operational unit managers in one Finnish hospital district in 2007-2008 was analyzed using data-driven content analysis. Work of all management teams focused on financial and operative issues. However, different management teams used different working methods, which implicates the existence of medical specialization-specific work subcultures within a shared organizational culture. The psychiatric activity area appeared the most active and the most future-oriented, whereas the activity area of operative specializations seemed the most defensive, and the activity area of conservative specializations was businesslike and unfocused as regards the future. These differences were portrayed in the teams’ inner dynamics and interaction practices. Activity area work methods did not directly transfer to those of the unit-level management teams. We conclude that management teams may not be optimally used as a forum for strategic issues or innovation throughout hospital organizations and more research is needed in order to better understand the connections between management team work, organizational culture and medical specialization culture.
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Przedrzymirska, Joanna. „Advancing the Pomorskie RIS3 Multi-Level Implementation Scheme“. Biuletyn Instytutu Morskiego 33, Nr. 1 (27.11.2018): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7529.
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The aim of the proposed scheme is to assist the Pomorskie regional authority in the further implementation of the smart specialization concept for the benefit of the blue growth sectors that are considered as a competitive advantage of this region against all other Polish regions. Current implementation system is based on Agreements on Pomorskie Smart Specializations and on the regulation on the Council performance. The regional self-government is the owner of the implementation process, including the entrepreneurial discovery process. The proposed advanced implementation system postulates that the Council should become the owner of the latter process, its operation should be based on the regulation concluded between the Marshal and the Council. Moreover, it is proposed that the Council is supported by a dedicated and experienced coordinator well rooted in the domain of the smart specialization. Activities of the coordinators are financed by the regional self-government authorities via the dedicated financial tool, so-called strategic project. Advanced implementation scheme is expected to enable the regional authorities to create the functional and efficient set up of RIS3 for the next financial perspective.
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Johnson, Mark H. „Interactive Specialization: A domain-general framework for human functional brain development?“ Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 1, Nr. 1 (Januar 2011): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2010.07.003.
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Chen, Taiping, Naomi Tsujimoto und En Li. „The PWWP Domain of Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b Is Required for Directing DNA Methylation to the Major Satellite Repeats at Pericentric Heterochromatin“. Molecular and Cellular Biology 24, Nr. 20 (15.10.2004): 9048–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.24.20.9048-9058.2004.
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ABSTRACT Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are responsible for the establishment of DNA methylation patterns during development. These proteins contain, in addition to a C-terminal catalytic domain, a unique N-terminal regulatory region that harbors conserved domains, including a PWWP domain. The PWWP domain, characterized by the presence of a highly conserved proline-tryptophan-tryptophan-proline motif, is a module of 100 to 150 amino acids found in many chromatin-associated proteins. However, the function of the PWWP domain remains largely unknown. In this study, we provide evidence that the PWWP domains of Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are involved in functional specialization of these enzymes. We show that both endogenous and green fluorescent protein-tagged Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are particularly concentrated in pericentric heterochromatin. Mutagenesis analysis indicates that their PWWP domains are required for their association with pericentric heterochromatin. Disruption of the PWWP domain abolishes the ability of Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b to methylate the major satellite repeats at pericentric heterochromatin. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the Dnmt3a PWWP domain has little DNA-binding ability, in contrast to the Dnmt3b PWWP domain, which binds DNA nonspecifically. Collectively, our results suggest that the PWWP domains of Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are essential for targeting these enzymes to pericentric heterochromatin, probably via a mechanism other than protein-DNA interactions.
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Ambrosini, Ettore, und Antonino Vallesi. „Domain-general Stroop Performance and Hemispheric Asymmetries: A Resting-state EEG Study“. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 29, Nr. 5 (Mai 2017): 769–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01076.
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The ability to suppress irrelevant information while executing a task, also known as interference resistance ability, is a function of pFC that is critical for successful goal-directed human behavior. In the study of interference resistance and, more generally, executive functions, two key questions are still open: Does pFC contribute to cognitive control abilities through lateralized but domain-general mechanisms or through hemispheric specialization of domain-specific processes? And what are the underlying causes of interindividual differences in executive control performance? To shed light on these issues, here we employed an interindividual difference approach to investigate whether participants' hemispheric asymmetry in resting-state electrophysiological brain dynamics may reflect their variability in domain-general interference resistance. We recorded participants' resting-state electroencephalographic activity and performed spectral power analyses on the estimated cortical source activity. To measure participants' lateralized brain dynamics at rest, we computed the right–left hemispheric asymmetry score for the β/α power ratio. To measure their domain-general interference resistance ability, verbal and spatial Stroop tasks were used. Robust correlations followed by intersection analyses showed that participants with stronger resting-state-related left-lateralized activity in different pFC regions, namely the mid-posterior superior frontal gyrus, middle and posterior middle frontal gyrus, and inferior frontal junction, were more able to inhibit irrelevant information in both domains. The present results confirm and extend previous findings showing that neurophysiological difference factors may explain interindividual differences in executive functioning. They also provide support for the hypothesis of a left pFC hemispheric specialization for domain-independent phasic cognitive control processes mediating Stroop performance.
