Dissertationen zum Thema „Dirac and Weyl fermions“
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Krizman, Gauthier. „Étude magnéto-optique des transitions de phase topologique dans les alliages Pb₁₋ₓSnₓSe et leurs hétérostructures“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLE019.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis deals with topological phases in Pb₁₋ₓSnₓSe alloys and their heterostructures. The topological and electronic properties of Pb₁₋ₓSnₓSe are characterized by using magneto-spectroscopy and numerous external and internal knobs like chemical composition, temperature, strain or magnetic field. The heterostructures are investigated to experimentally reach the topological interface states. A hybridization engineering of these topological interface states is demonstrated in both quantum wells and superlattices. The effect of a magnetic doping is also investigated. The great versatility of the Pb₁₋ₓSnₓSe-based system paves the way for the observation of numerous pseudo-relativistic phases such as quantum spin Hall effect, quantum anomalous Hall effect or Weyl fermions, …
Broccoli, Matteo. „On the trace anomaly of a Weyl fermion in a gauge background“. Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/16408/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAmbrus, Victor E. „Dirac fermions on rotating space-times“. Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7527/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFrenzel, Alex J. „Terahertz Electrodynamics of Dirac Fermions in Graphene“. Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467397.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePhysics
Bhaseen, Miraculous Joseph. „Logarithmic conformal field theories of disordered Dirac fermions“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.393358.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKhalil, Lama. „Ultrafast study of Dirac fermions in topological insulators“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS344/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis presents an experimental study of the electronic properties of two topological materials, namely, the irradiated three-dimensional topological insulator Bi₂Te₃ and the natural topological superlattice phase Sb₂Te. Both systems were investigated by techniques based on photoemission spectroscopy. The Bi₂Te₃ compounds have been irradiated by high-energy electron beams. Irradiation with electron beams is a very promising approach to realize materials that are really insulating in the bulk, in order to emphasize the quantum transport in the protected surface states. By studying a series of samples of Bi₂Te₃ using time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (trARPES) we show that, while the topological properties of the Dirac surface states are preserved after electron irradiation, their ultrafast relaxation dynamics are very sensitive to the related modifications of the bulk properties. Furthermore, we have studied the occupied and unoccupied electronic band structure of Sb₂Te. Using scanning photoemission microscopy (SPEM), we have consistently found various nonequivalent regions on the same surface after cleaving several Sb₂Te single crystals. We were able to identify three distinct terminations characterized by different Sb/Te surface stoichiometric ratios and with clear differences in their band structure. For the dominating Te-rich termination, we also provided a direct observation of the excited electronic states and of their relaxation dynamics by means of trARPES. Our results clearly indicate that the surface electronic structure is strongly affected by the bulk properties of the superlattice. Therefore, for both systems, we show that the surface electronic structure is absolutely connected to the bulk properties
Bocquet, Marc. „Chaînes de Spins, Fermions de Dirac, et Systèmes Désordonnés“. Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00001560.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSteiner, Margit Susanne. „Random Dirac fermions and localisation phenomena in one dimension“. Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325365.
Der volle Inhalt der Quellede, Coster George. „Effective Soft-Mode Theory of Strongly Interacting Fermions in Dirac Semimetals“. Thesis, University of Oregon, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/24235.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle2020-01-11
Mizobata, William Nobuhiro. „Interação entre impurezas enterradas em um semimetal de Weyl : caso magnético /“. Ilha Solteira, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/181343.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleResumo: Investigamos teoricamente um sistema composto por duas impurezas afastadas e enterradas em um semimetal de Weyl. Analisamos a densidade de estados local para duas situações: com simetrias de reversão temporal e inversão preservadas e; simetria de reversão temporal quebrada e inversão preservada. Na situação em que as duas simetrias são preservadas, o Hamiltoniano descreve um semimetal de Dirac. Sendo assim, verificamos a densidade de estados local em dois pontos diferentes do semimetal de Dirac e os orbitais moleculares formado pelas impurezas. É possível observar que em alguns pontos, a densidade de estados total, que pode ser obtido experimentalmente via espectroscopia de varredura por tunelamento, há a presença de apenas dois picos, enquanto que em outro ponto há a presença de quatro picos. Sendo assim, a presença de dois picos nos leva a crer que não há interação entre as impurezas, entretanto, em outro ponto que contém quatro picos em sua densidade de estados, mostra que há interação entre as impurezas. Analisamos os orbitais moleculares realizando uma topografa espacial da densidade de estados e é possível observar estados ligante e antiligante entre as impurezas com orbitais s. A segunda situação, com a quebra de simetria de reversão temporal e simetria de inversão preservada, temos um semimetal de Weyl com as bandas de energias separadas no espaço dos momentos e com energias degeneradas. Verificamos na densidade de estados local, uma magnetização das impurezas devido ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: We investigate theoretically the setup composed by two distant impurities and burried in Weyl semimetal. We analyze a local density of states for two situations: with time reversal symmetry and inversion symmetry preserved and; time reversal symmetry broken and inversion symmetry preserved. In the situation that the two symmetries are preserved, the Hamiltonian describes a Dirac semimetal. Therefore, we verified the local density of states in two different points of Dirac semimetal and the molecular orbital formed by the impurities. It is possible to observe that in some points, the total density of states, which can be obtained experimentally via scanning tunneling microscope, there is the presence of just two peaks, while that in another point there is the presence of four peaks. Therefore, the presence of two peaks leads us to belive that there is no interaction between impurities, however, in the another point that contain four peaks in the density of states, show that there is interaction between the impurities. We analyze the molecular orbital realizing a spacial topography of density of states and it is possible to observe bonding and antibonding states between impurities with s orbital. The second situation, with the time reversal symmetry broken and inversion symmetry preserved, we have a Weyl semimetal with separated energy bands in momentum space and degenerate energy. We verified in the local density of states, a magnetization of the impurities due to the time rev... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
