Zeitschriftenartikel: „District heating driven cooling“

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Ahn, Joon, Jaeyool Kim und Byung Ha Kang. „Thermoeconomic Analysis of Hybrid Desiccant Cooling System Driven by District Heating“. Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B 38, Nr. 9 (01.09.2014): 721–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-b.2014.38.9.721.

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2

Pieper, Henrik, Torben Ommen, Brian Elmegaard, Anna Volkova und Wiebke Brix Markussen. „Optimal Design and Dispatch of Electrically Driven Heat Pumps and Chillers for a New Development Area“. Environmental and Climate Technologies 24, Nr. 3 (01.11.2020): 470–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0117.

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AbstractLarge-scale heat pumps (HPs) and refrigeration plants are essential technologies to decarbonise the heating and cooling sector. District heating and cooling (DHC) can be supplied with low carbon footprint, if power generated from renewable energy sources is used. The simultaneous supply of DHC is often not considered in energy planning, nor the characteristics of the heat source and sink. Simplified approaches may not reveal the true potential of HPs and chillers. In this paper, different heat sources and sinks and their characteristics were considered for the simultaneous supply of DHC based on large-scale HPs and refrigeration plants. An optimization model was developed based on mixed-integer linear programming. The model is able to identify ideal production and storage capacities, heat sources and sinks based on realistic hourly operation profiles. By doing so, it is possible to identify the most economical or sustainable supply of DHC using electricity. The optimization model was applied to the Nordhavn area, a new development district of Copenhagen, Denmark. The results show that a combination of different heat sources and sinks is ideal for the case study. A HP that uses the district cooling network as a heat source to supply DHC was shown to be very efficient and economical. Groundwater and sewage water HPs were proposed for an economical supply of district heating. The Pareto frontier showed that a large reduction in annual CO2 emissions is possible for a relatively small increase in investments.

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Pieper, Henrik, Torben Ommen, Brian Elmegaard, Anna Volkova und Wiebke Brix Markussen. „Optimal Design and Dispatch of Electrically Driven Heat Pumps and Chillers for a New Development Area“. Environmental and Climate Technologies 24, Nr. 3 (01.11.2020): 470–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0117.

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Abstract Large-scale heat pumps (HPs) and refrigeration plants are essential technologies to decarbonise the heating and cooling sector. District heating and cooling (DHC) can be supplied with low carbon footprint, if power generated from renewable energy sources is used. The simultaneous supply of DHC is often not considered in energy planning, nor the characteristics of the heat source and sink. Simplified approaches may not reveal the true potential of HPs and chillers. In this paper, different heat sources and sinks and their characteristics were considered for the simultaneous supply of DHC based on large-scale HPs and refrigeration plants. An optimization model was developed based on mixed-integer linear programming. The model is able to identify ideal production and storage capacities, heat sources and sinks based on realistic hourly operation profiles. By doing so, it is possible to identify the most economical or sustainable supply of DHC using electricity. The optimization model was applied to the Nordhavn area, a new development district of Copenhagen, Denmark. The results show that a combination of different heat sources and sinks is ideal for the case study. A HP that uses the district cooling network as a heat source to supply DHC was shown to be very efficient and economical. Groundwater and sewage water HPs were proposed for an economical supply of district heating. The Pareto frontier showed that a large reduction in annual CO2 emissions is possible for a relatively small increase in investments.

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Simonsson, Johan, Khalid Tourkey Atta, Gerald Schweiger und Wolfgang Birk. „Experiences from City-Scale Simulation of Thermal Grids“. Resources 10, Nr. 2 (25.01.2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources10020010.

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Dynamic simulation of district heating and cooling networks has an increased importance in the transition towards renewable energy sources and lower temperature district heating grids, as both temporal and spatial behavior need to be considered. Even though much research and development has been performed in the field, there are several pitfalls and challenges towards dynamic district heating and cooling simulation for everyday use. This article presents the experiences from developing and working with a city-scale simulator of a district heating grid located in Luleå, Sweden. The grid model in the case study is a physics based white-box model, while consumer models are either data-driven black-box or gray-box models. The control system and operator models replicate the manual and automatic operation of the combined heat and power plant. Using the functional mock-up interface standard, a co-simulation environment integrates all the models. Further, the validation of the simulator is discussed. Lessons learned from the project are presented along with future research directions, corresponding to identified gaps and challenges.

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Jobard, Xavier, Pierryves Padey, Martin Guillaume, Alexis Duret und Daniel Pahud. „Development and Testing of Novel Applications for Adsorption Heat Pumps and Chillers“. Energies 13, Nr. 3 (01.02.2020): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030615.

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This work aims at the development and the experimental characterization of new applications for adsorption heat pumps and chillers driven by industrial waste heat or renewable sources that can provide heating and/or cooling. Adsorption technologies offer the advantage of providing heating and cooling from low temperature sources below 100 °C without using refrigerant with high Global Warming Potential and with very low electricity consumption. Therefore, the technology enables the use of large untapped heat sources, increasing the energy efficiency of the heating and cooling sector with very limited impact on the environment. Several applications were investigated numerically for Switzerland using a simplified model of an adsorption heat pump. Four scenarios were identified as interesting: (1) the valorization of low-grade industrial waste heat in district heating networks, (2) energy efficiency improvement of district heating substations, (3) an autonomous adsorption heat pump with a wood pellets burner and (4) cooling applications. These scenarios were experimentally validated with a laboratory test of a commercial silica gel/water machine. Results show that there is a gap of up to 40% between the prediction of the simplified model and the experimental results. Therefore, there is huge potential to improve the performances of this commercial unit for these applications.

