Dissertationen zum Thema „Distance de lecture“

La vie de michel de montagine, seigneur et auteur, s'engage avec la rupture solennelle d'une retraite precoce. Ce repli sur soi retrouve les preceptes antiques, stoiciens et epicuriens, d'une visee volontairement circonspecte. Celli-ci restreint notamment les possessions propres au corps et a l'ame, envisages avec montaigne dans les termes originaux d'une societe sans hierarchie, placee sous l'intendance du jugement. Aux confins de ce domaine limite et maitrise, la sagesse antique fait traditionnellement peser sur tout franchissement la menace des atteintes de la fortune ou de l'emportement des passions. La garantie de sol est ainsi au prix d'une tension permanente qui s'applique a ramener a soi toute visee. Dans cette attitude trop tendue, la retraite de montaigne refuse de se reconnaitre. Elle integre deja un eloignement raisonnable mesure par les codes de gentillesse de l'epoque qui permettent, dans l'exercice des vertus martiales, un engagement voisin; elle se laisse par ailleurs etonner par l'aventure a la fois ambitieuse et certaine de l'artiellerie a feu et de la navigation hauturiere, arts nouveaux d'une prise de possession mecanisee du lointain. Avec montaigne, la contention trop rigide du sage sait composer avec la sortie maitrisee de soi, alcibiade venant heureusement donner de la souplesse a seneque
The life of michel de montaigne, nobleman and author, opens with the formal break of a premature retirement. The ancient precepts, both stoical and epicurian, of a voluntarily circumspective intention are to be observed in this withdrawal into oneself. This approach especially confines the possessions of body and soul, which montaigne sees in the original terms of a marriage without hierarchy placed under the administration of judgment. Within the limits of this dominated, restricted domain, ancient philosophers traditionally threaten that any breach of confines results in changes of fortune and transports of passions. The guarantee of the self is thus paid at the price of a permanent tension that strives to reduce all designs to the self. In this over-tense attitude, montaigne's retirement refuses self-acknowledgement. It integrates a cautions distancing defined by the genteel codes of the times, which allow for close engagement in the exercise of the martial virtues. Moreover, it is surprised at the both ambitious and certain adventure of gun artillery and ocean navigation, which were the new arts of a mechanized appropriation of the distance. With montaigne, the philosopher's too rigid restraint is able to come to terms with the dominated emergence from the self, which is like alcibiades happily giving a lesson in adaptability to seneca

Enseigner la distanciation qui conduit au sens et au plaisir du texte, tel est l'objet de cette didactique de la lecture littéraire. Fondée sur l'étude de textes complexes, elle fait de la littérature un lieu privilégié d'apprentissage du savoir lire et de formation à la complexité. A l'origine de cette réflexion, les difficultés rencontrées par les lycéens dans ce jeu complexe de tensions entre le lecteur et le texte qui caractérise la lecture littéraire : nombre d'entre elles s'expliquent par le phénomène de l'illusion référentielle et son corollaire, la tendance discursive a la rationalisation du texte. Pour construire chez les élèves des schèmes de réception distanciée, deux voies sont proposées : l'apprentissage du questionnement et la pratique d'activités qui obligent à considérer le texte dans sa dimension scripturale. Mais l'apprentissage de la distance passe aussi par l'étude des phénomènes qui la postulent pour faire sens : c'est pourquoi une didactique du texte ironique ouvre une voie privilégiée pour parvenir a une distanciation maîtrisée
Teaching the distanciation that leads to understanding and enjoying the text: such is the purpose of this didactics of literary reading. Based on the study of complex texts, it uses literature as a priviliged tool to teach the students how to read a text. The origins of this research lie in the difficulties met by the secondary school students in the complex tensions between the reader and the text that characterise literary reading. Many of these difficulties are due to the phenomenon of referential illusion and its corollary, a discursive tendancy to the rationalisation of the text. In order to enable the students to approach the text critically, two techniques are developed here : the teaching of questioning and the resort to activities which force the reader to consider the scriptural dimension of the text. But the teaching of distanciation also includes the studies of the phenomenons which require distanciation in the appreciation of the meaning of the text : irony is one of them. Therefore a didacdics of ironical texts is identified as a privileged means to reach controlled distanciation

Making video recordings of large classroom lectures and putting them online is increasingly common in distance and blended learning courses. However, the best way to use lecture video is not well understood. Using long streams of one-way communication is not consistent with best practices in online learning. During lectures, students assume a largely passive role. They think faster than instructors speak, so boredom and daydreaming are common. Yet, when complex or novel ideas are presented, students may have inadequate time to encode, organize, and integrate the input with prior experience. Especially for students with low prior knowledge of the subject being discussed, the lecture is a cognitive and affective roller coaster ride that works at cross purposes with learning. Viewing a lecture that was recorded at an earlier time adds the element of temporal distance from the learning event, and changes the student’s role from participant to spectator. The present study investigated whether learning could be increased and perceptions of difficulty reduced when a captured lecture received a “makeover” before being put online. The makeover consisted of 1) editing the lecture video in accordance with the cognitive theory of multimedia learning; 2) processing the video using best practices for audio/video production; and 3) increasing the video playback speed. The research design for the study was quasiexperimental. The independent variable was captured lecture form (edited or unedited). The dependent variables were learning results for recognition and recall, and perceptions of difficulty. Data analysis employed independent-samples t-tests, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), and repeated-measures MANOVA. Conclusions were that the editing protocol made no significant difference in learning gains for recognition or recall, and did not significantly affect perceptions of difficulty. However, editing did result in a 39% reduction in the length of the lecture, raising the possibility that such a makeover might allow for faster learning when lecture video is used.

Dans un contexte idéologique où la question de la baisse du niveau revient de façon récurrente dans l'espace public, nous nous sommes servie du test de L'alouette (Lefavrais, 1967) pour mener une étude comparative du niveau en lecture des élèves du CP au CM2. Les résultats indiquent qu'à quarante ans d'écart, le niveau en lecture a diminué de six mois. Au-delà de cette baisse relative, apparaît un fait tout aussi intéressant : celui d'un accroissement des écarts. On constate alors un décrochage des élèves les plus en difficulté et un décollage des élèves les plus performants. Le test de L'alouette étant basé sur une conception traditionnelle de la lecture, nous y avons vu là, l'occasion de mettre à l'épreuve les modèles dominants en lecture : les modèles développementaux. De cette façon, nous nous sommes demandée dans quelle mesure le test de L'alouette nous informe quant à l'apprentissage de la lecture et plus particulièrement en ce qui concerne le caractère discontinu ou continu de la lecture. Les résultats obtenus semblent aller dans le sens d'une discontinuité certes, mais qui ne serait pas absolue. Ainsi, dès le début de l'apprentissage les élèves utiliseraient une procédure lexicale en plus de la procédure par médiation phonologique. L'une ou l'autre étant dominante à certains moments de l'apprentissage.

Cette recherche a pour objectif de décrire et de comprendre le processus d'intégration des technologies Internet pour la banque à distance. Dans la mouvance de la théorie de la structuration, cette thèse propose une relecture du phénomène d'innovation associé à l'intégration des technologies de l'information. Articulant les deux niveaux de l'action et du structurel au sens de Giddens, elle vise ainsi à montrer comment ce phénomène organisationnel émerge des interactions, trop souvent considérées jusqu'ici comme opérant dans une boîte noire
The aim of this research is to describe and understand the integration process of Internet banking technologies within an organization of a large bank. In the stream of structuration theory, this thesis suggests to re-visit the innovation process associated with the integration of information technologies. Combining both levels of action and structure in Giddens' sense, this work aims at showing how this organizational phenomena emerges from social interactions between individuals. So far in the literature, these interactions have been too often considered as taking place in a black box. The theoretical contribution of this work stems from a cross fertilisation between Institutionalism, which has been broadly criticised for neglecting human interactions, and recent structurationist work on the articulation between information technologies and organisation. The latter has been criticised for The aim of this research is to describe and understand the integration process of Internet banking missing institutional embedness in the inter-organizational relationsFrom a methodological point of view, this thesis sketches a new way to translate the theory of structuration into organizations. A methodological construct has been designed accordingly to conduct a longitudinal case study in a large bank faced with the up-coming of Internet technologies. Composed of a protocol in five stages, it allows to restore take into account and combine three analytical levels: (i) the inter-organizational field which is analysed through the operationalisation of the concept of representation; (ii) the intra-organizational context which is considered as a local context (i. E. Situated in time and space); and (iii) the human interactions which are approached through the concept of episode proposed by Giddens. Finally, this research graps an important organizational phenomena related to the integration of information technologies, namely inertia. Inertia is cognitively associated with representations and organizationally entrenched in daily actions. Despite some transformations in the intra-organizational context, the study points out to unintended effects and unacknowledged conditions of managers' action that lead to inertia

Online courses in higher education have a reputation for having a lower course completion or retention rate than face-to-face courses. Much of this reputation is based upon anecdotal evidence, is outdated, or is on a small scale, such as a comparison of individual courses or programs of instruction. A causal-comparative analysis was conducted among 11 large, high research public universities. The universities were compared to each other to determine if differences existed between online and face-to-face course completion; undergraduate and graduation online course completion was analyzed for differences as well. The findings suggested the magnitude of the differences between online and face-to-face completions rates was small or negligible. The area which showed a higher magnitude of difference was in the comparison between undergraduate and graduate online course completion; the practical significance could be worth considering for educational purposes.

