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Hiemstra, Laurie. „Has Gender On The Agenda Really Made A Difference? In Sport and Athletics, Women Are Not Just Smaller Men“. Journal of Women's Sports Medicine 2, Nr. 2 (22.12.2022): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.53646/jwsm.v2i2.34.
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2022 has marked the 50th anniversary of Title IX, the educational amendment in the United States that prohibits discrimination in educational institutions based on sex. This amendment had major implications for female athletes in the United States, resulting in large increases in participation in sports and athletics by women. The historical myths surrounding women participating in athletic events have been largely dismissed. Many initiatives have worked to improve the numbers of female health care providers in orthopaedics and sport medicine. However, the changes are slow, and the culture in sports still favours the male default, both for athletes as well as physicians. We need a renovation of our culture - to reimagine the way we understand and approach the medical care of our athletes, both male and female, equally important, but not the same. Different in many ways, not just in size, all of which need to be addressed by the physicians and surgeons that care for them. This can only be accomplished when those that care for our athletes represent and look like the athletes that they serve.
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Floyd, Michael, und John Curtis. „Has Anti-Discrimination Legislation Improved the Employment Opportunities of Disabled People?“ Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling 10, Nr. 2 (Januar 2004): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323892200000235.
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This article will first of all consider, in some detail, the recent efforts of researchers in the United States to determine whether the Americans with Disabilities Act has improved the employment opportunities of disabled people. It will then go on to examine data on the employment situation of disabled people in the United Kingdom and how this has changed during the period since December, 1997, when the Disability Discrimination Act came into force. Tentative conclusions are then drawn, regarding the effectiveness of the legislation. The article ends with a consideration of the ways in which the monitoring and evaluation of such major shifts in policy might be improved.
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Grant, Aimee. „“#discrimination”“. Journal of Human Lactation 32, Nr. 1 (25.06.2015): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334415592403.
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Background: Stigma is a significant barrier to breastfeeding. Internationally, mothers have reported stigma surrounding public breastfeeding. In the United Kingdom, the Equality Act 2010 gives women the right to breastfeed in public, including within private businesses. In April 2014, a woman who was breastfeeding in a UK sports shop was asked to leave, resulting in a localized protest by breastfeeding mothers. This resulted in the issue of public breastfeeding being highlighted in local, national, and social media. Objective: To examine online opinion regarding breastfeeding in public and protesting about the right to breastfeed in public within the context of a single case. Methods: Online user-generated content relating to the case of Wioletta Komar was downloaded from Twitter and the comments section of a UK online news source, Mail Online. Data comprised 884 comments and 1210 tweets, collected within 24 hours of the incident. Semiotic and thematic analysis was facilitated by NVivo 10. Results: Comments from Twitter were supportive (76%) or neutral (22%) regarding the protesting women and public breastfeeding. Conversely, Mail Online comments were mostly negative (85%). Mail Online posters questioned the legality of public breastfeeding, while Twitter comments acknowledged and supported women’s legal right to breastfeed publicly. Many Mail Online commenters stated that they found it uncomfortable to watch breastfeeding or thought it was unnecessary to breastfeed in public. Conclusion: If the UK government is serious about increasing breastfeeding, interventions to promote public support for public breastfeeding are urgently required.
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Sharrow, Elizabeth A. „Sports, Transgender Rights and the Bodily Politics of Cisgender Supremacy“. Laws 10, Nr. 3 (31.07.2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws10030063.
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Between 2020 and 2021, one hundred and ten bills in state legislatures across the United States suggested banning the participation of transgender athletes on sports teams for girls and women. As of July 2021, ten such bills have become state law. This paper tracks the political shift towards targeting transgender athletes. Conservative political interests now seek laws that suture biological determinist arguments to civil rights of bodies. Although narrow binary definitions of sex have long operated in the background as a means for policy implementation under Title IX, Republican lawmakers now aim to reframe sex non-discrimination policies as means of gendered exclusion. The content of proposals reveal the centrality of ideas about bodily immutability, and body politics more generally, in shaping the future of American gender politics. My analysis of bills from 2021 argues that legislative proposals advance a logic of “cisgender supremacy” inhering in political claims about normatively gendered bodies. Political institutions are another site for advancing, enshrining, and normalizing cis-supremacist gender orders, explicitly joining cause with medical authorities as arbiters of gender normativity. Characteristics of bodies and their alleged role in evidencing sex itself have fueled the tactics of anti-transgender activists on the political Right. However, the target of their aims is not mere policy change but a state-sanctioned return to a narrowly cis- and heteropatriarchal gender order.
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Wang, Ying-Chih, Dennis L. Hart, Daniel Deutscher, Sheng-Che Yen und Jerome E. Mioduski. „Psychometric Properties and Practicability of the Self-Report Urinary Incontinence Questionnaire in Patients With Pelvic-Floor Dysfunction Seeking Outpatient Rehabilitation“. Physical Therapy 93, Nr. 8 (01.08.2013): 1116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20120134.
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BackgroundPelvic-floor dysfunction (PFD) affects a substantial proportion of individuals, mostly women. In responding to the demands in measuring PFD outcomes in outpatient rehabilitation, the Urinary Incontinence Questionnaire (UIQ) was developed by FOTO in collaboration with an experienced physical therapist who has a specialty in treating patients with PFD.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to evaluate psychometric properties and practicability of the 21-item UIQ in patients seeking outpatient physical therapy services due to PFD.DesignThis was a retrospective analysis of cross-sectional data from 1,628 patients (mean age=53 years, SD=16, range=18–91) being treated for their PFD in 91 outpatient physical therapy clinics in 24 states (United States).MethodsUsing a 2-parameter logistic item response theory (IRT) procedure and the graded response model, the UIQ was assessed for unidimensionality and local independence, differential item functioning (DIF), discriminating ability, item hierarchical structure, and test precision.ResultsFour items were dropped to improve unidimensionality and discriminating ability. Remaining UIQ items met IRT assumptions of unidimensionality and local independence. One item was adjusted for DIF by age group. Item difficulties were suitable for patients with PFD with no ceiling or floor effect. Item difficulty parameters ranged from −2.20 to 0.39 logits. Endorsed items representing highest difficulty levels were related to control urine flow, impact of leaking urine on life, and confidence to control the urine leakage problem. Item discrimination parameters ranged from 0.48 to 1.18. Items with higher discriminating abilities were those related to impact on life of leaking urine, confidence to control the urine leakage problem, and the number of protective garments for urine leakage.LimitationsBecause this study was a secondary analysis of prospectively collected data, missing data might have influenced our results.ConclusionsPreliminary analyses supported sound psychometric properties of the UIQ items and their initial use for patients with PFD in outpatient physical therapy services.
