Thematische Bibliographien / Discrimination in sports – United States

Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Discrimination in sports – United States“

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Veröffentlicht am 25. Juli 2024
Zuletzt aktualisiert am 26. Juli 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Discrimination in sports – United States"

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Hiemstra, Laurie. „Has Gender On The Agenda Really Made A Difference? In Sport and Athletics, Women Are Not Just Smaller Men“. Journal of Women's Sports Medicine 2, Nr. 2 (22.12.2022): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.53646/jwsm.v2i2.34.

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2022 has marked the 50th anniversary of Title IX, the educational amendment in the United States that prohibits discrimination in educational institutions based on sex. This amendment had major implications for female athletes in the United States, resulting in large increases in participation in sports and athletics by women. The historical myths surrounding women participating in athletic events have been largely dismissed. Many initiatives have worked to improve the numbers of female health care providers in orthopaedics and sport medicine. However, the changes are slow, and the culture in sports still favours the male default, both for athletes as well as physicians. We need a renovation of our culture - to reimagine the way we understand and approach the medical care of our athletes, both male and female, equally important, but not the same. Different in many ways, not just in size, all of which need to be addressed by the physicians and surgeons that care for them. This can only be accomplished when those that care for our athletes represent and look like the athletes that they serve.
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Floyd, Michael, und John Curtis. „Has Anti-Discrimination Legislation Improved the Employment Opportunities of Disabled People?“ Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling 10, Nr. 2 (Januar 2004): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323892200000235.

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This article will first of all consider, in some detail, the recent efforts of researchers in the United States to determine whether the Americans with Disabilities Act has improved the employment opportunities of disabled people. It will then go on to examine data on the employment situation of disabled people in the United Kingdom and how this has changed during the period since December, 1997, when the Disability Discrimination Act came into force. Tentative conclusions are then drawn, regarding the effectiveness of the legislation. The article ends with a consideration of the ways in which the monitoring and evaluation of such major shifts in policy might be improved.
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Grant, Aimee. „“#discrimination”“. Journal of Human Lactation 32, Nr. 1 (25.06.2015): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334415592403.

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Background: Stigma is a significant barrier to breastfeeding. Internationally, mothers have reported stigma surrounding public breastfeeding. In the United Kingdom, the Equality Act 2010 gives women the right to breastfeed in public, including within private businesses. In April 2014, a woman who was breastfeeding in a UK sports shop was asked to leave, resulting in a localized protest by breastfeeding mothers. This resulted in the issue of public breastfeeding being highlighted in local, national, and social media. Objective: To examine online opinion regarding breastfeeding in public and protesting about the right to breastfeed in public within the context of a single case. Methods: Online user-generated content relating to the case of Wioletta Komar was downloaded from Twitter and the comments section of a UK online news source, Mail Online. Data comprised 884 comments and 1210 tweets, collected within 24 hours of the incident. Semiotic and thematic analysis was facilitated by NVivo 10. Results: Comments from Twitter were supportive (76%) or neutral (22%) regarding the protesting women and public breastfeeding. Conversely, Mail Online comments were mostly negative (85%). Mail Online posters questioned the legality of public breastfeeding, while Twitter comments acknowledged and supported women’s legal right to breastfeed publicly. Many Mail Online commenters stated that they found it uncomfortable to watch breastfeeding or thought it was unnecessary to breastfeed in public. Conclusion: If the UK government is serious about increasing breastfeeding, interventions to promote public support for public breastfeeding are urgently required.
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Sharrow, Elizabeth A. „Sports, Transgender Rights and the Bodily Politics of Cisgender Supremacy“. Laws 10, Nr. 3 (31.07.2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws10030063.

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Between 2020 and 2021, one hundred and ten bills in state legislatures across the United States suggested banning the participation of transgender athletes on sports teams for girls and women. As of July 2021, ten such bills have become state law. This paper tracks the political shift towards targeting transgender athletes. Conservative political interests now seek laws that suture biological determinist arguments to civil rights of bodies. Although narrow binary definitions of sex have long operated in the background as a means for policy implementation under Title IX, Republican lawmakers now aim to reframe sex non-discrimination policies as means of gendered exclusion. The content of proposals reveal the centrality of ideas about bodily immutability, and body politics more generally, in shaping the future of American gender politics. My analysis of bills from 2021 argues that legislative proposals advance a logic of “cisgender supremacy” inhering in political claims about normatively gendered bodies. Political institutions are another site for advancing, enshrining, and normalizing cis-supremacist gender orders, explicitly joining cause with medical authorities as arbiters of gender normativity. Characteristics of bodies and their alleged role in evidencing sex itself have fueled the tactics of anti-transgender activists on the political Right. However, the target of their aims is not mere policy change but a state-sanctioned return to a narrowly cis- and heteropatriarchal gender order.
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Wang, Ying-Chih, Dennis L. Hart, Daniel Deutscher, Sheng-Che Yen und Jerome E. Mioduski. „Psychometric Properties and Practicability of the Self-Report Urinary Incontinence Questionnaire in Patients With Pelvic-Floor Dysfunction Seeking Outpatient Rehabilitation“. Physical Therapy 93, Nr. 8 (01.08.2013): 1116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20120134.

