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Sontowski, Rebekka, und Nicole M. van Dam. „Functional Variation in Dipteran Gut Bacterial Communities in Relation to Their Diet, Life Cycle Stage and Habitat“. Insects 11, Nr. 8 (17.08.2020): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11080543.
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True flies and mosquitos (Diptera) live in habitats and consume diets that pose specific demands on their gut bacterial communities (GBCs). Due to diet specializations, dipterans may have highly diverse and species-specific GBCs. Dipterans are also confronted with changes in habitat and food sources over their lifetime, especially during life history processes (molting, metamorphosis). This may prevent the development of a constant species- or diet-specific GBC. Some dipterans are vectors of several human pathogens (e.g., malaria), which interact with GBCs. In this review, we explore the dynamics that shape GBC composition in some Diptera species on the basis of published datasets of GBCs. We thereby focus on the effects of diet, habitats, and life cycle stages as sources of variation in GBC composition. The GBCs reported were more stage-specific than species- or diet-specific. Even though the presence of GBCs has a large impact on the performance of their hosts, the exact functions of GBCs and their interactions with other organisms are still largely unknown, mainly due to the low number of studies to date. Increasing our knowledge on dipteran GBCs will help to design pest management strategies for the reduction of insecticide resistance, as well as for human pathogen control.
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Devi, Gitanjali. „Management of Dipteran Pests Through Entomopathogenic Nematodes“. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International 25, Nr. 2 (07.03.2024): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jaeri/2024/v25i2582.
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Dipteran insects are most destructive agricultural pests. They are also vectors of many diseases of human and animal. Much effort has been made to control this pest through chemical treatment. The application of biological control agents has been advocated as an ecofriendly control method for insect pests. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are obligate insect parasites that can be effective biocontrol agents for many agricultural pests including many Dipteran insect pests. EPNs pose much less threat to the environment than chemical pesticides. However, several biotic and abiotic factors along with method of application influence the bioefficacy of this organism against Dipteran insects. This review paper provides an overview of developments in entomopathogenic nematode research and evaluation of their potential for use against Dipteran insect pests.
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Kirichenko, Natalia I., Alexander A. Ageev, Sergey A. Astapenko, Anna N. Golovina, Dmitry R. Kasparyan, Oksana V. Kosheleva, Alexander V. Timokhov et al. „The Diversity of Parasitoids and Their Role in the Control of the Siberian Moth, Dendrolimus sibiricus (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), a Major Coniferous Pest in Northern Asia“. Life 14, Nr. 2 (17.02.2024): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life14020268.
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The Siberian moth, Dendrolimus sibiricus Tschetv., 1908 (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) is a conifer pest that causes unprecedented forest mortality in Northern Asia, leading to enormous ecological and economic losses. This is the first study summarizing data on the parasitoid diversity and parasitism of this pest over the last 118 years (1905–2022). Based on 860 specimens of freshly reared and archival parasitoids, 16 species from two orders (Hymenoptera and Diptera) were identified morphologically and/or with the use of DNA barcoding. For all of them, data on distribution and hosts and images of parasitoid adults are provided. Among them, the braconid species, Meteorus versicolor (Wesmael, 1835), was documented as a parasitoid of D. sibiricus for the first time. The eastern Palaearctic form, Aleiodes esenbeckii (Hartig, 1838) dendrolimi (Matsumura, 1926), status nov., was resurrected from synonymy as a valid subspecies, and a key for its differentiation from the western Palaearctic subspecies Aleiodes esenbeckii ssp. esenbecki is provided. DNA barcodes of 11 parasitoid species from Siberia, i.e., nine hymenopterans and two dipterans, represented novel records and can be used for accurate molecular genetic identification of species. An exhaustive checklist of parasitoids accounting for 93 species associated with D. sibirisus in northern Asia was compiled. Finally, the literature and original data on parasitism in D. sibiricus populations for the last 83 years (1940–2022) were analysed taking into account the pest population dynamics (i.e., growth, outbreak, decline, and depression phases). A gradual time-lagged increase in egg and pupal parasitism in D. sibiricus populations was detected, with a peak in the pest decline phase. According to long-term observations, the following species are able to cause significant mortality of D. sibiricus in Northern Asia: the hymenopteran egg parasitoids Telenomus tetratomus and Ooencyrtus pinicolus; the larval parasitoids Aleiodes esenbeckii sp. dendrolimi, Cotesia spp., and Glyptapanteles liparidis; and the dipteran pupal parasitoids Masicera sphingivora, Tachina sp., and Blepharipa sp. Their potential should be further explored in order to develop biocontrol programs for this important forest pest.