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Lightner, Joseph S., Justin Schneider, Amanda Grimes, Melissa Wigginton, Laurel Curran, Tori Gleason und Tyler Prochnow. „Physical activity among transgender individuals: A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies“. PLOS ONE 19, Nr. 2 (28.02.2024): e0297571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297571.
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Transgender individuals face stigma, discrimination, and other barriers impacting their ability to engage in physical activity (PA). We aim to review current literature on PA among transgender individuals. A systemic literature search of research studies from 2010–2023 was conducted. Studies must have reported a measure of PA and gender, be original research, and focus on transgender participants’ PA. Rates of PA for transgender individuals were lower compared to cisgender or sexual minority individuals. Transgender women were less likely to engage in PA than other groups. Qualitative results suggest transgender oppression, stigma, discrimination, body image, unwelcoming environments (gyms, locker rooms, swimming pools), and the dichotomous structure of sport contribute to lower rates of PA among transgendered individuals. Disparities in PA for transgender individuals exist. Policy, environment, and system changes are needed to reduce transgender stigma in sport and PA settings. Current legislation is being developed and implemented in the United States regarding the place of transgender individuals in sport and PA. These results should inform public discourse on the topic.
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Youn, Hoyeun. „'Korean Police' Selection Without Gender Distinction: A Review of the Physical Fitness Test: Focusing on the United States, France, and Japan“. J-Institute 8 (31.08.2023): 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22471/terrorism.2023.8.32.
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Purpose: The purpose of eliminating gender segregation in physical fitness testing for police recruitment can be understood as twofold. In the case of a gender-neutral selection process, a police organization can eliminate gender segregation in the selection process, including the physical fitness test, in order to pro-vide an equal opportunity for all applicants. The idea is to ensure that both men and women can take the test under the same conditions and that the best candidates are selected for police positions based on their abilities and skills. Gender-neutral job requirements. As with any industry, police work can be physi-cally demanding. As such, it may include a gender-neutral physical fitness test to verify the ability to per-form the duties of a police officer regardless of gender. This approach focuses on the abilities and skills required to do the job, and emphasizes a fair selection process that does not discriminate based on gender.
Method: In order to study the physical fitness test for police recruitment without distinguishing between men and women, the following research methods were utilized. The current police physical fitness test con-sists of five events. The physical abilities of quickness, cardiopulmonary endurance, muscular endurance, and strength are measured through the physical fitness test, but the physical fitness test items related to the ability to respond quickly and accurately to constantly changing exercise tasks(coordination) are not included. Therefore, in order to meet various motor functions, it is necessary to refer to the Job Standards Test(JST) of the NYPD in the United States, which is composed of sports closely related to the job of a police officer, the physical fitness test of the MET Police in the United Kingdom, which is an event-type measure-ment method, and the Èpreuve d'exercices physiques of the French National Police. The Japanese National Police has a separate physical fitness test for new constables and a separate physical fitness test for police officers. In addition, there have been many legal cases in the West, such as the United States, regarding the advantages and disadvantages of the male and female fitness tests. This is especially true in the United Kingdom and the United States. Therefore, we conducted a comparative analysis to scientifically and ra-tionally improve the physical fitness test standards that disadvantage female applicants.
Results: The results of a gender-neutral physical fitness test for “Korean police” recruitment can be un-derstood as follows. First, a unisex physical fitness test ensures that all applicants have an equal oppor-tunity to participate. It evaluates the abilities and skills required to perform police work regardless of gen-der, and provides a fair opportunity for all applicants without discrimination. Second, as an assessment of ability and vision, physical fitness tests help to assess the physical abilities and skills required to perform police work. These tests measure a candidate's physical strength, stamina, and power to help identify the right person for the job. Third, by enhancing diversity, gender-neutral physical fitness tests contribute to greater diversity and inclusion. Police organizations can recruit people from different backgrounds and genders to reflect more diverse perspectives and experiences. Fourth, it emphasizes fairness. A unisex phys-ical fitness test eliminates gender-based discrimination and focuses on applicants' skills and competencies. This ensures that all applicants are selected based on their abilities and helps prevent unfair treatment based on gender. These findings suggest that gender-neutral physical fitness tests for police recruitment contribute to fair and reliable talent selection and help strengthen the diversity and performance of police organizations.
Conclusion: A gender-neutral fitness test for “Korean police” recruitment is an important approach to emphasize fairnes
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Wu, Han. „Unveiling Gender Inequality in American High School Golf: A Time Series Analysis and Future Prediction“. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 88 (29.03.2024): 1214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/n1fep613.
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Gender inequality remains a significant and persistent issue in golf. While some scholars have studied its historical origins, current status, and measures, there is a dearth of research focused on high school golf. Few studies have explored the specific challenges female high school golfers face, accurate predictions for future trends are lacking. This study uses a time series chart to visualize the male-female ratio of high school golf players in the United States from 2010/2011 to 2021/2022. The data is then fitted into an ARIMA model to forecast future trends. The visualization of the data reveals a significant increase in female participation from 2010/2011 to 2021/2022, although it remains lower than that of males. Despite some progress over the past 12 years, true gender equality in high school golf has not yet been achieved. The predictions indicate a decline in the female participation ratio from 2022/2023 to 2033/2034, highlighting the insufficient efforts to promote gender equality in sports. This lack of effort hinders sustained and stable progress in female participation. The results of this study have brought about a greater awareness of the severity of gender inequality in high school golf. This has prompted stakeholders to take stronger action to prevent the exacerbation of gender inequality issues in high school sports and collectively build a more inclusive sports environment free from gender bias and discrimination.
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McLarnon, Michael, Jane Thornton, Gail Knudson, Nigel Jones, Danny Glover, Andrew Murray, Michael Cummings und Neil Heron. „A Scoping Review of Transgender Policies in the 15 Most Commonly Played UK Professional Sports“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, Nr. 4 (17.02.2023): 3568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043568.