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Zhang, Qunli, Yue Wang, Xinchao Zhang, Mingshuang Wang und Gang Wang. „Techno-economic analysis of distributed absorption cooling system driven by a district heating system“. Energy Efficiency 13, Nr. 8 (21.09.2020): 1689–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12053-020-09903-2.

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Roselli, Carlo, Elisa Marrasso und Maurizio Sasso. „Gas Engine-Driven Heat Pumps for Small-Scale Applications: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives“. Energies 14, Nr. 16 (09.08.2021): 4845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164845.

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Gas engine-driven heat pumps are an interesting option to satisfy space heating and cooling demands aiming at energy saving, environmental impact and operating costs’ reduction. This work presents (i) a comprehensive review updated on gas engine-driven heat pumps research activities, (ii) the investigation of the central role of this technology in the air conditioning sector and (iii) the future perspectives regarding gas engine heat pumps’ diffusion in the context of the energy sector decarbonisation. The outcomes highlight that gas engine heat pumps could have better environmental performance compared to electric heat pumps both in heating and cooling operations. Moreover, they could play a pivotal role in the fight against climate change and energy security since they can guarantee an energy mix differentiation moving from electricity to natural gas and renewable gases’ usage. Indeed, by 2030, a lower-carbon gas grid could be supported by renewable gases. A further investigation has concerned diffusion of gas heat pumps activated from biofuels produced by local biomass in an energy community scenario based on a low-temperature energy district network. A novel biomass-based GEHP interacting with a low-temperature district heating network is proposed here. This system could save more than 30% of primary energy compared to biomass-fuelled boilers.

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Rokni, Marvin M. „Power to Hydrogen Through Polygeneration Systems Based on Solid Oxide Cell Systems“. Energies 12, Nr. 24 (16.12.2019): 4793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12244793.

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This study presents the design and analysis of a novel plant based on reversible solid oxide cells driven by wind turbines and integrated with district heating, absorption chillers and water distillation. The main goal is produce hydrogen from excess electricity generated by the wind turbines. The proposed design recovers the waste heat to generate cooling, freshwater and heating. The different plant designs proposed here make it possible to alter the production depending on the demand. Further, the study uses solar energy to generate steam and regulate the heat production for the district heating. The study shows that the plant is able to produce hydrogen at a rate of about 2200 kg/day and the hydrogen production efficiency of the plant reaches about 39%. The total plant efficiency (energy efficiency) will be close to 47% when heat, cool and freshwater are accounted for. Neglecting the heat input through solar energy to the system, then hydrogen production efficiency will be about 74% and the total plant efficiency will be about 100%. In addition, the study analyses the plant performance versus wind velocity in terms of heating, cooling and freshwater generation.

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Buffa, Simone, Anton Soppelsa, Mauro Pipiciello, Gregor Henze und Roberto Fedrizzi. „Fifth-Generation District Heating and Cooling Substations: Demand Response with Artificial Neural Network-Based Model Predictive Control“. Energies 13, Nr. 17 (21.08.2020): 4339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174339.

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District heating and cooling (DHC) is considered one of the most sustainable technologies to meet the heating and cooling demands of buildings in urban areas. The fifth-generation district heating and cooling (5GDHC) concept, often referred to as ambient loops, is a novel solution emerging in Europe and has become a widely discussed topic in current energy system research. 5GDHC systems operate at a temperature close to the ground and include electrically driven heat pumps and associated thermal energy storage in a building-sited energy transfer station (ETS) to satisfy user comfort. This work presents new strategies for improving the operation of these energy transfer stations by means of a model predictive control (MPC) method based on recurrent artificial neural networks. The results show that, under simple time-of-use utility rates, the advanced controller outperforms a rule-based controller for smart charging of the domestic hot water (DHW) thermal energy storage under specific boundary conditions. By exploiting the available thermal energy storage capacity, the MPC controller is capable of shifting up to 14% of the electricity consumption of the ETS from on-peak to off-peak hours. Therefore, the advanced control implemented in 5GDHC networks promotes coupling between the thermal and the electric sector, producing flexibility on the electric grid.

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Halon, Tomasz, Ewa Pelinska-Olko, Malgorzata Szyc und Bartosz Zajaczkowski. „Predicting Performance of a District Heat Powered Adsorption Chiller by Means of an Artificial Neural Network“. Energies 12, Nr. 17 (29.08.2019): 3328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12173328.