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Whyte, Shona. „Specialist Knowledge and Interlanguage Development“. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 17, Nr. 2 (Juni 1995): 153–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100014145.
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This study investigates learner's construction of oral texts on topics of specialization. Using the framework of the discourse domain hypothesis, which holds that second language proficiency is acquired with reference to individual, specialized contexts of production, termed discourse domains, the study tests the prediction that learners will construct more independent and coherent texts on such topics. Data were elicited from advanced ESL learners at a U.S. university: Discourse domain talk on academic major topics by five invested subjects is compared with the performance of the same subjects on a general topic and with a control group who talked on two comparable general topics. Analysis focuses on discourse organization, including turntaking patterns and episode structure. Results suggest that text construction is facilitated by learners' expertise and investment in the topic of conversation. Invested subjects constructed more coherent episodes and, in some cases, more independent turns on their topics of specialization. In the absence of such expertise, however, recent rehearsal of topics by some control subjects appeared to permit similarly enhanced discourse organization. Thus, the study reveals a complex relationship between specialized knowledge and text construction that suggests new avenues for future research into topic-related interlanguage variation.
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Isaji, Mamiko, Marta Lenartowska, Tatsuhiko Noguchi, Deborah J. Frank und Kathryn G. Miller. „Myosin VI Regulates Actin Structure Specialization through Conserved Cargo-Binding Domain Sites“. PLoS ONE 6, Nr. 8 (11.08.2011): e22755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022755.
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Good, Gregory. „Magnetic World: The Historiography of an Inherently Complex Science, Geomagnetism, in The 20th Century“. Earth Sciences History 26, Nr. 2 (01.01.2007): 281–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.26.2.12072212x1n53521.
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The 20th century witnessed a succession of remarkable developments in the history of geomagnetic research. After 1900, geomagnetic researchers increased their activity as they adopted theories by C. F. Gauss and J. C. Maxwell and developed means to bridge the gulf between these theories and masses of data of global phenomena. This paper outlines three main streams in 20th-century geomagnetic research: investigations of processes deep inside the Earth that produce the main geomagnetic field, examinations of crustal magnetism, and research into processes on the edge of space, where Earth's magnetic field interacts with the interplanetary environment. This discussion places these research streams in the historiographic context of disciplinary specialization and transformation. In the early 20th century, geomagnetic researchers thought of their domain as all of Earth's magnetic and electric phenomena. In mid-century, however, many researchers began to narrow their gaze to one problem area or another. This specialization contributed to a period of dramatic developments in the latter half of the century: geodynamo theory, paleomagnetic evidence of plate tectonics, computer modeling of magnetic reversals, and discovery of the solar wind, radiation belts, and magnetic substorms. But there was more to this period than simple specialization. As researchers gradually shifted their research programs, their methods, instruments, and theories moved from one program to another, researchers sometimes going with them. Chameleons and opportunists frequently left one research program for another, more promising one. This paper closes with a discussion of the possibility of "re-connection" among these specializations, as researchers have begun once again to communicate across inter-field lines.
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Garanina, Natalia O., Igor S. Anureev, Olesya I. Borovikova und Vladimir E. Zyubin. „Methods for Domain Specification of Verification-Oriented Process Ontology“. Modeling and Analysis of Information Systems 26, Nr. 4 (27.12.2019): 534–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18255/1818-1015-2019-4-534-549.
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User-friendly formal specifications and verification of parallel and distributed systems from various subject fields, such as automatic control, telecommunications, business processes, are active research topics due to its practical significance. In this paper, we present methods for the development of verification-oriented domain-specific process ontologies which are used to describe parallel and distributed systems of subject fields. One of the advantages of such ontologies is their formal semantics which make possible formal verification of the described systems. Our method is based on the abstract verification-oriented process ontology. We use two methods of specialization of the abstract process ontology. The declarative method uses the specialization of the classes of the original ontology, introduction of new declarative classes, as well as use of new axioms system, which restrict the classes and relations of the abstract ontology. The constructive method uses semantic markup and pattern matching techniques to link sublect fields with classes of the abstract process ontology. We provide detailed ontological specifications for these techniques. Our methods preserve the formal semantics of the original process ontology and, therefore, the possibility of applying formal verification methods to the specialized process ontologies. We show that the constructive method is a refinement of the declarative method. The construction of ontology of the typical elements of automatic control systems illustrates our methods: we develop a declarative description of the classes and restrictions for the specialized ontology in the Prot´eg´e system in the OWL language using the deriving rules written in the SWRL language and we construct the system of semantic markup templates which implements typical elements of automatic control systems.
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Yarotskyy, Viktor, Guofeng Gao, Blaise Z. Peterson und Keith S. Elmslie. „Domain III regulates N-type (CaV2.2) calcium channel closing kinetics“. Journal of Neurophysiology 107, Nr. 7 (01.04.2012): 1942–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00993.2011.