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Kunz, Sidney E. „Integrated pest management of dipteran pests in the New World“. International Journal for Parasitology 17, Nr. 2 (Februar 1987): 659–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7519(87)90143-3.
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Subramanyam, Subhashree, und Jill A. Nemacheck. „Initiation of compatible wheat-Hessian fly interactions triggers the expression of a novel UDP-glycosyltransferase, MdesUGT1, in virulent Hessian fly larvae“. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 15, Nr. 3 (19.04.2021): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-021-09816-6.
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AbstractInsect UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) play an important role in detoxification of substrates such as plant allelochemicals, and cuticle formation by the process of glucosidation. Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor), belonging to the order Diptera (Family: Cecidomyiidae), is a destructive pest of host wheat causing significant economic losses. In the current study, using the assembled genome, we identified thirteen genes in M. destructor that belong to the family of UGTs (MdesUGT). Expression profiling revealed differential expression of MdesUGT genes in Hessian fly feeding instars. Further, we report the molecular cloning of MdesUGT1, designated as UGT301F1, from M. destructor. Characterization of the MdesUGT1 amino acid sequence revealed a conserved signature motif and sugar donor-binding domains characteristic of UGT proteins. Further expression analysis revealed dramatic increase in transcript accumulation of MdesUGT1 in the first and second feeding instars during compatible interactions (susceptible wheat, virulent larvae) but lacked significant upregulation during incompatible wheat Hessian fly interactions. Similar increase in MdesUGT1 transcripts was also observed during interactions of Hessian fly with nonhost, Brachypodium distachyon. These findings suggest the possible early involvement of MdesUGT1 in detoxification of plant toxins, and subsequent role in cuticular formation, thus contributing to the growth and development of this dipteran insect pest. Identification and characterization of insect UGTs could provide valuable insights into the detoxification and growth inhibitory mechanisms and facilitate future plant pest management strategies.
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Pezzi, Marco, Chiara Scapoli, Maria Gabriella Marchetti, Milvia Chicca, Stjepan Krčmar, Marilena Leis und Teresa Bonacci. „Alternative Use of the Insecticide Diofenolan on Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae): A Morphological and Ultrastructural Investigation“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 18 (09.09.2021): 10122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810122.
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Musca domestica Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae), a relevant synanthropic pest, is the most frequent dipteran species in farms and waste landfills. Insect Growth Regulators (IGR), insecticides with species-specific toxicity and low health and environmental impact, are known to act mostly on larval stages but may induce sterility in adults. We investigated the effects of diofenolan, an IGR analogue of juvenile hormone, on M. domestica, with special attention to female reproductive ability (egg-laying and hatching), and ovarian and ovariole morphology, using optical and transmission electron microscopy. We also tested the interactions between diofenolan and the activity of corpora allata, endocrine gland producing juvenile hormone required for ovarian development, by morphological and ultrastructural investigations. The results show that diofenolan negatively affects the reproductive ability of M. domestica, causing extensive morphological alterations in ovaries and ovarioles. In treated females, ovarioles showed nine different morphotypes that could be arranged into three “transformation paths”, and these alterations were able to reduce egg-laying. The effects of diofenolan on corpora allata, investigated at the optical and ultrastructural level in M. domestica, showed extensive alterations of the nuclei, cytoplasms, and mitochondria, strongly suggesting a rapid transition of the gland from inactivity to degeneration. The sterilizing effects of diofenolan in M. domestica are very interesting for integrated pest management programs within sustainable defence strategies against this relevant and annoying pest.
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Parajuli, Sovit, Jiban Shrestha, Sudeep Subedi und Meena Pandey. „Biopesticides: a sustainable approach for pest management“. SAARC Journal of Agriculture 20, Nr. 1 (20.07.2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v20i1.60526.