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In this paper, the feasibility of a multi-layer artificial neural network to predict both the cooling capacity and the COP of an adsorption chiller working in a real pilot plant is presented. The ANN was trained to accurately predict the performance of the device using data acquired over several years of operation. The number of neurons used by the ANN should be selected individually depending on the size of the training base. The optimal number of datasets in a training base is suggested to be 35. The predicted cooling capacity curves for a given adsorption chiller driven by the district heating are presented. Predictions of the artificial neural network used show good correlation with experimental results, with the mean relative deviation as low as 1.36%. The character of the cooling capacity curve is physically accurate, and during normal operation for cooling capacities ≥8 kW, the errors rarely exceed 1%.

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Akbari Kordlar, Mehri, Florian Heberle und Dieter Brüggemann. „Evaluation and Optimization of the Annual Performance of a Novel Tri-Generation System Driven by Geothermal Brine in Off-Design Conditions“. Applied Sciences 10, Nr. 18 (18.09.2020): 6532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186532.

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The difference in heating or cooling to power ratio between required demands for district networks and the proposed tri-generation system is the most challenging issue of the system configuration and design. In this work, an adjustable, novel tri-generation system driven by geothermal resources is proposed to supply the thermal energies of a specific district network depending on ambient temperature in Germany. The tri-generation system is a combination of a modified absorption refrigeration cycle and a Kalina cycle using NH3-H2O mixture as a working fluid for the whole tri-generation system. A sensitive analysis of off-design conditions is carried out to study the effect of operational parameters on the system performances prior to optimizing its performance. The simulation show that the system is able to cover required heating and cooling demands. The optimization is applied considering the maximum exergy efficiency (scenario 1) and minimum total exergy destruction rate (scenario 2). The optimization results show that the maximum mean exergy efficiency in scenario 1 is achieved as 44.67% at the expense of 14.52% increase in the total exergy destruction rate in scenario 2. The minimum mean total exergy destruction rate in scenario 2 is calculated as 2980 kW at the expense of 8.32% decrease in the exergy efficiency in scenario 1.

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Al-Sayyab, Ali Khalid Shaker, Joaquín Navarro-Esbrí, Victor Manuel Soto-Francés und Adrián Mota-Babiloni. „Conventional and Advanced Exergoeconomic Analysis of a Compound Ejector-Heat Pump for Simultaneous Cooling and Heating“. Energies 14, Nr. 12 (13.06.2021): 3511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123511.

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This work focused on a compound PV/T waste heat driven ejector-heat pump system for simultaneous data centre cooling and waste heat recovery for district heating. The system uses PV/T waste heat as the generator’s heat source, acting with the vapour generated in an evaporative condenser as the ejector drive force. Conventional and advanced exergy and advanced exergoeconomic analyses are used to determine the cause and avoidable degree of the components’ exergy destruction rate and cost rates. Regarding the conventional exergy analysis for the whole system, the compressor represents the largest exergy destruction source of 26%. On the other hand, the generator shows the lowest sources (2%). The advanced exergy analysis indicates that 59.4% of the whole system thermodynamical inefficiencies can be avoided by further design optimisation. The compressor has the highest contribution to the destruction in the avoidable exergy destruction rate (21%), followed by the ejector (18%) and condenser (8%). Moreover, the advanced exergoeconomic results prove that 51% of the system costs are unavoidable. In system components cost comparison, the highest cost comes from the condenser, 30%. In the same context, the ejector has the lowest exergoeconomic factor, and it should be getting more attention to reduce the irreversibility by design improving. On the contrary, the evaporator has the highest exergoeconomic factor (94%).

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Tunzi, Michele, Matthieu Ruysschaert, Svend Svendsen und Kevin Michael Smith. „Double Loop Network for Combined Heating and Cooling in Low Heat Density Areas“. Energies 13, Nr. 22 (20.11.2020): 6091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13226091.

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This study investigated a double loop network operated with ultra-low supply/return temperatures of 45/25 °C as a novel solution for low heat-density areas in Denmark and compared the proposed concept with a typical tree network and with individual heat pumps to each end-users rather than district networks. It is a pump-driven system, where the separate circulation of supply and return flow increased the flexibility of the system to integrate and displace heating and cooling energy along the network. Despite the increased use of central and local water pumps to operate and control the system, the simulated overall pump energy consumption was 0.9% of the total energy consumption. This was also an advantage at the design stage as the larger pressure gradient, up to 570 Pa/m, allowed minimal pipe diameters. In addition, the authors proposed the installation of electrically heated vacuum-insulated micro tanks of 10 L on the primary side of each building substation as a supplementary heating solution to meet the comfort and hygiene requirements for domestic hot water (DHW). This, combined with supply water circulation in the loop network, served as a technical solution to remove the need for bypass valves during summer periods with no load in the network. The proposed double loop system reduced distribution heat losses from 19% to 12% of the total energy consumption and decreased average return temperatures from 33 °C to 23 °C compared to the tree network. While excess heat recovery can be limited due to hydraulic issues in tree networks, the study investigated the double loop concept for scenarios with heat source temperatures of 30 °C and 45 °C. The double loop network was cost-competitive when considering the required capital and operating costs. Furthermore, district networks outperformed individual heat pump solutions for low-heat density areas when waste heat was available locally. Finally, although few in Denmark envisage residential cooling as a priority, this study investigated the potential of embedding heating and cooling in the same infrastructure. It found that the return line could deliver cold water to the end-users and that the maximum cooling power was 1.4 kW to each end-user, which corresponded to 47% of the total peak heat demand used to dimension the double loop network.