Ce document se propose de mieux comprendre les fonctionnements pédagogiques et communicationnels de deux dispositifs d’apprentissage au sein d’un même département universitaire : le cas d’une Licence en Sciences de l’information et de la communication. Cette approche compréhensive à visée exploratoire part du postulat que le sens ne se construit qu’en situation et en interaction avec le dispositif d’apprentissage, adoptant ainsi une position épistémologique issue d’une « convention constructiviste ». La recherche souhaite comprendre comment les apprenants co-construisent leur réalité collective d’apprentissage à travers leurs expériences d’apprentissage signifiantes. L’émergence de modèles de lecture issus du double ancrage analytique (méthodes d’analyse de la systémique qualitative et de la sémiotique situationnelle) met également en exergue la dynamique et la logique des systèmes, les règles du jeu et le débat latent entre les acteurs en présence. En sus de cette lecture communicationnelle, cette recherche à visée heuristique offre une large réponse en terme méthodologique (notamment à travers la proposition de la technique dialectique graduelle). C’est en ce sens que ce document représente un premier socle de sorte à fonder une réflexion plus empirique, tant sur les méthodes d’analyse que sur la place des technologies de l’information et de la communication dans le paysage universitaire actuel
This document suggests understanding better the educational functionings and communicationnels of two devices of learning within the same university department: the case of a License in Sciences of the information and the communication. This comprehensive approach with exploratory aim leaves the postulate that the sense builds itself only in situation and in interaction the device of learning, so adopting a épistémologique position outcome of a " constructivist agreement ". The research wishes to understand how are learners co-build their collective reality through their significant experiences of learning. The emergence of models of reading stemming from the double analytical anchoring (methods of the qualitative systematism and of semiotics situationnelle) also highlights the dynamics and the logic of the systems, the rules of the game and the latent debate between the actors in presence. In addition to this communicationnelle reading, this research with aim heuristics offers a wide answer in methodological term (in particular through the proposition of the gradual dialectical technique). It is in the sense that this document represents a first base so as to base a more empirical reflection, both on the methods of analysis and on the place of information technologies and communication in the current university landscape

La disparition d'un dispositif de français en ligne et à distance ne peut qu'interroger quand elle a lieu dans le contexte d’une université ouverte. C’est de cette interrogation que part la présente thèse située en sciences de l’éducation et en didactique des langues et ancrée dans le domaine des cultures d’apprentissage, de l’autoformation et du FLE, et dont l’objectif initial était de réaliser l’analyse du déclin du dispositif pour essayer d'en comprendre les raisons. Le dispositif ayant été coordonné, conçu et réalisé par des personnes d’origines européenne et africaine, prévu pour un public tanzanien, et ayant reçu un soutien important de la coopération française et de la hiérarchie de son université d’implantation, l’Open University of Tanzania (OUT), il a, d’abord, fait l’objet d’une réflexion portant sur les cultures et habitudes d’apprentissage au sein de l’OUT afin d’étudier dans quelle mesure une culture pédagogique du Nord, présente à travers les acteurs français et formés en France, et la culture d’apprentissage des étudiants tanzaniens inscrits à l’OUT pouvait entrer en tension et constituer une cause de la disparition du dispositif initial. A côté de cela, il n’était pas possible non plus d’oblitérer la question de potentielles divergences fatales au sein même du dispositif de français, renvoyant à un possible décalage entre les conceptions des acteurs (concepteurs, enseignants et étudiants) pour ce qui concerne l’enseignement et l’apprentissage des langues mais aussi l’apprentissage médiatisé par les technologies. Au-delà de l’analyse du déclin du dispositif, cette thèse, en croisant les réponses des étudiants avec celles des responsables et enseignants de l’OUT a permis de mettre au jour, chez les étudiants, des pratiques originales marquées par la culture (d’apprentissage) tanzanienne. Elle révèle comment les étudiants reconstituent du présentiel au sein d’une université ouverte qui prône l’autoformation et propose des enseignements exclusivement à distance. L’étude montre au final, que c’est au niveau micro des conceptions et de l’adhésion des acteurs aux principes initiaux du dispositif que se situent les réels enjeux. L’analyse croisée des résultats de l’étude sur le dispositif de français (des documents fondateurs du dispositif de français aux réponses des étudiants et des enseignants) montre que de fortes convergences existent entre le dispositif tel qu’il a été pensé, d’une part, et les pratiques des étudiants de même que leurs attentes à l’égard d’un dispositif d’enseignement-apprentissage des langues, d’autre part. Mais les tensions se révèlent particulièrement fortes quand il s’agit d’envisager le numérique dans la formation en français. L’analyse rend manifeste que ce sont les conceptions négatives des enseignants au regard du numérique en éducation qui conduisent à l’abandon du dispositif en ligne au profit d’un enseignement en présentiel et que, contrairement à l’institution qui intègre les pratiques étudiantes, les enseignants en charge du dispositif de français ne prennent pas en compte les pratiques et attentes de leur public. Cette étude montre donc que, tout au moins dans le cas étudié, les tensions potentiellement fatales pour un dispositif ne se situent pas dans la rencontre des cultures d’enseignement-apprentissage si, comme, le montre l’adaptation du fonctionnement de l’OUT aux pratiques effectives des étudiants, une volonté d’adaptation est présente permettant d’aller vers une culture commune. Les difficultés apparaissent lorsque les cultures d’apprentissage et les pratiques sont imaginées et/ou projetées à partir d’expériences personnelles et que la mise en avant de ces cultures et pratiques ou non-pratiques imaginées, conduit à l’imposition du dispositif qu’un groupe d’acteurs disposant d’un certain pouvoir entend privilégier
The decline of an online and distance learning program for French as a foreign language offered in an African open university is the starting point of this research, which is located in the fields of educational sciences and applied linguistics and dealing with learning cultures, self-training and language learning methodology. The initial objective of this PhD thesis was to understand what caused the program to fail. The teaching and learning program was coordinated, designed and implemented by people of European and African origin, intended for a Tanzanian audience, and received significant support from French cooperation and the hierarchy of its host university, the Open University of Tanzania (OUT). The thesis analyses the cultures, especially the learning cultures within the OUT, in order to explore to what extent the encounter of a pedagogical culture of the North, present through the French agents and African teachers, who were trained in France, and of the learning culture of Tanzanian students enrolled in the OUT could be a factor explaining the decline of the initial program. The thesis also investigates possible fatal divergences within the French program itself, analyzing a possible discrepancy between the conceptions of the different parties involved in the program (designers, teachers and students) with regard to the teaching and learning of languages but also to computer assisted (language) learning. Beyond the analysis of the decline of the system, this thesis has made it possible to reveal, among students, original learning practices shaped by the Tanzanian (learning) culture. It shows how students create face to face learning situations in an open university that promotes self-study and offers exclusively distance learning. It also highlights the fact that the institution has partially adapted and integrated the practices of its students. The study shows that the actual (cultural) challenge lays on the micro level of the attitudes and beliefs and the acceptance of the initial principles by the different agents. The investigation of the French program (including the documents that established the pedagogical principles of the program and the responses of students and teachers) shows that there is strong convergence between the program as it was designed on the one hand, and students' practices and conceptions of a language course on the other hand. But tensions are particularly high when it comes to considering digital technology in French language training. The analysis highlights that negative teacher conceptions of digital technology in education has led to the termination of the online learning program in favor of face to face teaching and that, unlike the institution that integrates student practices, teachers in charge of the French program do not take into account the practices and expectations of their audience. This study therefore shows that, at least in the case studied, the potentially fatal tensions for a learning program are not caused by the encounter of teaching and learning cultures if a willingness to adapt and to move towards a common culture is present. Difficulties arise when learning cultures and practices are imagined and/or projected from personal experiences, and when the focus on these imagined cultures and practices (or non-practices) leads to the imposition of a particular system by a group of agents with some power

Cette thèse traite de la reconnaissance de caractères manuscrits provenant de la segmentation d'un mot ou d'une chaîne de caractères numériques dans le contexte particulier de la lecture automatique de chèques et d'enveloppes postales. Le premier chapitre présente un état de l'art dans le domaine de la reconnaissance de l'écrit et notamment les étapes concernant la conception d'un système de reconnaissance de caractères. Le deuxième chapitre traite de la reconnaissance proprement dite. Après une analyse détaillée des différentes méthodes proposées dans la littérature, les deux méthodes retenues, la séparation linéaire et la distance de Mahalanobis, sont décrites. Le troisième chapitre est consacré à la définition des caractéristiques et à la construction du vecteur représentant chaque caractère. Les familles de caractéristiques retenues, incluant à la fois des mesures statistiques et des primitives structurelles, sont détectées à partir de différentes représentations du caractère. Un algorithme de recherche d'une combinaison optimale représentation/famille de caractéristiques est présenté. Le choix de la dimension du vecteur et le problème des composantes manquantes pour certaines observations sont discutés. Le dernier chapitre présente les différentes applications dans lesquelles les travaux de la thèse ont été intégrés. Les deux premières applications concernent la lecture automatique des enveloppes postales américaines et plus spécialement la reconnaissance de graphèmes issus de la segmentation des mots manuscrits cursifs ainsi que la reconnaissance des chiffres provenant de la segmentation du code postal. La troisième application concerne la lecture automatique des chèques postaux français et plus particulièrement la reconnaissance des chiffres issus de la segmentation des deux montants numériques. Les différents aspects de l'étude présentée sont approfondis tant sur le plan bibliographique que sur le plan algorithmique. Ils ont conduit à la mise au point de méthodes de reconnaissance robustes qui ont été validées expérimentalement sur d'importantes bases de caractères et de mots manuscrits

In distance education, lack of face-to-face communication prevents instructors from observing students&rsquo
activities efficiently, especially in crowded sessions, and consequently they fail to effectively assess the performance of distant learners. On the other hand, in spite of being physically distant, instructor should monitor students&rsquo
activities and assess their performance effectively so that learners can be informed as quickly as possible of how well they are doing. This thesis aims to develop an e-learning tool for distance education that integrates asynchronous and synchronous learning environments to offer an enriched e-learning platform. The tool enables instructor to keep track of students&rsquo
activities, assesses learners&rsquo
participation during online synchronous sessions dynamically, and provides asynchronous access to assessment data after the lectures. In this way, it is aimed to monitor performance of distant learners by the instructor more efficiently.