Tạ, Ngọc Trí. „Results on the number of zero modes of the Weyl-Dirac operator“. Thesis, Lancaster University, 2009. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/30804/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFräßdorf, Christian [Verfasser]. „Field Theories of Interacting and Disordered Dirac Fermions in Graphene / Christian Fräßdorf“. Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1183675682/34.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRoux, Jean-François. „Les représentations équivalentes de l'équation de Dirac“. Tours, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOUR4008.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSchilling, Micha Benjamin [Verfasser], und Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Dressel. „Optical studies on Dirac and Weyl semimetals / Micha Benjamin Schilling ; Betreuer: Martin Dressel“. Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1173163816/34.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBüttner, Bastian [Verfasser], und Laurens [Akademischer Betreuer] Molenkamp. „Micromagnetic Sensors and Dirac Fermions in HgTe Heterostructures / Bastian Büttner. Betreuer: Laurens Molenkamp“. Würzburg : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Würzburg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1025821769/34.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBüttner, Bastian [Verfasser], und Laurens W. [Akademischer Betreuer] Molenkamp. „Micromagnetic Sensors and Dirac Fermions in HgTe Heterostructures / Bastian Büttner. Betreuer: Laurens Molenkamp“. Würzburg : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Würzburg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1025821769/34.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOliveira, Renan Silva de. „Interação entre impurezas enterradas em um Semimetal de Weyl : caso não magnético /“. Ilha Solteira, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/180488.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleResumo: Por meio da equação de Weyl que descreve o bulk de um semimetal de Weyl, inserimos duas impurezas no interior deste semimetal, com o intuito de medir a condutância desse sistema por meio de uma ponta de um microscópio de corrente de tunelamento (STM: scanning tunneling microscope), assim como exploramos teoricamente a influência que o semimetal de Dirac-Weyl causa na estrutura dos orbitais das impurezas. Verificamos que nessas condições apresentadas: (i) é possível resgatar e obter os mesmos resultados publicados por Phys. Rev. B 96, 041112(R) (2017) para um semimetal de Dirac em três dimensões; (ii) ao quebrarmos a simetria de inversão do sistema, ocorre um alargamento dos picos de ressonância, até o ponto que uma impureza deixa de sentir a presença da outra, o que caracteriza um sistema que segue o modelo de Anderson de uma impureza (SIAM: single impurity Anderson model), ao passo que, caso continuemos aumentando o valor deste parâmetro, a estrutura de bandas do material torna-se um metal; (iii) ao quebrarmos a simetria de reversão temporal nas direções dos eixos x e z, ocorre formação de um par de orbitais de ligações π para os estados ligantes e antiligantes, o que significa que os elétrons são excitados de ondas s para ondas p.
Abstract: Through the Weyl equation that describes the bulk of a Weyl semimetal, we inserted two impurities inside this semimetal, in order to measure the conductance of this system by means of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM), as well as we theoretically explore the influence that Dirac-Weyl semimetal causes on the structure of the impurities orbitals. We verified that under these conditions presented: (i) it is possible to retrieve and obtain the same results published by Phys. Rev. B 96, 041112 (R) (2017) for a three-dimensional Dirac Semimetal; (ii) when we break the inversion symmetry of the system, there is a widening of the resonance peaks, to the point that one impurity cannot feel the presence of the other one, which characterizes a single impurity Anderson model (SIAM) system, whereas, if we continue increasing the value of this parameter, the bands structure of the material becomes a metal; (iii) when we break the time reversal symmetry in the x and z-axis directions, a pair of π-bond orbitals forms for the bonding and antibonding states, which means that electrons are excited from s-waves to p-waves.
Mestre
Souza, Quintino Augusto Gomes de 1962. „Operador de Dirac, espaços de Riemann- Cartan-Weyl e a natureza do campo gravitacional“. [s.n.], 1992. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/277237.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin
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Resumo: Neste trabalho apresentamos a teoria da gravitação de Einstein como uma teoria de campos no sentido de Faraday, isto é, como uma teoria onde o campo gravitacional, como os demais campos físicos, reside no espaço-tempo chato de Minkowski. A maior motivação para a construção da presente teoria vem do fato de que na Relatividade Geral não existem leis de conservação fidedignas para a energia, momento e momento angular do sistema formado pelo campo gravitacional e os campos de matéria. Para implementarmos nossa teoria, desenvolvemos métodos matemáticos novos, que chamamos o formalismo do fibrado de Clifford. Em particular , introduzimos o operador de Dirac fundamental de uma variedade de Riemann-Cartan-Weyl e os operadores de Dirac associados, que desempenham um papel muito importante na teoria. Observamos que a introdução dos operadores de Dirac para espaços de Riemann-Cartan-Weyl que apresentamos nesta tese é novidade, não se tendo conhecimento de que estes operadores tenham sido usados anteriormente na literatura. Diversos outros operadores, como o comutador e o anti-comutador de Dirac e os operadores de Ricci e Einstein, que não têm análogos na formulação da geometria diferencial à Ia Cartan também aparecem aqui pela primeira vez. Nossa formulação esclarece muitos resultados de outras tentativas de se formular a teoria da gravitação no espaço-tempo de Minkowski e sugere diversas generalizações da teoria de Einstein. Acreditamos que a teoria apresentada nesta tese esclarece melhor tanto a natureza do campo gravitacional como da estrutura matemática que o descreve