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BackgroundPelvic-floor dysfunction (PFD) affects a substantial proportion of individuals, mostly women. In responding to the demands in measuring PFD outcomes in outpatient rehabilitation, the Urinary Incontinence Questionnaire (UIQ) was developed by FOTO in collaboration with an experienced physical therapist who has a specialty in treating patients with PFD.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to evaluate psychometric properties and practicability of the 21-item UIQ in patients seeking outpatient physical therapy services due to PFD.DesignThis was a retrospective analysis of cross-sectional data from 1,628 patients (mean age=53 years, SD=16, range=18–91) being treated for their PFD in 91 outpatient physical therapy clinics in 24 states (United States).MethodsUsing a 2-parameter logistic item response theory (IRT) procedure and the graded response model, the UIQ was assessed for unidimensionality and local independence, differential item functioning (DIF), discriminating ability, item hierarchical structure, and test precision.ResultsFour items were dropped to improve unidimensionality and discriminating ability. Remaining UIQ items met IRT assumptions of unidimensionality and local independence. One item was adjusted for DIF by age group. Item difficulties were suitable for patients with PFD with no ceiling or floor effect. Item difficulty parameters ranged from −2.20 to 0.39 logits. Endorsed items representing highest difficulty levels were related to control urine flow, impact of leaking urine on life, and confidence to control the urine leakage problem. Item discrimination parameters ranged from 0.48 to 1.18. Items with higher discriminating abilities were those related to impact on life of leaking urine, confidence to control the urine leakage problem, and the number of protective garments for urine leakage.LimitationsBecause this study was a secondary analysis of prospectively collected data, missing data might have influenced our results.ConclusionsPreliminary analyses supported sound psychometric properties of the UIQ items and their initial use for patients with PFD in outpatient physical therapy services.
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Lightner, Joseph S., Justin Schneider, Amanda Grimes, Melissa Wigginton, Laurel Curran, Tori Gleason und Tyler Prochnow. „Physical activity among transgender individuals: A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies“. PLOS ONE 19, Nr. 2 (28.02.2024): e0297571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297571.

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Transgender individuals face stigma, discrimination, and other barriers impacting their ability to engage in physical activity (PA). We aim to review current literature on PA among transgender individuals. A systemic literature search of research studies from 2010–2023 was conducted. Studies must have reported a measure of PA and gender, be original research, and focus on transgender participants’ PA. Rates of PA for transgender individuals were lower compared to cisgender or sexual minority individuals. Transgender women were less likely to engage in PA than other groups. Qualitative results suggest transgender oppression, stigma, discrimination, body image, unwelcoming environments (gyms, locker rooms, swimming pools), and the dichotomous structure of sport contribute to lower rates of PA among transgendered individuals. Disparities in PA for transgender individuals exist. Policy, environment, and system changes are needed to reduce transgender stigma in sport and PA settings. Current legislation is being developed and implemented in the United States regarding the place of transgender individuals in sport and PA. These results should inform public discourse on the topic.
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Youn, Hoyeun. „'Korean Police' Selection Without Gender Distinction: A Review of the Physical Fitness Test: Focusing on the United States, France, and Japan“. J-Institute 8 (31.08.2023): 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22471/terrorism.2023.8.32.