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Nagota, Tomoji, Yoshiyuki Shimoda und Minoru Mizuno. „Verification of the energy-saving effect of the district heating and cooling system—Simulation of an electric-driven heat pump system“. Energy and Buildings 40, Nr. 5 (Januar 2008): 732–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.05.007.

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Sun, Fangtian, Junlong Li, Lin Fu, Yonghong Li, Ruixiang Wang und Shigang Zhang. „New configurations of district heating and cooling system based on absorption and compression chillers driven by waste heat of flue gas from coke ovens“. Energy 193 (Februar 2020): 116707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116707.

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Koschwitz, D., J. Frisch und C. van Treeck. „Data-driven heating and cooling load predictions for non-residential buildings based on support vector machine regression and NARX Recurrent Neural Network: A comparative study on district scale“. Energy 165 (Dezember 2018): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.09.068.

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Tamm, Meril, Joana Ortiz, Jordi Pascual, Jarek Kurnitski, Martin Thalfeldt und Jaume Salom. „Primary Energy Balance driven Integrated Energy Design Process of Positive Energy Building“. E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 13001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124613001.

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The ISO 52000–1:2017 is the overarching Energy Performance of Buildings (EPB) standard, providing the general framework of the EPB assessment. It is applicable to the assessment of overall energy use of a building, by measurement or calculation, and the calculation of energy performance in terms of primary energy or other energy-related metrics. ISO 52000–1 provides general profound guidelines, but also gives the freedom to adapt the guidelines with national standards and regulations. This article focuses on design stage energy performance assessment in the framework of syn.ikia project, which aims to deliver a blueprint for an Integrated Design Process of sustainable plus energy buildings and neighbourhoods, leading the way to plus energy districts and cities. This project has four demonstration sites and the one being in focus of this article is located in Catalonia, Spain. Even though this project and Spanish Technical code both are based on ISO 52000–1, the criteria of calculation boundaries of those two vary in some degree, and that can cause great difference in the primary energy balance. In the calculation of the energy balance the criteria of syn.ikia considers all common energy uses in a building, including heating, cooling, ventilation, dehumidification, domestic hot water and lighting, while the Spanish Technical Code excludes lighting consumption. The main difference however is caused due to the fact that in syn.ikia hypothesis the exported energy is being considered in the calculation of how much non-renewable energy is avoided from the grid, while Spanish Technical Code excludes it. For the evaluation of these differences, a simplified monthly primary energy calculation tool is developed during the evaluation framework of key performance indicators of the project. The analysis of the calculation framework hypothesis is presented, analyzing the effects of the assessment boundaries, different primary energy balance calculation hypothesis and building design alternatives.

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J. Deshmukh, Samir, Renata Stasiak-Betlejewska, Sachin Ingole und Lalit Bhuyar. „DSS for rural domestic energy planning – case study of a block in central India“. International Journal of Energy Sector Management 8, Nr. 1 (01.04.2014): 27–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-06-2013-0007.

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Purpose – Most energy planning exercises are carried out with aggregate data at the national level. At regional level namely village, block/district, there have been fewer efforts for energy planning. This paper aims to present a conceptual framework for analyzing energy consumption pattern at rural domestic sector. The entire framework is designed in such a way that user is provided with helpful tips and context-sensitive help options. Design/methodology/approach – Decision support system (DSS) is developed with a graphical user interface (GUI) which helps to compute domestic energy consumption at a specific location. This user interface is fully menu-driven GUI in which different types of data are handled, maintained and displayed. Using this GUI, administrator can generate various reports regarding energy requirements from which decision maker can analyse the energy consumption pattern, per capita energy consumption (PCEC), adult equivalent, etc. Findings – DSS assists in analyzing the energy sources and demand spatially. The technologies and methods used to develop and deploy DSS to aid in domestic energy consumption make work easier for a decision maker. GUI provides user an easy access of data analysis and the design and evaluation of domestic energy consumption strategies. DSS is validated with the data pertaining to energy situation of a block in central India. Stratified sampling survey, energy analysis covering 100 households from ten villages revealed that the average value of PCEC (in kWh/day) resource-wise ranges and activity wise for the surveyed block are as follows: fuel wood (0.60), dung cake (0.085), kerosene (0.18), liquefied petroleum gas (0.052) and electricity energy for lighting and appliances (0.353) and on the other hand it is observed that cooking PCEC is highest (0.505), followed by heating (0.24), lighting (0.162), cooling (0.162) and electrical appliances (0.108). Originality/value – Energy analysis shows energy DSS will improve the quality of decision making at the block, district, and state level and enable the analysis and understanding of energy impacts of various decisions. Considering the Indian rural energy availability scenario, possible renewable energy solutions are also suggested to meet the current domestic energy requirements partially or fully.

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Werner, Sven. „District heating and cooling in Sweden“. Energy 126 (Mai 2017): 419–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.052.