Abstract: In this work we present a formulation of Einstein 's gravitational theory as a field theory in the sense of Faraday, i.e., as a theory in which the gravitational field, like the others physical fields, is defined on the flat Minkowski space-time. The main motivation for the construction of this theory comes from the fact that in the General Relativity does not exist genuine conservation laws for energy, momentum and angular momentum for the system composed by the gravitational field and the other physical fields. In order to formulate our theory, we develop new mathematical methods, which we callthe Clifford bundle formalism. In particular, we introduce the fundamental Dirac operator of a Riemann-Cartan-Weyl space-time and the associated Dirac operators, which play an important role in the theory. We observe that the introduction of the Dirac operators for Riemann-Cartan-Weyl spaces presented in this thesis is a novelty and for the best of our knowledge we never saw this operators being used previously in the literature. Several other operators, like the Dirac commutator and anticommutator, the Ricci and the Einstein operators, which do not have analogous in the formulation of the differential geometry à la Cartan, also appear here by the first time. Our formulation clarify many results presented in other attempts to formulate the gravitational theory in the Minkowski space-time and it suggests several possible generalizations of Einstein 's theory. We believe that the theory presented in this thesis puts some light on both the physical and mathematical nature of the gravitational field
Doutorado
Física
Doutor em Ciências
Phuphachong, Thanyanan. „Magneto-spectroscopy of Dirac matter : graphene and topological insulators“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066170/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis reports on the study under magnetic field of the electronic properties of relativistic-like Dirac fermions in two Dirac systems: graphene and topological insulators. Their analogies with high-energy physics and their potential applications have attracted great attention for fundamental research in condensed matter physics. The carriers in these two materials obey a Dirac Hamiltonian and the energy dispersion is analogous to that of the relativistic particles. The particle rest mass is related to the band gap of the Dirac material, with the Fermi velocity replacing the speed of light. Graphene has been considered as a “role model”, among quantum solids, that allows us to study the relativistic behavior of massless Dirac fermions satisfying a linear dispersion. When a Dirac system possesses a nonzero gap, we have massive Dirac fermions. Massless and massive Dirac fermions were studied in high-mobility multilayer epitaxial graphene and in topological crystalline insulators Pb1-xSnxSe and Pb1-xSnxTe. The latter system is a new class of topological materials where the bulk states are insulating but the surface states are conducting. This particular aspect results from the inversion of the lowest conduction and highest valence bulk bands having different parities, leading to a topological phase transition. Infrared magneto-spectroscopy is an ideal technique to probe these zero-gap or narrow gap materials since it provides quantitative information about the bulk parameters via the Landau quantization of the electron states. In particular, the topological phase transition can be characterized by a direct measurement of the topological index
Sticlet, Doru. „Edge states in Chern Insulators and Majorana fermions in topological superconductors“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112318/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis follows two threads in the field of topological insulators and superconductors. The first part of the thesis is devoted to the study of two-dimensional quantum anomalous Hall insulators on a lattice, in the absence of an external magnetic flux, but induced by an inhomogeneous flux in the unit cell. The system possesses several gapped phases characterized by a topological invariant, the Chern number, that is related to the conductance carried by the edge states. Here we show that two-band models admit an arbitrary large number of Chern phases or, equivalently, an arbitrary number of edge states, by adding hopping between distant neighbor sites. This result is based on a formula proving that the Chern number of a band depends on certain properties of a finite set of points in the Brillouin zone, i.e. the Dirac points for the gapless system. These ideas are made more concrete in the study of a modified Haldane model, and also by creating an artificial model with five Chern phases, whose edge states are determined in detail. The second part of the thesis focuses on one-dimensional topological superconductors with exotic zero-energy edge states: the Majorana bound states. Here we investigate the presence of Majorana fermions in spin-orbit coupled semiconducting wire in proximity to an s-wave superconductor. We show that the spin-polarization of the electronic degrees of freedom in the Majorana wave function depends on the relative weight of Dresselhaus and Rashba spin-orbit couplings. We also investigate Majorana fermions in linear superconductor-normal and long superconductor-normal-superconductor (SNS) junctions where they appear as extended states in the normal junction. Furthermore, ring geometries can be mapped to an SNS junction, and, we have shown that under the action of superconducting phases gradients, extended Majorana fermions can form again inside the normal wire. Finally a two-band model with multiple Majorana fermions is treated and we show that Josephson junctions built from this model maintain the 4π periodicity for the fractional Josephson effect, one of Majorana fermions signatures
Mastrogiuseppe, Chiara. „Gli spinori di Dirac e di Majorana“. Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/16344/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDelplace, Pierre. „Etats de bord et cônes de Dirac dans des cristaux bidimensionnels“. Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112354.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis in physics constitutes a theoretical study of the edge states in bi-dimensional crystals which exhibit two Dirac cones (spin degenerated) in their dispersion relation. The two systems considered are graphene and the square lattice with half a magnetic quantum flux per plaquette. The analytical description of the dispersive energy levels in a high magnetic field (quantum Hall effect regime) due to the presence of edges is highlighted. According to the geometry of the crystal lattice and the shape of the edge, different kinds of coupling are induced between the components of the wave function. This gives rise to various structures of edge sates which however can be described in a common way. Without any magnetic field, some edge states can also exist in these systems, but they have a different origin and their existence itself depends on the shape of the edge. In the case of graphene, we show how to connect the existence of these edge states with a particular type of Berry phase, the so-called Zak phase. This approach allows, for instance, to understand how to manipulate these edge states by tuning the bulk parameters, what involves a topological transition of the Zak phase. Another type of topological transition has also been studied. It consists in the merging of the Dirac cones in the square lattice with half a quantum flux. We show that the mechanism leading to such a phenomena strongly differs from the one known in graphene, and that the physics around the transition can however be described within the same effective Hamiltonian. A shorter second part deals with the weak localization on a disordered cylinder with electronic interactions. The aim of this study is to illustrate the role of the geometry in the decoherence mechanisms due to electron-electron interactions in diffusive systems. The harmonics of the weak localization correction calculated reveal different regimes which probe the different length scales characterizing the decoherence. These lengths underline the sensibility of coherent processes to the geometry and are characterized by specified power laws in temperature