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Introduction: There has been much debate recently on the participation of transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) athletes in sport, particularly in relation to fairness, safety and inclusion. The 2021 IOC Framework on Fairness, Inclusion and Non-discrimination acknowledges the central role that eligibility criteria play in ensuring fairness, particularly in the female category, and states that athletes should not be excluded solely on the basis of their TGD identity. Aims: To identify policies that address TGD athlete participation in the 15 major United Kingdom (UK) sporting organisations and to summarise the evidence for each of these policies. Methods: A scoping review of TGD policies from the 15 major UK sporting organisations. Results: Eleven of the governing bodies had publicly available TGD policies. Most of the sporting associations drew guidance from the official 2015 IOC Consensus Meeting on Sex Reassignment and Hyperandrogenism, particularly with regard to physiological testosterone levels. Many organisations referenced their policies as a guide for decision making but stated that they ultimately made case-by-case decisions on an athlete’s eligibility. Relevant considerations not addressed in most policies included pre- versus post-pubertal athletes, justification for testosterone thresholds, the length of time out of competitive action (if any) for transitioning athletes, the irreversible advantage from male puberty (if any), the responsibility for and frequency of follow up for hormonal testing and the consequences for athletes outside set testosterone limits. Conclusions: There is a lack of consensus among the top 15 UK sporting organizations relating to elite sport participation for TGD athletes. It would be useful for sport organizations to work together to develop greater standardization/consensus for TGD athlete policies, taking into consideration fairness, safety and inclusion in each sport.
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Iverson, Ila A., Charles E. Gaudet und Nathan E. Cook. „1 Perceived Cognitive Impairment in High School Students in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic“. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 29, s1 (November 2023): 874–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617723010780.
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Objective:The Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), conducted by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2019, revealed that a large percentage of boys (30%) and girls (45%) reported serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions as a result of a physical, mental, or emotional problem. In 2021, the CDC conducted the Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey (ABES). The ABES included similar methodology and content as the YRBS. This study analyzed ABES data to examine correlates of perceived cognitive impairment among high school students in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic.Participants and Methods:The ABES was a one-time, online survey that was conducted to assess and evaluate the challenges that high-school aged youth experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Students’ perceived cognitive impairment was assessed using the same question used in the 2019 YRBS: 'Because of a physical, mental, or emotional problem, do you have serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions?' Response options were binary: 'Yes’ or 'No.' The students’ responses were evaluated in relation to nine adversity, mental health, and lifestyle variables.Results:Participants were 6,992 students, age 14 to 18, with 3,294 boys (47%) and 3,698 girls (53%). A large proportion endorsed experiencing serious difficulties concentrating, remembering, and making decisions (45%). Girls (56%) were significantly more likely to endorse perceived cognitive impairment compared to boys (33%) [X2(1)=392.55, p<.001; OR=2.66, 95% CI=2.41-2.93]. Youth who reported that their mental health was poor most of the time or always were very likely to report perceived cognitive impairment (boys: 67%; girls: 81%). Binary logistic regressions were used to examine the associations between perceived cognitive impairment, adversity, and lifestyle variables while controlling for mental health. These analyses were conducted separately for boys [X2(9)=596.70, p<.001; Nagelkerke R2=.24] and girls [x2(9)=883.35, p<.001; Nagelkerke R2=.30]. After controlling for current mental health, significant independent predicters of cognitive problems in boys and girls included: a lifetime history of discrimination based on race or ethnicity, lifetime history of being sexually assaulted or abused, lifetime history of using illicit drugs, being bullied in the past year, current marijuana use, and getting insufficient sleep (5 of fewer hours per night). Participation in sports and exercising regularly were both independently associated with lower rates of cognitive impairment.Conclusions:Perceived cognitive impairment was endorsed by a strikingly high percentage of high school students in 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic. More than half of high school aged girls and one third of boys reported having serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, and making decisions. These rates are considerably higher than in 2019. Current mental health, unfair treatment because of race or ethnicity, being sexually assaulted, being bullied, drug use, and insufficient sleep were associated with perceived cognitive impairment. Indicators of a physically active lifestyle (participation in sports and exercising regularly) were associated with lower rates of cognitive problems.
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Nicole LaVoi und Hannah Silva-Breen. „Longitudinal Analysis of Head Coach Occupational Turnover of Women’s NCAA D-I Teams“. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport 15, Nr. 1 (09.03.2022): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/jis.v15i1.15738.
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The goal of the current study was to add to existing literature pertaining to occupational turnover of sport coaches through examination of longitudinal data of head coaches of women’s teams in select NCAA Division-I conferences. The current study is the first of its kind, providing longitudinal data to help prove or dispel common narratives about women coaches and illuminate patterns of gender and discrimination. The average rate of head coach turnover of NCAA Division I FBS women’s sport teams is lower than the average rate of employee turnover in the United States. Although encouraging for the entire coaching profession, discriminatory turnover patterns appear to be prevalent. Men in this sample were twice as likely as women to be coaching, regardless of the institutional reason for their departure. When men are fired, they have a greater likelihood to be rehired, especially at the same level and in the same role. Men are also afforded twice the opportunity, as they can in turn coach men, coed, or women, while women are relegated to coaching women or coed teams. Athletic departments and policy makers should use these insights to improve their coach hiring and retention practices
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Chowdhury, Dalia, Emily M. Lund, Chandra Donnell Carey und Qiwei Li. „Intersection of discriminations: Experiences of women with disabilities with advanced degrees in professional sector in the United States.“ Rehabilitation Psychology 67, Nr. 1 (Februar 2022): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/rep0000419.
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Bank, Steven A. „FIFA, Forced Arbitration, and the U.S. Soccer Lawsuits“. Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport 30, Nr. 1 (31.01.2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/23892.
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American soccer has been besieged by lawsuits. In the last two years alone, the United States Soccer Federation (“U.S. Soccer”) has been hit with two antitrust lawsuits, two Equal Pay Act and Title VII gender discrimination lawsuits, and a trademark lawsuit, while two of its professional league members are engaged in their own trademark lawsuit. One threshold question that has received scant attention in the media is whether these disputes should be in federal court at all. Under the Statutes and Regulations of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (“FIFA”), soccer’s global governing organization, all disputes are required to be arbitrated. Taking a dispute to an ordinary court of law is potentially subject to sanction, which could include suspension or even expulsion. Given this forced arbitration rule, this article considers several possible explanations for why there has been no push to arbitrate the disputes in most of the lawsuits: (1) The enforceability of FIFA’s arbitration requirement has been called into question by recent rulings against forced arbitration clauses; (2) FIFA focuses the enforcement of its arbitration requirement on certain types of cases; (3) FIFA does not consider certain types of claims subject to arbitration; and (4) U.S. Soccer’s bylaws do not impose the arbitration requirement in such a way as it would apply to these types of cases. Although none of these entirely resolve the matter in a satisfactory way, in the aggregate they may help to define the emerging limits to arbitration for sports governing bodies in the U.S. and elsewhere.
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Samac, D. A., J. Willbur, L. Behnken, F. Brietenbach, G. Blonde, B. Halfman, B. Jensen und C. Sheaffer. „First Report of Stemphylium globuliferum Causing Stemphylium Leaf Spot on Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in the United States“. Plant Disease 98, Nr. 7 (Juli 2014): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-13-0828-pdn.