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Whitehouse, Kamin, Juhi Ranjan, Jiakang Lu, Tamim Sookoor, Mehdi Saadat, Carrie Meinberg Burke, Galen Staengl, Anselmo Canfora und Hossein Haj-Hariri. „Towards Occupancy-Driven Heating and Cooling“. IEEE Design & Test of Computers 29, Nr. 4 (August 2012): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mdt.2012.2201439.

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Perez-Mora, Nicolas, Federico Bava, Martin Andersen, Chris Bales, Gunnar Lennermo, Christian Nielsen, Simon Furbo und Víctor Martínez-Moll. „Solar district heating and cooling: A review“. International Journal of Energy Research 42, Nr. 4 (14.09.2017): 1419–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.3888.

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Werner, Sven. „International review of district heating and cooling“. Energy 137 (Oktober 2017): 617–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.04.045.

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Babus'Haq, R. F., S. D. Probert und H. E. George. „District Heating and/or District Cooling Distribution Pipelines: Optimal Configurations“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 204, Nr. 1 (Februar 1990): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1990_204_009_02.

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Ivančić, Aleksandar, Joaquim Romaní, Jaume Salom und Maria-Victoria Cambronero. „Performance Assessment of District Energy Systems with Common Elements for Heating and Cooling“. Energies 14, Nr. 8 (20.04.2021): 2334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082334.

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District energy systems, especially those integrating renewables or low exergy sources, have multiple elements for generating heating and cooling. Some of these elements might be used for both purposes: heating and cooling, either simultaneously or alternatively. This makes it more complex to separate the assessment and have a clear picture on performance of cooling service on one side, and heating services on the other, in terms of energy, environmental, and economic results. However, a correct comparison between different district energy configurations or among district energy and conventional solutions requires split assessment of each service. The paper presents a methodology for calculating different district heating and cooling system key performance indicators (KPIs), distinguishing between heating and cooling ones. A total of eleven indicators are organized under four categories: energy, environment, economy and socio-economy. Each KPI is defined for heating service and for cooling service. According to this, the methodology proposes a demand-based and an investment-based share factors that facilitate the heating and cooling KPI calculation.

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Hewitt, Neil J. „District heating (and cooling) – a low carbon future?“ International Journal of Ambient Energy 37, Nr. 3 (08.03.2016): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2016.1153846.

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Abass, Ahmed Z., und D. A. Pavlyuchenko. „Turning Iraq into a country of energy exporter through the exploitation of solar energy and vast desert land“. E3S Web of Conferences 114 (2019): 05009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911405009.

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The Iraqi government and people are not fully aware of the importance of renewable energy, so developing renewable energy technology in the region is primarily and a result of individual’s initiatives and non-governmental organizations instead of official policy. The fossil fuel is not limitless though in the next hundred years will be vanished, the only continuous resource is the solar energy as a solution to hinder the CO2 emission from various sources of fossil and biofuel. The solar energy requires an immediate attention due to the climatic change that affects the global warming. Iraq is a region rich in solar energy, where the sun’s brightness increases more than 3300 hours a year. The solar radiation falling in the desert areas of Iraq, which now accounts for more than 60% of the country’s area. 437072 km2 is equal to hundreds of thousands of times the total energy generated in this country. This is given Iraq a hand to stay as an energy supplier in the future as well as the present supplier of energy in the form of fossil fuel. Iraq consists of 18 provinces, three of which are in the northern province of the Kurdistan region and each province has the powers of semi-independent and special budget allocated by the central government where the provincial councils can invest part of this budget in the establishment of solar power stations, especially the provinces that suffer from lack of energy through the exploitation of other areas (deserts) to create such stations. the middle and south of Iraq have an averaged from16 to 10 MJ/m2/day for 5 months in the north, 6 months in the middle and southern region, respectively. But in western desert of Al-Anbar district almost have 8 month of sun shine duration while the lowest is over 4 MJ/m2/day. This energy is quite sufficient to drive all thermal photovoltaics (PV), Integrated Solar Combined Cycle (ISCC) plant and all houses hold facilities of heating, cooling and water distillation along the year.

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Oltmanns, Johannes, Martin Freystein, Frank Dammel und Peter Stephan. „Improving the operation of a district heating and a district cooling network“. Energy Procedia 149 (September 2018): 539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.08.218.

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Tsigkas, Ioannis, und Giorgos Panaras. „District Cooling Application on an Existing District Heating Infrastructure: Technologies and Potential“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 410 (24.01.2020): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/410/1/012028.

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Moustakidis, Serafeim, Ioannis Meintanis, Nicos Karkanias, George Halikias, Elise Saoutieff, Pierre Gasnier, Javier Ojer-Aranguren et al. „Innovative Technologies for District Heating and Cooling: InDeal Project“. Proceedings 5, Nr. 1 (15.02.2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019005001.