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Purpose: The purpose of eliminating gender segregation in physical fitness testing for police recruitment can be understood as twofold. In the case of a gender-neutral selection process, a police organization can eliminate gender segregation in the selection process, including the physical fitness test, in order to pro-vide an equal opportunity for all applicants. The idea is to ensure that both men and women can take the test under the same conditions and that the best candidates are selected for police positions based on their abilities and skills. Gender-neutral job requirements. As with any industry, police work can be physi-cally demanding. As such, it may include a gender-neutral physical fitness test to verify the ability to per-form the duties of a police officer regardless of gender. This approach focuses on the abilities and skills required to do the job, and emphasizes a fair selection process that does not discriminate based on gender. Method: In order to study the physical fitness test for police recruitment without distinguishing between men and women, the following research methods were utilized. The current police physical fitness test con-sists of five events. The physical abilities of quickness, cardiopulmonary endurance, muscular endurance, and strength are measured through the physical fitness test, but the physical fitness test items related to the ability to respond quickly and accurately to constantly changing exercise tasks(coordination) are not included. Therefore, in order to meet various motor functions, it is necessary to refer to the Job Standards Test(JST) of the NYPD in the United States, which is composed of sports closely related to the job of a police officer, the physical fitness test of the MET Police in the United Kingdom, which is an event-type measure-ment method, and the Èpreuve d'exercices physiques of the French National Police. The Japanese National Police has a separate physical fitness test for new constables and a separate physical fitness test for police officers. In addition, there have been many legal cases in the West, such as the United States, regarding the advantages and disadvantages of the male and female fitness tests. This is especially true in the United Kingdom and the United States. Therefore, we conducted a comparative analysis to scientifically and ra-tionally improve the physical fitness test standards that disadvantage female applicants. Results: The results of a gender-neutral physical fitness test for “Korean police” recruitment can be un-derstood as follows. First, a unisex physical fitness test ensures that all applicants have an equal oppor-tunity to participate. It evaluates the abilities and skills required to perform police work regardless of gen-der, and provides a fair opportunity for all applicants without discrimination. Second, as an assessment of ability and vision, physical fitness tests help to assess the physical abilities and skills required to perform police work. These tests measure a candidate's physical strength, stamina, and power to help identify the right person for the job. Third, by enhancing diversity, gender-neutral physical fitness tests contribute to greater diversity and inclusion. Police organizations can recruit people from different backgrounds and genders to reflect more diverse perspectives and experiences. Fourth, it emphasizes fairness. A unisex phys-ical fitness test eliminates gender-based discrimination and focuses on applicants' skills and competencies. This ensures that all applicants are selected based on their abilities and helps prevent unfair treatment based on gender. These findings suggest that gender-neutral physical fitness tests for police recruitment contribute to fair and reliable talent selection and help strengthen the diversity and performance of police organizations. Conclusion: A gender-neutral fitness test for “Korean police” recruitment is an important approach to emphasize fairnes
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Wu, Han. „Unveiling Gender Inequality in American High School Golf: A Time Series Analysis and Future Prediction“. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 88 (29.03.2024): 1214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/n1fep613.

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Gender inequality remains a significant and persistent issue in golf. While some scholars have studied its historical origins, current status, and measures, there is a dearth of research focused on high school golf. Few studies have explored the specific challenges female high school golfers face, accurate predictions for future trends are lacking. This study uses a time series chart to visualize the male-female ratio of high school golf players in the United States from 2010/2011 to 2021/2022. The data is then fitted into an ARIMA model to forecast future trends. The visualization of the data reveals a significant increase in female participation from 2010/2011 to 2021/2022, although it remains lower than that of males. Despite some progress over the past 12 years, true gender equality in high school golf has not yet been achieved. The predictions indicate a decline in the female participation ratio from 2022/2023 to 2033/2034, highlighting the insufficient efforts to promote gender equality in sports. This lack of effort hinders sustained and stable progress in female participation. The results of this study have brought about a greater awareness of the severity of gender inequality in high school golf. This has prompted stakeholders to take stronger action to prevent the exacerbation of gender inequality issues in high school sports and collectively build a more inclusive sports environment free from gender bias and discrimination.
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McLarnon, Michael, Jane Thornton, Gail Knudson, Nigel Jones, Danny Glover, Andrew Murray, Michael Cummings und Neil Heron. „A Scoping Review of Transgender Policies in the 15 Most Commonly Played UK Professional Sports“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, Nr. 4 (17.02.2023): 3568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043568.

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Introduction: There has been much debate recently on the participation of transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) athletes in sport, particularly in relation to fairness, safety and inclusion. The 2021 IOC Framework on Fairness, Inclusion and Non-discrimination acknowledges the central role that eligibility criteria play in ensuring fairness, particularly in the female category, and states that athletes should not be excluded solely on the basis of their TGD identity. Aims: To identify policies that address TGD athlete participation in the 15 major United Kingdom (UK) sporting organisations and to summarise the evidence for each of these policies. Methods: A scoping review of TGD policies from the 15 major UK sporting organisations. Results: Eleven of the governing bodies had publicly available TGD policies. Most of the sporting associations drew guidance from the official 2015 IOC Consensus Meeting on Sex Reassignment and Hyperandrogenism, particularly with regard to physiological testosterone levels. Many organisations referenced their policies as a guide for decision making but stated that they ultimately made case-by-case decisions on an athlete’s eligibility. Relevant considerations not addressed in most policies included pre- versus post-pubertal athletes, justification for testosterone thresholds, the length of time out of competitive action (if any) for transitioning athletes, the irreversible advantage from male puberty (if any), the responsibility for and frequency of follow up for hormonal testing and the consequences for athletes outside set testosterone limits. Conclusions: There is a lack of consensus among the top 15 UK sporting organizations relating to elite sport participation for TGD athletes. It would be useful for sport organizations to work together to develop greater standardization/consensus for TGD athlete policies, taking into consideration fairness, safety and inclusion in each sport.
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Iverson, Ila A., Charles E. Gaudet und Nathan E. Cook. „1 Perceived Cognitive Impairment in High School Students in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic“. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 29, s1 (November 2023): 874–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617723010780.