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CaV2.2 (N-type) and CaV1.2 (L-type) calcium channels gate differently in response to membrane depolarization, which is critical to the unique physiological functions mediated by these channels. We wondered if the source for these differences could be identified. As a first step, we examined the effect of domain exchange between N-type and L-type channels on activation-deactivation kinetics, which were significantly different between these channels. Kinetic analysis of chimeric channels revealed N-channel-like deactivation for all chimeric channels containing N-channel domain III, while activation appeared to be a more distributed function across domains. This led us to hypothesize that domain III was an important regulator of N-channel closing. This idea was further examined with R-roscovitine, which is a trisubstituted purine that slows N-channel deactivation by exclusively binding to activated N-channels. L-channels lack this response to roscovitine, which allowed us to use N-L chimeras to test the role of domain III in roscovitine modulation of N-channel deactivation. In support of our hypothesis, all chimeric channels containing the N-channel domain III responded to roscovitine with slowed deactivation, while those chimeric channels with L-channel domain III did not. Thus a combination of kinetic and pharmacological evidence supports the hypothesis that domain III is an important regulator of N-channel closing. Our results support specialization of gating functions among calcium channel domains.
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Horn, Thelma S. „Social Psychological and Developmental Perspectives on Early Sport Specialization“. Kinesiology Review 4, Nr. 3 (August 2015): 248–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/kr.2015-0025.
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One of the primary dilemmas surrounding the topic of early sport specialization is whether the practice develops talent or creates long-term psychological problems. The purpose of this paper is to discuss this issue using psychosocial and developmental frameworks. This review begins with an overview of several developmentallybased constructs (e.g., biological maturation, perceived competence, body image, self-identity, motivational orientation) that are relevant to the sport domain. These developmental progressions are then used to address some potential implications for children who begin intensive training and competition at an early age. Next, some socioenvironmental factors are explored, with specific links made to the early sport specialization process. Finally, the paper ends with four recommendations for future research on the topic.
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Meller, Julia, Igor B. Rogozin, Eugenia Poliakov, Nahum Meller, Mark Bedanov-Pack, Edward F. Plow, Jun Qin, Eugene A. Podrez und Tatiana V. Byzova. „Emergence and subsequent functional specialization of kindlins during evolution of cell adhesiveness“. Molecular Biology of the Cell 26, Nr. 4 (15.02.2015): 786–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e14-08-1294.
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Kindlins are integrin-interacting proteins essential for integrin-mediated cell adhesiveness. In this study, we focused on the evolutionary origin and functional specialization of kindlins as a part of the evolutionary adaptation of cell adhesive machinery. Database searches revealed that many members of the integrin machinery (including talin and integrins) existed before kindlin emergence in evolution. Among the analyzed species, all metazoan lineages—but none of the premetazoans—had at least one kindlin-encoding gene, whereas talin was present in several premetazoan lineages. Kindlin appears to originate from a duplication of the sequence encoding the N-terminal fragment of talin (the talin head domain) with a subsequent insertion of the PH domain of separate origin. Sequence analysis identified a member of the actin filament–associated protein 1 (AFAP1) superfamily as the most likely origin of the kindlin PH domain. The functional divergence between kindlin paralogues was assessed using the sequence swap (chimera) approach. Comparison of kindlin 2 (K2)/kindlin 3 (K3) chimeras revealed that the F2 subdomain, in particular its C-terminal part, is crucial for the differential functional properties of K2 and K3. The presence of this segment enables K2 but not K3 to localize to focal adhesions. Sequence analysis of the C-terminal part of the F2 subdomain of K3 suggests that insertion of a variable glycine-rich sequence in vertebrates contributed to the loss of constitutive K3 targeting to focal adhesions. Thus emergence and subsequent functional specialization of kindlins allowed multicellular organisms to develop additional tissue-specific adaptations of cell adhesiveness.
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Kachinsky, Amy M., Stanley C. Froehner und Sharon L. Milgram. „A PDZ-containing Scaffold Related to the Dystrophin Complex at the Basolateral Membrane of Epithelial Cells“. Journal of Cell Biology 145, Nr. 2 (19.04.1999): 391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.145.2.391.
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Membrane scaffolding complexes are key features of many cell types, serving as specialized links between the extracellular matrix and the actin cytoskeleton. An important scaffold in skeletal muscle is the dystrophin-associated protein complex. One of the proteins bound directly to dystrophin is syntrophin, a modular protein comprised entirely of interaction motifs, including PDZ (protein domain named for PSD-95, discs large, ZO-1) and pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. In skeletal muscle, the syntrophin PDZ domain recruits sodium channels and signaling molecules, such as neuronal nitric oxide synthase, to the dystrophin complex. In epithelia, we identified a variation of the dystrophin complex, in which syntrophin, and the dystrophin homologues, utrophin and dystrobrevin, are restricted to the basolateral membrane. We used exogenously expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged fusion proteins to determine which domains of syntrophin are responsible for its polarized localization. GFP-tagged full-length syntrophin targeted to the basolateral membrane, but individual domains remained in the cytoplasm. In contrast, the second PH domain tandemly linked to a highly conserved, COOH-terminal region was sufficient for basolateral membrane targeting and association with utrophin. The results suggest an interaction between syntrophin and utrophin that leaves the PDZ domain of syntrophin available to recruit additional proteins to the epithelial basolateral membrane. The assembly of multiprotein signaling complexes at sites of membrane specialization may be a widespread function of dystrophin-related protein complexes.