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The paper discusses the outcomes of the conference organized by the InDeal project. The conference took place on 12 December 2018 in Montpellier as part of the EnerGaia energy forum 2018. A holistic interdisciplinary approach for district heating and cooling (DHC) networks is presented that integrates heterogeneous innovative technologies from various scientific sectors. The solution is based on a multi-layer control and modelling framework that has been designed to minimize the total plant production costs and optimize heating/cooling distribution. Artificial intelligence tools are employed to model uncertainties associated with weather and energy demand forecasts, as well as quantify the energy storage capacity. Smart metering devices are utilized to collect information about all the crucial heat substations’ parameters, whereas a web-based platform offers a unique user environment for network operators. Three new technologies have been further developed to improve the efficiency of pipe design of DHC systems: (i) A new sustainable insulation material for reducing heat losses, (ii) a new quick-fit joint for an easy installation, and (iii) a new coating for reducing pressure head losses. The results of a study on the development and optimization of two energy harvesting systems are also provided. The assessment of the environmental, economic and social impact of the proposed holistic approach is performed through a life cycle analysis. The validation methodology of the integrated solution is also described, whereas conclusions and future work are finally given.

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Balboa-Fernández, Martín, Miguel de Simón-Martín, Alberto González-Martínez und Enrique Rosales-Asensio. „Analysis of District Heating and Cooling systems in Spain“. Energy Reports 6 (Dezember 2020): 532–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.11.202.

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31

Rodriguez-Aumente, Pedro A., María del Carmen Rodriguez-Hidalgo, José I. Nogueira, Antonio Lecuona und María del Carmen Venegas. „District heating and cooling for business buildings in Madrid“. Applied Thermal Engineering 50, Nr. 2 (Februar 2013): 1496–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.11.036.

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32

Porter, R. W. „Economic distribution distance for cogenerated district heating and cooling“. Energy 10, Nr. 7 (Juli 1985): 851–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(85)90118-5.

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33

Sameti, Mohammad, und Fariborz Haghighat. „Optimization approaches in district heating and cooling thermal network“. Energy and Buildings 140 (April 2017): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.01.062.

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34

Huber, David, Viktoria Illyés, Veronika Turewicz, Gregor Götzl, Andreas Hammer und Karl Ponweiser. „Novel District Heating Systems: Methods and Simulation Results“. Energies 14, Nr. 15 (23.07.2021): 4450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154450.

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Fifth-generation district heating and cooling (5th DHC) systems offer promising approaches to decarbonizing space heating, cooling and domestic hot water supply. By using these systems, clustered buildings combined with industrial waste heat can achieve a net-zero energy balance on a variety of time scales. Thanks to the low exergy approach, these systems are highly efficient. As part of the Smart Anergy Quarter Baden (SANBA) project, the thermal energy grid simulation tool TEGSim has been further developed and used to design an ultra-low-temperature district heating (ULTDH) network with hydraulic and thermal components fitted to the specific regional characteristics of the investigated case. Borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) used as seasonal storage ensures long-term feasibility. The annual discrepancy of input of thermal energy provided by space cooling and output of energy demanded by space heating and domestic hot water is supplied by an external low-grade industrial waste heat source. This paper presents the functionality of the simulation and shows how to interpret the findings concerning the design of all components and their interplay, energy consumption and efficiencies.

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35

Todorov, Oleg, Kari Alanne, Markku Virtanen und Risto Kosonen. „Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) for District Heating and Cooling: A Novel Modeling Approach Applied in a Case Study of a Finnish Urban District“. Energies 13, Nr. 10 (14.05.2020): 2478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102478.

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Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) combined with ground-source heat pumps (GSHP) offer an attractive technology to match supply and demand by efficiently recycling heating and cooling loads. This study analyses the integration of the ATES–GSHP system in both district heating and cooling networks of an urban district in southwestern Finland, in terms of technoeconomic feasibility, efficiency, and impact on the aquifer area. A novel mathematical modeling for GSHP operation and energy system management is proposed and demonstrated, using hourly data for heating and cooling demand. Hydrogeological and geographic data from different Finnish data sources is retrieved in order to calibrate and validate a groundwater model. Two different scenarios for ATES operation are investigated, limited by the maximum pumping flow rate of the groundwater area. The additional precooling exchanger in the second scenario resulted in an important advantage, since it increased the heating and cooling demand covered by ATES by 13% and 15%, respectively, and decreased the energy production cost by 5.2%. It is concluded that dispatching heating and cooling loads in a single operation, with annually balanced ATES management in terms of energy and pumping flows resulted in a low long-term environmental impact and is economically feasible (energy production cost below 30 €/MWh).

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Månsson, Sara, Kristin Davidsson, Patrick Lauenburg und Marcus Thern. „Automated Statistical Methods for Fault Detection in District Heating Customer Installations“. Energies 12, Nr. 1 (29.12.2018): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12010113.

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In order to develop more sustainable district heating systems, the district heating sector is currently trying to increase the energy efficiency of these systems. One way of doing so is to identify customer installations in the systems that have poor cooling performance. This study aimed to develop an algorithm that was able to detect the poorly performing installations automatically using meter readings from the installations. The algorithm was developed using statistical methods and was tested on a data set consisting of data from 3000 installations located in a district heating system in Sweden. As many as 1273 installations were identified by the algorithm as having poor cooling performance. This clearly shows that it is of major interest to the district heating companies to identify the installations with poor cooling performance rapidly and automatically, in order to rectify them as soon as possible.