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Objective:The Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), conducted by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2019, revealed that a large percentage of boys (30%) and girls (45%) reported serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions as a result of a physical, mental, or emotional problem. In 2021, the CDC conducted the Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey (ABES). The ABES included similar methodology and content as the YRBS. This study analyzed ABES data to examine correlates of perceived cognitive impairment among high school students in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic.Participants and Methods:The ABES was a one-time, online survey that was conducted to assess and evaluate the challenges that high-school aged youth experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Students’ perceived cognitive impairment was assessed using the same question used in the 2019 YRBS: 'Because of a physical, mental, or emotional problem, do you have serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions?' Response options were binary: 'Yes’ or 'No.' The students’ responses were evaluated in relation to nine adversity, mental health, and lifestyle variables.Results:Participants were 6,992 students, age 14 to 18, with 3,294 boys (47%) and 3,698 girls (53%). A large proportion endorsed experiencing serious difficulties concentrating, remembering, and making decisions (45%). Girls (56%) were significantly more likely to endorse perceived cognitive impairment compared to boys (33%) [X2(1)=392.55, p<.001; OR=2.66, 95% CI=2.41-2.93]. Youth who reported that their mental health was poor most of the time or always were very likely to report perceived cognitive impairment (boys: 67%; girls: 81%). Binary logistic regressions were used to examine the associations between perceived cognitive impairment, adversity, and lifestyle variables while controlling for mental health. These analyses were conducted separately for boys [X2(9)=596.70, p<.001; Nagelkerke R2=.24] and girls [x2(9)=883.35, p<.001; Nagelkerke R2=.30]. After controlling for current mental health, significant independent predicters of cognitive problems in boys and girls included: a lifetime history of discrimination based on race or ethnicity, lifetime history of being sexually assaulted or abused, lifetime history of using illicit drugs, being bullied in the past year, current marijuana use, and getting insufficient sleep (5 of fewer hours per night). Participation in sports and exercising regularly were both independently associated with lower rates of cognitive impairment.Conclusions:Perceived cognitive impairment was endorsed by a strikingly high percentage of high school students in 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic. More than half of high school aged girls and one third of boys reported having serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, and making decisions. These rates are considerably higher than in 2019. Current mental health, unfair treatment because of race or ethnicity, being sexually assaulted, being bullied, drug use, and insufficient sleep were associated with perceived cognitive impairment. Indicators of a physically active lifestyle (participation in sports and exercising regularly) were associated with lower rates of cognitive problems.
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Dissertationen zum Thema "Discrimination in sports – United States"

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Fleischman, Robert Paul. „Perceptions of Title IX and gender equity the influence of life histories, sports experiences, and campus initiatives /“. Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.

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Dieringer, Katherine I. „An Analysis of Changes in Perceptions of Certified Athletic Trainers from 1996 to 2006 on the Women in Athletic Training Survey“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3679/.

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This study investigates how perceptions vary in athletic trainers regarding issues pertaining to women in the profession. Subjects included 1500 male and 1500 female certified athletic trainers who responded to 44 demographic and perceptions survey items used to determine whether perceptions were different based on the respondent's gender. Results were compared to a previously disseminated survey in 1996 to also determine if perceptions had changed from 10 years earlier. Results regarding the presentation of awards and the attainment of leadership positions in the organization were also compared to actual data collected. The data suggested that males perceptions had not changed, but females' perceptions had changed, in that females perceived that opportunities had improved. Data regarding the number of females who had ascended to leadership positions or had received awards did not support these perceptions, however, and female athletic trainers continue to struggle to obtain equality in both of these areas. Additionally, homosocial reproduction continues to influence the decreased number of women who are hired into various jobs, or advance into leadership positions, maintaining patriarchy in the athletics arena and in the athletic training organizations. Results suggested that because athletic training has been dominated by men since its inception, patriarchy continues to influence the lack of ascension of women into leadership positions and awards recognition. Many women are choosing to leave the profession due to the gender role pressure that they can not sustain a career in athletic training and raise a family. Men's professional sports continue to reject the concept of hiring women to serve as athletic trainers with their athletes, which also continues to preserve a patriarchal environment.
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Hollingsworth, Jerry Don. „An Analysis of the Perception of the Degree of Compliance of Selected Texas Public High Schools with Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4960/.