Graef, Holger. „Dirac fermion optics and plasmonics in graphene microwave devices“. Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS624.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis addresses three different phenomena in the DC and GHz electronic transport properties of ballistic, hBN-encapsulated graphene: Firstly, the total internal reflection of electrons is investigated in a gate-defined corner reflector. Both geometric and coherent electron optics effects are demonstrated and the device is shown to be sensitive to minute phonon scattering rates. It is then used as a proof-of-concept for GHz electron optics experiments in graphene, paving the way for phonon time-of-flight measurements. Secondly, we introduce top-gated graphene field-effect capacitors as a platform to study ultra-long wavelength plasmons with a vector network analyzer. We simultaneously measure resistivity, capacitance and kinetic inductance. A resonance is observed at 40 GHz, corresponding to a plasmon of 100 µm wavelength. This result sets a milestone for the realization of resonant plasmonic devices and the investigation of plasmon propagation in bipolar superlattices. Finally, we move our attention to the quantum Hall breakdown in a bilayer graphene sample. DC transport and GHz noise measurements show that the elusive intrinsic breakdown field can be reached in graphene. Its signature is an abrupt increase of noise, with a super-Poissonian Fano factor. A magnetoexciton instability is proposed as the origin of breakdown
Phuphachong, Thanyanan. „Magneto-spectroscopy of Dirac matter : graphene and topological insulators“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066170.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis reports on the study under magnetic field of the electronic properties of relativistic-like Dirac fermions in two Dirac systems: graphene and topological insulators. Their analogies with high-energy physics and their potential applications have attracted great attention for fundamental research in condensed matter physics. The carriers in these two materials obey a Dirac Hamiltonian and the energy dispersion is analogous to that of the relativistic particles. The particle rest mass is related to the band gap of the Dirac material, with the Fermi velocity replacing the speed of light. Graphene has been considered as a “role model”, among quantum solids, that allows us to study the relativistic behavior of massless Dirac fermions satisfying a linear dispersion. When a Dirac system possesses a nonzero gap, we have massive Dirac fermions. Massless and massive Dirac fermions were studied in high-mobility multilayer epitaxial graphene and in topological crystalline insulators Pb1-xSnxSe and Pb1-xSnxTe. The latter system is a new class of topological materials where the bulk states are insulating but the surface states are conducting. This particular aspect results from the inversion of the lowest conduction and highest valence bulk bands having different parities, leading to a topological phase transition. Infrared magneto-spectroscopy is an ideal technique to probe these zero-gap or narrow gap materials since it provides quantitative information about the bulk parameters via the Landau quantization of the electron states. In particular, the topological phase transition can be characterized by a direct measurement of the topological index
Marques, Yuri Policei. „Espalhamento e interferência eletrônica entre estados induzidos por impurezas em semimetais de Dirac e Weyl /“. Ilha Solteira, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/182556.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleResumo: Embora o estado fundamental de moléculas covalentes diatômicas na natureza seja inevitavelmente ligante com primeiro estado excitado antiligante, foi demonstrado teoricamente que um par de impurezas, colocadas dentro de um semimetal de Dirac tridimensional, pode exibir um estado fundamental antiligante. Esse contraste com a natureza de moléculas isoladas surge devido a emergência de uma inesperada interação de longo alcance mediada pelos elétrons de condução com comportamento relativístico inerente ao semimetal de Dirac. Os perfis dos orbitais moleculares ligante e antiligante desse estado molecular são obtidos por meio da determinação teórica da densidade local de estados na superfície, cuja medida experimental pode ser realizada com auxílio da microscopia de corrente de tunelamento. Para o semimetal de Weyl, foi evidenciado que a quebra de simetria de reversão temporal é responsável por uma transição energética de s- para p-wave nos orbitais individuais das impurezas. Como consequência dessa transição e da característica direcional dos orbitais p-wave, a interferência entre as impurezas produz orbitais do tipo sigma quando frontais e do tipo \pi quando paralelas. Além disso, foi verificado que o surgimento do efeito magneto quiral, devido a separação dos nós de Weyl com quiralidades opostas, produz polarização nos orbitais moleculares via oscilações de Friedel. Por fim, foi analisado o efeito dos graus de liberdade de vibração da rede, presentes em qualquer sistema realísti... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Although the ground state of the diatomic molecules in nature is inevitably bonding with its first excited state is antibonding, it was demonstrate theoretically that a pair of impurities, placed buried in three-dimensional Dirac semimetals, may exhibit an antibonding ground state. This contrast with the nature of isolated molecules emerges due to an unexpected long-range interaction mediated by the conduction electrons with relativist behavior inherent to Dirac semimetal. The bonding and antibonding molecular profiles were obtained by theoretical determination of the local density states on the system surface, whose experimental measurement can be performed with the help of tunneling current microscopy. For theWeyl semimetal, it was evidenced that the time reversal symmetry break is responsible for an energy transition from s- to p-wave in the individual orbitals of the impurities. As a consequence of this transition and the directional characteristic of the p-wave orbitals, the interference between the impurities produces p-type orbitals when frontal and -type orbitals when parallel. In addition, it was found that the appearance of the chiral magneto effect, due to the separation of the Weyl nodes with opposite chiralities, produces polarization in the molecular orbitals via Friedel oscillations. Lastly, it was addressed the effect of vibrational degrees of freedom, which are present in any realistic system, in the formation and features of (anti)bonding molecular state, ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