Thesis (M.S. in Information Technology Management) Naval Postgradaute School, September 1995.
"September 1995." Thesis advisor(s): D.P. Brutzman, Maxine H. Reneker. DTIC Descriptor(s): Teaching Methods, Telecommunications, Leadership Training, Conferencing (Communications), User Manuals, Lessons Learned, Education, Students, Interfaces, Theses, Time, Costs, Instructors, Range (Distance), Benefits, Learning. DTIC Indicators: Distance Learning, Distance Education, Mbone(Multicast Backbone). Author(s) subject terms: Multicast Backbone, MBone, Distance Learning, Video 15. NUMBER OF Teleconferencing, Video Archiving, Hamming. Bibliography: p. 65-67. Also available online.

En prenant comme point de départ les débats célèbres des années 1970 et 1980 portés autour de l’universalité de l’herméneutique, des débats entraînant les grands acteurs de la pensée du XXe siècle comme Hans-Georg Gadamer, Jürgen Habermas et Jacques Derrida, cette thèse s’efforce d’identifier, derrière la revendication à l’universalité de l’herméneutique, la véritable problématique philosophique qui est, à nos yeux, celle de l’intelligibilité herméneutique du temps. Nous tâchons de saisir cette intelligibilité, qui traduit l’articulation paradoxale de l’être et du temps comme différence, par une lecture des configurations que « l’oubli du sens de l’être » et « la distance temporelle » connaissent dans la pensée de Martin Heidegger et de Hans-Georg Gadamer. En effet, cette lecture figurale de l’oubli et de la distance temporelle, qui forme les deux grandes sections de notre travail, se veut une modalité de comprendre la manière paradoxale du temps de susciter la différence herméneutique, notamment sa capacité simultanée à générer l’occultation et le dévoilement du sens, d’accorder d’un seul geste le surcroît de sens et la finitude de la compréhension. Suite à cette lecture, nous concluons que l’herméneutique ontologique a le grand mérite d’avoir interrogé le phénomène de la différence entre compréhension et mécompréhension et d’y avoir décelé, à la fois comme préalable et comme condition de son effectivité, l’intelligibilité herméneutique du temps. Finalement, l’universalité herméneutique même révèle sa nature essentiellement temporelle : comme « aspect productif de la temporalité », elle se confond en dernier ressort avec la dynamique du ce qui est à comprendre
By taking as starting point the famous debates from the 70s and the 80s around the universality of hermeneutics, which had inflamed some of the 20th century greatest thinkers, such as Hans-Georg Gadamer, Jürgen Habermas et Jacques Derrida, this PhD thesis attempts to identify the actual philosophical question behind the hermeneutics’ claim of universality: the time’s hermeneutical intelligibility. I strive to express this intelligibility, which translates the paradoxical articulation of time and being as difference, by proposing an interpretation of two essential “figures” for the thinking of Martin Heidegger and Hans-Georg Gadamer: “the forgetting of being” and “the temporal distance”. More precisely, this interpretation or, as I call it, “figural reading” intends to understand the time’s paradoxical way of engendering the hermeneutical difference, that is: its capacity to generate simultaneously the occultation and the revealing of meaning, its potential to give the surplus of meaning and, at the same time, the finitude of comprehension. As a result of this figural reading, I conclude that the hermeneutics has its worth in interrogating the phenomenon of the difference between understanding and misunderstanding, and more precisely in identifying, as a foregoing condition of this difference’s effectivity, the time’s hermeneutical intelligibility. Finally, the hermeneutical universality reveals its genuine temporal nature: taken as a “productive aspect of the temporality”, it merges into the dynamics “of what is to be understood”

Cette recherche doctorale interroge les parcours d’apprentissage d’étudiants inscrits dans deux formations en ligne des départements de Didactique de Français Langue Étrangère : celles de l’Université de Tours et de l’Université du Cap en Afrique du Sud. Régulièrement étudiées dans une perspective interactionniste, cognitiviste ou encore socioconstructiviste avec des problématiques interrogeant le processus de l’apprentissage et les manières de l’améliorer, les plateformes d’apprentissage sont rarement considérées comme des espaces imposant une certaine vision de l’enseignement supérieur. Pour autant, elles proposent une architecture structurée de manière à favoriser certains aspects considérés comme importants dans le processus d’enseignement-apprentissage. Métaphores des textes politiques, elles offrent ainsi à lire, un projet institutionnel, scientifique et didactique que les apprenants doivent adopter. Entre usage imposé des plateformes, et improvisation, nous étudions dans cette recherche - à travers une lecture de Michel de Certeau - les cheminements d’apprentissage des étudiants. Nous questionnons les raisons de leurs présences ou de leurs absences en ligne, en mettant en évidence d’une part les contradictions dans leurs discours, ce à quoi ils disent se conformer dans le but de répondre aux attendus de la plateforme ou d’être entendus, lus, reconnus par l’institution universitaire et d’autre part leurs « ailleurs formatifs » hors plateforme. Entre « imposés » et « détournements » se dégage ce qui pourrait être appelé une « norme » d’enseignement et d’apprentissage en ligne qui ressemble à une autre norme : la norme linguistique. Force sera de constater au fil de cette recherche, que l’architecture des LMS semble reproduire le système auquel elle appartient prescrivant l’homogénéité du public apprenant et en conséquence met-tant à l’écart leurs diversités. Cette étude qui s’inscrit dans une perspective qualitative herméneutique a été rendue possible grâce à des entretiens approfondis réalisés auprès d’étudiants français et internationaux inscrits dans les formations à distance évoquées en amont, de prises de notes ethnographiques, d’observations participantes et de corpus d’échanges sur les forums des formations. Elle puise également dans les outils de l’analyse du discours pour questionner les textes politiques et scientifiques
This doctoral research examines the learning pathways of students enrolled in two online dis-tance learning programmes of the University of Tours (France) and the University of Cape Town (South Africa) departments of Didactics of French as a Foreign Language (FFL). While learning platforms are regularly studied from an interactionist, cognitivist or socioconstructiv-ist perspective together with questions relating to the learning process and ways to improve the latter, they are rarely considered as spaces imposing a certain vision of higher education. However, they propose a structured architecture in order to favour certain aspects considered important in the teaching-learning process. Seen as metaphors of political or scientific texts, they can be read as an institutional, scientific and didactic project that learners must adopt. In this research and through a reading of Michel de Certeau’s work, we analyse student learning pathways, from the expected or even imposed use of platforms to alternative usage. We ques-tion the reasons for their online presence or absence, highlighting, on the one hand, their dis-cursive contradictions, with which they comply in order to meet the expected platform usage or to be heard, read, recognised by the institution and, on the other hand, their off-platform "learning elsewhere" persona. Some form of online teaching and learning “standard” emerges from their negotiation between what is "imposed" and what the alternative, “re-directed” us-age. This “standard” resembles another one: the language standard. This study has made it clear that the LMS (Learning Management System) architecture reproduces the system to which it belongs thereby prescribing learner homogeneity and consequently side-lining diversi-ty. This study, which is qualitative hermeneutical in nature, was made possible thanks to in-depth interviews with French and international students enrolled in the above-mentioned distance education programmes, ethnographic notes, participant observations and analysis of online interactions. It also draws on discourse analysis to question political and scientific texts

In Lithuania, the Life Long Learning process is realized through universities, colleges, vocational schools, adult education centers and other relevant institutions. Thus a Life Long Learning system should be established at all education levels - vocational, tertiary, etc. There is a widespread consensus in the Government and non-governmental educational sector institutions that Distance Education and training has enormous potential to tackle the new challenges. Significant policy groundwork has been laid for the development of an advanced and comprehensive distance education system. The major initiatives fostering Distance Education development are: The Government investment project „LieDM (Development of Distance Education in Lithuania 1998-2005)“, the „ITMiS -Information Technologies for Science and Studies“ program initiated by the Ministry of Education and Science, and Phare2000 projects for the development of Regional Distance Professional Training Infrastructures in Klaipeda, Taurage, Marijampole and Utena regions. The goal of this Master thesis is according the analysis of the experience of European countries in development distance education and investigation of main tools of distance courses design, to promote the development of distance education in Panevezys region.

The overall aim of this study was to investigate how the introduction of ICT into distance education at public institutions of higher learning in South Africa during the early post-apartheid period from 1994 to 2002, provided learning opportunities for students and facilitated the delivery of learning content. More explicitly, it examined and analyzed the views and experiences of students and course facilitators at selected higher education institutions, which provided ICT-based distance education. The study also examined and analyzed the views and experiences of students regarding the services of a private on-campus Internet café located in a South African technikon (a technological institution). The empirical part of the current study was conducted in 2002, when some public higher education institutions in the country were involved in the provision of distance education as a means of increasing student participation and generating income. However, the proliferation of private actors who collaborated with some of these institutions to provide ICT-based distance education caused concern to the government that questioned their quality of content delivery. A case study research design was applied to collect, analyze and interpret quantitative and qualitative data at four universities and one technikon. Two electronic surveys were administered by email and on the Web, to self-selected students at the five case institutions. The first survey examined the views and experiences of respondents (n = 605) who participated in ICT-based distance education, while the second one investigated the views and experiences of respondents (n = 274) who used a private campus-based Internet café. Non-participant observations were made at some learning centers to understand how classes were carried out, and at the Internet café, to understand the type of services offered. Unstructured interviews were held with selected students and course facilitators at one institution, whereas informal interviews were conducted with some students and the Internet café manager. Further, a literature review was undertaken to understand certain issues and trends in ICT-based distance education, within and beyond South Africa. The findings indicate that the majority of respondents chose ICT-based distance education because it was flexible. They were also comfortable with using the English language for instruction. However, some complained that the learning materials were irrelevant and were not delivered on time. The course facilitators were generally satisfied with their work, although they were disappointed for not having the opportunity to influence changes in the study guides. Many respondents used the Internet café because they did not have any other means of accessing the Internet. Moreover, it was affordable and they used it for socializing. The study concludes that the system of instructional design and content delivery to distance education students in South Africa should be improved to become efficient. Further studies are recommended to examine the ongoing development of ICT-based distance higher education in South Africa.