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In recent years, few laws have had greater impact on public education than Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. As a result of this legislation, participation levels of female athletes have risen dramatically. Conducted in the Texas Education Agency's Region XI, this study sought to ascertain the perceptions of high school principals, the lead coaches of male athletes, and the lead coaches of female athletes with regard to their schools' compliance with the components of Title IX. The study centered on the results of a survey instrument that included twenty Likert-scale questions as well as several demographic questions. The research questions sought to determine: (1) respondents' overall perception of compliance; (2) any differences in perceptions of compliance based upon the role of the individual; (3) any differences in perceptions based upon the percentage of students qualifying for free and reduced lunch; (4) any differences based upon the state classification of the schools; (5) any differences based upon the gender of respondents; (6) whether complaints filed via OCR result in a perception of increased compliance; and (7) the program component areas in which respondents view their schools to be most compliant. Descriptive and causal-comparative methods were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that school leaders in north central Texas public high schools perceived a high degree of compliance of their schools with the requirements of Title IX regardless of their role. A descriptive analysis of the responses based upon respondent role yielded slight differences between coaches of males and females. An ANOVA of responses considering the variables of free and reduced lunch as well as state classification did not yield a statistical significance in terms of perceptions of compliance. Although the mean scores of female respondents were slightly lower than males, the research did not yield statistically significant differences based upon gender. The study was inconclusive in terms of whether districts that have experienced formal Title IX complaints are more compliant with Title IX. Finally, the study indicated that school leaders should focus more attention on the areas of coaching assignment and compensation as well as publicity as they seek to comply with Title IX.
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McArdle, David. „Governing bodies : a comparative socio-legal study of the relationship between sex discrimination, sport and the law in the United States and the United Kingdom“. Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264717.

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Maddox, Sandra Davis. „Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972: Level of Implementation in Texas Public Schools“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278329/.

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Using a survey and case study formats, this study focused on the level of understanding and implementation of Title IX relating to Texas public school students. The survey focused on the degrees of principal understanding and the compliance with the statute. Additional areas of study analyzed the impact of such factors as principal gender and school level on understanding and implementation. The case study examined the degrees of implementation for a district that had experienced civil rights action and one that had not.
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McKay, Brian J. „An attitudinal study of gender equity perceptions from athletic administrators and coaches in the Mid-American Conference“. Virtual Press, 2004. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1304659.

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Within the past three years, men's track and field teams were being eliminated in the Mid-American Conference (MAC). Gender equity legislation, namely Title IX, was being blamed for those cuts. By probing the beliefs and opinions of coaches and administrators, a more accurate representation of gender equity could be drawn. The focus of this study was to gain a greater understanding of how gender equity is perceived by Mid-American Conference (MAC) athletic administrators and coaches.Q-methodology was chosen as the most relevant method to achieve the desired outcome. This method would take the subjective opinions and beliefs of the subjects and transform them into numbers that could be analyzed. The resulting information would create factors, or groups,which would help draw some conclusions on the true impact of gender equity legislation in the MAC.The subjects of this study provided two distinct factors labeled: "Title IX Defenders" and "Title IX Amenders." Title IX Defenders felt adamant that Title IX should not be altered. They primarily wanted to protect the integrity of the legislation. Title IX Amenders felt that Title IX should be altered to prevent further damage to men's non-revenue athletes, while continuing to protect female athletes.
Department of Journalism
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Routh, Robert 1943. „Aviation in discrimination [i.e. Discrimination in aviation]“. Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33365.

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This study questions the effects that discrimination has had on aviation and what changes, if any, can be expected in the near future. The central theme of the study is discrimination, specifically racial discrimination, sex discrimination and age discrimination. Of particular importance is the discriminatory role that various government agencies have played in labeling a person unfit to serve as a pilot simply because that person happens to be a woman, black or has reached a certain chronological age.
This study questions the position taken by such institutions as the International Civil Aviation Organization, the Federal Aviation Administration and the Joint Aviation Authorities. Where possible, an attempt has been made to show good leadership on the part of these institutions as well as indicate where good leadership was partially or completely missing. The role the courts have played or failed to play over the years in determining the issues of discrimination in aviation has also been included in the study. Case law is used as extensively as possible to trace the positions taken by plaintiffs and defendants in attempting to change what they perceived as discriminatory or unfair law.
The text also includes legislation that addresses issues of discrimination passed by various legislative bodies as well as the efforts of individual organizations, such as the Professional Pilots Federation, the International Federation of Air Line Pilots Associations and others, to end discriminatory practices in aviation.
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Frost, Sarah H. „Institutionalized Discrimination: Three Cases in the United States Military“. PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5021.

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This thesis explores institutionalized discrimination in the United States Military by examining the rationales given for policies that exclude, or limit the military service of racial minorities, women and homosexuals, and the rationales given for altering such policies. outgroups such as racial minorities, women and homosexuals are presumed to be a threat to the white male heterosexual majority within the military services. The presence of these outgroups in the military has been officially characterized as threatening to small-unit cohesion, and therefore threatening to military readiness. This thesis was first based upon the assumption that the rationales favoring discriminatory policies, and rationales favoring reform, would be expressed in the language of small-group theories of cohesion, that is, cohesion based upon the self-categorization of group members, or the interdependence of group members. However, in the data analysis process, two other rationales emerged: the ideological and the bureaucratic rationales. Data illustrating these four rationales were drawn from a content analysis of articles and other commentary published in the New York Times. Statements were crosstabulated by the stance (exclusionist or reformist) they supported and the rationale (self-categorical, interdependent, ideological or bureaucratic) they employed to justify the stance. This analysis was first done separately for each of the three groups, racial minorities, women and homosexuals, and then the data for each of the three outgroups were compared and contrasted. Findings indicate that despite the military's official characterization of outgroups as a threat to small-unit cohesion, relatively little of the debate was expressed in terms of small-group theories of cohesion-the self-categorization of, or interdependence of group members. The most frequently employed rationales were, in fact, ideological in character. Between the three groups, however, some differences in patterns of rationales and stances emerged. The findings are placed in their historical and political contexts to help explain the results of the analysis, and to illuminate the experience of racial minorities, women and homosexuals in the United States military.
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Hornibrook, Debra Cay. „An Organizational Profile: Members' Understanding of Discrimination“. PDXScholar, 1996. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5292.