Neubauer, David [Verfasser], und Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Dressel. „Optical and magneto-optical investigations on 3D Dirac- and Weyl-semimetals / David Neubauer ; Betreuer: Martin Dressel“. Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1136319506/34.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCamargo, Bruno Cury 1988. „Efeitos quânticos em semimetais de Dirac e heteroestruturas relacionadas“. [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/276954.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin
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Resumo: Neste trabalho serão apresentados os principais resultados obtidos peloautor no decorrer de seu doutorado. Os sistemas estudados eram compostos por grafite, grafeno, antimônio e interfaces de grafite/silício. Uma das partes do trabalho consistiu no estudo de efeitos de desordem estrutural sobre oscilações quânticas em grafite. O estudo revelou que a mosaicidade da grafite estudada, largamente utilizada para se determinar a qualidade de amostras de grafite pirolítico altamente orientado (HOPG), não apresenta correlação com a amplitude das oscilações quânticas no material. Ao invés disso, os experimentos mostraram uma clara correlação entre a rugosidade superficial, a mobilidade eletrônica média e a amplitude do efeito de Haas van Alphen no material. Os resultados indicam que deformações da superfície da grafite afetam fortemente a mobilidade eletrônica do material (reduzindo a amplitude de oscilações quânticas) sem reduzir sua anisotropia. No trabalho, também é discutida a possibilidade de que as oscilações quânticas em grafite estejam relacionadas com a existência de interfaces bem definidas na estrutura interna do material. Também foram estudadas propriedades de transporte elétrico interplanar em grafite no limite ultraquântico. Medidas de magnetorresistência interplanar para campos magnéticos de até 60 T acusaram a ocorrência de uma região de magnetorresistência positiva seguida de magnetorresistência negativa (MRN) para campos magnéticos suficientemente altos. O efeito persistia até temperatura ambiente. Ele é explicado considerando-se o tunelamento de férmions de Dirac entre níveis fundamentais de Landau de planos de grafeno adjacentes dentro da grafite. A região de MRN é mais pronunciada em grafites com menor mosaicidade, o que sugere que o alargamento de níveis de Landau seja responsável pela magnetorresistência positiva observada nas medidas ao longo do eixo c da grafite. Além disso, experimentos de magnetorresistência interplanar com campos magnéticos orientados paralelamente à direção dos planos da grafite apresentaram indícios de que o material se torna mais tridimensional com a redução da temperatura. Os resultados sugerem que a integral de overlap interplanar em grafite possui valor ?1 < 7 meV. Esse valor é muito inferior àqueles reportados na literatura considerando-se o modelo mais bem aceito para grafite, segundo o qual ?1 ? 380 meV. Nesta tese também são apresentados resultados inéditos obtidos pelo autor relacionados a efeito Hall quântico em grafeno crescido epitaxial mente sobre substratos de carbeto de silício, efeitos de desordem estrutural sobre as propriedades de transporte elétrico basal da grafite, supercondutividade em heteroestruturas de grafite e silício e supercondutividade em compósitos de antimônio-ouro
Abstract: In this thesis, experimental results obtained by the author during his PhD will be presented. The work consisted on the study of electrical and magnetic properties of Dirac semimetals and related heterostructures. Namely: graphite, graphene, graphite/silicon interfaces and antimony. Part of the work about graphite consisted on the study of the effects of structural disorder on the quantum oscillations in the material. Experimental results in the literature widely regard the mosaic spread in graphite as a good disorder parameter. However, in the present work, we report that the mosaicity of graphite samples does not correlate with their quantum oscillations¿ amplitude. Experiments have revealed a clear relation of surface roughness to the electronic mobility and the amplitude of the deHaas van Alphen effect in the material. The possibility that quantum oscillations in graphite are affected by the presence of sharp interfaces within its stacking structure is also discussed. We have also studied out-of-plane magnetoresistance properties in ultraquantum graphite. Experiments performed at magnetic fields B//c up to 60 T have shown the occurrence of positive c-axis magnetoresistance followed by a region of negative magnetoresistance (NMR). The NMR persists up to room temperature and has been explained in terms of the tunneling of electrons between zero-energy Landau levels of adjacent graphitic layers. The NMR is more evident in samples with low mosaicity, suggesting the positive c-axis magnetoresistance is induced by means of broadening of LL¿s by disorder. In addition, c-axis magnetoresistance measurements with magnetic fields perpendicular to c-axis (B?c) suggest that our samples undergo a 2D to 3D transition with the reduction of temperature. Based on our results, we estimate a value for the interplane hopping energy parameter ?1 < 7 meV. This value is at odds with the most accepted model for graphite, for which ?1 ? 380 meV. In this thesis, we also present unpublished results on the occurrence of quantum Hall effect in graphene grown epitaxially in silicon carbide substrates, on the effects of structural disorder in the basal electric properties of graphite
Doutorado
Física
Doutor em Ciências
Tadjine, Athmane. „Structure électronique et propriétés de réseaux cohérents de nanocristaux semi-conducteurs“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1I043/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSemiconductor nanostructuration methods are a new route leading to the tuning of charge carriers behavior. This tuning is a direct consequence of the quantum confinement effect. In this thesis, we study using numerical and analytical approaches the properties of coherent superlattices of semiconductor nanocrystals. These superlattices are synthesized by bottom-up methods of oriented self-assembly. We show that their electronic band structures can be modeled by a simple effective Hamiltonian with analytical eigenvalues. In addition, we propose a top-down method where a periodic arrangement of holes is etched in semiconductor quantum wells using lithography. We show that it is possible to artificially reproduce two-dimensional lattices of high interest such as the honeycomb, the kagome and the Lieb lattices. Most of these lattices host Dirac fermions that we also recover in the superlattices. In another chapter, we study the effect of a static magnetic field on isolated nanocrystals and on honeycomb superlattices. We predict the presence of large magnetic moments in those systems. Finally, we show that, in PbSe square superlattices, a bond-sign disorder should arise. We find that this disorder is reducible by gauge transformations and we quantify the true (residual) disorder felt by electrons