Le contexte de cette thèse aborde les scénarios RFID UHF impliquant la mise en jeux d'un grand nombre de tags. Ces tags sont d'une part distribués de manière aléatoire et d'autre part concentrés dans un volume électriquement réduit. Dans cette situation, la proximité des éléments rayonnants entraîne un couplage électromagnétique important entre les antennes des tags, impactant le lien radio entre le lecteur et chaque tag. Par conséquent, on observe généralement une dégradation des indicateurs de performance clés du système, tels que la distance maximum de lecture ou le taux de lecture. Ce travail de recherche présente une analyse de performance d'un système RFID dans un contexte de forte densité de tags en incluant des aspects statistiques. À cette fin, un modèle est proposé pour les liaisons montante et descendante, incluant les effets de couplage entre les tags. Ce modèle est validé par des simulations et des mesures. Avant de se concentrer sur l'analyse complexe d'un ensemble de tags, une caractérisation complète d'un tag RF fabriqué au laboratoire est présentée. Ce tag RFID est composé d'une antenne gravée sur un substrat epoxy et utilise une puce Higgs-9. L'impédance de l'antenne est simulée et mesurée. L'impédance non linéaire de la puce est caractérisée par un impédancemètre. L'ensemble du tag est composé de l'antenne et de la puce et il est testé dans le cadre du protocole RFID. Compte tenu de la complexité du problème posé, l'ensemble des tags RFID est également modélisé par un ensemble de dipôles chargés afin de simplifier l'analyse electromagnétique. Ce modèle simplifié reste valide à condition qu'une corrélation élevée entre le comportement d'un ensemble de dipôle et celui des tags réels puisse être prouvée. La dégradation des performances due au couplage dans la liaison descendante est analysée en termes de surface équivalente radar différentielle ou SER différentielle, car elle est indicative de la discrimination possible des états de modulation présents sur le signal rétrodiffusé par le tag. La SER différentielle est calculée à l'aide des coefficients de réflexion estimés du tag environné. Les coefficients de réflexion du tag sont estimés pour deux niveaux de charge différents. La SER différentielle est également mesurée directement par le protocole RFID. Dans la dernière partie de ce travail de recherche nous prenons en compte l'impact des non-linéarités de l'impédance complexe de la puce en plus des effets du couplage dans la liason descendante. Sachant que l'impédance complexe de la puce est une fonction de la puissance au niveau de la puce, une procédure de mise en correspondance est présentée pour estimer précisement l'impédance complexe de la puce à partir d'une base de données issue de mesures. A partir du modèle de couplage il est possible d'estimer la puissance délivrée aux puces d'un ensemble de tags distribués aléatoirement incluant les phénomènes de non linéarités. Les déductions tirées de ce travail, combinées à des données statistiques pertinentes, pourraient être utilisées par les ingénieurs concepteurs RFID pour évaluer les performances d'un scénario RFID en prenant en compte le couplage mutuel et l'impédance non linéaire de la puce
The context of this thesis is primarily centered around UHF RFID scenarios which involve a large number of tags randomly distributed and confined in an electrically reduced volume. The proximity of the radiating elements would result in significant electromagnetic coupling between the tag antennas, impacting the communication link between the reader and the tags. Consequently, the key performance indicators of the system such as read-range and read-rate get degraded. This research work presents a performance analysis of such an RFID system by including statistical aspects. To this aim, a model for the forward and reverse links including coupling effects between the tags is presented, which is validated by electromagnetic simulations and measurements. Prior to delving into the analysis involving a set of tags, a comprehensive characterization of the home-made RFID tag integrated with a Higgs-9 chip which is used in the study is performed. The antenna impedance is simulated and measured, while the nonlinear chip impedance is characterized by an impedance analyzer. The whole tag composed of the home-made antenna and the chip is tested under the RFID protocols. Considering the complexity of the problem at hand, the set of RFID tags under study is also modeled by a set of loaded dipoles in order to simplify their electromagnetic model provided that a high correlation between their behaviour could be proved. At this stage, the monostatic RCS is studied with an objective of highlighting the degradation in the response of an isolated tag to that of the same tag while surrounded by other tags. The coupling effects on the impedance and the radiation pattern of a tag are thus included in this monostatic RCS response. Afterwards, the forward link is analyzed in terms of the power absorbed by the chip and the maximum read-range of an interrogated tag while being surrounded by neighboring loaded tags. Interestingly a clear correlation is observed between the power absorbed by the chip obtained by simulation and the maximum read-range which is obtained by simulation and measured under RFID protocol. Multiple random configurations of tags have been tested and as a result of this part, a circuit-level observable is correlated to a direct system-level observable. The performance degradation due to coupling in the reverse link is analyzed in terms of the differential RCS, as it is indicative of the modulation depth from the tag. The differential RCS is calculated using the estimated reflection coefficients of the surrounded tag for two different load levels and is also measured directly under RFID protocol. As the last part, this research work takes into account the impact of nonlinear evolution of the complex chip impedance, along with coupling effects in the reverse link. Knowing that the chip impedance is a function of the input power, a mapping procedure is presented for the chip impedance estimation. The coupling model provides the power delivered to the chip, which is then mapped to obtain the nonlinear chip impedance of each tag in a set of randomly distributed tags. The inferences drawn from this work when combined with relevant statistical data could be used by RFID design engineers to assess the performance of an RFID scenario while being exposed to both mutual coupling and nonlinearities

How can I improve as a practitioner of distance learning? With the uptake of distance learning (DL), which has been marginal for most academics, teaching contexts, traditional power structures and relationships have changed, leaving lecturers potentially disenfranchised. Proliferate literature was found addressing DL in medical education, although the practical application for academics was scarce. Unsurprisingly, the most cited article in Medical Teacher in 2010 was: ‘The Failure of e-Learning Research to Inform Educational Practice, and What We Can Do About It’ (Personal communication, Medical Teacher, October 24, ). My experience suggested DL was a disruptive technology to individuals and the organisational culture of higher education. The related research question and aim of this study were: Research Question How can I improve my practice as a University Lecturer in the development and delivery of a distance learning module in a post graduate diploma in clinical education? Research Aim To critically and systematically examine, and make informed changes to, the design and delivery of a post-graduate distance clinical education module. I hoped to inform educational practice: primarily, my own, by improving my practice as a university DL practitioner. Based on the literature of organisations and DL, I examined and evaluated the complex process of developing and then delivering an asynchronous fully online module. Maintaining an action research methodology, this study underwent two cycles. The first cycle focused on planning of the module, the second on delivery. These cycles informed my own practice, guided further development and resulted in subsequent change. Data collection consisted of documentary analysis of meetings, interviews with staff and students, formal student evaluations, web analytics and personal reflection. Data analysis incorporated both quantitative and qualitative methods to triangulate the research findings and ensure the research aim was addressed. Within this inquiry, new competencies for academics including leadership and management were exposed. Barriers to staff progress included changes and ambiguity in roles, lack of leadership and unpreparedness for responsibilities, time, and workload. Student barriers included time, fear, relevance of learning, isolation and increased autonomy. Explicit planning, organisational support and working within communities were requisite to create a ‘sustaining’ technology representing an improvement on current practices for both groups. Avoiding traditional workload assumptions that are erroneous and inaccurate, this study provides new models of organisational roles and responsibilities. Time, workload, and changing expectations of staff and students are addressed whilst uncompromisingly focusing on informing and improving practice.

La lectura permite desarrollar las capacidades reflexivas y críticas del estudiante, lo cual contribuye con su formación académica y personal, de ahí la importancia de potenciar su aprendizaje y práctica. Sin embargo, en un aula de sexto grado de primaria de una institución educativa pública de Lima Metropolitana, las capacidades de comprensión lectora aún no están consolidadas, lo cual se complejiza por la educación remota del 2020. En ese sentido, en esta investigación se plantea como objetivo general: evaluar la efectividad de la implementación de los módulos de autoaprendizaje denominados Disfruto mi mundo entre libros, para mejorar las capacidades de comprensión de lectura de los estudiantes de sexto grado de primaria de una institución educativa de Lima Metropolitana, en una modalidad de educación a distancia. La metodología que permite alcanzar este objetivo es la investigaciónacción, la cual invita a la reflexión y la mejora continua del plan de acción implementado con 15 niños. Para recopilar la información sobre este tema, se emplean instrumentos de investigación como cuestionario, matriz de análisis documental, el diario de campo y la prueba escrita. Y para el análisis de la información se organiza en las siguientes categorías: el uso de los módulos de autoaprendizaje y las capacidades de la comprensión. A partir de ello, el principal hallazgo es que los niños logran afianzar las capacidades de comprensión literal, inferencial y criterial, lo que lleva a afirmar que los módulos, unido con unidos al acompañamiento docente acorde al ritmo de aprendizaje del estudiante, constituyen un recurso educativo propicio para desarrollar capacidades en torno a la lectura y fomentar el aprendizaje autónomo en la educación a distancia.
Reading allows developing the reflective and critical capacities of the students, which contributes to this academic and personal training, hence, the importance of enhancing their learning and practice. However, in the 6th grade primary classroom of the public educational institution of Metropolitan Lima, the reading comprehension skills are not consolidated yet, which is made more complex by the remote education of 2020. In this sense, the general objective of this investigation is to assess the effectiveness of the implementation of self-learning modules Disfruto mi mundo entre libros, to improve the reading comprehension skills of 6th grade students of a public educational institution in Metropolitan Lima, in distance education modality. The methodology used to achieve this objective is action research, which invites reflection and continuous improvement of the action plan implemented with 15 children. To collect the information of this topic, research tools are questionnaire, document analysis matrix, field diary and written proof. Moreover, the analysis of this information is organized according to the following categories: the use of self-learning modules and the comprehension reading skills. From this, the main finding is that children manage to strengthen to capacities of literal, inferential and criterial comprehension, which leads to the affirmation that the self-learning modules, together with the teaching accompaniment according to the student’s pace of learning, it is an educational resource conductive to developing skills around reading and foment autonomous learning in a distance education.