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Cultural diversity in the United States is an issue of concern and organizations must now learn to function effectively with an increasingly diverse workforce. Since the history of U.S. organizations is a history of institutional discrimination against most ethnic and racial groups of people and the privileging of a dominant group, managing workforce diversity now constitutes one of the most difficult and important issues human resource professionals address. This study is concerned with the issues of workforce diversity, most specifically with how organizational members understand and respond to discrimination, and the utilization of this understanding to discuss implications for diversity trainers. The study analyzed data from a workshop questionnaire administered to individuals who participated in a specific organization-wide diversity training program. Self-reported critical incidents were used in gathering data about organizational members' perceptions and understandings around discrimination. An analysis of short answer self-reported responses was conducted, followed by a analysis of themes by age, ethnicity and gender. Emergent themes suggest that most organizational members encountered discriminatory incidents in the context of ongoing relationships, suggesting that it would be important for members to consider their responses in light of future consequences for the relationship. Since there are power dimensions inherent in many situations and there is a dominant cultural perception that conflict is destructive to relationships, responding to discriminatory situations may be perceived as a very high risk behavior. Many participants had difficulty responding assertively at the time of the incident and reported feeling uncomfortable, angry, hurt, embarrassed or sad about the incident. Even after thinking about it, most were still limited in their ability to think of alternative responses. Since most discriminatory incidents occurred in the context of ongoing relationships, diversity trainers and organizations may need to include a discussion of the power dimensions involved in addressing discrimination as well as address the overall U.S. cultural perception that conflict can only damage relationships. Diversity trainers as well as organizations may want to help their members frame conflict as opportunity for relationship development and discriminatory incidents as opportunity for learning.
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Hollins, Robert Norvell III. „Discrimination and Nepotism Within Police Specialty Units“. PDXScholar, 2002. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3094.

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A career as a police officer has served as a legitimate avenue for many Black Americans to elevate themselves from numerous low paying less prestigious jobs, to a more respectable better paying secured occupation that has a higher social economic status. The general perception related to the civil service position of a police officer, suggests that it is an occupation which should offer an environment free from discrimination and nepotism, thereby allowing fair treatment and equal access for advancement to all individuals employed within the police organization. The concept of a police organization that offers fair treatment and equal access for advancement to all of its employees in a climate that is free from discrimination and nepotism is the subject of considerable skepticism among many black police officers. Police departments throughout the United States of America have been challenged by a highly visible accusation of discrimination and nepotism in regards to the selection process and the police personnel selected to become members of elite police specialty units. This thesis traces the historical involvement of black police officers in The United States and their progression to obtain equality and fair treatment as police officers within the law enforcement community. This thesis examines the racial demographics of eighteen (18) police departments located in various sections of the United States and the racial demographics of the elite police specialty units which are incorporated within each police department. In addition, this thesis will analyze collected data from the police departments that participated in the study and determine if the minority representation within each of the police department's elite police specialty units is equal to the general population which the police departments serve and proportionate to the minority representation within the police department. Finally, this thesis will examine data identifying Black American's representation in significant areas of the criminal justice system, thus analyzing the correlation between Black American's over-representation in the criminal components of the criminal justice system and their under-representation within police departments and elite police specialty units.
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Bücher zum Thema "Discrimination in sports – United States"

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Foundation, Feminist Majority. Empowering women in sports. Arlington, VA: Feminist Majority Foundation, 1995.

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United States Commission on Civil Rights. Title IX athletics: Accommodating interests and abilities : a briefing before the United States Commission on Civil Rights. Washington, DC: U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 2010.

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Amy, Bass, Hrsg. In the game: Race, identity, and sports in the twentieth century. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.

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Katz, Milton S. Breaking through: John B. McLendon, basketball legend, and civil rights pioneer. Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Press, 2007.

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A place on the team: The triumph and tragedy of Title IX. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2005.

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Milner, Adrienne N. Sex segregation in sports: Why separate is not equal. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2016.

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Getting in the game: Title IX and the women's sports revolution. New York: New York University Press, 2010.

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Shropshire, Kenneth L. In black and white: Race and sports in America. New York: New York University Press, 1996.

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1962-, Hogshead-Makar Nancy, und Zimbalist Andrew S, Hrsg. Equal play: Title IX and social change. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2007.