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Casisi, Melchiorre, Dario Buoro, Piero Pinamonti und Mauro Reini. „A Comparison of Different District Integration for a Distributed Generation System for Heating and Cooling in an Urban Area“. Applied Sciences 9, Nr. 17 (27.08.2019): 3521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9173521.

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The paper proposes a comparison of different district integration options for a distributed generation system for heating and cooling in an urban area. The system considered includes several production units located close to the users, a central unit and the district heating and cooling network which can connect all the users to each other and to a central unit, where a cogeneration system and a solar plant can be placed. Thus, each user can be regarded as isolated from the others, satisfying its energy needs by means of an autonomous production unit. Alternatively, it can be connected to the others through the district heating and cooling network. When a district heating and cooling network is included in the design option the synthesis-design and operation problems cannot be solved separately, because the energy to be produced by each production site is not known in advance, as the flows through the district heating and cooling network are not defined. This paper uses a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) methodology for the multi-objective optimization of the distributed generation energy system, considering the total annual cost for owning, operating and maintaining the whole system as the economic objective function, while the total annual CO2 emissions as the environmental objective function. The energy system is optimized for different district integration option, in order to understand how they affect the optimal solutions compared with both the environmental and economic objects.

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Vallès, Manel, Mahmoud Bourouis und Dieter Boer. „Solar-driven absorption cycle for space heating and cooling“. Applied Thermal Engineering 168 (März 2020): 114836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114836.

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39

Moya, X., und N. D. Mathur. „Caloric materials for cooling and heating“. Science 370, Nr. 6518 (12.11.2020): 797–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abb0973.

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Magnetically driven thermal changes in magnetocaloric materials have, for several decades, been exploited to pump heat near room temperature. By contrast, their electrocaloric and mechanocaloric counterparts have only been intensively studied and exploited for little more than a decade. These different caloric strands have recently been unified to yield a single field of research that could help combat climate change by generating better heat pumps for both cooling and heating. Here we outline the timeliness of the present activity and discuss recent advances in caloric measurements, materials, and prototypes.

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40

Kanog˘lu, M., Y. A. C¸engel und R. H. Turner. „Incorporating a District Heating/Cooling System Into an Existing Geothermal Power Plant“. Journal of Energy Resources Technology 120, Nr. 2 (01.06.1998): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2795031.

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Geothermal energy has been used for power generation, space and process heating, and to a lesser extent, space cooling. However, it is rarely used for cogeneration. This paper shows how a district heating/cooling system can be incorporated into an existing geothermal power plant to make the best use of extracted hot brine. In the power plant analysis, exergy destruction throughout the plant is quantified and illustrated using an exergy cascade. The primary source of exergy destruction in the plant is determined to be the reinjection of used brine into the ground, which accounts for 48.1 percent of the total exergy destruction. The overall first and the second law efficiencies of the plant are calculated to be 5.6 and 28.3 percent, respectively, based on the exergy of the geothermal fluid at downwell, and 5.7 and 28.6 percent, respectively, based on the exergy of the geothermal fluid at wellhead. A binary system is considered for the heating/cooling district to avoid corrosion and scaling problems. The heating system, as designed, has the capability to meet the entire needs of the Reno Industrial Park under peak load conditions, and has 30 percent reserve for future expansion. An absorption system will be used for the cooling of the intended 40 percent floor space of the industrial park. An economic analysis shows that the incorporation of the district heating/cooling system with 2,785,000 m2 of floor space connected to the geothermal grid appears to be feasible, and financially very attractive. Further, using the returning freshwater from the district heating/cooling system for partial cooling of the binary fluid of the power plant can save up to 15 percent of the fan work.

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Zhang, Wei, Xianzhao Yang, Tao Wang, Xueyuan Peng und Xiaolin Wang. „Experimental Study of a Gas Engine-driven Heat Pump System for Space Heating and Cooling“. Civil Engineering Journal 5, Nr. 10 (21.10.2019): 2282–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091411.

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In this paper, the performance of a gas engine-driven heat pump (GEHP) was experimentally studied for space heating and cooling. An experimental test facility was developed for this purpose. The effect of key parameters on system performance was investigated under both cooling and heating modes. The results showed that as the engine speed increased from 1400 to 2000 rpm, the cooling and heating capacities increased by 23% and 28.5%, respectively while the GEHP system Primary Energy Ratio (PER) decreased by 13.5% and 11.7% in the cooling and heating modes, respectively. The system PER in the cooling mode was found lower than that in the heating mode. This indicated that heat recovery from the engine cylinder and exhaust gas was very important for improving the GEHP system performance. In the heating mode, the ambient temperature and condenser water flow rate had a large effect on the system heating capacity and PER, and insignificant effect on the gas energy input. In the cooling mode, the chilled water inlet temperature showed a large effect on both cooling capacity and gas energy input while the chilled water flow rate had a large effect on cooling capacity and insignificant effect on the gas energy input.

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Zeh, Robin, Björn Ohlsen, David Philipp, David Bertermann, Tim Kotz, Nikola Jocić und Volker Stockinger. „Large-Scale Geothermal Collector Systems for 5th Generation District Heating and Cooling Networks“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 11 (27.05.2021): 6035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116035.