Les romancières du XVIIIe siècle ont rencontré – en leur temps – un succès réel et vif à l’échelle européenne. Elles ont pourtant été écartées de la transmission du patrimoine littéraire. Il importe d’élucider les causes et les circonstances de cette mise à l’écart. Elles bousculent, avec une rare insolence, les présupposés liés à l’auctorialité, au genre romanesque et à l’écriture des femmes. Ce travail explore les destinées de quelques-unes de ces romancières – Mme Riccoboni, Mme de Tencin, Mme d’Epinay – et de leurs textes afin de prendre la mesure des représentations imaginaires qui ont façonné leur réception. Il s’agit par conséquent de renouveler la lecture de ces textes que, peut-être, nous ne savons pas, ou plus, lire. C’est ce que permet la notion de décalage. Par le jeu des discours, les romans de Mme de Tencin et de Mme de Fontaines subvertissent l’ordre symbolique de la société patriarcale. De ces romans se dégagent les spécificités d’une position féminine. Ces textes ont tendance, pourtant, à figer in fine les termes du discours romanesque. L’ironie aux multiples usages est le discours qui permet de sortir des impasses discursives rencontrées dans cette étude. Dans sa diversité, l’ironie est la plus à même de maintenir, pour les personnages féminins de Mme de Souza, de Mme Cottin ou dans les romans de Mme de Charrière, l’ouverture du décalage, l’insolence du questionnement, véritable condition du littéraire et du féminin
18th century female novelists enjoyed, in their time, strong and vibrant acclaim throughout Europe. Their work nonetheless did not become part of the literary heritage. It is important to analyse the circumstances and reasons for this exclusion.They irreverently question the codes and conventions of authorship, as well as fiction and women’s writing. This work explores the fate of some of these writers – Mme Riccoboni, Mme de Tencin, Mme d’Epinay – and their work, so as to understand the full extent of the collective projections that explain how they have been perceived.Hence, we need to go back on these novels which, maybe, we no longer know how to read. This is made possible by the notion of distance, incongruence or discrepancy. Through the play of different discourses, Mme de Tencin’s and Mme de Fontaines’ novels subvert the symbolic order of patriarchal society. Their novels set out the contours and specifics for the position of women. Yet, they tend to overly constrain the rules of fictional discourse.Irony, in its multiple shapes, is the discourse that allows to circumvent the discursive traps encountered in this study. In its diversity, irony is best suited to sustain – for the female characters of Mme de Souza, Mme Cottin or those in Mme de Charrière’s novels – the opening brought about by distance, the irreverence of questioning – true requirement for literature as well as for all that is feminine

En este periodo de educación a distancia, se presenta la oportunidad para conocer cómo se desarrolla la enseñanza del área de Comunicación, en particular de la lectoescritura, a partir del uso de recursos digitales presentes en la Plataforma de Aprendo en casa Web como las Guías de actividades. En este sentido, el estudio tiene como objetivo general, analizar el uso de las Guías de actividades de Aprendo en casa Web para la enseñanza de la lectoescritura en la modalidad a distancia en un aula de primer grado de un colegio público de Lima. Por lo tanto, la investigación tiene un enfoque cualitativo, de nivel descriptivo y se sustenta en el método de estudio de caso. Se tiene como informante a una docente. A partir de los resultados obtenidos a través de una entrevista y tres observaciones, se concluye que existe una implementación reflexiva de las Guías de actividades, las cuales se adaptan para sesiones de clase vía WhatsApp y Zoom. Sin embargo, esto implica un gran reto, puesto que se deben integrar recursos educativos para la consecución de logros comunicativos desde un Enfoque comunicativo, entre los cuales están las TIC. Asimismo, el desarrollar las prácticas pedagógicas implica manejar medios de comunicación e interacción.
During this period of distance learning, it is appropriated to know how teaching is being developed in the literature subject by focusing on literacy and taking into account the digital resources such as tasks guides on the web page “Aprendo en Casa”. In that way, the general objective of the study is to analyze the utilization of the tasks guides found on the “Aprendo en Casa” web page for teaching literacy in distance learning mode in a 1st-grade classroom at a public school in Lima. Therefore, this research has a qualitative approach, descriptive level supported by the case study method, with a teacher as an informant. As from obtained results through an interview and three observations, the conclusion is that there is a reflective implementation of the tasks guides, which are adapted for class sessions through WhatsApp and Zoom. However, this fact implies a big challenge, since educational resources must be integrated for the accomplishment of communication objectives from a communicative approach, ICTs, for instance. In this manner, developing pedagogical practices involves managing communication and interaction media.

La présente thèse étudie le rapport entre la vie et l’oeuvre d’Eugène Ionesco selon la perspective de l’autoportrait. Dans ses ouvrages fort divers — essai, roman et théâtre — l’écrivain se penche ouvertement sur sa vie et son passé pour y trouver l’essence de son existence. L’autoportrait ainsi dressé revêt constamment de nouvelles formes. Complexe et transgénérique, il embrasse plusieurs enjeux littéraires et métaphysiques que nous tentons d’analyser et de circonscrire dans le cadre d’une réflexion tripartite. Dans un premier temps, nous étudions la nature de « l’écriture de soi » chez Ionesco en regard des notions d’autobiographie et de journal pour en saisir l’originalité. Nous abordons ensuite l’écriture romanesque de l’auteur afin de montrer d’une part comment ce dernier introduit une dimension autobiographique dans une œuvre fictive et afin de révéler d’autre part son objectif sur le plan de l’écriture de soi. Enfin, nous analysons la nature de l’autoportrait dramatique ionescien du point de vue générique et examinons le mode de représentation de soi « hors de soi », c’est-à-dire, sur scène
This thesis analyzes the relationship of Eugène Ionesco's life and works through a selfportrait lens. In his rich variety of works across multiple genres, e.g. essays, novels and plays, the author openly examines his life and his past to find the essence of his existence. Thus approached, the self-portrait constantly takes on new forms. Complex and cross-genre, it takes up various literary and metaphysical issues which will be analyzed and delineated through a tripartite approach. Firstly, the nature of self-writing in Ionesco's works will be considered in comparison to the concepts of autobiographical and journal writing in order to appreciate his originality more thoroughly. Next, his novelistic writing will be explored to show, on the one hand, how he adds an autobiographical dimension to fiction, and to reveal on the other hand, his goal as far as self-writing is concerned. Finally, the nature of Ionesco’s dramatic selfportrait will be analyzed from a genre standpoint as will his self-representation from “ outside himself”, that is to say, on stage

This work conducted at Centro de Estudos Superiores de Maceió CESMAC and investigated the utilization of teaching suporting techniques tools in the process of distant education. It made use of Portal Educacional to examine their contribuition in the formation process of the lecturer, their use by the professors in the semipresent training modality and also to report their academic application in the institution. The focus of the research was located in every unit of CESMAC: Faculdade de Ciências Juridicas; Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde; Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas; Faculdade de Educação e Comunicação; Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Faculdade de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, in which participants were the professors who, to a greater or lesser extent, made use of the portal in the period of four months, from August to November/2005. The methodology used was base don a case study with a qualitative. The first chapter of the work deals with the necessity and utility of the ICT in the initial formation of the instructor, the is related to the utilization of the ITC in the semipresent university teaching and the third in the utilization of the Educational Portal.
Esta pesquisa investiga a utilização das ferramentas de suporte à docência na educação a distância, a partir das possibilidades oferecidas por portais educacionais para a formação docente e a utilização deste pelos professores do ensino superior na modalidade semipresencial e do relato do uso das ferramentas do Portal Universitário pelos professores do Centro de Estudos Superiores de Maceió. O locus da pesquisa englobou todas as Faculdades do CESMAC: Faculdade de Ciências Jurídicas; Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde; Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas; Faculdade de Educação e Comunicação; Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Faculdade de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas. Os envolvidos foram os professores que mais e menos utilizaram o Portal Universitário de agosto a novembro de 2005. A metodologia utilizada foi o estudo de caso com abordagem qualitativa. No estudo são tratadas a necessidade e utilidade das TIC na formação inicial dos professores, o uso das TIC no ensino superior semipresencial e a utilização do Portal Educacional pelos professores do ensino superior .