Weeks, William Conan. „Dirac Fermions on a 2D lattice in the presence of defects : with possible applications to quantum computation“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31558.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleScience, Faculty of
Physics and Astronomy, Department of
Graduate
Milicevic, Marijana. „Manipulation of Dirac Cones and Edge states in Polariton Honeycomb Lattices“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS515.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleExciton polaritons are mixed light-matter particles arising from strong coupling of quantum well excitons and cavity photons in semiconductor microcavities. They prove to be an extraordinary platform to emulate 1D and 2D Hamiltonians. This is due to the single site control when fabricating polariton lattices as well as to the possibility to directly visualize dispersion, spatial eigenfunctions and propagation of polaritons in photoluminescence experiments. By etching GaAs-based microcavity a honeycomb lattice for polaritons has been fabricated. The lowest two bands of this structure emulate for photons the π and π* bands of graphene. Remarkably, the system also permits exploring orbital degrees of freedom, inaccessible in actual graphene. In the first part of this thesis polariton emulator is used to address the physics of edge states in honeycomb lattice. New edge states, with flat and dispersive character have been discovered and visualised in orbital graphene. In the second part of the thesis we demonstrate experimentally a method to tailor the Dirac dispersion for photons. By implementing uni-axial strain in the honeycomb lattice Dirac photons that combine zero, finite and infinite effective masses are created. Presented results open new perspectives for the engineering of interfaces between various types of Dirac dispersions. Furthermore, the excitonic part of polaritons assures sensitivity to the magnetic field, creating the possibility to break the time reversal symmetry of the system and study photonic topological edge states in exotic Dirac cones. Finally, nonlinear Dirac physics can be probed in this system owing to polariton-polariton interactions
Suchet, Daniel Léo. „Simulating the dynamics of harmonically trapped Weyl particles with cold atoms Simultaneous sub-Doppler laser cooling of fermionic 6Li and 40K on the D1 line : Theory and experiment Analog simulation of Weyl particles with cold atoms“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066262.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDuring my PhD, I contributed to the design and construction of the Fermix experiment, dedicated to the study of a 6Li-40K fermionic mixture at ultra low temperatures. Our main results are twofold. First, we developed a new sub-Doppler laser cooling scheme, taking advantage of the existence of dark states in the D1 line of alkali atoms. This so-called \emph{grey molasses} allows for a phase space density up to 10⁻⁴, the highest value reported for the simultaneous laser cooling of those two species. The improvement due to this cooling step enabled the production of a quantum degenerate 40K gas in a dipole trap, with 3x10⁵ atoms in two spin states at 62 nK, corresponding to 17% of the Fermi temperature. Second, introducing a canonical mapping, we showed that non-interacting ultra-relativistic particles (Weyl fermions) in a harmonic trap can be simulated by cold fermions confined in a quadrupole potential. We study experimentally, numerically and theoretically the relaxation of these systems towards a steady state which can not be described by a Boltzman distribution, but rather presents strongly anisotropic effective temperatures. This analogy also allows us to translate fundamental properties of relativistic particles in the language of cold atoms. In particular, we demonstrate that the Klein paradox is equivalent to Majorana losses. Finally, we present a theoretical study of the long range interactions between particles confined in two 2D layers immersed in a 3D atomic cloud
Bouvier, Patrick. „Contributions à l’étude de l’effet Hawking pour des modèles en interaction“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112356/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Hawking effect predicts that, in a space- time describing the collapse of a spherically symmetric star to a Schwarzschild black hole, a static observer at infinity sees the Unruh state as a thermal state at Hawking temperature. The first mathematical proof of the Hawking effect, in the original setting of Hawking, is due to Bachelot. His work on Klein-Gordon fields has been extended to Dirac fields, in the first place by Bachelot himself, and by Melnyk after that. Those works, placed in the setup of a spherically symmetric star, have been completed by Häfner, who gave a rigorous proof of the Hawking effect for Dirac fields, outside a star collapsing to a Kerr black hole. The aim of this thesis is to study the Hawking effect not for a model of free quantum fields, in which case the problems can be reduced to studies on linear partial differential equations, but for a model of interacting Dirac fields. The interaction will be considered as a static, compactly-supported interaction, living outside the star. We choose to study a toy model in a 1+1 dimensional space-time. Using the fact that the problem is spherically symetric, one can, at least in the free case, reduce the real problem to this toy model. We study the behavior of Dirac fermions fields in various situations : first, for an observable following the star's collapse ; then, for a static observable ; finally, for a time-dependent interaction, fixed close to the star's boundary. In each of those cases, we show the existence of the Hawking Effect and give the corresponding limit state
Kershaw, Tristan. „Millikelvin magnetisation studies of low dimensional systems“. Thesis, University of Exeter, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/41133.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWurm, Jürgen [Verfasser], und Klaus [Akademischer Betreuer] Richter. „Dirac fermions in graphene nanostructures: Edge effects on spectral density and quantum transport / Jürgen Wurm. Betreuer: Klaus Richter“. Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1023282100/34.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCarrega, Matteo. „Coulomb drag and Dirac plasmons in novel 2D electron systems“. Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/85870.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAsmar, Mahmoud M. „Electronic and Spin Transport in Dirac-Like Systems“. Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1437564830.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleClemence, Dominic Pharaoh. „Half-bound states of a one-dimensional Dirac system: their effect on the Titchmarsh-Weyl M([lambda])-function and the scattering matrix“. Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53936.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePh. D.