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Biopesticides are an important component of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs for insect pest control since they are more natural, environmentally friendly, safer than chemical pesticides and have relatively no or little effect on non-target organisms. They aid in improving crop health and yields while lowering production costs and eliminating the usage of toxic chemicals. They are effective tools for creating new sustainable agricultural products. Several botanicals and microbial biopesticides have been identified, isolated, processed, and used to eliminate hazards caused by Coleopteran, Hemipteran, Dipteran, Lepidopteran, Hymenopteran, and Thysanopteran insects. Several species of botanicals such as Neem (Azadirachta indica A.), Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum), Garlic (Allium sativum), Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Clove basil (Ocimum gratissimum), China berry (Melia azedarach), bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) etc. and microbes such as Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Baculovirus (nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) and granulovirus (GV) ), Steinernema carpocapsae, Nosema, etc. have been used as biopesticides. Because biopesticides are successful in managing insect pests and diseases while also being safe to humans and the environment, they must be manufactured in the country and made available to farmers. SAARC J. Agric., 20(1): 1-13 (2022)
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Hiszczynska-Sawicka, Ela, Dongmei Li und Karen F. Armstrong. „Universal Mitochondrial Multi-Locus Sequence Analysis (mtMLSA) to Characterise Populations of Unanticipated Plant Pest Biosecurity Detections“. Biology 11, Nr. 5 (24.04.2022): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11050654.
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Biosecurity responses to post-border exotic pest detections are more effective with knowledge of where the species may have originated from or if recurrent detections are connected. Population genetic markers for this are typically species-specific and not available in advance for any but the highest risk species, leaving other less anticipated species difficult to assess at the time. Here, new degenerate PCR primer sets are designed for within the Lepidoptera and Diptera for the 3′ COI, ND3, ND6, and 3′ plus 5′ 16S gene regions. These are shown to be universal at the ordinal level amongst species of 14 and 15 families across 10 and 11 dipteran and lepidopteran superfamilies, respectively. Sequencing the ND3 amplicons as an example of all the loci confirmed detection of population-level variation. This supported finding multiple population haplotypes from the publicly available sequences. Concatenation of the sequences also confirmed that higher population resolution is achieved than for the individual genes. Although as-yet untested in a biosecurity situation, this method is a relatively simple, off-the-shelf means to characterise populations. This makes a proactive contribution to the toolbox of quarantine agencies at the time of detection without the need for unprepared species-specific research and development.
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Bianca P. Valério, Bruno S. Nunes, Thiago M. Alvarenga, César F. Carvalho, Leopoldo F. O. Bernardi, Stephan M. Carvalho und Lívia M. S. Ataíde. „An efficient method to sample Musca domestica (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diptera: Muscidae) using coloured pan-traps in a cage poultry facility“. Entomological Communications 5 (30.05.2023): ec05005. http://dx.doi.org/10.37486/2675-1305.ec05005.
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When houseflies find optimal conditions to develop, they rapidly increase their population size negatively impacting both humans and animals through nuisance and the transmission of pathogens. Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) shows a preference for animal faeces and for this reason it is a serious pest in animal breeding facilities. To prevent proliferation of houseflies and to evaluate the efficiency of the control methods, it is important to routinely monitor the activity of this dipteran in such facilities. There are several types of traps for sampling houseflies in breeding sites, here we used colored pan-traps to evaluate the efficiency of the trap and its color in sampling M. domestica in a cage poultry facility located in the city of Nepomuceno, Minas Gerais, Brazil. To do so, we set up yellow, white, blue and red pan-traps next to the cages of poultries and collected flies once a week for a period of a year. Although the density of M. domestica was high during the entire period of sampling, more flies were collected in white (monthly average of 470.83 flies) than in yellow (327.55), blue (267.14) and red traps (199.63). Hence, we argue that this poultry farm needs to improve its housefly monitoring program and we suggest a continuous use of white pan-traps to monitor the efficiency of the pest control methods implemented in the facility.
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Drosopoulou, Elena, Ifigeneia Nakou und Penelope Mavragani-Tsipidou. „The Bactrocera oleae genome: localization of nine genes on the polytene chromosomes of the olive fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)“. Genome 57, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2014): 573–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2014-0172.
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Four homologous and five heterologous gene-specific sequences have been mapped by in situ hybridization on the salivary gland polytene chromosomes of the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae. The nine genes were dispersed on four of the five autosomal chromosomes, thus enriching the available set of chromosome landmarks for this major agricultural pest. Present data further supports the proposed chromosome homologies among B. oleae, Ceratitis capitata, and Drosophila melanogaster and the idea of the conservation of chromosomal element identity throughout dipteran evolution.
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Southcott, RV. „Larvae of Leptus (Acarina : Erythraeidae) ectoparasitic on higher insects of Australia and New Guinea“. Invertebrate Systematics 7, Nr. 6 (1993): 1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9931473.