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Stemphylium leaf spot occurs in most areas where alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is grown. In the United States, Stemphylium botryosum is reported to be the predominant pathogen (1), although S. vesicarium and S. herbarum are also observed. S. alfalfae was isolated on alfalfa in Australia (4) and S. globuliferum was reported in Egypt and Korea. In April and May 2012, alfalfa plants with leaf spot symptoms were observed in Rosemount and Waseca, MN, and in Arlington, Tomah, and Waupaca, WI. Initial symptoms consisted of white to tan spots with a brown border, 2 to 3 mm in diameter, circular to oval, enlarging to 5 to 8 mm in diameter. Large lesions often coalesced. Small, narrow, brown lesions occurred on petioles. Lower killed leaves remained attached to the primary stem. Spots were larger than those caused by the cool temperature biotype of S. botryosum. Conidia formed on lesions after 48 h in a moist chamber. Conidia were removed with a fine glass rod, germinated on 1% water agar, and single hyphae transferred to V8 agar (V8A). After 2 weeks under room light, plates were placed under UV light to stimulate spore production. Conidia on host material were borne singly on straight, unbranched, smooth conidiophores, medium brown at the apex. Conidia were medium to dark brown with small papillae, subspherical with 3 to 4 transverse and 3 to 4 complete or near complete longitudinal septa, with a distinct constriction at the median transverse septum. Conidia were 27.5 to 32.5 μm long × 20 to 22.5 μm wide with a length/width (L/W) ratio of 1.2 to 1.5. Conidia on V8A were smaller, 25 to 30 μm long × 12.5 to 19 μm wide with a L/W of 1.6 to 1.8. Ascostromata 300 μm in diameter formed on leaves held at 4°C for 2 months as well as on culture plates after 1 month. Ascospores from leaves were golden brown to reddish, 40 to 42.5 × 20 μm, slightly broader in the upper half of the spore, with 7 to 8 transverse septa and one complete longitudinal septum with several incomplete septa. Ascospores from culture were smaller, 27.5 to 30 × 12.5 to 15 μm wide. These morphological features are consistent with the description for S. globuliferum (3). DNA was extracted from pure cultures of SAr301 and SWp202, isolated from plants grown in Arlington and Waupaca, respectively, and used to amplify ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA using primers ITS1 and ITS4, GPD with primers GPD1 and GPD2, EF-1α with EF446f and EF1473R, and the intergenic spacer between vmaA and vpsA with primers ATPF2 and GTP604R (2). In sequence comparisons made by BLASTn searches of GenBank, the ITS (KF479193), GPD (KF479194), and EF-1α (KF479195) sequences from S. globuliferum were different from the gene sequences of S. botryosum but identical to those from S. vesicarium, S. herbarum, and S. alfalfae. The vmaA-vpsA spacer sequence (KF479196) of S. globuliferum had 3 nucleotide differences from S. vesicarium and S. herbarum and 4 nucleotide differences from S. alfalfae, demonstrating that this sequence is useful for species discrimination. Conidia from strains SAr301 and SWp 202 were suspended at 104/ml in sterile water with 0.01% Tween 20 and used to inoculate 12 alfalfa plants using a handheld sprayer. Plants were kept at 100% RH for 48 h, then grown at 20°C with a 16-h photoperiod. After 2 weeks, lesions similar to those seen in the field were observed on leaves of all plants. Symptomatic leaves placed in moist chambers produced conidia with the size and morphology of S. globuliferum within 48 h. This is the first report to our knowledge of S. globuliferum causing disease on alfalfa in the United States. Cultures were deposited in the University of Minnesota Mycological Culture Collection. References: (1) W. A. Cowling et al. Phytopathology 71:679, 1981. (2) P. Inderbitzin et al. Mycologia 101:320, 2009. (3) E. G. Simmons. Mycologia 61:1, 1969. (4) E. G. Simmons. Sydowia 38:284, 1985.
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Abreu, Christina D. „"A Totally Loyal Cuban": Afro-Cuban Boxer Teófilo Stevenson and the 1972 Olympic Games“. Cuban Studies 53, Nr. 1 (2024): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cub.2024.a930637.
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ABSTRACT: The Afro-Cuban Teófilo Stevenson entered the world boxing scene at the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, Germany. It was at those games that he won his first of three gold medals in heavyweight boxing and emerged as a Black celebrity, sports icon, and Cuban national hero. This article examines the overlapping and, at times, competing identities as they were constructed in Cuba's official discourse and in popular US and Cuban newspapers and magazines. The son of Black West Indian migrants, Stevenson stood out for more than his rejection of million-dollar offers to leave the island to pursue a professional boxing career in the United States. His remarks in support of the Cuban Revolution served as a kind of Black athletic activism that celebrated, at least implicitly, Cuba's progress on matters of racial equality and racial discrimination. RESUMEN: El afrocubano Teófilo Stevenson ingresó a la escena del boxeo mundial en los Juegos Olímpicos de 1972 en Múnich, Alemania. Fue en estos juegos donde él ganó la primera de sus tres medallas de oro en el boxeo de peso pesado y surgió como una celebridad negra, ícono deportivo y héroe nacional cubano. Este artículo examina estas identidades superpuestas y, a veces, en competencia, tal como fueron construidas en el discurso official de Cuba y en los periódicos y revistas populares de los Estados Unidos y Cuba. Hijo de inmigrantes antillanos, Stevenson se destacó por algo más que su rechazo de ofertas de millones de dólares para salir de la isla y seguir una carrera profesional en el boxeo en los Estados Unidos. Sus declaraciones en apoyo a la Revolución cubana sirvieron como un tipo de activismo atlético negro que celebraba, al menos implícitamente, el progreso de Cuba en materia de igualdad racial y discriminación racial.
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Sorby, Sheryl Ann, Gavin Duffy und So Yoon Yoon. „Math Instrument Development for Examining the Relationship between Spatial and Mathematical Problem-Solving Skills“. Education Sciences 12, Nr. 11 (17.11.2022): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci12110828.
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Spatial cognition involves the ability to acquire, organize, and use spatial information in the “mind’s eye.” Numerous correlational studies have demonstrated the strong relationship between spatial cognition and skill in problem-solving in mathematics. Educational researchers across the globe aim to improve students’ mathematics problem-solving ability since these skills are often viewed as the gateway to further study in the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) careers of the future. As a result, causal studies showing that spatial cognition interventions can improve mathematics problem-solving skills have begun to appear with increasing frequency. In order to determine if a spatial intervention is effective in improving mathematics problem-solving skills, it is important to identify the type of problem that is likely to respond to improvements in spatial cognition. A large study was conducted in the United States, where a spatial skills intervention was implemented in 7th grade classrooms across the country to determine its impact on mathematics problem-solving skills through four waves of testing. Mathematics instruments for 7th to 9th grades were developed with items compared to the spatial scores of the individual students. In this paper, the instrument development process along with lessons learned are presented. Data are provided showing each item’s correlation with spatial skills test scores, difficulty level, and discrimination index, along with overall instrument reliability. Complete final instruments for each wave of testing are included in an Appendix. General guidelines are also presented discussing the type of math problems likely to be correlated with spatial ability.