Villanova, John William. „Examining Topological Insulators and Topological Semimetals Using First Principles Calculations“. Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82959.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePh. D.
Mitioglu, Anatolie. „Etude des propriétés électroniques de monocristaux massifs et monocouches de dichalcogénures de tungstène par magnéto-spectroscopie“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30068.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis, we have studied tungsten dichalcogenides (WS2 and WSe2) by means of steady-state µ-photoluminescence (µ-PL) and Raman spectroscopy, optical interband absorption and time-resolved µ-PL techniques in the visible spectral range combined with high magnetic fields. We demonstrate that the ratio between the trion and exciton emission can be tuned by varying the power of the laser used for excitation of the µ-PL in ungated monolayer WS2 and WSe2 samples. Moreover, the intensity of the trion emission can be independently tuned using additional sub band gap illumination. This is a direct evidence that we can control the density of carriers in a 2D system. We have investigated the resonant Raman scattering in a WS2 monolayer. We observe a second order longitudinal acoustic mode (2LA) at only 4cm-1 below the first order E12g mode. We demonstrate, that depending on the intensity ratio and the respective line widths of these two peaks, any analysis which neglects the presence of the 2LA mode can lead to a potentially incorrect assignment for the number of layers. The valley dynamics in monolayer WSe2 has been probed by monitoring the emission and polarization dynamics of neutral and charged excitons in µ-PL. We demonstrate that the exciton inter valley scattering between the K+ and K- valleys is in the order of several picoseconds. Finally, using magneto-spectroscopy studies, we reveal the very different nature of carriers in monolayer and bulk dichalcogenides. We demonstrate that in monolayer WSe2, the carriers behave as massive Dirac fermions, while in bulk WSe2 we observe a distinctly excitonic behavior which is best described within the hydrogen model
Flamencourt, Brice. „On some problems in spectral analysis, spin geometry and conformal geometry“. Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASM014.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis is divided into two main parts. In the first one, we focus on two problems of spectral analysis concerning the convergence of eigenvalues of operators with parameters. On the one hand, we consider the Schrödinger operator in the plane, with a singular potential supported by a closed curve Γ admitting a cusp. This potential is formally written −αδ(x−Γ), and we describe the behaviour of the spectrum of the operator as α→∞. On the other hand, we study the Dirac operator which appears in the MIT Bag model, by generalizing it from Euclidean spaces to spin manifolds. We observe a convergence of the eigenvalues of this operator when the mass parameter tends to infinity. In the second part, we discuss two different geometric problems. First, we prove structure and classification results in dimension 3 for a particular class of spinors, called Cauchy spinors, arising as restrictions of parallel spinors to oriented hypersurfaces of spin manifolds. Finally, we focus on Weyl connections on conformal manifolds. We define a locally conformally product (LCP) structure as a closed, non-exact, non-flat Weyl structure with reducible holonomy on a compact conformal manifold. We analyse the LCP manifolds in order to initiate a classification
Sticlet, Doru Cristian. „États de bord dans les isolants de Chern et les fermions de Majorana dans les supraconducteurs topologiques“. Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00770666.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleInhofer, Andreas. „Etude de la compressibilité AC des isolants topologiques 3D HgTe et Bi2Se3 : mise en évidence d'états massifs excités de surface“. Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEE016/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis discusses the electronic compressibility of two representative three dimensional topological insulators: Strained mercury telluride (HgTe) and bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3).I present low temperature phase-sensitive electron admittance data over a broad frequency range. This allows to extract the quantum capacitance related to the density of states and the resistivity of the investigated materials.We show that the response of an intrinsic topological insulator is dominated by topological surface states over a large energy range exceeding the bulk material’s transport gap. This regime, named “Dirac screening” is characterized by an electron compressibility proportional to the surface Fermi level and a high mobility.Subsequently, we investigate the limits of this regime. At high energy and large perpendicular electric fields we observe the population of excited massive surface states. Experimentally, these manifest themselves in multiple signatures: A drop in the electronic diffusion constant, a peak in the conductivity, appearance of a second carrier type in magneto-transport and meta-stability in the charge-voltage relation.A theoretical model based on a quasi-relativistic treatment of the surface Hamiltonian is presented. It allows to identify the electric field and energy dependence of the massive surface states.This thesis is complemented by experimental results on Bi2Se3 grown on boron nitride, where we demonstrate the importance of clean surfaces for the study of electronic properties in topological insulators
Kadykov, Aleksandr. „Physical properties of HgCdTe-based heterostructures : towards terahertz emission and detection“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTS086.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis presents an investigation of mercury-cadmium-telluride (HgCdTe or MCT) based heterostructures for emission and detection of Terahertz (THz) radiations. Due to their specific physical properties, HgCdTe-based heterostructures are indeed expected to play an important role in future terahertz systems. Among other remarkable properties, HgTe/CdTe-based quantum wells (QWs) at the critical thickness (about 6.3 nm), exhibit a gapless state characterized by the linear energy-momentum law of massless Dirac fermions. When the QW width exceeds this critical value, the energy band structure becomes inverted. In this case, these QWs are shown to be two-dimensional topological insulators that attract since the last decade a great fundamental interest. This band inversion can be broken by varying several external physical parameters as magnetic field or temperature. These so-called topological phase transitions could be of high interest for future low-energy consumption and high frequency electronics.Here, focusing on gated devices presenting inverted band ordering, we