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Larval Leptus (Acarina : Erythraeidae) ectoparasitic on higher insects (Neuroptera. Coleoptera. Lepidoptera. Hymenoptera) are comprehensively reviewed (Diptera were considered previously) . The new species (all from Australia) comprise: L. spinalatus (from Neuroptera); L. belicolus. L. cerambycius. L. faini. L. halli. L. heleus. L. jenseni. L. orthrius. L. tarranus. L. titinius. L. truncatus. L. utheri (all from Coleoptera); L. agrotis, L. georgeae (from Lepidoptera); and L. monteithi (from Hymenoptera). A key is given to the larvae of Leptus from Australia and New Guinea . L. agrotis is an ectoparasite of Agrotis infusa (Boisduval), the bogong moth, whose larvae are an important pasture pest in south-eastern Australia; as well as the larva, the deutonymph and adult are described. Leptus boggohoranus Haitlinger is recorded from a further New Guinea species of Coleoptera. L. charon Southcott, originally described from an Australian dipteran, is recorded as ectoparasitic on an Australian larval lepidopteran (Anthela sp., Anthelidae), as well as from adult Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Leptus trucidatus (Hull, 1923), comb. nov., is proposed for Achorolophus trucidatus Hull, 1923, an adult from Western Australia.
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Bedini, Stefano, Elen Regozino Muniz, Camilla Tani, Barbara Conti und Luca Ruiu. „Insecticidal potential of Brevibacillus laterosporus against dipteran pest species in a wide ecological range“. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 177 (November 2020): 107493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2020.107493.
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Dhamorikar, Aniruddha H. „Flies matter: a study of the diversity of Diptera families (Insecta: Diptera) of Mumbai Metropolitan Region, Maharashtra, India, and notes on their ecological roles“. Journal of Threatened Taxa 9, Nr. 11 (26.11.2017): 10865. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2742.9.11.10865-10879.
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Diptera is one of the three largest insect orders, encompassing insects commonly known as ‘true flies’. They are one of the most important in terms of their interactions with humans. Family-level diversity of Diptera was studied in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR)—50 families were recorded in four protected areas—Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Tungareshwar Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnala Bird Sanctuary, and Matheran Eco-Sensitive Zone, of which 24 were also found in urban areas of Mumbai and Thane City. The MMR’s family-level dipteran diversity constitutes 78% of families documented in the Western Ghats and 57% of India’s known families of Diptera. The recorded Diptera families were segregated into two groups based on their habits - beneficial and pestiferous. Of the 50 families, 66% comprised members which were beneficial in terms of flower visitations (28%), decomposition (24%), and predators and parasitoids of pest insects (14%), whereas 34% comprised members that were pestiferous in nature in terms of posing a threat to human health and causing nuisance (11%), causing crop and food damage (12%), posing a threat to animal health (8%), and as parasitoids of beneficial insects (3%). In terms of their feeding preferences, the majority of the adults were flower visitors (26%), 24% were saprophagous, followed by members that were frugivorous, fungivorous, coprophagous, and predatory in nature. Among larval feeding habits, 31% were detritivorous, 18% phytophagous, and 13% predatory in nature. In terms of their habitat preferences, 24 families were found in dense undergrowth, 12 in mountainous forests, and 11 in fruit gardens. This study establishes that Diptera is more diverse in natural areas than urban areas, and emphasizes the need for further exploration in terms of taxonomic and ecological studies, and economic benefits vis-à-vis the losses they incur in the region.
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Staats, Ethan G., Salvatore J. Agosta und James R. Vonesh. „Predator diversity reduces habitat colonization by mosquitoes and midges“. Biology Letters 12, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2016): 20160580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0580.
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Changes in predator diversity via extinction and invasion are increasingly widespread and can have important ecological and socio-economic consequences. Anticipating and managing these consequences requires understanding how predators shape ecological communities. Previous predator biodiversity research has focused on post-colonization processes. However, predators can also shape communities by altering patterns of prey habitat selection during colonization. The sensitivity of this non-consumptive top down mechanism to changes in predator diversity is largely unexamined. To address this gap, we examined patterns of dipteran oviposition habitat selection in experimental aquatic habitats in response to varied predator species richness while holding predator abundance constant. Caged predators were used in order to disentangle behavioural oviposition responses to predator cues from potential post-oviposition consumption of eggs and larvae. We hypothesized that because increases in predator richness often result in greater prey mortality than would be predicted from independent effects of predators, prey should avoid predator-rich habitats during colonization. Consistent with this hypothesis, predator-rich habitats received 48% fewer dipteran eggs than predicted, including 60% fewer mosquito eggs and 38% fewer midge eggs. Our findings highlight the potentially important links between predator biodiversity, prey habitat selection and the ecosystem service of pest regulation.