Com a rápida evolução tecnológica e o crescimento da aplicação de novas tecnologias digitais na educação - em especial em cursos a distância - o mais importante tem sido a criação de novos ambientes de aprendizagem que estimulam a interatividade, desenvolvem a capacidade de formular, de resolver questões e, acima de tudo, possibilitam a participação de forma colaborativa, embora estando fisicamente distante. A idéia de uma escola \"expandida\" visa atender a diversas áreas de ensino, entre elas a necessidade de treinamentos no setor corporativo para os profissionais que já estão no mercado de trabalho, a formação escolar para jovens e adultos que enfrentam dificuldades pela distância ou indisponibilidade de horário, ou mesmo a qualificação docente em grande demanda por aperfeiçoamento. Para atingir um nível bom de participação em encontros virtuais, faz-se necessário contar com tecnologias de comunicação e informação que medeiam a interação entre os envolvidos no processo de ensino. Afinal, a aprendizagem, que não é apenas individual mas coletiva, se baseia na convivência entre os participantes, na troca de informações entre eles. Quando um conteúdo é ministrado a distância, por meio da Internet, em videoconferência, permite-se criar um espaço ideal para uma colaboração distribuída. Por conta dessa necessidade, este trabalho apresenta um ambiente que oferece a comunicação por vídeo, voz e texto, para aulas ao vivo entre vários participantes, cuja participação é controlada pelo moderador, ao mesmo tempo em que conta com um sistema de registro de atividades para interação assíncrona. Além do ambiente desenvolvido, o trabalho introduz um breve estudo de conceitos envolvidos na videoconferência, as tecnologias disponíveis, bem como as utilizadas para o desenvolvimento deste projeto. Alguns resultados foram obtidos após realização de testes e utilização do ambiente, tal como a análise de desempenho a partir dos recursos disponíveis na rede.
With the fast technological evolution and the growth of the new digital technologies application in the education, in special in long-distance education courses is observed that the majority of these courses has favored great parcel of people. The most important it has been the creation of new learning environment that stimulates the participation, developing the capacity to formulate, to decide questions and all above of everything participating in a collaborative way. The idea of a expanded school aims at to take care of diverse areas of education, between them the necessity of training in the corporative sector for the professionals who already are in the work market, the formation pertaining to school for young and adult that faces difficulties for the distance or non-availability of schedule or the teaching qualification in great demand for perfectioning. A learning that is not only individual, but collective, is basead on the relationship between the participants, in the exchange of information between them. Therefore, in the long-distance education makes necessary the communication technologies and information that measured the interaction between the involved education process. When a content is given in the distance, by means of the Internet, video conferencing and video lessons, is allowed to create an ideal space for the distributed contribution. For this necessity, this work show an environment for lessons live between some participants, that offers the communication by video, voice and text. The participation is controlled by moderator, being able to be a professor or the person that give a lecture. Contains also a system of register of activities for asynchronous interaction. Beyond the developed environment, the work introduces a briefing study of involved concepts in the video conferencing, the available technologies, as well as the used ones for the development of this project. Some results had been gotten after accomplishment of tests, allowing to verify different performances depending on the available resources in the net.

Esta Dissertação de Mestrado é o resultado de um grande esforço para elaborar uma proposta de abordagem didática, com o objetivo de trabalhar os seguintes Elementos da Linguagem Gráfica em Cartografia: Escala, Proporção, Orientação, Visão Vertical e Oblíqua, a partir de um Tema, com alunos do 1º Termo do Ensino Supletivo, do Ensino Fundamental, do período Noturno de uma Escola Pública Municipal de São Paulo, considerando-se as condições de trabalho reais do dia-a-dia do professor. O trabalho de pesquisa foi realizado durante o expediente normal das aulas, envolvendo a rotina diária da Escola, da classe em questão, seus problemas, suas dificuldades, seu calendário etc, o que exigiu também da professora a tarefa de observação e registro do que foi possível, do próprio trabalho. O tema escolhido foi: A Desigualdade Social na Cidade de São Paulo, sob o ponto de vista da moradia, emprego e qualidade de vida. À medida que o tema se desenvolveu, sob questionamentos, análises de imagens, produção de textos do aluno, leitura e entendimento de textos de jornais, observação de mapas e tabelas de jornais, textos sínteses envolvendo conceitos próprios da Geografia como paisagem, lugares próximos ou distantes em diferentes escalas, o aluno foi tomando conhecimento, dos elementos e habilidades próprias da Cartografia, chegando à leitura de mapas e à construção de croquis simplificados. Na verdade, o trabalho desencadeou um processo de alfabetização como um todo. O aluno de Suplência, geralmente, tem facilidade em Matemática, mas dificuldades em leitura e entendimento de textos. Foi preciso trabalhar a Alfabetização Cartográfica, Geográfica e Lingüística como um todo. Foi preciso construir os conceitos, num trabalho coletivo, seja em dupla ou em trio, para que, nessa interação com o outro, o aluno ultrapassasse suas dificuldades. Seria muito bom se houvesse continuidade desta construção de conceitos nos Termos seguintes. Mas, como sabemos, a próxima turma do professor, geralmente, é nova, não conhece os elementos básicos para a leitura de mapas. Sendo assim, esta proposta poderia ser vista como um conjunto “necessário” de elementos e situações de domínio do professor que possibilitem ao aluno chegar à leitura de mapas, independente do tema, da série, do conteúdo. O conhecimento dos elementos da Linguagem Gráfica pode ter início com a leitura do caminho casa-trabalho-escola, chegando-se até à leitura das curvas de nível do local onde está a Escola e seus arredores. O fato é que, ter conhecimento dos Elementos da Linguagem Gráfica Cartográfica é fundamental para o usuário de mapas, nos dias de hoje. Independente de ter ou não formação em Cartografia, o usuário precisa ler com desenvoltura os símbolos e signos dos guias de ruas, mapas turísticos croquis de imobiliárias etc, orientando-se espacial e mentalmente diante de um mapa, com uma possível visão crítica, do espaço em questão. Neste sentido, as novas tecnologias e a informatização na produção desses produtos cartográficos avança rapidamente o que já não acontece com o domínio da leitura informatizada pela maioria da população. Sabe-se que, no momento, apenas cerca de 7% da população brasileira tem acesso e consegue ler a linguagem da Informática. O Embasamento Teórico da pesquisa conta com um número mínimo de teóricos da Cartografia como Meio de Comunicação e Informação no Ensino de Geografia. Inicialmente apresentamos definições, evolução histórica e tendências atuais da Cartografia. Em seguida damos destaque aos Modelos de Comunicação Cartográfica das décadas de 70 e 90, selecionando pesquisadores como: Board e Kolacny na Teoria da Informação; Bertin na Semiologia Gráfica; Robinson e Petchenik na Teoria da Cognição; DiBiase, MacEachren e Taylor na Teoria da Informática. Por fim destacamos a pesquisa de M.E. Simielli na Alfabetização Cartográfica e o Ensino de Geografia. Quanto à Metodologia, a 1ª parte envolve o processo de trabalho em sala de aula e a relação professor x aluno; a construção de um cronograma para se chegar à construção do croqui em sala de aula e à Geografia que se pretende. Isto envolveu a elaboração e prática de nove Planos de Aulas, num trabalho que se ampliou do próximo para o distante, questionando-se em classe o significado desse próximo e distante do aluno. Nesses Planos de aula trabalhamos o caminho casa-trabalho-escola, orientação, maquete, uso da bússola, planta dos arredores da Escola, do Município de São Paulo, da Grande São Paulo, sob o ângulo da desigualdade social da cidade, chegando à construção do croqui coletivo. Na 2ª parte registramos o resultado do processo, analisando os resultados das observações quanto aos Planos de Aulas, objetivos propostos e retorno à realidade des/Integrada e entendemos que o professor precisa ter esse conhecimento mínimo da Cartografia, essa visão de conjunto, do todo, trabalhando-a sempre que houver necessidade dentro dos oito anos do Ensino Fundamental instrumentalizando o aluno na Alfabetização como um todo e desmistificando a Cartografia Desenho.
Esta Disertación de Maestría es el resultado de un gran esfuerzo para elaborar una propuesta de planteamiento didáctico, con el objetivo de trabajar los siguientes Elementos del Lenguaje Gráfico en Cartografía: Escala, Proporción, Orientación, Visión Vertical y Oblicua, a partir de un Tema, con alumnos del “1º Termo do Ensino Supletivo”, del período Nocturno de una Escuela Pública Municipal de São Paulo, considerándose las condiciones de trabajo reales del día a día del profesor. El trabajo de pesquisa se realizó durante el horario normal de las clases, abarcando la rutina diaria de la Escuela, de la clase en cuestión, sus problemas, sus dificultades, su calendario etc, lo que exigió también de la profesora la tarea de observación y registro de lo que fue posible, del propio trabajo. El tema escogido fue: La Desigualdad Social en la ciudad de São Paulo, bajo el punto de vista de la vivienda, empleo y cualidad de vida. A medida que el tema se desarrolló, bajo cuestionamientos, análisis de imágenes, producción de textos del alumno, lectura y entendimiento de textos de periódicos, observación de mapas y lista de periódicos, textos síntesis con conceptos propios de Geografía como paisaje, lugares próximos o lejanos en diferentes escalas, el alumno fue enterándose de los elementos y habilidades propias de la Cartografía, llegando a la lectura de mapas y a la construcción de croquis simplificados. En verdad, el trabajo desencadenó un proceso de alfabetización como un todo. El alumno de “Suplência”, generalmente, tiene facilidad en Matemáticas, pero dificultad en lectura y entendimiento de textos. Fue necesario trabajar la Alfabetización cartográfica, Geográfica y Lingüística como un todo. Fue necesario construir los conceptos, en un trabajo colectivo, ya en pareja o en trío, para que, en esa interacción con el otro, el alumno superase sus dificultades. Sería muy bueno si hubiese continuidad de esta construcción de conceptos en los Términos siguientes. Pero, como sabemos, los próximos alumnos del profesor, generalmente, son otros, no conocen los elementos básicos para la lectura de mapas. Así pues, esta propuesta puede ser vista como um conjunto “necesario” de elementos y situaciones de dominio del profesor que posibiliten al alumno llegar a la lectura de mapas, independiente del tema, del nivel, del contenido. El conocimiento de los elementos del Lenguaje Gráfico puede tener inicio con la lectura del camino casa-trabajo-escuela, llegando a la lectura de las curvas de nivel del local donde está la Escuela y sus alrededores. El hecho es que, tener conocimiento de los Elementos del Lenguaje Gráfico Cartográfico es fundamental para el usuario de mapas, hoy día. Independiente de tener o no formación en Cartografía, el usuario necesita leer con desarrollo los símbolos y signos de las guías de calles, mapas turísticos, croquis de inmobiliarias, etc, orientándose espacial y mentalmente ante un mapa, con una posible visión crítica, del espacio en cuestión. En este sentido, las nuevas tecnologías y la informatización en la ejecución de esos productos cartográficos avanza rápidamente lo que no ocurre con el dominio de la lectura informatizada por la mayoría de las personas. Se sabe que, de momento, sólo cerca de 7% de la población brasileña tiene acceso y consigue leer el lenguaje de la Informática. El Fundamento Teórico de la pesquisa cuenta con un número mínimo de teóricos de la Cartografía como Medio de Comunicación e Información en la Enseñanza de Geografía. Inicialmente presentamos definiciones, evolución histórica y tendencias actuales de la Cartografía. En seguida damos destaque a los Modelos de Comunicación Cartográfica de las décadas de 70 y 90, seleccionando pesquisadores como: Board y Kolacny en la Teoría de la Información; Bertin en la Semiología Gráfica; Robinson y Petchenik en la Teoría de la Cognición; DiBiase, MacEachren y Taylor en la Teoría de la Informática. Por fin destacamos la pesquisa de M.E. Simielli en la Alfabetización Cartográfica y la Enseñanza de Geografía. En cuanto a la Metodología, la 1ª parte trata del proceso de trabajo en la sala de clases y la relación profesor x alumno; la construcción de un cronograma para llegar a la construcción del croquis en la sala de clases y a la Geografía que se pretende. Esto abarcó la elaboración y práctica de nueve Planes de Clases, en un trabajo que se amplió del próximo para el distante, cuestionándose en clase el significado de ese próximo y distante del alumno. En esos Planes de Clases trabajamos el camino casa-trabajo-escuela, orientación, maqueta, uso de la brújula, planta de los alrededores de la Escuela, del Municipio de São Paulo, de la Grande São Paulo, bajo el ángulo de la desigualdad social de la ciudad, llegando a la construcción del croquis colectivo. En la 2ª parte registramos el resultado del proceso, analisando los resultados de las observaciones cuanto a los Planes de Clases, objetivos propuestos y retorno a la realidad des/Integrada y entendemos que el profesor precisa tener ese conocimiento mínimo de la Cartografía, esa visión de conjunto, del todo, trabajándola siempre que haya necesidad dentro de los ocho años de la Enseñanza Fundamental instrumentalizando el alumno en la Alfabetización como un todo y desmistificando la Cartografía Diseño.