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Low temperature district heating and cooling networks (5GDHC) in combination with very shallow geothermal energy potentials enable the complete renewable heating and cooling supply of settlements up to entire city districts. With the help of 5GDHC, heating and cooling can be distributed at a low temperature level with almost no distribution losses and made useable to consumers via decentralized heat pumps (HP). Numerous renewable heat sources, from wastewater heat exchangers and low-temperature industrial waste heat to borehole heat exchangers and large-scale geothermal collector systems (LSC), can be used for these networks. The use of large-scale geothermal collector systems also offers the opportunity to shift heating and cooling loads seasonally, contributing to flexibility in the heating network. In addition, the soil can be cooled below freezing point due to the strong regeneration caused by the solar irradiation. Multilayer geothermal collector systems can be used to deliberately generate excessive cooling of individual areas in order to provide cooling energy for residential buildings, office complexes or industrial applications. Planning these systems requires expertise and understanding regarding the interaction of these technologies in the overall system. This paper provides a summary of experience in planning 5GDHC with large-scale geothermal collector systems as well as other renewable heat sources.

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Moustakidis, Serafeim, Ioannis Meintanis, George Halikias und Nicos Karcanias. „An Innovative Control Framework for District Heating Systems: Conceptualisation and Preliminary Results“. Resources 8, Nr. 1 (31.01.2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources8010027.

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This paper presents a holistic innovative solution for the transformation of the current district heating and cooling systems to automated more efficient systems. A variety of technological advancements have been developed and integrated to support the effective energy management of future district heating and cooling sector. First, we identify and discuss the main challenges and needs that are in line with the EU objectives and policy expectations. We give an overview of the main parts that our solution consists of, with emphasis on the forecasting tools and an advanced control system that addresses unit commitment and economic load dispatch problems. The proposed control approach employs distributed and scalable optimisation algorithms for optimising the short-term operations of a district heating and cooling plant subject to technical constraints and uncertainties in the energy demand. To test the performance and validate the proposed control system, a district heating plant with multiple energy generation units and real-life heat load data were used. Simulation experiments were also used to evaluate the benefits of using thermal storage units in district heating systems. The results show that the proposed method could achieve significant cost savings when energy storage is employed. The proposed control strategy can be applied for both operating optimally district heating plants with storage and supporting investment planning for new storage units.

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OGURA, Hiraku, Kohei NOZAKI und Mitsuho FURUSE. „Future View and Current State of District Heating and Cooling“. Journal of The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan 128, Nr. 8 (2008): 518–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejjournal.128.518.

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del Hoyo Arce, Itzal, Saioa Herrero López, Susana López Perez, Miika Rämä, Krzysztof Klobut und Jesus A. Febres. „Models for fast modelling of district heating and cooling networks“. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 82 (Februar 2018): 1863–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.109.

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46

Harwigsson, I., und M. Hellsten. „Environmentally acceptable drag-reducing surfactants for district heating and cooling“. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 73, Nr. 7 (Juli 1996): 921–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02517996.

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47

Rezaie, Behnaz, und Marc A. Rosen. „District heating and cooling: Review of technology and potential enhancements“. Applied Energy 93 (Mai 2012): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.04.020.

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Sulzer, Matthias, Sven Werner, Stefan Mennel und Michael Wetter. „Vocabulary for the fourth generation of district heating and cooling“. Smart Energy 1 (Februar 2021): 100003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.segy.2021.100003.

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49

Ciapała, Bartłomiej, und Mirosław Janowski. „Geothermal power based ULTDH for cooling and heating purposes“. E3S Web of Conferences 100 (2019): 00009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910000009.

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Ultra-low temperature district heating systems facilitate use of waste and renewable heat sources. The article presents a possible scheme of operation and optimisation of small ultra-low temperature district heating system consisting of waste heat source, a number of heated individual dwellings and borehole thermal energy storage plant. Optimisation performed for typical meteorological year for Kraków indicate significant potential of decreasing energy amount discharged to the environment and total length of borehole heat exchangers, compared to individual heat/cold production from low-temperature geothermal resources. Meanwhile, satisfied is a set of constrains providing borehole thermal energy storage sustainability and fulfilling entire heating and cooling demands.

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Qiao, Xiuquan, Budan Wu, Yulong Liu, Zhao Xue und Junliang Chen. „Event-Driven SOA Based District Heating Service System with Complex Event Processing Capability“. International Journal of Web Services Research 11, Nr. 1 (Januar 2014): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwsr.2014010101.

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With the management refinement of heating supply, the district heating system deploys a large number of meters or sensors to monitor and control the operating status of the heating network. It often needs to process real-time streaming data and coordinate the related enterprise business systems to make low-latency, intelligent decisions on the changes of heating network in time. Therefore, the automatic collection, on-demand dissemination and fusion of real-time sensing data play an increasingly important role in district heating systems. This article proposed an event-driven SOA based district heating system architecture with complex event processing capability, which can easily support the on-demand dissemination and aggregation of monitoring information and realize the event-driven service coordination cross different service domains. Finally, a deployed District Heating Control and Information Service System (DHCISS) in Beijing validates the effectiveness of our approach.

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