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Croce, Anna C., und Francesca Scolari. „Autofluorescent Biomolecules in Diptera: From Structure to Metabolism and Behavior“. Molecules 27, Nr. 14 (12.07.2022): 4458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144458.
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Light-based phenomena in insects have long attracted researchers’ attention. Surface color distribution patterns are commonly used for taxonomical purposes, while optically-active structures from Coleoptera cuticle or Lepidoptera wings have inspired technological applications, such as biosensors and energy accumulation devices. In Diptera, besides optically-based phenomena, biomolecules able to fluoresce can act as markers of bio-metabolic, structural and behavioral features. Resilin or chitinous compounds, with their respective blue or green-to-red autofluorescence (AF), are commonly related to biomechanical and structural properties, helpful to clarify the mechanisms underlying substrate adhesion of ectoparasites’ leg appendages, or the antennal abilities in tuning sound detection. Metarhodopsin, a red fluorescing photoproduct of rhodopsin, allows to investigate visual mechanisms, whereas NAD(P)H and flavins, commonly relatable to energy metabolism, favor the investigation of sperm vitality. Lipofuscins are AF biomarkers of aging, as well as pteridines, which, similarly to kynurenines, are also exploited in metabolic investigations. Beside the knowledge available in Drosophila melanogaster, a widely used model to study also human disorder and disease mechanisms, here we review optically-based studies in other dipteran species, including mosquitoes and fruit flies, discussing future perspectives for targeted studies with various practical applications, including pest and vector control.
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Shi, Cai-hua, Jing-rong Hu und You-jun Zhang. „The Effects of Temperature and Humidity on a Field Population of Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae)“. Journal of Economic Entomology 113, Nr. 4 (02.06.2020): 1927–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa116.
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Abstract The production of Chinese chives is reduced throughout China due to a root-feeding dipteran pest Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang (Diptera: Sciaridae), therefore deciphering the conditions influencing its growth and development are important in developing ecological control strategies. A study was conducted from 2014 to 2017 to determine the relationship between the abundance of B. odoriphaga and temperature (atmospheric and soil), soil water content, and atmospheric humidity in a Chinese chive field in Beijing City, China. Numbers of adults peaked in March and October to November and were lowest in July to August and December to next February; numbers of larvae were highest in December to next February and lowest in July to August. From 2014 to 2017, the numbers of adults and larvae were significantly correlated with monthly mean atmospheric temperatures and soil temperatures, but were not significantly correlated with monthly mean atmospheric relative humidity and soil water content. However, for both adults and larvae, numbers were significantly greater with high soil water contents compared with drought treatment. The results of this study suggest that the very low soil water contents, high atmospheric temperatures, and high soil temperatures were critical for regulating field populations of B. odoriphaga.
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Marec, František, und Marc J. B. Vreysen. „Advances and Challenges of Using the Sterile Insect Technique for the Management of Pest Lepidoptera“. Insects 10, Nr. 11 (25.10.2019): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10110371.
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Over the past 30 years, the sterile insect technique (SIT) has become a regular component of area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) programs against several major agricultural pests and vectors of severe diseases. The SIT-based programs have been especially successful against dipteran pests. However, the SIT applicability for controlling lepidopteran pests has been challenging, mainly due to their high resistance to the ionizing radiation that is used to induce sterility. Nevertheless, the results of extensive research and currently operating SIT programs show that most problems with the implementation of SIT against pest Lepidoptera have been successfully resolved. Here, we summarize the cytogenetic peculiarities of Lepidoptera that should be considered in the development and application of SIT for a particular pest species. We also discuss the high resistance of Lepidoptera to ionizing radiation, and present the principle of derived technology based on inherited sterility (IS). Furthermore, we present successful SIT/IS applications against five major lepidopteran pests, and summarize the results of research on the quality control of reared and released insects, which is of great importance for their field performance. In the light of new research findings, we also discuss options for the development of genetic sexing strains, which is a challenge to further improve the applicability of SIT/IS against selected lepidopteran pests.