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Pandey, Piyush, Kitt G. Payn, Yuzhen Lu, Austin J. Heine, Trevor D. Walker, Juan J. Acosta und Sierra Young. „Hyperspectral Imaging Combined with Machine Learning for the Detection of Fusiform Rust Disease Incidence in Loblolly Pine Seedlings“. Remote Sensing 13, Nr. 18 (09.09.2021): 3595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13183595.
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Loblolly pine is an economically important timber species in the United States, with almost 1 billion seedlings produced annually. The most significant disease affecting this species is fusiform rust, caused by Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme. Testing for disease resistance in the greenhouse involves artificial inoculation of seedlings followed by visual inspection for disease incidence. An automated, high-throughput phenotyping method could improve both the efficiency and accuracy of the disease screening process. This study investigates the use of hyperspectral imaging for the detection of diseased seedlings. A nursery trial comprising families with known in-field rust resistance data was conducted, and the seedlings were artificially inoculated with fungal spores. Hyperspectral images in the visible and near-infrared region (400–1000 nm) were collected six months after inoculation. The disease incidence was scored with traditional methods based on the presence or absence of visible stem galls. The seedlings were segmented from the background by thresholding normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) images, and the delineation of individual seedlings was achieved through object detection using the Faster RCNN model. Plant parts were subsequently segmented using the DeepLabv3+ model. The trained DeepLabv3+ model for semantic segmentation achieved a pixel accuracy of 0.76 and a mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of 0.62. Crown pixels were segmented using geometric features. Support vector machine discrimination models were built for classifying the plants into diseased and non-diseased classes based on spectral data, and balanced accuracy values were calculated for the comparison of model performance. Averaged spectra from the whole plant (balanced accuracy = 61%), the crown (61%), the top half of the stem (77%), and the bottom half of the stem (62%) were used. A classification model built using the spectral data from the top half of the stem was found to be the most accurate, and resulted in an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.83.
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Ireni-Saban, Liza. „Genomics Governance in the United States and the United Kingdom“. European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance 1, Nr. 3 (13.07.2014): 244–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134514-00103003.
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Technological innovation in the area of personalised genetic data poses novel regulatory concerns for state governance. Since personalised genetic data reveals highly sensitive and private information about a person’s susceptibility to illness, it may lead to stigmatisation, discrimination, and breach of privacy. Although legal arrangements for personal or medical data have always been governmental and legal concerns, the introduction of genetic technologies over the past two decades has breathed new life into the idea of privacy and non-discrimination protection for individuals and communities, leading to possible new types of social relationships that circulate in a global biomedical arena. Thus, our analysis of genetic information regulation is based on a comparative analysis of policy instruments by examining the appropriateness of various policy instrument choices made in the United States and in the United Kingdom for securing the rights for privacy, non-discrimination, and access to research benefits for individuals and communities.
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Neumark, David. „Age Discrimination Legislation in the United States“. Contemporary Economic Policy 21, Nr. 3 (Juli 2003): 297–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cep/byg012.
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Nkimbeng, Manka, Janiece Taylor, Laken Roberts, Peter Winch, Yvonne Commodore-Mensah, Roland Thorpe, Hae-Ra Han und Sarah Szanton. „Older African Immigrants’ Experiences of Discrimination in the United States“. Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (01.12.2020): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2408.
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Abstract Discrimination is implicated in the disproportionate burden of disease and health disparities in racial/ethnic minorities. This qualitative descriptive study explored the experiences of discrimination and its impact on the health of older African immigrants. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 participants. Three main themes and six sub-themes were identified. These included: 1) types of discrimination: a) accent-based, b) unfair treatment during routine activities, c) experience with police and other systems; 2) costs of discrimination; 3) surviving and thriving with discrimination: a) “blind eye to it”, b) reacting to it, c) avoiding it. These themes describe common forms of discrimination that these older adults have experienced, current strategies used to deal with discrimination, and the impact of discrimination on the wellbeing of this sample. To improve the emotional and mental health of older African immigrants, providers serving them should assess for perceived discrimination, and refer participants with any concerns for treatment.
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Painter, Genevieve R., Stephanie Bornstein und Joan C. Williams. „Discrimination against Mothers Is the Strongest Form of Workplace Gender Discrimination: Lessons from US Caregiver Discrimination Law“. International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 28, Issue 1 (01.03.2012): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2012004.
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Work-family reconciliation is an integral part of labour law as the result of two major demographic changes. The first is the rise of the two-earner family. The second is that, as Baby Boomers age, caring for elders has become a pressing concern for men as well as women. Despite these changes, most European and American workplaces still assume that the committed worker has a family life secured so that family responsibilities do not distract him from work obligations. This way of organizing employment around a breadwinner husband and a caregiver housewife, which arose in the late eighteenth century, is severely outdated today. The result is workplace-workforce mismatch: Many employers still have workplaces perfectly designed for the workforce of 1960. Labour lawyers in both Europe and the United States have developed legal strategies to reduce the work-family conflicts that arise from this mismatch. Yet the legal strategies developed in Europe are different from those used in the United States. The Europeans' focus is on public policy, based on a European political tradition of communal social supports - a tradition the United States lacks. Advocates in the United States, faced with the most family-hostile public policy in the developed world, have developed legal remedies based on the American political tradition of individualism, using anti-discrimination law to eliminate employment discrimination against mothers and other adults with caregiving responsibilities. This article explores both the social science documenting that motherhood is the strongest trigger for gender bias in the work place and the American cases addressing 'family responsibilities discrimination' (FRD).
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Seng, Michael P. „Testing for Housing Discrimination in the United States“. Časopis pro právní vědu a praxi 24, Nr. 3 (31.10.2016): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpvp2016-3-1.
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Meyerowitz, Basil R. „Discrimination: Alive and Well in the United States“. Obesity Surgery 6, Nr. 2 (01.04.1996): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1381/096089296765557150.
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Findling, Mary G., Sara N. Bleich, Logan S. Casey, Robert J. Blendon, John M. Benson, Justin M. Sayde und Carolyn Miller. „Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of Latinos“. Health Services Research 54, S2 (30.10.2019): 1409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13216.