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Vranic, Valentino. „Multi-paradigm design with feature modeling“. Computer Science and Information Systems 2, Nr. 1 (2005): 79–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis0501079v.
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In this article, a method for selecting paradigms, viewed as solution domain concepts, appropriate for given application domain concepts is proposed. In this method, denoted as multi-paradigm design with feature modeling, both application and solution domain are modeled using feature modeling. The selection of paradigms is performed in the process of feature modeling based transformational analysis as a paradigm instantiation over application domain concepts. The output of transformational analysis is a set of paradigm instances annotated with the information about the corresponding application domain concepts and features. According to these paradigm instances, the code skeleton is being designed. The approach is presented in conjunction with its specialization to AspectJ programming language. Transformational analysis performed according to the AspectJ paradigm model enables an early aspect identification.
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Abu-Helu, Sahar Yacoub. „Teachers’ Perceptions on Drama’s Role in Enhancing Young Learners’ Developmental Domains“. Modern Applied Science 13, Nr. 1 (15.12.2018): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v13n1p162.
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The study aimed to investigate teachers’ perceptions on drama’s role in enhancing young learners’ developmental domains. The sample consisted of (133) cooperative- teachers chosen upon availability from the collaborating schools with the Classroom Teacher and the Early Childhood Education Practicum Courses in the University of Jordan. The cooperative-teachers’ perceptions data were collected through a questionnaire designed by the researcher based on the literature review related to drama as a teaching tool. The instrument included three main domains; the social-emotional, linguistic-communicative and cognitive domain. The findings revealed that drama highly enhanced young learners’ developmental domains, in which the social-emotional domain came as the highest score according to the teachers’ perceptions. The results also revealed that both the specialization and experience variables proved not to cause any statistical significant differences on the cooperative- teachers’ perceptions about the role of drama in teaching young learners. Further studies were recommended on investigating teachers’ actual practices in applying drama in their teaching actions.
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Soldavini, Stephanie, und Christian Pilato. „A Survey on Domain-Specific Memory Architectures“. Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 16, Nr. 2 (19.08.2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v16i2.509.
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The never-ending demand for high performance and energy efficiency is pushing designers towards an increasing level of heterogeneity and specialization in modern computing systems. In such systems, creating efficient memory architectures is one of the major opportunities for optimizing modern workloads (e.g., computer vision, machine learning, graph analytics, etc.) that are extremely data-driven. However, designers demand proper design methods to tackle the increasing design complexity and address several new challenges, like the security and privacy of the data to be elaborated.This paper overviews the current trend for the design of domain-specific memory architectures. Domain-specific architectures are tailored for the given application domain, with the introduction of hardware accelerators and custom memory modules while maintaining a certain level of flexibility. We describe the major components, the common challenges, and the state-of-the-art design methodologies for building domain-specific memory architectures. We also discuss the most relevant research projects, providing a classification based on our main topics.
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THIEMANN, PETER. „Combinators for program generation“. Journal of Functional Programming 9, Nr. 5 (September 1999): 483–525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796899003469.
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We present a general method to transform a compositional specification of a specializer for a functional programming language into a set of combinators that can be used to perform the same specialization more efficiently. The main transformation steps are the transition to higher-order abstract syntax and untagging. All transformation steps are proved correct. The resulting combinators can be implemented in any functional language, typed or untyped, pure or impure. They may also be considered as forming a domain-specific language for meta-programming. We demonstrate the generality of the method by applying it to several specializers of increasing strength. We demonstrate its efficiency by comparing it with a traditional specialization system based on self-application.
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REUS, BERNHARD, und THOMAS STREICHER. „General synthetic domain theory – a logical approach“. Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 9, Nr. 2 (April 1999): 177–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096012959900273x.
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Synthetic domain theory (SDT) is a version of Domain Theory where ‘all functions are continuous’. Following the original suggestion of Dana Scott, several approaches to SDT have been developed that are logical or categorical, axiomatic or model-oriented in character and that are either specialised towards Scott domains or aim at providing a general theory axiomatising the structure common to the various notions of domains studied so far.In Reus and Streicher (1993), Reus (1995) and Reus (1998), we have developed a logical and axiomatic version of SDT, which is special in the sense that it captures the essence of Domain Theory à la Scott but rules out, for example, Stable Domain Theory, as it requires order on function spaces to be pointwise. In this article we will give a logical and axiomatic account of a general SDT with the aim of grasping the structure common to all notions of domains.As in loc.cit., the underlying logic is a sufficiently expressive version of constructive type theory. We start with a few basic axioms giving rise to a core theory on top of which we study various notions of predomains (such as, for example, complete and well-complete S-spaces (Longley and Simpson 1997)), define the appropriate notion of domain and verify the usual induction principles of domain theory.Although each domain carries a logically definable ‘specialization order’, we avoid order-theoretic notions as much as possible in the formulation of axioms and theorems. The reason is that the order on function spaces cannot be required to be pointwise, as this would rule out the model of stable domains à la Berry.The consequent use of logical language – understood as the internal language of some categorical model of type theory – avoids the irritating coexistence of the internal and the external view pervading purely categorical approaches. Therefore, the paper is aimed at providing an elementary introduction to synthetic domain theory, albeit requiring some knowledge of basic type theory.