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Tanzum, N., A. Mrong, MRU Miah, M. Ahiduzzaman und MS Hossain. „Occurrence and Diversity of Insect Pests Attacking BU Mung Bean4“. Annals of Bangladesh Agriculture 25, Nr. 2 (04.12.2022): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aba.v25i2.62414.
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The study was conducted during March to June 2021 in the field and laboratory of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur to know the prevalence of the insect pests and their status on mung bean variety BU Mung- 4. In total 12 species of insects were found as pest, of which 4 species were hemipteran, 3 species were lepidopteran, 2 species were coleopteran, 2 species were dipteran, and one species was thysanopteran. Pod borer (84.4%), flea beetles (66.6%), thrips (48.8%), jassid (37.7%) and whitefly (25.2%) were found as major pests. Leaf miner, aphid, epilachna beetle, green stink bug, hairy caterpillar and stem fly were categorized as minor pests having 13.3%, 8.8%, 17.7%, 2.2%, 15.5%, 11.1% infestation, respectively. The pest insects were most abundant in middle April (94.9±6.1) when the plants were at seedling to pre-flowering. Both the richness and diversity of the insect pests were the maximum during early May (1.2±0.1 and 1.7±0.1, respectively). The abundance did not show any change in relation to temperature and relative humidity but influenced only by the growing stages of the crop.Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2021) 25 (2) : 77-85
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Paudel, Prava, Pragya Paudel, Richa Timilsina und Pratibha Basnet. „A REVIEW ON THE INVASIVE VEGETABLE LEAF MINER (Diptera: Agromyzidae): LIFE CYCLE, DAMAGE SYMPTOMS, AND MANAGEMENT“. Agribusiness Management In Developing Nations 1, Nr. 1 (14.04.2023): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/amdn.01.2023.13.15.
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The leaf miner is a juvenile stage of insects that dwell within the leaves of vegetables and feed on their tissues. It belongs to the family of dipteran flies and has a polyphagous feeding habit, meaning it can consume a wide range of plants. This comprehensive review paper provides an in-depth analysis of the invasive vegetable leaf miner, covering topics such as its life cycle, damage symptoms, and management strategies. The vegetable leaf miner is an invasive pest that causes significant damage to vegetable crops, particularly solanaceous crops. The paper explores the biology and ecology of the vegetable leaf miner, including its life cycle and host range. It also describes the damaging symptoms caused by the pest, which include the formation of distinctive tube patterns on the leaves. The paper further investigates the various management strategies that have been developed to control the spread of the vegetable leaf miner, including chemical, cultural, and biological control measures. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the invasive vegetable leaf miner and to highlight the most effective management strategies for controlling its spread and minimizing its impact on crop yields.
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Mastore, Maristella, Silvia Quadroni, Alberto Rezzonico und Maurizio Francesco Brivio. „The Influence of Daily Temperature Fluctuation on the Efficacy of Bioinsecticides on Spotted Wing Drosophila Larvae“. Insects 14, Nr. 1 (31.12.2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14010043.
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Global climate change is allowing the invasion of insect pests into new areas without natural competitors and/or predators. The dipteran Drosophila suzukii has invaded both the Americas and Europe, becoming a serious problem for fruit crops. Control methods for this pest are still based on the use of pesticides, but less invasive and more sustainable methods, such as biocontrol, are needed. Variations in environmental conditions can affect the efficacy of bioinsecticides influencing their behavior and physiology besides that of the target insects. In this work, we developed a system that simulates the daily temperature fluctuations (DTFs) detected in the environment, with the aim of studying the influence of temperature on biocontrol processes. We investigated the effects of DTFs on the efficacy of four bioinsecticides. Results showed that DTFs modify the efficacy of some entomopathogens while they are ineffective on others. Specifically, the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis is the most effective bioinsecticide under all conditions tested, i.e., low DTF (11–22 °C) and high DTF (17–33 °C) compared to constant temperature (25 °C). In contrast, nematodes are more sensitive to changes in temperature: Steinernema carpocapsae loses efficacy at low DTF, while Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora are not effective in controlling the target dipteran. This work provides a basis for reviewing biological control methods against invasive species in the current context of climate change.
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Liu, Jian-Feng, Cheng-Xu Wu, Atif Idrees, Hai-Yan Zhao und Mao-Fa Yang. „Effects of Host Ages and Release Strategies on the Performance of the Pupal Parasitoid Spalangia endius on the Melon Fly Bactrocera cucurbitae“. Agriculture 12, Nr. 10 (07.10.2022): 1629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101629.
