Bücher: „Divergence cognitive“

1

Etemad, Shapour. Cognitive science, linguistics and philosophy of science: An inquiry into their connection and divergence. Uxbridge: Brunel University, 1985.

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2

Arguments and icons: The cognitive, social, and historical implications of divergent modes of religiosity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

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3

Conference, Ontario Educational Research Council. [Papers presented at the 31st Annual Conference of the Ontario Educational Research Council, Toronto, Ontario, December 8-9, 1989]. [Toronto, ON: s.n.], 1989.

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4

Conference, Ontario Educational Research Council. [Papers presented at the 30th Annual Conference of the Ontario Educational Research Council, Toronto, Ontario, December 2-3, 1988]. [Toronto, ON: s.n.], 1988.

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5

Ontario Educational Research Council. Conference. [Papers presented at the 32nd Annual Conference of the Ontario Educational Research Council, Toronto, Ontario, December 7-8, 1990]. [Ontario: s.n.], 1990.

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6

Ontario Educational Research Council. Conference. [Papers presented at the 36th Annual Conference of the Ontario Educational Research Council, Toronto, Ontario, December 2-3, 1994]. [Toronto, ON: s.n.], 1994.

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7

Ontario Educational Research Council. Conference. [Papers presented at the 34th Annual Conference of the Ontario Educational Research Council, Toronto, Ontario, December 4 - 5, 1992]. [Ontario: s.n.], 1992.

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8

Ontario Educational Research Council. Conference. [Papers presented at the 35th Annual Conference of the Ontario Educational Research Council, Toronto, Ontario, December 3-4, 1993]. [Toronto, Ont: s.n, 1993.

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9

Ontario Educational Research Council. Conference. [Papers presented at the 28th Annual Conference of the Ontario Educational Research Council, Toronto, Ontario, Dec. 1986]. [Toronto, ON: s.n.]., 1986.

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10

Ontario Educational Research Council. Conference. [Papers presented at the 33rd Annual Conference of the Ontario Educational Research Council, Toronto, Ontario, December 6-7, 1991]. [Ontario: s.n.], 1991.

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11

Hodges, Bert H. Conformity and Divergence in Interactions, Groups, and Culture. Herausgegeben von Stephen G. Harkins, Kipling D. Williams und Jerry Burger. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859870.013.3.

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Humans have a natural affinity for conformity and coordination that is essential to culture, to groups, and to dialogical relationships. It is equally true that the dynamics of relationships, groups, and culture depend on tendencies to diverge, to differentiate, and to dissent. Evidence from anthropology, as well as social, developmental, and cognitive psychology, reveals remarkably convergent accounts of the complex interplay of divergence and convergence in an array of contexts. Conversational alignment, synchrony, mimicry, imitation, majority-minority dynamics, dissent, trust, intra- and cross-cultural diversity, social learning, and the formation and development of cultures all reveal complex patterns of selectivity and fidelity that continue to surprise researchers. The general pattern is one illustrated by young children: They are most willing to be guided by those who tell the truth and those who care about others. Issues of convergence and divergence are fundamental social phenomena, and they deserve fresh attention.

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12

Rosati, Alexandra G. Ecological variation in cognition: Insights from bonobos and chimpanzees. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198728511.003.0011.

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Bonobos and chimpanzees are closely related, yet they exhibit important differences in their wild socio-ecology. Whereas bonobos live in environments with less seasonal variation and more access to fallback foods, chimpanzees face more competition over spatially distributed, variable resources. This chapter argues that bonobo and chimpanzee cognition show psychological signatures of their divergent wild ecology. Current evidence shows that despite strong commonalities in many cognitive domains, apes express targeted differences in specific cognitive skills critical for wild foraging behaviours. In particular, bonobos exhibit less accurate spatial memory, reduced levels of patience and greater risk aversion than do chimpanzees. These results have implications for understanding the evolution of human cognition, as studies of apes are a critical tool for modelling the last common ancestor of humans with nonhuman apes. Linking comparative cognition to species’ natural foraging behaviour can begin to address the ultimate reason for why differences in cognition emerge across species. Les bonobos et les chimpanzés sont prochement liés, pourtant ils montrent d’importantes différences dans leur sociologie naturelle. Alors que les bonobos vivent dans des environnements avec peu de diversité de climat entre saisons et plus d’accès à des ressources de nourriture alternatives, les chimpanzés ménagent une compétition étalée spatialement et des ressources plus variées. Je soutiens que la cognition des chimpanzés et bonobos montre les signatures psychologiques de leur écologie naturelle divergente. Les témoignages courants montrent que, malgré les forts points communs dans en cognition, les grands singes expriment des différences au niveau de compétences cognitives importantes au butinage. En particulier, les bonobos démontrent une mémoire spatial moin précise, moin de patience, et plus d’aversion de risques que les chimpanzés. Ces résultats fournissent des signes dans l’étude de l’évolution de la cognition humaine. Les études des grands singe sont un outil d’importance majeure dans la modélisation du dernier ancêtre commun des humains et grands singes non-humains. Faire des liens cognitives comparatives entre le butinage des différentes espèces peut commencer à dévoiler les raisons pour les différences de cognition entre espèces.