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Michelino, Francesca, Antonello Cammarano, Emilia Lamberti und Mauro Caputo. „Open innovation for start-ups“. European Journal of Innovation Management 20, Nr. 1 (09.01.2017): 112–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejim-10-2015-0103.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a methodological framework for evaluating the impact of open innovation (OI) adoption on start-up ventures at the knowledge domain level, taking into account the technological specialization and the quality of innovation output. Design/methodology/approach The framework employs patent data for investigating joint development activities between start-ups and partners, thus defining an openness degree of R&D. The partner typology and the levels of specialization on the knowledge fields affected by each invention are investigated. The methodology is tested on a sample of bio-pharmaceutical start-ups. Findings On average, the openness level in the start-up phase is higher than the consolidation one. Furthermore, the higher the level of openness during the start-up phase, the higher the propensity to collaborate with scientific organizations. And yet, the occurrence of R&D collaborations is positively correlated to the level of specialization on the knowledge fields involved in joint development activities. Practical implications OI strategies are valuable for start-ups, particularly in the bio-pharmaceutical industry, since their adoption improves the quality of innovation output. This is particularly true when R&D collaborations are established with scientific entities. Originality/value This work investigates the impact of OI adoption on start-up ventures at the knowledge domain level, by employing objective and standardized data. Hence, the methodology can be considered as a first step in developing a useful tool for managers, researchers and business analysts.
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Kolmer, J. A. „Physiologic Specialization of Puccinia triticina in Canada in 1997“. Plant Disease 83, Nr. 2 (Februar 1999): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.2.194.
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In 1997, leaf rust of wheat (Triticum aestivum), caused by Puccinia triticina, was widespread throughout the prairies of western Canada. Warm summer temperatures with frequent dew periods favored spread of the disease in wheat fields in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. The leaf rust epidemic of 1997 was the most widespread and severe in western Canada since 1991. The Canada Prairie Spring wheat cultivars (AC Vista, AC Foremost, AC Crystal) were susceptible to leaf rust, while the bread wheats (AC Domain, AC Barrie, AC Cora, AC Majestic) were more resistant. Forty-seven virulence phenotypes of leaf rust were described in 1997 using 16 near-isogenic differential lines of Thatcher wheat. Phenotypes with virulence to Lr16 comprised 16% of the isolates in Manitoba and Saskatchewan in 1997. Many recently released Canadian spring wheats have Lr16 in addition to adult plant resistance genes. Thirty-three isolates also were tested for virulence to plants with adult plant resistance genes Lr12, Lr13, Lr34, and Lr13,34. Most isolates were virulent to genes Lr12 and Lr13. All isolates had lower infection types on lines with Lr34 compared with the susceptible line Thatcher.
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Kolmer, J. A. „Physiologic Specialization of Puccinia triticina in Canada in 1998“. Plant Disease 85, Nr. 2 (Februar 2001): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.2.155.
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In 1998, leaf rust of wheat (Triticum aestivum), caused by Puccinia triticina, was widespread throughout the prairies of western Canada. Warm summer temperatures with frequent dew periods favored spread of the disease in wheat fields in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The Canada Prairie Spring wheat cultivars (AC Vista, AC Foremost, AC Crystal) were susceptible to leaf rust, while the bread wheat cultivars with leaf rust resistance genes Lr16 and Lr13 or Lr34 (AC Majestic, AC Domain, AC Barrie) had high to moderate levels of leaf rust infections. Bread wheat cultivars AC Cora, AC Minto, Pasqua, and McKenzie had trace to low levels of leaf rust infection. Thirty-four virulence phenotypes of P. triticina were identified on 16 Thatcher lines, which are near-isogenic for leaf rust resistance genes. Phenotypes with virulence to Lr16 increased to 25% of isolates in Manitoba and Saskatchewan in 1998. Forty-three isolates were also tested for virulence to plants with the adult plant resistance genes Lr12, Lr13, Lr34, and Lr13,34. Most isolates had virulence to Lr12 and Lr13. All isolates had lower infection type on adult plants with Lr34 compared with Thatcher.
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Zook, Matthew A. „The Web of Production: The Economic Geography of Commercial Internet Content Production in the United States“. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 32, Nr. 3 (März 2000): 411–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a32124.
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This paper provides a description and analysis of the clustering behavior of the commercial Internet content industry in specific geographical locations within the United States. Using a data set of Internet domain name developed in the summer of 1998, I show that three regions—San Francisco, New York, and Los Angeles—are the leading centers for Internet content in the United States in terms both of absolute size and of degree of specialization. In order to understand better how the industrial structure of a region impacts the formation of the Internet content business, I provide an analysis of how the commercialization of the Internet has changed from 1993 to 1998 and explore the relationship between existing industrial sectors and the specialization in commercial domain names. Over time there appears to be a stronger connection between Internet content and information-intensive industries than between Internet content and the industries providing the computer and telecommunications technology necessary for the Internet to operate. Although it is not possible to assign a definitive causal explanation to the relationships outlined here, this paper provides a first step in theorizing about the overall commercialization process of the Internet.