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Franz, L. M., und J. N. Lahey. „Age Discrimination Legislation in the United States and the United Kingdom“. Public Policy & Aging Report 22, Nr. 3 (01.06.2012): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ppar/22.3.17.
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Schweizer, Tess Kate, Maxime Mauduy, Juan M. Falomir-Pichastor und Nicolas Margas. „How sport teaches values? The specific ability of intense bodily commitment to enhance norm adherence“. Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS) 8, Nr. 2 (14.02.2023): 028. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/2023.2ciss028.
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Introduction
Teaching norms and values through sport and physical education (PE) is a worldwide expectation (European Parliament, 2007; International Olympic Committee, 2020), even though little is known about processes that could explain such expectation (Hatzigeorgiadis et al., 2013). Identifying them is fundamental to overcome this ideology and to improve educational programs through sport. As personal values are built according to salient social norms (Jonas et al., 2008), past research in sport and educational sciences focused on identifying salient norms and values during sport practices (e.g., Whitehead et al., 2013) and on pointing out how teachers/stakeholders can make educational norms and values salient during practice (e.g., Koh et al., 2016).
We propose that the singularity of sport and PE to build values does not (only) come from the type of salient values but rather from the specific capacity of sport and PE contexts to enhance adhesion to salient norms. Indeed, sport and PE place practitioners in front of challenges that require bodily commitment and induce specific emotional context of threat and arousal of the sympathetic nervous system. Because such emotional contexts enhance adhesion to ingroup norms (Fritsche & Jugert, 2017; Hart et al., 2005; Swann et al., 2010), two studies aim to demonstrate that bodily commitment in sport and PE increases adherence to salient ingroup norms. We hypothesize a normative salience effect (H1) and a norm salience x bodily commitment interaction effect (H2) on adolescents’ personal values and behavioral consequences.
Method
Two studies conducted in PE followed a 2 (norm salience) x 2 (bodily commitment) factorial design. One hundred and thirty-nine students (Mage = 13.97; ± 0.72; 62.1% girls, aged 13-16) took part to Study 1 and 187 (Mage = 13.59; ± 0.76; 61.5% girls, aged 12-16) to Study 2. Based on a priori power calculation (package simr, Green & Macleod, 2016), these sample size allowed us to have a sufficient statistical power of 95%.
Participants first completed a preliminary questionnaire measuring personal values (Louis et al., 2009; Schwartz, 2011). Two weeks later, they participated one by one to the experimental phase. An ingroup norm was made salient, either the experimental one (pro-environmental in Study 1, healthy eating in Study 2) or the control one (anti-discrimination in Study 1 and 2), by presenting manipulated results to the preliminary questionnaire, in the form of graphic figures (Study 1) or pictures (Study 2; Gabarrot et al., 2009). They then had to do a physical exercise with weak or strong bodily commitment in climbing (Study 1) or gymnastic (Study 2). Finally, a questionnaire measured personal values (repeated measure), emotional states (arousal and threat), pro-environmental behavioral intentions (Study 1) and social desirability (Study 2) (S-CSD, Miller et al., 2014). Healthy eating self-reported behaviors were assessed one week later (Study 2). Data were analyzed using contrast with bootstrapping method as recommended by many authors (Judd et al., 2017): C1 tested the norm salience effect, C2 the bodily commitment effect in the experimental norm salience condition and C3 the bodily commitment effect in the control norm salience condition. To support our hypotheses, after controlling for initial personal values, classroom level, and social desirability effects, C1 and C2 had to be significant while C3 did not on the personal values. Then, mediating effects of our conditions on behavior measures through changes in personal values were tested. Finally, a two-studies meta-analysis was conducted on personal values and the role of arousal and threat states in producing changes in personal values was explored.
Results
First, bootstrap linear mixed models revealed that, in Study 1, pro-environmental personal values at T1 were positively and significantly predicted by initial pro-environmental values (Estimate = 0.72, SE = 0.05, p < .001), C1 (Estimate = 0.22, SE = 0.10, p < .05) and C2 (Estimate = 0.30, SE = 0.11, p < .01) but not by C3 (p > .05). In Study 2, the model indicated that healthy eating personal values at T1 were predicted by initial healthy eating values (Estimate = 0.64, SE = 0.03, p < .001), social desirability (Estimate = 0.64, SE = 0.09 p < .05) and C1 (Estimate = 0.34, SE = 0.09, p < .01). The influence of C2 was marginally significant (Estimate = 0.28, SE = 0.13, p = .051), while C3 (p > .05) was not significant.
Second, multilevel longitudinal mediation models revealed, for Study 1, significant indirect effects of C1 (p = .03) and C2 (p = .02) on behavioral intentions through changes in pro-environmental values at T1, and for Study 2, a significant indirect effect of C1 (p = .029) on healthy eating behaviors at T2, through changes in healthy eating values at T1.
Finally, the meta-analysis revealed that both C1 (d = 0.31) and C2 (d = 0.30) were positive and significant. Analyses on threat and arousal states revealed that, in Study 1, strong compared to weak bodily commitment induced greater threat states (ps < .001), although not impacting participants’ changes in pro-environmental values. In Study 2, strong compared to weak bodily commitment induced greater threat than arousal states in normative salience context (Estimate = 0.30, SE = 0.14, p = .036) and only pupils’ subjective threat significantly impacted changes in healthy eating personal values (p = .04).
Discussion
Results support our hypotheses, as changes of adolescents’ personal values are explained by normative salient context (H1) and the intensity of bodily commitment in this context of norm salience (H2). Effects were obtained in two studies varying bodily commitment (climbing and gymnastic task), ingroup norm (pro-environmental and healthy eating) and salience induction (graphic figures and pictures). Exploratory analysis highlighted behavioral consequences of adolescents’ changes in personal values and the specific role of threat states. Thus, these results point to a new way of explaining the singularity of sport in effectively constructing personal values of adolescents and orienting their consecutive behaviors (Agenda 2030, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2016): First, particular attention must be paid to norms and values that are salient in sport and PE contexts and second, intense bodily commitment, especially those inducing subjective threat, are required for sport and PE to embrace their educative role. Nevertheless, our results do not suggest to only nurture threat states in sport and PE. Finally, we point to the importance of ingroup norms in the norm adherence process, but this is true whatever these norms are, and teacher/stakeholder cannot always orient the type of ingroup norm made salient during practice.