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13

Pandey, Ashok Kumar. Cognitive and Affective Correlates of Divergent Thinking. National Psychological Corporation, 1994.

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14

Benson, Lisa, und Andrew Christensen. Empirically Supported Couple Therapies. Herausgegeben von Erika Lawrence und Kieran T. Sullivan. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199783267.013.003.

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This article provides a comparative review of five empirically supported couple therapies: traditional behavioral couple therapy (behavioral marital therapy), cognitive behavioral couple therapy, insight-oriented couple therapy, emotionally focused couple therapy, and integrative behavioral couple therapy. The rationale for development of each treatment is given, with reference to differences from previous treatments. The specifics and typical sequence of interventions associated with each treatment are described. Empirical data on treatment outcomes, predictors of treatment response, and mechanisms of change are summarized for each treatment. Key points of convergence and divergence in approaches to treatment are noted.

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15

Li, Zhu. The Maritime Silk Route and India. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199479337.003.0012.

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Zhu Li, a leading expert on China’s economic engagement with the Indian Ocean region, gives a Chinese perspective on the impact of China’s Maritime Silk Road (MSR) initiative on South Asia. Li considers the differing Chinese and Indian perspectives on MSR, particularly what he calls the ‘cognitive divergence’ between China’s economic perspectives and India’s tendency to see Chinese initiatives in highly securitized terms. Li then examines India’s main options in responding to the MSR. Li argues that it will be in India’s interests to play an active role in the project. India has only to gain in economic terms from participating and the MSR could well become a focus for cooperation between the two countries. On the other hand, while the MSR would be negatively affected by India’s non-participation the MSR would not end. India does not have a veto over the MSR.

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16

Whitehouse, Harvey. Arguments and Icons: Divergent Modes of Religiosity. Oxford University Press, USA, 2000.

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17

Whitehouse, Harvey. Arguments and Icons: Divergent Modes of Religiosity. Oxford University Press, 2000.

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18

Whitehouse, Harvey. Arguments and Icons: Divergent Modes of Religiosity. Oxford University Press, USA, 2000.

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19

Benedek, Mathias, und Emanuel Jauk. Spontaneous and Controlled Processes in Creative Cognition. Herausgegeben von Kalina Christoff und Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.22.

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Creative cognition has long been hypothesized to rely on spontaneous as well as controlled cognitive processes. This chapter starts by giving a brief overview of pertinent dual process models of creative thought. It then reviews empirical research supporting the relevance of controlled and spontaneous processes in creative cognition (mostly defined by divergent thinking and insight problem solving). The relevance of controlled processes is mainly supported by verbal protocol studies and individual differences research on executive functions and intelligence. The relevance of spontaneous processes is mainly supported by research on incubation and neuroscientific investigations. The chapter concludes by considering potential ways of interaction between goal-directed, controlled thought and undirected, spontaneous thought, both from the short-term perspective of immediate creative problem solving as well as from the long-term perspective of extended creative work.

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20

Linson, Adam, und Eric F. Clarke. Distributed cognition, ecological theory and group improvisation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199355914.003.0004.

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This chapter proposes a way to understand the social, distributed and ecological underpinnings of improvised musical activity. It argues that significant aspects of collaborative performance may arise from perceptual, cognitive and action-orientated factors, in relation to prior experience and the broader historical and cultural context. The chapter illustrates ways in which each improviser in a collaboration may attune to different aspects of the circumstances, with idiosyncratic perceptions of the available affordances guided by attentional processes, physical aspects of the human body and musical instrument, and associations with prior experience. The experience of each musician in a collaborative improvisation thus both overlaps with and diverges from those of other musicians in the ensemble. These divergences are as important as the common ground, and are thus essential to any plausible and comprehensive account of collaborative improvisation.