first evidence the possibility to detect THz incident light at cryogenic temperatures. We also report on an enhancement of the terahertz photoconductive response in the vicinity of the magnetic field driven topological phase transition and close to the charge neutrality point. Secondly, we observed unambiguously the temperature driven phase transition between the topological insulator state and the usual quantum Hall insulator state by magneto-transport experiments. Then, using the non-resonant THz detection technique, we successfully imaged the QWs Landau levels and defined precisely the critical magnetic field corresponding to the quantum phase transition. We found that this THz technique can be used in every gated sample without need neither for four contacts devices nor mathematical data processing.Regarding terahertz emitters, we present here our results on stimulated emission of HgCdTe heterostructures in their conventional semiconductor state above 30 THz, discussing the physical mechanisms involved and promising routes towards the 5–15 THz frequency domain. Despite the fact that the leading materials for long wavelength solid-state lasers are heterostructures based on III-V semiconductors, their Reststrahlen bands makes this frequency range inaccessible for III-V-based lasers (including quantum cascade lasers) even at cryogenic temperatures. Since the lattice absorption band in Hg1-xCdxTe-based heterostructures is shifted to longer wavelengths, these compounds with (x<0.21) seem to be very promising as interband solid-state THz lasers
Rancati, Andrea. „Ab initio simulations of topological phase transitions in Dirac semimetal Cd3As2 doped with Zn and Mn impurities“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för fysik och elektroteknik (IFE), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-80767.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKrottenmüller, Markus [Verfasser], und Christine [Akademischer Betreuer] Kuntscher. „Optische Spektroskopie an den Dirac nodal line Materialien ZrXY und dem Weyl Typ-II Halbmetall WTe2 unter extremen Bedingungen / Markus Krottenmüller ; Betreuer: Christine Kuntscher“. Augsburg : Universität Augsburg, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1228787859/34.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWoollacott, Claire. „Electronic and plasmonic properties of real and artificial Dirac materials“. Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18227.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSolane, P. Y. „Spectroscopie Optique du Graphite et du Graphène sous Champ Mégagauss“. Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00777855.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRogério, Rodolfo José Bueno [UNESP]. „Campos espinoriais ELKO“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/115989.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleO século passado é considerado como a era das Teorias Quânticas de Campos. Desta forma, neste trabalho, forneceremos todos os detalhes de uma descoberta teórica inesperada de uma partícula de matéria de spin 1/2 com dimensão de massa 1. Esses espinores recebem o nome de ELKO, o qual vem do acrônimo alemão Eigenspinores des Ladungskonjugationsoperators, e são fundamentados em um conjunto completo de autoespinores de helicidade dual do operador conjugação de carga. O ELKO pertence a um subgrupo do grupo completo de Lorentz. Portanto, a lei de transformação entre suas componentes não é dada pela simetria de paridade, e desta maneira não satisfaz a equação de Dirac. Intrinsicamente nas somas de spin para o ELKO aparece um termo que quebra a simetria de Lorentz, levando então à apreciação da Very Special Relativity, que nada mais é do que um subgrupo do grupo de Lorentz, cuja álgebra deixa as somas de spin invariantes ou covariantes. Pela razão do propagador do ELKO ser o mesmo de Klein-Gordon a menos de um fator, a lagrangiana associada é a do campo escalar, por esta razão o ELKO é dotado de dimensão de massa 1
The last century is considered as the era of Quantum Field Theories. Thus, in this work, we provide all the details of an unexpected theoretical discovery of a matter particle spin 1/2 endowed with mass dimension 1. These spinors are the so called ELKO, which comes from the German acronym Eigenspinores des Ladungskonjugationsoperators, based on a complete set of a dual helicity eigenspinors of the charge conjugation operator. ELKO belongs to a subgroup of the full Lorentz group. Therefore, the law of transformation between its components is not given by the parity symmetry, and thus it does not satisfies the Dirac equation. It appears, intrinsically in the spin sums a Lorentz symmetry breaking term, then it will be better analysed within the Very Special Relativity, which is a subgroup of the Lorentz group, whose algebra leaves the spin sums invariant or covariant under transformations. Since the ELKO propagator is the same of Klein-Gordon propagator apart from a term, than the associated lagrangian is the scalar field one, for this reason ELKO is endowed with mass dimension 1
Bouvier, Patrick. „Contributions à l'étude de l'effet Hawking pour des modèles en interaction“. Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00937087.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSolane, Pierre-Yves. „Spectroscopie optique du graphite-graphène sous champs mégagauss“. Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1874/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSince its experimental discovery in 2004, graphene (a single layer of graphite) has attracted a lot of attention. It also leads to a renewed interest in graphite. Subsequently, both these materials have extensively been studied using different experimental techniques. In this thesis we demonstrate that transmission measurements performed in extremely high magnetic field (> 1 million times the earth's magnetic field) are a very useful tool to investigate the electronic structure of graphene and graphite. In particular, we will demonstrate that electron-hole asymmetry in graphite is caused by the often neglected free-electron kinetic energy term. This term is also present in the Hamiltonian describing electronic properties of graphene, hence it will lead to an asymmetry in graphene. Additionally, using near-infrared and visible sources from 200meV to 2eV we observe strong series of interband transitions in graphite between the four interlayer split bands (E3+, E3-, E1 and E2) up to 150 T at room temperature. The K-point electron resonances can be described well using an effective bilayer graphene model and the H-point transitions correspond to monolayer graphene. It is demonstrated that this can be reduced to a single measurement of the dispersion relation which is described by the relativistic formula where E2=m02v4 + p2v2 with v the Fermi velocity and a single particle rest energy m0v² of 385 meV for the K-point electrons and zero as expected for the H-point