碩士
國立暨南國際大學
資訊管理學系
88
In this thesis, we introduce a “Live Synchronized Hypermedia-Embedded Live Lecture (SHELL) System” using RTP to synchronize the live presentation of audio/video stream, HTML-based lecture notes, and HTML page Navigation Events. The SHLL framework consists of three major modules: (1) SHELL Recorder- for recording the temporal information of the AV lecture and the HTML-based lecture notes navigation processes. (2) SHELL Event Server- for receiving, depositing, and multicasting SHELL events. (3) SHELL Browser- for presentation of the synchronized AV lecture and HTML-based lecture notes navigation. To manage the synchronization presentation of different media, we have proposed an RTP-based Multi-Sync synchronization model, which account for the human perception factors. To evaluate the performance of the proposed SHELL framework and synchronization model, a Java-based prototype Synchronized HTML-AV Distance Lecture System has been implemented using Java and native methods. The prototype system certifies the feasibility of the proposed framework by synchronized hypermedia live course multicasting in our testing environment.

Over recent decades, lecturer immediacy has been a widespread topic of inquiry and research. Investigations have specifically considered the influence of lecturer verbal and non-verbal immediacy behaviours in the classroom and their resultant impact on students’ experiences and learning outcomes. Improvements in capacity and quality of information and communication technologies support the increase in educational transactions moving online and an increase in the number of distance education programs worldwide. Recurring concerns within the distance education community are the issues of physical and psychological isolation and the separation that students experience in contrast to the conventional classroom environment at universities. In this context, this research focused on lecturer verbal and non-verbal text-based immediacy behaviours in an online setting as a potential factor in reducing students’ perceived sense of isolation (physical and psychological) and in supporting students’ learning experiences. This study inquired into the impact of lecturer verbal and non-verbal text-based immediacy behaviours in distance education courses on the following four student engagement variables: (1) online class participation; (2) communication satisfaction; (3) affective learning; and (4) cognitive learning. The study was conducted at a University in Saudi Arabia and involved participants enrolled in distance education courses.

In the world in which we live today, information and communication technology (ICT) has proliferated in all spheres of society, including in the corporate, social and academic arenas. Within these arenas ICT has made noteworthy contributions. In the academic space, which is the focus of this study, ICT has made a significant contribution to the communication and consultation between students and higher education institution staff. One such example has been the emergence of learning management systems (LMSs) in higher education institutions, both locally and globally, with LMSs providing higher education institutions with several possibilities as regards facilitating the online teaching and learning process. Nevertheless, research has shown that there is underutilisation of LMSs throughout the world. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to investigate the utilisation of LMSs in an open and distance learning (ODL) institution in South Africa to ascertain whether they are being used to their full potential.
Educational Studies
M. Ed. (Adult Education)

The improvement of throughput rates is a crucial factor at higher education institutions; hence, university departments focus on improving pass rates per module. This study investigated how lecturers in the School of Computing (SoC) at the University of South Africa, use technology for improving throughput rates in an Open Distance Learning (ODL) context. The study sought answers to the main research question on how lecturers in the SoC use technology for improving throughput rates in an ODL institution. A mixed research methods approach was used, where quantitative data was extracted from the university systems and integrated with the qualitative data collected from interviews. Thirteen lecturers for the thirty modules under investigation were interviewed. A thematic analysis was used on the qualitative data, and quantitative data was analysed using rankings and correlation coefficients, leading to the interpretation that the use of myUnisa technology assisted to improve throughput on the modules.
Mathematics Education
M. Sc. (Computing Education)