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Nava, Gerardo M., Magdalena Escorcia und M. Pilar Castañeda. „Molecular Diversity of the Antimicrobial Domain of Beta-Defensin 3 and Homologous Peptides“. Comparative and Functional Genomics 2009 (2009): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/983636.
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Human -defensin 3 has received great interest for possible pharmaceutical applications. To characterize the biology of this antimicrobial peptide, the mouse -defensin 14 has been selected as a prototypical model. This report provides definite evidence of true orthology between these defensins and reveals molecular diversity of a mammalian specific domain responsible for their antimicrobial activity. Specifically, this analysis demonstrates that eleven amino acid residues of the antimicrobial domain have been mutated by positive selection to confer protein niche specialization. These data support the notion that natural selection acts as evolutionary force driving the proliferation and diversification of defensins and introduce a novel strategy for the design of more effective antibiotics.
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Lavrač, Nada, Matej Martinc, Senja Pollak, Maruša Pompe Novak und Bojan Cestnik. „Bisociative Literature-Based Discovery: Lessons Learned and New Word Embedding Approach“. New Generation Computing 38, Nr. 4 (06.10.2020): 773–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00354-020-00108-w.
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AbstractThe field of bisociative literature-based discovery aims at mining scientific literature to reveal yet uncovered connections between different fields of specialization. This paper outlines several outlier-based literature mining approaches to bridging term detection and the lessons learned from selected biomedical literature-based discovery applications. The paper addresses also new prospects in bisociative literature-based discovery, proposing an advanced embeddings-based technology for cross-domain literature mining.
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Lawless, Kimberly A., und Jonna M. Kulikowich. „Domain knowledge and individual interest: The effects of academic level and specialization in statistics and psychology“. Contemporary Educational Psychology 31, Nr. 1 (Januar 2006): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2005.01.002.
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Teodoridis, Florenta, Michaël Bikard und Keyvan Vakili. „Creativity at the Knowledge Frontier: The Impact of Specialization in Fast- and Slow-paced Domains“. Administrative Science Quarterly 64, Nr. 4 (30.07.2018): 894–927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001839218793384.
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Using the impact of the Soviet Union’s collapse on the performance of theoretical mathematicians as a natural experiment, we attempt to resolve the controversy in prior research on whether specialists or generalists have superior creative performance. While many have highlighted generalists’ advantage due to access to a wider set of knowledge components, others have underlined the benefits that specialists can derive from their deep expertise. We argue that this disagreement might be partly driven by the fact that the pace of change in a knowledge domain shapes the relative return from being a specialist or a generalist. We show that generalist scientists performed best when the pace of change was slower and their ability to draw from diverse knowledge domains was an advantage in the field, but specialists gained advantage when the pace of change increased and their deeper expertise allowed them to use new knowledge created at the knowledge frontier. We discuss and test the roles of cognitive mechanisms and of competition for scarce resources. Specifically, we show that specialists became more desirable collaborators when the pace of change was faster, but when the pace of change was slower, generalists were more sought after as collaborators. Overall, our results highlight trade-offs associated with specialization for creative performance.
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Hathaway, William L. „Clinical Practice with Religious/Spiritual Issues: Niche, Proficiency or Specialty“. Journal of Psychology and Theology 36, Nr. 1 (März 2008): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009164710803600102.
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The process of specialty recognition in professional psychology has become increasingly formalized in recent years. The American Psychological Association (APA) now formally defines and recognizes specialties in psychology and organizations such as the American Board of Professional Psychology have repositioned themselves as specialist credentialing bodies. A process model of specialization is presented with increasing levels of specialization arranged from more generalized to more specialized as follows: nonspecialized general practice, niche practice, proficiency, and formal specialty practice. The distinction between de facto and de jure recognition of specialty practice is discussed. It is argued that clinical work with religious/spiritual issues (RSI) already constitutes a practice niche and that numerous de facto proficiencies have been developed for this niche. The prospects and challenges for more formal specialty recognition of the domain of practice are discussed. The article concludes by briefly considering the relationship of “Christian counseling” to a possible formal specialty in clinical work with religious/spiritual issues.
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Pauli, Wolfgang M., Randall C. O’Reilly, Tal Yarkoni und Tor D. Wager. „Regional specialization within the human striatum for diverse psychological functions“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, Nr. 7 (01.02.2016): 1907–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1507610113.
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Decades of animal and human neuroimaging research have identified distinct, but overlapping, striatal zones, which are interconnected with separable corticostriatal circuits, and are crucial for the organization of functional systems. Despite continuous efforts to subdivide the human striatum based on anatomical and resting-state functional connectivity, characterizing the different psychological processes related to each zone remains a work in progress. Using an unbiased, data-driven approach, we analyzed large-scale coactivation data from 5,809 human imaging studies. We (i) identified five distinct striatal zones that exhibited discrete patterns of coactivation with cortical brain regions across distinct psychological processes and (ii) identified the different psychological processes associated with each zone. We found that the reported pattern of cortical activation reliably predicted which striatal zone was most strongly activated. Critically, activation in each functional zone could be associated with distinct psychological processes directly, rather than inferred indirectly from psychological functions attributed to associated cortices. Consistent with well-established findings, we found an association of the ventral striatum (VS) with reward processing. Confirming less well-established findings, the VS and adjacent anterior caudate were associated with evaluating the value of rewards and actions, respectively. Furthermore, our results confirmed a sometimes overlooked specialization of the posterior caudate nucleus for executive functions, often considered the exclusive domain of frontoparietal cortical circuits. Our findings provide a precise functional map of regional specialization within the human striatum, both in terms of the differential cortical regions and psychological functions associated with each striatal zone.