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Weyn, Suzanne. Gracie. New York: Newmarket Press, 2007.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Discrimination in sports – United States"

1

Farr, Jeffrey R., und B. Christine Green. „United States“. In Sports Economics, Management and Policy, 291–302. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02354-6_25.

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Ruseski, Jane E., und Negar Razavilar. „United States“. In Sports Economics, Management and Policy, 311–21. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8905-4_23.

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Wolohan, John. „United States“. In ASSER International Sports Law Series, 345–73. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-541-4_19.

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Tourse, Robbie W. C., Johnnie Hamilton-Mason und Nancy J. Wewiorski. „Discrimination“. In Systemic Racism in the United States, 17–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72233-7_2.

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Siegler, Mark V. „Segregation and Discrimination“. In An Economic History of the United States, 283–306. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-39396-8_14.

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Lieberwitz, Risa L. „Employment Discrimination Law in the United States“. In International Workplace Discrimination Law, 242–66. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003437970-13.

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Sipocz, Daniel. „Sports Media in the United States“. In The Routledge Companion to Media and Race, 173–84. London ; New York : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.: Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315778228-16.

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Ruhm, Christopher J. „Labor Market Discrimination in the United States“. In Recent Research in Psychology, 149–58. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9639-0_12.

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Zapf, Ashley D., und Joan P. Joyce. „Ice Sled Hockey (Sledge Hockey Outside the United States)“. In Adaptive Sports Medicine, 245–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56568-2_22.

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Tourse, Robbie W. C., Johnnie Hamilton-Mason und Nancy J. Wewiorski. „Intersectionality: The Linkage of Racism with Other Forms of Discrimination“. In Systemic Racism in the United States, 101–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72233-7_7.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Discrimination in sports – United States"

1

Yen, Pham Thi. „HUMAN SECURITY ISSUE FROM RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN THE UNITED STATES“. In HUFLIT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020. Publishing house for Science and Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/vap.2020.0053.

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Kamenecka-Usova, Marina. „RESOLUTION OF SPORTS RELATED DISPUTES: THE UNITED STATES OLYMPIC COMMITTEE“. In 5th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS SGEM2018. STEF92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2018h/11/s02.037.

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Jaber, J. F., H. Venigandla, P. T. Neilan, D. C. Gomez Manjarres, M. Sharp und D. C. Patel. „Perceived Discrimination in Sarcoidosis Care in the United States in 2020“. In American Thoracic Society 2021 International Conference, May 14-19, 2021 - San Diego, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2021.203.1_meetingabstracts.a1745.

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Wu, Hongying. „Citizen Media Literacy Education Comparison and Analysis in China and the United States“. In 2016 International Conference on Education, Sports, Arts and Management Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icesame-16.2016.243.

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Cao, Xue. „The root causes of China's, Europe's and the United States' produced sports performance characteristics“. In 2016 2nd International Conference on Economics, Management Engineering and Education Technology (ICEMEET 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icemeet-16.2017.171.

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Liu, Wei. „Empirical Analysis on Influencing Factors of Chinese Trade Surplus with the United States“. In 2017 2nd International Conference on Education, Sports, Arts and Management Engineering (ICESAME 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icesame-17.2017.77.

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Song, Yingdong. „PE Teaching Model in Secondary Schools of the United States and Japan and Its Enlightenment“. In 2015 International Conference on Social Science, Education Management and Sports Education. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ssemse-15.2015.213.

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Zhang, Yujing. „Analysis of the Causes of Discrimination against Chinese During the Pandemic in the United States“. In 2021 4th International Conference on Humanities Education and Social Sciences (ICHESS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211220.213.

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Jenkins, Peter E. „Sports Engineering Program at UCD“. In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63789.

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The University of Colorado Denver (UCD) has taken the leadership role with the first Sports Engineering Program in the United States. Sports Engineering is an exciting new area of emphasis for graduate degrees in engineering. This educational program is offered through cooperation between the downtown Denver College of Engineering and Applied Science and the Anschutz Medical Campus, both part of the University of Colorado Denver. This program is showing great promise for high enrollments and exciting research opportunities working with the sports equipment manufacturers, the athletes, and the sports medicine community.
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Y. Babatunde, Yusuf, Durojaiy M. Olalekan, Yussuph T. Toyyibat, Unuriode O. Austine, Akinwande J. Mayowa, Yusuf K. Tobi und Afolabi T. Osariemen. „A Comprehensive Data-Driven Analysis of Healthcare Disparities in the United States“. In 13th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Soft Computing and Applications. Academy & Industry Research Collaboration Center, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2023.132202.