Abstract in English, Xhosa and Venda
Open educational resources (OER) is a new innovation coined to bridge the educational divide by way of providing free quality learning resources. Consequently, this study explored the perception of the faculty members of the Namibian open and distance learning institutions on the use of OER as a pedagogical approach. This study was prompted by the presumption that if ODL institutions adopt open educational resources to replace costly textbooks, an increased number of the Namibian population could access education in the equitable manner. The study focused on faculty members from the three public ODL institutions in Namibia, namely, the Namibian College of Open Learning (NAMCOL), University of Namibia (UNAM)-Centre for Open, Distance and eLearning (CODeL) and Namibian University of Science and Technology (NUST)-Centre of Open and Lifelong Learning (COLL). The following integrated theories were adopted to underpin this study: Transformative Learning Theory, Heutagogy Learning Theory, Cognitive Learning Theory and Social Learning Theory, Constructivism Learning Theory, Connectivism Theory and the Diffusion of Innovations Theory. The theories were compared to the findings to assess their applicability. This is a qualitative case underpinned by an interpretivist paradigm. Data were collected through interviews, non-participant observations and document analysis, and analysed through the inductive approach. The results of this study showed inconsistency between the perception of the faculty members and the use of OER within the ODL institutions in Namibia. Although the faculty members displayed positive attitudes towards the use of OER, very little has been achieved in the use of OER within the institutions for the benefit of the Namibian ODL students. The study identified challenges that impede the adoption of OER at institutional level, such as lack of institutional policies, lack of awareness, technological factors, as well as management support. The study further crafted strategies to address challenges, including the OER design based on the Diffusion of Innovation Model. The study advanced recommendations for consideration by the institutions and the faculty members as well as suggestions for future research. The knowledge contribution made by this PhD is the proposed OER design for adoption by the ODL institutions to facilitate the use of OER by faculty members.
Ubuchule bokufunda ekuthiwa yiOpen Educational Resources (OER) licebo elitsha lokunikezela simahla ngemithombo yokufunda esemgangathweni, nelenzelwe ukukhawulelana nobunzima bokushiyashiyana emfundweni. Esi sifundo siphonononge indlela abacinga ngayo abahlohli bamaziko emfundo aseNamibia avulekileyo nafundisa abafundi bekude (iiODL), ngokusetyenziswa kweOER njengendlela yokufundisa. Esi sifundo sisuswe kukucingela ukuba xa amaziko emfundo avulekileyo nafundisa abafundi bekude enokusebenzisa izixhobo zokufunda ezivulekileyo endaweni yokusebenzisa iincwadi ezibiza imali eninzi, linganda inani labantu abanokuxhamla imfundo ngokulinganayo. Esi sifundo sigxininise kubahlohli bamaziko amathathu kawonkewonke, angawemfundo evulekileyo nafundisa abafundi bekude eNamibia, angala - iNamibian College of Open Learning (NAMCOL), iUniversity of Namibia (UNAM) - Centre for Open, Distance and eLearning (CODeL) kunye neNamibian University of Science and Technology (NUST) - Centre of Open and Lifelong Learning (COLL). Kusetyenziswe ezi ngcingane zihlangeneyo zilandelayo njengezisekelo zokukhokela esi sifundo: Ingcingane Yokufunda Okuhambelana Nenguqu (Transformative Learning Theory), Ingcingane Yokufunda Ngokuziqhuba Komfundi (Heutagogy Learning Theory), Ingcingane Yokufunda Ngokuqiqa Neyemfundo Esekelwe Kwezentlalo (Cognitive Learning Theory and Social Learning Theory), Ingcingane Yokufunda Ngokuzakhela Ukuqonda (Constructivism Learning Theory), Ingcingane Yokufunda Ngoncedo Lobuchwepheshe (Connectivism Theory) kwakunye nengcingane Yokufunda Ngokunwenwa Kobuchule (Diffusion of Innovations Theory). Ezi ngcingane ziye zathelekiswa nokufunyanisisweyo ngenjongo yokukhangela ukuba zingasebenziseka kusini na. Kusetyenziswe indlela yophando ngokuzathuza nokutolika izimvo ezahlukeneyo. Iinkcukacha zolwazi okanye idatha yaqokelelwa ngokuqhuba udliwano ndlebe nabathatha inxaxheba, ukuqwalasela abangathathi nxaxheba nokuphengulula imibhalo ukuze kudalwe ingcingane entsha. Iziphumo zesi sifundo zivelise ukungahambelani phakathi kwengcinga yabahlohli nokusetyenziswa kweOER kumaziko emfundo avulekileyo nafundisa abafundi bekude eNamibia. Nangona abahlohli bebonakalisa uthakazelelo ngokusebenzisa iOER, kuncinci kakhulu okwenziweyo malunga nokusebenzisa iOER kumaziko emfundo ekuncedeni abafundi baseNamibia kumaziko avulekileyo nafundisa abafundi bekude. Esi sifundo sichonge imingeni ethibaza ukusetyenziswa kweOER kumaziko emfundo, mingeni leyo ifana nokungabikho kwemigaqo nkqubo, ukungabikho lwazi, imiba yobuchwepheshe kwakunye nentswela nkxaso yabalawuli. Kuqwetywe amacebo obuchule okulwa nemingeni, macebo lawo aquka ukuqulunqwa kweOER esekelwe kwingcingane Yokunwenwa Kobuchule. Kunikwe iingcebiso nezimvo ezinokuqwalaselwa ngamaziko emfundo nabahlohli ngophando olusenokulandela olu. Igalelo lolu phando luyilo olucetywayo lweOER olunokwamkelwa ngamaziko emfundo avulekileyo nafundisa abafundi bekude ukuze kukhuthazwe ukusetyenziswa kweOER ngabahlohli.
Zwiko zwa nnyi na nnyi zwa pfunzo (OER) ndi vhubveledzi vhuswa ha u ḓisa khethekanyo ya pfunzo nga u ṋetshedza wo vhofholowa zwiko zwa u guda zwa ndeme. Ngudo heyi yo wanulusa mbonalo ya miraḓo ine ya funza yunivesithi kana magudedzini a Namibia ya zwiimiswa zwa pfunzo yo vulelwaho nnyi na nnyi ya u guda u kule (ODL) nga ha u shumisa OER sa nḓila ya pfunzo. Ngudo heyi yo ṱuṱuwedzwa nga u humbulela ha uri arali zwiimiswa zwa ODL zwo ṱanganedza OER u thivha bugu dza u gudisa dzine dza ḓura, tshivhalo tshi re nṱha tsha vhathu vha Namibia vha nga swikelela pfunzo nga nḓila i linganaho. Ngudo yo sedza kha u bva kha zwiimiswa zwa nnyi na nnyi zwa ODL zwa Namibia, zwine madzina azwo avha Gudedzi ḽa Namibia ḽa u Guda ha Nnyi na nnyi (NAMCOL), Yunivesithi ya Namibia (UNAM) – Senthara ya Nnyi na nnyi, u Guda u kule na nga Lubuvhisia (CODeL) na Yunivesithi ya Saintsi na Thekhinoḽodzhi ya Namibia (NUST) Senthara ya nnyi na nnyi ya u Guda ha Tshoṱhe (COLL). Thyeori dzo ṱanganelaho dzi tevhelaho dzo shumiswa u tikedza ngudo iyi: thyeori ya u guda ine vhagudiswa vha ṱalutshedza na u tshenzhela zwipfi zwavho, thyeori ya u ta u guda ha iwe muṋe, thyeori ya u guda ya kuhumbulele na thyeori ya u guda ya matshilisano, thyeori ine ya dzhiela nṱha nḓivho na kupfesesele kwa vhagudiswa kha tshenzhemo yavho phanḓa ha musi vha sa athu u ya tshikoloni, thyeori ya u pfesesa u guda nga didzhithala na thyeori ine ya ṱalutshedza phimo ya mihumbulo miswa na kuphaḓalele kwa thekhinoḽodzhi. Thyeori dzo vhambedzwa na mawanwa u gaganya u tea hadzo. Heyi ndi ngudo ya khwaḽithethivi yo khwaṱhisedzwaho nga tshiedziso tsha saintsi ya matshilisano. Data yo kuvhanganyiwa nga kha inthaviwu, u sedza hu si na u dzhenelela na u saukanya maṅwalo, na u saukanya nga kuitele kwa u humbula. Mvelelo dza ngudo heyi dzo sumbedza u sa vha na thevhekano ya zwithu vhukati ha kuvhonele kwa miraḓo ine ya funza yunivesithi kana magudedzini na u shumiswa ha OER kha zwiimiswa zwa ODL ngei Namibia. Naho miraḓo ine ya funza yunivesithi kana magudedzini yo sumbedza vhuvha ha vhuḓi kha u shumiswa ha OER, ho swikelelwa zwiṱuku kha u shumiswa ha OER kha zwiimiswa hu tshi itelwa u vhuelwa ha matshudeni a ODL a Namibia. Ngudo yo topola khaedu dze dza thithisa u ṱanganedzwa ha OER kha ḽeveḽe ya tshiimiswa, u fana na ṱhahelelo ya mbekanyamaitele dza tshiimiswa, ṱhahelelo ya tsivhudzo, zwiṱuṱuwedzi zwa thekhinoḽodzhi, na thikhedzo ya ndangulo. Zwiṱirathedzhi zwo bveledzwa u amba nga ha khaedu, hu tshi katelwa na nyolo ya OER zwo ḓi sendeka nga muanḓadzo wa nḓisedzo ya tshiedziso tsha vhubveledzi. Themendelo dza u dzhiela nṱha nga zwiimiswa na nga miraḓo ine ya funza yunivesithi kana magudedzini na khumbudzo kha ṱhoḓisiso dza tshifhingani tshiḓaho zwo itwa. U shela mulenzhe ha nḓivho ho itwaho nga ngudo iyi ndi u kumedza nyolo ya OER uri i ṱanganedzwe nga zwiimiswa zwa ODL u thusa u shumiswa ha OER nga miraḓo ine ya funza yunivesithi kana magudedzini.
Curriculum and Instructional Studies
D. Ed. (Curriculum and Instructional studies)

The teaching model in Open Distance Learning is moving towards fully integrated information and communication technology applications, therefore, academic lecturers need to have a strong comfort level with the use of technology tools. The academic lecturers are qualified and experienced subject matter experts but this does not translate to having the necessary technical competencies to do online teaching. They consequently could experience feelings of incompetency to facilitate courseware on a technology platform. The study identified the factors that influence the user experience when using a Learning Management System (LMS) in an academic institution. The research design comprises a convergent, parallel design mixed-method case study. A literature review was conducted to abstract the factors that influence the user experience into a conceptual framework. An expert review was conducted to validate the conceptual framework and then a questionnaire-driven survey was performed. The quantitative analysis of the survey results revealed that eight of the nine factors proposed in the conceptual framework do have an influence on the perceived user experience of the academic when using the LMS. The qualitative analysis revealed that all nine of the identified factors do have an influence on the perceived user experience of the academic when using the LMS. The contribution of this study is to present a conceptual framework of the factors that influence the user experience of the academic when using an LMS to improve our understanding of the experience of the academic and the practical challenges involved for academics that have to facilitate learning in an online environment The findings should be of interest to developers of LMSs and to institutions in support and training of academics that have to use the LMS.
School of Computing
M. Sc. (Computing)

This study was conducted at the University of South Africa in the Department of Information Science and looked at the students’ perception about e-learning. The study context was Open Distance Learning (ODL) which allows multi-dimensional e-learning aimed at bridging the time, geographical, economic, social, educational and communication distance between student and institution, student and academics, student and courseware and student and peers. It has emerged in the literature that student’ perceptions and understanding of e-learning are susceptible to challenges related to infrastructure, geographic location, skills set, support services, pedagogical matters and other related matters. These challenges are likely to affect the students’ perceptions of e-learning which is likely to have a negative impact on effective learning as well as success and completion rates. The main aim of the study was to examine the perceptions of Information Science students towards e-learning. This study opted for multi-methods. The quantitative approach which involves the use of controlled questionnaires was employed. The questionnaire was designed in the web survey for the purpose of reaching scattered respondents and the opportunity to obtain large numbers of respondents to contribute. Also the qualitative method was considered as appropriate for this study because it helped to conceptualise the research and enabled the researcher to gather information from lecturers on influencing students and the strategies used to promote e-learning. The overall population of this study was 125 students and 17 lecturers. The study revealed that not all students knew what e-learning was, and the major challenge was the internet access as students complained about the shortage of internet bundles. Many students at UNISA considered e-learning as a flexible for teaching and studying method because it is not bound to a particular time and place, also they commended that the usability of myUnisa has created more accessibility in learning environment for tuition. If the current students are not assisted with the lowest prices for internet access, students might not continue interacting with lecturers in the e-learning platforms. Also, first year students at UNISA should be trained for the e-learning environment and be given an overview of the UNISA e-learning platform.
Information Science
M. Inf.