References
European Parliament. (2007). The on the role of sport in education. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-6-2007-0415_EN.html
Fritsche, I., & Jugert, P. (2017). The consequences of economic threat for motivated social cognition and action. Current Opinion in Psychology, 18, 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.027
Gabarrot, F., Falomir-Pichastor, J. M., & Mugny, G. (2009). Being similar versus being equal: Intergroup similarity moderates the influence of in-group norms on discrimination and prejudice. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48(2), 253–273. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466608X342943
Green, P., & MacLeod, C. J. (2016). SIMR: An R package for power analysis of generalized linear mixed models by simulation. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 7(4), 493-498. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12504
Hart, J., Shaver, P. R., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2005). Attachment, self-esteem, worldviews, and terror management: Evidence for a tripartite security system. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(6), 999–1013. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.6.999
Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Morela, E., Elbe, A.-M., Kouli, O., & Sanchez, X. (2013). The integrative role of sport in multicultural societies. European Psychologist, 18(3), 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000155
International Olympic Committee. (2020). Olympic Charter. International Olympic Committee. https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/General/EN-Olympic-Charter.pdf
Jonas, E., Kayser, D., Martens, A., Fritsche, I., Sullivan, D., & Greenberg, J. (2008). Focus theory of normative conduct and terror-management theory: The interactive impact of mortality salience and norm salience on social judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(6), 1239-1251. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013593
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Louis, W. R., Chan, M. K.-H., & Greenbaum, S. (2009). Stress and theory of planned behavior: Understanding healthy and unhealthy eating intentions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39(2), 472-493. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2008.00447.x
Miller, P. H., Baxter, S. D., Hitchcock, D. B., Royer, J. A., Smith, A. F., & Guinn, C. H. (2014). Test-retest reliability of a short form of the children’s social desirability scale for nutrition and health-related research. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 46(5), 423–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2013.11.002
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Mendy, Ousu. „Discrimination as a Global Paradigm: United Kingdom and United States of America in Focus“. Lampung Journal of International Law 5, Nr. 2 (22.09.2023): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/lajil.v5i2.3030.
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In spite of the commitment of the international community to the protection of human rights, equality before the law still remains a global problem. This research focuses on the problem of discrimination as a worldwide issue imposed on society. The aim of this research is to present a global perspective on the current threat of discrimination as a paradigm shift from equality before the law as a universal principle articulated in Universal Declaration of Human Rights which is the principal human rights instrument. A normative research method is used in this work with extensive theoretical approach. In this method, secondary data like journal articles, books and international conventions are used to support the basis of this research. This research finds that, for some time now, democracy experiences setback by different factors such governance in the forms of autocracy, and unconstitutional change of governments through of coup d' état. The impact of discrimination on equality before the law as a rule of law in modern governance is as topical as it is ever destructive. Women also have made significant progress in many areas over time in places where discrimination is low, including closing some gender gaps. The load of adversity is shared between men and women in our troubled world in a very unequal manner, nevertheless.
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Bruyère, Susanne M., Sarah von Schrader, Wendy Coduti und Melissa Bjelland. „United States Employment Disability Discrimination Charges: Implications for Disability Management Practice“. International Journal of Disability Management 5, Nr. 2 (01.12.2010): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/jdmr.5.2.48.
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AbstractIt is 20 years since the passage of the Americans With Disabilities Act, yet employment and economic inequities continue for people with disabilities. The purpose of this article is to inform and encourage disability management leading practices to contribute toward reducing these disparities. The approach is an examination of where in the employment process applicants and incumbent employees perceive employment disability discrimination, leading to the filing of charges against an employer. Employment disability discrimination claims filed by individuals over 15 years (1993–2007) with the United States (US) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission or state and local Fair Employment Practice Agencies are studied. The authors analyse employment discrimination charges by year, basis (i.e., protected class characteristics, such as disability, age, or race), issue (i.e., actions of the employer, such as discharge, hiring, or harassment), employer characteristics (i.e, size of business and industry sector), and joint filings under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (gender, race/ethnicity, and religious discrimination) and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA). Special attention is paid to where in the employment process people with specific impairments are perceiving discrimination. Implications of these research findings for the practice and administration of disability management and employer policies are discussed.
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Pan, Shuya, Chia-chen Yang, Jiun-Yi Tsai und Chenyu Dong. „Experience of and Worry About Discrimination, Social Media Use, and Depression Among Asians in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-sectional Survey Study“. Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, Nr. 9 (01.09.2021): e29024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/29024.
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Background The COVID-19 outbreak has spurred increasing anti-Asian racism and xenophobia in the United States, which might be detrimental to the psychological well-being of Asian people living in the United States. Objective We studied three discrimination-related variables, including (1) experience of discrimination, (2) worry about discrimination, and (3) racism-related social media use during the COVID-19 pandemic among Asians in the United States. We examined how these three variables were related to depression, and how the association between racism-related social media use and depression was moderated by personal experience of and worry about racial discrimination. Methods A web-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted. A total of 209 people (mean age 33.69, SD 11.31 years; 96/209, 45.93% female) who identified themselves as Asian and resided in the United States were included in the study. Results Experience of discrimination (β=.33, P=.001) and racism-related social media use (β=.14, P=.045) were positively associated with depressive symptoms. Worry about discrimination (β=.13, P=.14) was not associated with depression. Worry about discrimination moderated the relationship between racism-related social media use and depression (β=–.25, P=.003) such that a positive relationship was observed among those who had low and medium levels of worry. Conclusions The present study provided preliminary evidence that experience of discrimination during the COVID-19 pandemic was a risk factor of depressive symptoms among Asian people in the United States. Meanwhile, racism-related social media use was found to be negatively associated with the well-being of US Asians, and the relationship between social media use and depression was significantly moderated by worry about discrimination. It is critical to develop accessible programs to help US Asians cope with racial discrimination both in real lives and on social media during this unprecedented health crisis, especially among those who have not been mentally prepared for such challenges.
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Brummett, Abram, und Lisa Campo-Engelstein. „Conscientious objection and LGBTQ discrimination in the United States“. Journal of Public Health Policy 42, Nr. 2 (27.04.2021): 322–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41271-021-00281-2.
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Hongchintakul, Tavatchai, und Brian H. Kleiner. „Discrimination and harassment in the United States Postal Service“. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 21, Nr. 8/9/10 (September 2001): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443330110789736.
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Fox, S. Ross. „Editorial Discrimination: Alive and Well in the United States“. Obesity Surgery 5, Nr. 4 (01.11.1995): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1381/096089295765557340.
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SteelFisher, Gillian K., Mary G. Findling, Sara N. Bleich, Logan S. Casey, Robert J. Blendon, John M. Benson, Justin M. Sayde und Carolyn Miller. „Gender discrimination in the United States: Experiences of women“. Health Services Research 54, S2 (29.10.2019): 1442–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13217.