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Health disparities encompass a range of factors, including race, ethnicity, gender, age, disability status, and socioeconomic conditions. This project highlights disparities in healthcare access, quality of care, and health outcomes, with a particular focus on racial and ethnic disparities in health insurance coverage, prenatal care, and maternal morbidity. Gender disparities are also evident. Addressing these issues requires a multifaceted approach, including addressing social determinants of health, promoting equitable healthcare policies, and fostering cultural competence. Equitable access to healthcare services, quality care, and improved data collection are essential in eliminating disparities. Initiatives to support underserved communities, improve healthcare quality, and enhance cultural competence are recommended. Research and evidence-based approaches, along with policy reforms at various levels, such as anti-discrimination laws and increased funding for public health, are crucial. Collaboration among healthcare organizations, community groups, government agencies, and advocacy organizations is essential for effective interventions
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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Discrimination in sports – United States"

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Neumark, David. Age Discrimination Legislation in the United States. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, März 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8152.

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Frost, Sarah. Institutionalized Discrimination: Three Cases in the United States Military. Portland State University Library, Januar 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6897.

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Black, Lindsey, Emily Terlizzi und Anjel Vahratian. Organized Sports Participation Among Children Aged 6–17 Years: United States, 2020. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:119026.

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This report describes national estimates of parent-reported organized sports participation during the past 12 months among children aged 6–17 years, using data from the 2020 National Health Interview Survey analyzed by sociodemographic characteristics.
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Christensen, Peter, Ignacio Sarmiento-Barbieri und Christopher Timmins. Racial Discrimination and Housing Outcomes in the United States Rental Market. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29516.

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Davis, S. C. AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF SPORTS UTILITY VEHICLES IN THE UNITED STATES. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/885680.

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Button, Patrick, und Brigham Walker. Employment Discrimination against Indigenous Peoples in the United States: Evidence from a Field Experiment. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, Mai 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w25849.

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Christensen, Peter, Ignacio Sarmiento-Barbieri und Christopher Timmins. Housing Discrimination and the Toxics Exposure Gap in the United States: Evidence from the Rental Market. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, Februar 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26805.

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Melnyk, Andriy. «INTELLECTUAL DARK WEB» AND PECULIARITIES OF PUBLIC DEBATE IN THE UNITED STATES. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, März 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11113.

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The article focuses on the «Intellectual Dark Web», an informal group of scholars, publicists, and activists who openly opposed the identity politics, political correctness, and the dominance of leftist ideas in American intellectual life. The author examines the reasons for the emergence of this group, names the main representatives and finds that the existence of «dark intellectuals» is the evidence of important problems in US public discourse. The term «Intellectual Dark Web» was coined by businessman Eric Weinstein to describe those who openly opposed restrictions on freedom of speech by the state or certain groups on the grounds of avoiding discrimination and hate speech. Extensive discussion of the phenomenon of «dark intellectuals» began after the publication of Barry Weiss’s article «Meet the renegades from the «Intellectual Dark Web» in The New York Times in 2018. The author writes of «dark intellectuals» as an informal group of «rebellious thinkers, academic apostates, and media personalities» who felt isolated from traditional channels of communication and therefore built their own alternative platforms to discuss awkward topics that were often taboo in the mainstream media. One of the most prominent members of this group, Canadian clinical psychologist Jordan Peterson, publicly opposed the C-16 Act in September 2016, which the Canadian government aimed to implement initiatives that would prevent discrimination against transgender people. Peterson called it a direct interference with the right to freedom of speech and the introduction of state censorship. Other members of the group had a similar experience that their views were not accepted in the scientific or media sphere. The existence of the «Intellectual Dark Web» indicates the problem of political polarization and the reduction of the ability to find a compromise in the American intellectual sphere and in American society as a whole.
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Verdisco, Aimee. IDB Briefly Noted: No. 16: May 2012: Fit Kids Learn Better. Inter-American Development Bank, Mai 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008075.

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As schools seek to improve learning, many are moving towards sophisticated and high-stakes testing regimes. What isn't tested doesn't matter. To sharpen the focus on the competencies demanded by tests, schools are devoting an ever-greater share of resources to a few, basic subject areas, while reducing - even eliminating - time spent on subjects not tested. A casualty among these has been physical education. This brief summarizes the evidence against this trend. It presents concrete evidence that school-based sports and physical activity during the school day can improve learning and test scores. There is a positive association between mental and physical fitness. Although evidence is drawn from the United States, the conclusions can be adapted more universally. To date, there are no rigorous studies on the impact of sports and physical activity on learning in Latin America and the Caribbean.
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Bouillon, César P., und Viviane Azevedo. Social Mobility in Latin America: A Review of Existing Evidence. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010919.

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This paper reviews evidence on social mobility in Latin America. Several studies have used data sets that collect intergenerational socio economic information. The data, though limited, suggest that social mobility is low in the region, even when compared with low social mobility developed countries like the United States and United Kingdom, with high levels of immobility at the lower and upper tails of the income distribution. While Latin America has improved education mobility in recent decades, which may have translated into higher mobility for younger cohorts, the region still presents, except for Chile, lower education mobility than in developed countries. The paper also reviews studies on the main determinants of the regions low levels of social mobility, including social exclusion, low access to higher education, and labor market discrimination.
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