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21

Weinberger, Christopher. Imaginary Worlds and Real Ethics in Japanese Fiction. Bloomsbury Publishing Inc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798765105429.

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Can novels contribute to the ethical lives of readers? What responsibilities might they bear in representing others? Are we ethically accountable for how we read fiction? s study takes up modern Japanese fiction and metafiction, subjects overwhelmingly ignored by Anglophone scholarship on novel ethics, to discover pioneering answers to these and other questions. Each chapter offers new readings of major works of modern Japanese literature (1880s through 1920s) that experiment with the capacity of novel narration to involve readers in ethically freighted encounters. Christopher Weinberger shows that Mori Ogai and Akutagawa Ryunosuke help to address key issues in new ethical theories today: debates about the roles that identification and empathy play in novel ethics; concerns about the representation of “otherness” and alterity in novels; divergence between cognitive and affective theories of ethics; widespread disagreement about what novel ethics obtain in the experience of reading, the effects of reading, or the form or content of novel representation; and, finally, concerns with bias and appropriation in the study of world literature. Concluding with a jump to the present, Imaginary Worlds and Real Ethics in Japanese Fiction puts on display a startling continuity between the methods of Japan’s modern novel progenitors and those of novelists at the forefront of global literature today, especially Haruki Murakami. Ultimately, this book models an original approach to ethical criticism while demonstrating the relevance of modern Japanese fiction for rethinking contemporary theories of the novel.

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22

Tomasello, Michael. What did we learn from the ape language studies? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198728511.003.0007.

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The ‘ape language’ studies have come and gone, with wildly divergent claims about what they have shown. Without question, the most sophisticated skills have been displayed by Kanzi, a male bonobo exposed from youth to a human-like communicative system. This chapter attempts to assess, in an objective a manner as possible, the nature of the communicative skills that Kanzi and other great apes acquired during the various ape language projects. The overall conclusion is that bonobos and other apes possess most of the requisite cognitive skills for something like a human language, including such things as basic symbol learning, categorization, sequential (statistical) learning, etc. What they lack are the skills and motivations of shared intentionality—such things as joint attention, perspective-taking and cooperative motives—for adjusting their communicative acts for others pragmatically, or for learning symbols whose main function is pragmatic. Il y a eu beaucoup d’études sur la langue des singes avec des résultats très divergents. Sans question, on a vu les compétences les plus avancées chez Kanzi, un bonobo mâle qui a été exposé dès la jeunesse à un système de communication humain. Ici j’essaye d’évaluer le plus objectivement possible l’origine des compétences de communication que Kanzi et d’autres Grands singes ont appris pendant les différents projets linguistiques. Je conclue que les bonobos et les autres grands singes possèdent la plupart des compétences cognitives nécessaires à un langage humain, inclut les bases d’apprentissage de symboles, catégorisation, apprentissage séquentiel statistique, etc. Ils manquent les compétences et motivations d’intentionnalité commune—comme attention commune, prendre une perspective différente, motifs coopératifs—pour qu’ils améliorent leurs actes communicatives pragmatiquement.

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23

Cheon, Bobby K., Rongxiang Tang, Joan Y. Chiao und Yi-Yuan Tang. The Cultural Neuroscience of Holistic Thinking. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199348541.003.0006.

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Cultural diversity in patterns for understanding and conceptualizing one’s relationships with others may have led to diverse cultural systems for interpreting, thinking, and reasoning about the world. Eastern holistic systems of thought rely on connectedness and relations as a primary way of understanding the world, whereas Western analytic systems of thought rely on discreteness or substansiveness as an epistemological way of thinking. From attention and cognition to social cognitive processes, neural systems have likewise adapted differently across cultural contexts to facilitate divergent systems of social interactions and relations. This chapter reviews recent evidence for cultural influences on neural systems of analytic/holistic thinking, and discusses the relevance of this neuroscientific evidence, such as that from functional magnetic resonance imaging and analysis of event-related potentials, for cultural-psychological theories of holism and dialecticism.

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24

Garneau, Jean-Luc. Semantic Divergence in Anglo-French Cognates: A Synchronic Study in Contrastive Lexicography (Edward Sapir Monograph Series in Language, Culture, and Cognition). Jupiter Pr, 1986.

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25

Arrow, Holly, und Alexander Garinther. Thinking Together about Genocide. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801764.003.0010.