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BUCCIONE, IVANA, LUCIA FADDA, LAURA SERRA, CARLO CALTAGIRONE und GIOVANNI A. CARLESIMO. „Retrograde episodic and semantic memory impairment correlates with side of temporal lobe damage“. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 14, Nr. 6 (27.10.2008): 1083–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617708080922.
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AbstractPatients with damage to the mesial and anterior portions of the temporal lobes suffer from a memory impairment involving both anterograde and retrograde amnesia. In the retrograde domain, it has been suggested that the relative severity of autobiographical and nonautobiographical memory impairment may depend on the prevalent side of the temporal damage. Here we present two patients suffering from damage to the mesial and anterior portions of the temporal lobes (hippocampal formation, parahippocampal gyrus and polar cortex) as a result of herpes encephalitis. In the first case, A.S., damage predominantly affected the right temporal lobe, whereas in the second patient, R.S., the damage was bilateral but more severe on the left side. A detailed investigation of the retrograde memory deficit demonstrated a partial double dissociation between the two patients, with A.S. almost exclusively impaired in the autobiographical domain (both episodic and semantic) and R.S. with poor performances in all domains, but much more severe in the nonautobiographical (both public events and general semantic knowledge) than in the autobiographical one. These findings reinforce the view of specialization of right and left temporal lobes in the retrieval of retrograde autobiographical and nonautobiographical memories, respectively. (JINS, 2008, 14, 1083–1094.)
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Hanegraaff, Marcel, Jens van der Ploeg und Joost Berkhout. „Standing in a Crowded Room: Exploring the Relation between Interest Group System Density and Access to Policymakers“. Political Research Quarterly 73, Nr. 1 (13.09.2019): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912919865938.
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The numerous presence of interest groups may be a recipe for policy deadlock or, more optimistically, indicate the vibrancy of a political community. Population-ecology theory suggests that the number of interest groups active in a policy domain is relevant for strategies and political outcomes, such as policy access, and interest group density is expected to reduce access for individual organizations. Competitive pressures in dense domains necessitate groups to specialize to gain access to the policy access. We empirically assess this argument and indeed find lower levels of access in denser policy fields, moderated by specialization of organizations in lobbying. Furthermore, we identify important differences between mature (the Netherlands and Belgium) and young (Slovenia and Lithuania) interest group systems. These findings address theoretical concerns about the lack of linkages between micro- and macro-studies on interest representation.
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Ukrainetz, Teresa A., und Elena F. Fresquez. „"What Isn’t Language?"“. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 34, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2003): 284–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2003/024).
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Purpose: This study examined how speech-language pathologists (SLPs) carry out their roles in the schools. The focus was on language as a domain of specialization and roles relative to other remedial educators. Method: The study was a qualitative constant-comparative design. Five Wyoming school SLPs and 15 teachers from their five schools participated. Results: Results showed that language was difficult to define and delimit. Language was present throughout the curriculum and all of the educators taught it. The SLPs and resource teachers demonstrated similar types of language instruction. Oral language and speech were clearly specialty domains of the SLPs. The SLPs were also distinctive in terms of the instructional framework and service delivery structure. Implications: The findings contribute to understanding the role of SLPs in the schools and how these roles complement and overlap with other remedial educators.
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Ethell, Iryna M., und Yu Yamaguchi. „Cell Surface Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Syndecan-2 Induces the Maturation of Dendritic Spines in Rat Hippocampal Neurons“. Journal of Cell Biology 144, Nr. 3 (08.02.1999): 575–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.144.3.575.
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Dendritic spines are small protrusions that receive synapses, and changes in spine morphology are thought to be the structural basis for learning and memory. We demonstrate that the cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-2 plays a critical role in spine development. Syndecan-2 is concentrated at the synapses, specifically on the dendritic spines of cultured hippocampal neurons, and its accumulation occurs concomitant with the morphological maturation of spines from long thin protrusions to stubby and headed shapes. Early introduction of syndecan-2 cDNA into immature hippocampal neurons, by transient transfection, accelerates spine formation from dendritic protrusions. Deletion of the COOH-terminal EFYA motif of syndecan-2, the binding site for PDZ domain proteins, abrogates the spine-promoting activity of syndecan-2. Syndecan-2 clustering on dendritic protrusions does not require the PDZ domain-binding motif, but another portion of the cytoplasmic domain which includes a protein kinase C phosphorylation site. Our results indicate that syndecan-2 plays a direct role in the development of postsynaptic specialization through its interactions with PDZ domain proteins.