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Blendon, Robert J., und Logan S. Casey. „Discrimination in the United States: Perspectives for the future“. Health Services Research 54, S2 (24.10.2019): 1467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13218.
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Bleich, Sara N., Mary G. Findling, Logan S. Casey, Robert J. Blendon, John M. Benson, Gillian K. SteelFisher, Justin M. Sayde und Carolyn Miller. „Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of black Americans“. Health Services Research 54, S2 (29.10.2019): 1399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13220.
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Findling, Mary G., Logan S. Casey, Stephanie A. Fryberg, Steven Hafner, Robert J. Blendon, John M. Benson, Justin M. Sayde und Carolyn Miller. „Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of Native Americans“. Health Services Research 54, S2 (27.10.2019): 1431–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13224.
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McMurtry, Caitlin L., Mary G. Findling, Logan S. Casey, Robert J. Blendon, John M. Benson, Justin M. Sayde und Carolyn Miller. „Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of Asian Americans“. Health Services Research 54, S2 (27.10.2019): 1419–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13225.
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Benson, John M., Eran N. Ben‐Porath und Logan S. Casey. „Methodology of the Discrimination in the United States survey“. Health Services Research 54, S2 (27.10.2019): 1389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13226.
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Hochschild, Jennifer L. „Theorizing Discrimination in an Era of Contested Prejudice: Discrimination in the United States“. Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 38, Nr. 4 (Juli 2009): 365–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009430610903800442.
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Wajiran, Wajiran, und Nur Alifah Septiani. „The subordination of black people in the United States Toni Morrison’s novel, Beloved“. NOTION: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Culture 5, Nr. 1 (09.05.2023): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/notion.v5i1.7064.
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This paper is aimed at discussing Morrison’s novel, Beloved dealing with the issues of human discrimination in the United States. Morrison is a writer who voices human values through discussions on issues of discrimination due to ethnicity, race, and skin color, especially that conducted against black people. She was instrumental in fighting for civil and political rights for black people in the United States, especially in Ohio. This study involves the theory of genetic structuralism to understand the concept of white supremacy. This is intended to see the relationship between white supremacy with the issues of social discrimination in the context of black people in the United States depicted in the novel. The issue of race and social class has always stood out in various groups of people. Even though society has progressed the issues of race, religion, and skin color still cause intergroup conflicts due to various interests. As depicted in the novel, black people are generally side-lined and considered only half human. Consequently, black citizens in the United States are associated with slavery or manual labor).
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de Castro, Arnold B., Gilbert C. Gee und David T. Takeuchi. „Workplace Discrimination and Health Among Filipinos in the United States“. American Journal of Public Health 98, Nr. 3 (März 2008): 520–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2007.110163.
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Dilts, David A., und Hedayeh Samavati. „The Arbitration of Gender Discrimination Grievances in the United States“. Journal of Individual Employment Rights 12, Nr. 3 (01.01.2007): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ie.12.3.c.
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Lee, Randy T., Amanda D. Perez, C. Malik Boykin und Rodolfo Mendoza-Denton. „On the prevalence of racial discrimination in the United States“. PLOS ONE 14, Nr. 1 (10.01.2019): e0210698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210698.
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Mason, Patrick L. „Persistent Discrimination: Racial Disparity in the United States, 1967–1988“. American Economic Review 90, Nr. 2 (01.05.2000): 312–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.2.312.
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Krysan, Maria, und Amanda Lewis. „THE UNITED STATES TODAY : Racial Discrimination Is Alive and Well“. Challenge 48, Nr. 3 (Mai 2005): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05775132.2005.11034296.
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Jones, Nathaniel R. „Racial discrimination and freedom of expression in the United States“. Commonwealth Law Bulletin 19, Nr. 4 (Oktober 1993): 1678–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03050718.1993.9986317.
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Tomaskovic-Devey, Donald. „Just Who Loses?: Discrimination in the United States, Volume 2“. Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 44, Nr. 2 (19.02.2015): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094306115570271hh.
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Miller, Mark C. „Legal Discrimination in the United States based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity“. American Studies in Scandinavia 49, Nr. 1 (29.01.2017): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v49i1.5462.
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When the U.S. Supreme Court declared that same-sex marriage would be legal throughout the country, that decision did not end the possibility of other types of discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. The U.S. Supreme Court has been very unclear about what standard to use when the courts face claims of discrimination based on these characteristics. In cases decided under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause, the Court has stated that lower courts should use one of three standards, based on the type of discrimination alleged. These three standards for review are known as rational basis, intermediate review, and strict scrutiny. This article, based on both empirical and normative analysis, will explore the proper legal standard that the Supreme Court should use in these cases. Since several states have begun to enact laws that encourage discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity, this article will argue that the Supreme Court should use strict scrutiny in these cases because the LGBT community is clearly a discrete and insular minority subject to targeted discrimination.
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Jalalzai, Farida. „Anxious and Active: Muslim Perception of Discrimination and Treatment and its Political Consequences in the Post-September 11, 2001 United States“. Politics and Religion 4, Nr. 1 (01.11.2010): 71–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755048310000519.
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AbstractUtilizing both quantitative and qualitative analysis, this article assesses discrimination and anxiety among Muslims in the post-September 11, 2001 United States. Substantial portions of Muslim-Americans are indeed anxious and report personal and group discrimination. However, this is guided by many factors including religious salience, age, education, political attentiveness, native born status, and years lived in the United States. Respondents who are more anxious and know victims of religious discrimination are also more active in politics. However, personal experiences with discrimination are unrelated to political participation. Overall, in spite of or perhaps because of anxiety over their present status, Muslim-Americans are highly functional in the political sphere. Many are now more active in politics than prior to September 11, 2001.
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Ouyang, Sanji. „The Effect of Racism and Hostility on Asian American’s Identity and Wellbeing during COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Related Factors“. BCP Social Sciences & Humanities 21 (15.02.2023): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpssh.v21i.3423.
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Discrimination and prejudice against Asians in the United States have existed for centuries, beginning in the 19th century. However, as the COVID-19 pandemic continually spreads worldwide, Asian Americans’ identity in the United States has become even more threatened. This study analyses the impact of social discrimination and prejudices on the social level and well-being of Asian Americans. To do so, this paper reviewed a large body of literature focusing on explaining the historical background of Asian Americans, the "model minority myth" stereotype, and the impact of the traditional Eastern mindset. Later, this study combined those mentioned factors with existing sociological models. This study has found that discrimination against Asian Americans during the COVID-19 epidemic threatened Asian Americans’ mental health, well-being, and sense of identity, identifying numerous unfounded accusations of mass illness and the contradictory nature of the "model minority" and "virus carrier" identity labels of Asian Americans in the United States.