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This chapter explores how people “think together” in dyads, small groups, and larger collectives via mutual influence that organizes shared attention and intention, collectively constructs and validates meaning, and collaboratively develops and adjusts distributed networks of learning, memory, and forgetting. It weaves together a selective review of psychological literature on socially shared and situated cognition with applications to the shared and unshared memories of survivors and killers in post-genocide Rwanda. The process and content of convergent and divergent memories about a devastating collective experience helps illuminate the practical psychological functions served by socially shared cognition.

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26

Beversdorf, David Q. Neuropsychopharmacology of Flexible and Creative Thinking. Herausgegeben von Kalina Christoff und Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.38.

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Many factors affect performance on tasks associated with creativity. Stress is one of the more established of these factors impacting performance, most likely mediated by effects on neurotransmitter systems. This chapter discusses the literature on the effects of stress, the noradrenergic system, the dopaminergic system, and other pharmacological factors on creativity. This chapter will also discuss the effects of norepinephrine and dopamine on other related aspects of cognition, such as working memory and set shifting. The effects on divergent and convergent task performance will also be discussed, as well as the need for greater understanding of the optimization of creativity performance.

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27

Taksa, Lucy, Glen Powell und Laknath Jayasinghe. Intersectionality, Social Identity Theory, and Explorations of Hybridity. Herausgegeben von Regine Bendl, Inge Bleijenbergh, Elina Henttonen und Albert J. Mills. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199679805.013.19.

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The fundamental difference in focus between the fields of sociology and psychology, notably between discriminatory processes and cognitive processes, has limited attempts to consider intersectionality and Social Identity Theory (SIT) together. The aim of this chapter is to address this gap by combining intersectional and SIT approaches, recognizing their contributions and identifying issues and gaps. The chapter provides an overview of the epistemological and ontological differences between the two fields and the divergent ways intersectional and SIT scholars conceptualise individual and collective identity/ies. Close attention is given to the way multiple identities and groups are construed and interpreted. The chapter highlights the significance of conceptualizations of emergent identities, hybridity, practices and space for the study of identity. On this basis, itr examines how studies on spatial contexts of racialised masculinity and the bodily experiences of racialised men can enhance understandings of individual identity negotiations and group processes in specific locations.

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28

Knoper, Randall. Literary Neurophysiology. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845504.001.0001.

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Writing about neurophysiology more than a century ago, what were US authors doing? Literary Neurophysiology: Memory, Race, Sex, and Representation in U.S. Writing, 1860–1914 examines their use of literature to experiment with the new materialist psychology, which bore upon their efforts to represent reality and was forging new understandings of race and sexuality. Sometimes they emulated scientific epistemology, allowing their art and conceptions of creativity to be reshaped by it. Sometimes they imaginatively investigated neurophysiological theories, challenging and rewriting scientific explanations of human identity and behavior. By enfolding physiological experimentation into literary inquiries that could account for psychological and social complexities beyond the reach of the laboratory, they used literature as a cognitive medium. Mark Twain, W. D. Howells, and Gertrude Stein come together as they probe the effects on mimesis and creativity of reflex-based automatisms and unconscious meaning-making. Oliver Wendell Holmes explores conceptions of racial nerve force elaborated in population statistics and biopolitics, while W. E. B. Du Bois and Pauline Hopkins contest notions of racial energy used to predict the extinction of African Americans. Holmes explores new definitions of “sexual inversion” as, in divergent ways, Whitman and John Addington Symonds evaluate relations among nerve force, human fecundity, and the supposed grave of nonreproductive sex. Carefully tracing entanglements and conflicts between literary culture and mental science of this period, Knoper reveals unexpected connections among these authors and fresh insights into the science they confronted. Considering their writing as cognitive practice, he provides a new understanding of literary realism.

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29

Zimmerman, Aaron Z. The Authority to Define “Belief”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809517.003.0005.

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The nature of belief cannot be determined by scientific theorizing alone, but must be relativized to a set of theoretically underdetermined taxonomic choices. Questions about the nature of belief are not wholly scientific. In support of this claim, the author focuses on racial cognition and the various ways in which “belief” might be integrated into our understanding of racism. The stakes are sufficiently high to render blind deference to the stipulations of scientists unwise. Acceptance of the pragmatist definition of “belief” is best seen as a philosophical choice among empirically equivalent but socially divergent alternatives. This is the sense in which pragmatism is not itself an article of science. If we adopt Bain’s definition, we are choosing a picture to live by. The pragmatist confesses to this without embarrassment. She simply insists on a similar admission from those advancing various forms of behaviorism, intellectualism, machine functionalism, and the like.

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Bücher zum Thema „Divergence cognitive“

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