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Ramsdell, Talia L., Laura A. Huppert, Tatyana A. Sysoeva, Sarah M. Fortune und Briana M. Burton. „Linked Domain Architectures Allow for Specialization of Function in the FtsK/SpoIIIE ATPases of ESX Secretion Systems“. Journal of Molecular Biology 427, Nr. 5 (März 2015): 1119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2014.06.013.
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DiNicola, Lauren M., und Randy L. Buckner. „Precision estimates of parallel distributed association networks: evidence for domain specialization and implications for evolution and development“. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 40 (August 2021): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.03.029.
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GAL, AVIGDOR, SCOTT KERR und JOHN MYLOPOULOS. „INFORMATION SERVICES FOR THE WEB: BUILDING AND MAINTAINING DOMAIN MODELS“. International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 08, Nr. 04 (Dezember 1999): 227–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218843099000125.
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The World Wide Web serves as a leading vehicle for information dissemination by offering information services, such as product information, group interactions, or sales transactions. Three major factors affect the performance and reliability of information services for the Web, namely the distribution of information which has resulted from the globalization of information systems, the heterogeneity of information sources, and the sources' instability caused by autonomous evolution. This paper focuses on integrating existing information sources, available via the Web, in the delivery of information services. The primary objective of the paper is to provide mechanisms for structuring and maintaining domain models for Web applications. These mechanisms are based on conceptual modeling techniques, where concepts are being defined and refined within a metadata repository through the use of instantiation, specialization and attribution. Also, active databases techniques are exploited to provide robust mechanisms for maintaining a consistent domain model in a rapidly evolving environment, such as the Web. Therefore, the main contribution of the paper lies in the provision of an architecture for semi-automatic generation and maintenance of user-oriented, semantic-based domain models that describe distributed heterogeneous information sources.
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Dann, Susan, und Peter Graham. „From Commerce to Society: Expanding the Domain of Marketing Education“. Social Marketing Quarterly 4, Nr. 2 (Juni 1998): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15245004.1998.9960993.
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Despite conceptual developments of the 1970s which expanded the domain of marketing from a purely business orientation to incorporate wider social causes, marketing education has continued to be dominated by the commercial perspective. Issues such as the appropriateness or otherwise of the application of marketing tools to the selling of ideas and changes in behaviors are usually only addressed as a special interest topic within general marketing courses. However, the expansion of interest in social marketing over the past decade has resulted in a greater demand for a more in-depth treatment of the subject in the tertiary education curriculum. One university which has taken the opportunity to develop the area of social marketing into a teaching specialization is Griffith University in Australia, which first offered a course devoted entirely to social marketing as part of the undergraduate curriculum in 1994. This paper outlines why and how the subject is taught and how it complements the broader curriculum of the university as well as including an overview of some of the special issues that arise in teaching a subject of this type. Between 1969 and 1972, the marketing discipline redefined and dramatically broadened its domain. First, Kotler and Levy (1969) broadened the concept of marketing, then Kotler and Zaltman (1971) specifically applied marketing to the arena of planned social change and, finally, Kotler (1972) articulated the generic concept of marketing. This generic concept — the dominant paradigm of the discipline — asserts the applicability of marketing to all kinds of exchanges, not just commercial exchanges between a customer and a supplier (Graham, 1993; Graham, 1994). This expansion of the application of the marketing concept to include nonprofit organizations, government bodies and social causes has provided a fertile ground for researchers. However, it has not yet become a significant, nor even normal, feature of marketing education within University programs. Griffith University in Australia is ideally suited to taking on the challenge of incorporating social marketing into the curriculum. Griffith University was established in 1971 with a view to broadening the discipline-based structures of traditional universities and has promoted the study and teaching of significant new fields. Evidence of this commitment includes the establishment of specialist faculties in Asian studies and environmental studies, areas not usually found in the older, more traditional universities. From its inception, multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary teaching and research has been actively encouraged at Griffith University. It was within this multi- and inter-disciplinary environment that the course in Social Marketing was developed. It is worth noting that the specialization in Social Marketing was developed in response to student interest, rather than as a result of a traditional inclusion or ideological assertion of relevance. Originally, social marketing was taught as a minor part of another undergraduate elective, Contemporary Issues in Marketing.
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Gonçalves, Carlos E. B., Luís M. L. Rama und António B. Figueiredo. „Talent Identification and Specialization in Sport: An Overview of Some Unanswered Questions“. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 7, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2012): 390–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.7.4.390.
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The theory of deliberate practice postulates that experts are always made, not born. This theory translated to the youth-sport domain means that if athletes want to be high-level performers, they need to deliberately engage in practice during the specialization years, spending time wisely and always focusing on tasks that challenge current performance. Sport organizations in several countries around the world created specialized training centers where selected young talents practice under the supervision of experienced coaches in order to become professional athletes and integrate onto youth national teams. Early specialization and accurate observation by expert coaches or scouts remain the only tools to find a potential excellent athlete among a great number of participants. In the current study, the authors present 2 of the problems raised by talent search and the risks of such a search. Growth and maturation are important concepts to better understand the identification, selection, and development processes of young athletes. However, the literature suggests that sport-promoting strategies are being maintained despite the increased demands in the anthropometric characteristics of professional players and demands of actual professional soccer competitions. On the other hand, identifying biological variables that can predict performance is almost impossible.