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The melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a quarantine pest that causes considerable economic losses to growers of vegetables and fruits worldwide. Spalangia endius (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is a solitary pupal parasitoid of various dipteran hosts. We assessed the impact of the host pupal age (2, 4, and 6 days old), host density (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30), and parasitoid density (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) on the parasitizing potential of S. endius on B. cucurbitae pupae under laboratory conditions. The effects of different soil depths on the parasitism rate of S. endius and the dispersal behavior of S. endius at distances of 0, 5, and 10 m were also evaluated under field conditions. The results showed that the parasitism rate of S. endius significantly increased with the increase in host density and parasitoid density. The host pupal age did not influence the number of pupae parasitized by S. endius and the progeny sex ratio of S. endius under different host densities. In the fields, different puparium burial depths of B. dorsalis pupae significantly influenced the parasitism and eclosion rates of S. endius but did not influence the eclosion rate of B. cucurbitae. Spalangia endius females could travel up to 10 m to parasitize at a similar rate on B. cucurbitae pupae compared to S. endius placed at 0 m.
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Díaz-Fleischer, Francisco, José Arredondo, Rodrigo Lasa, Carlos Bonilla, Diana Debernardi, Diana Pérez-Staples und Trevor Williams. „Sickly Sweet: Insecticidal Polyols Induce Lethal Regurgitation in Dipteran Pests“. Insects 10, Nr. 2 (12.02.2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10020053.
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Polyols are commonly used in food and medicines as sweeteners and preservatives but may also have insecticidal properties against some species of Diptera. Here we compared the insecticidal activity and feeding response of glycerol and propylene glycol (PG) on two tephritids: Anastrepha ludens and Anastrepha obliqua, and the drosophilid Drosophila suzukii. First, flies were exposed to solutions of 50% sucrose and the two polyols at concentrations of 1.67 M, 2.78 M and 4.18 M for 24 h and then observed at 24 h intervals for a period of three days. Both polyols elicited strong regurgitation behavior in the three flies and killed them. Regurgitation apparently also reduced flies’ body weight, and this was particularly apparent in insects that fed on 4.18 M PG solutions. A high percentage of individuals exposed to PG solutions perished after 72 hours. The number of proboscis extensions, which is associated with feeding preference, was lower in the 4.18 M polyols + sucrose mixtures than in the 50% sucrose solution. Glycerol had a lower insecticidal effect in Anastrepha spp. and very little insecticidal effect in D. suzukii. Finally, elevated regurgitation and mortality was confirmed in A. ludens treated with 1.0–2.78 M of erythritol plus sucrose. Our results demonstrate that PG, and to a lower extent glycerol, have the potential for being used as a safer method of insect pest control. The hyper-regurgitation response may contribute to the insecticidal properties of these polyols in Diptera.
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Scolari, Francesca, Federica Valerio, Giovanni Benelli, Nikos T. Papadopoulos und Lucie Vaníčková. „Tephritid Fruit Fly Semiochemicals: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives“. Insects 12, Nr. 5 (30.04.2021): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12050408.
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The Dipteran family Tephritidae (true fruit flies) comprises more than 5000 species classified in 500 genera distributed worldwide. Tephritidae include devastating agricultural pests and highly invasive species whose spread is currently facilitated by globalization, international trade and human mobility. The ability to identify and exploit a wide range of host plants for oviposition, as well as effective and diversified reproductive strategies, are among the key features supporting tephritid biological success. Intraspecific communication involves the exchange of a complex set of sensory cues that are species- and sex-specific. Chemical signals, which are standing out in tephritid communication, comprise long-distance pheromones emitted by one or both sexes, cuticular hydrocarbons with limited volatility deposited on the surrounding substrate or on the insect body regulating medium- to short-distance communication, and host-marking compounds deposited on the fruit after oviposition. In this review, the current knowledge on tephritid chemical communication was analysed with a special emphasis on fruit fly pest species belonging to the Anastrepha, Bactrocera, Ceratitis, Rhagoletis and Zeugodacus genera. The multidisciplinary approaches adopted for characterising tephritid semiochemicals, and the real-world applications and challenges for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and biological control strategies are critically discussed. Future perspectives for targeted research on fruit fly chemical communication are highlighted.
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Isah, Musa Dan’azumi, Bibi Atika, Stefan Dippel, Hassan M. M. Ahmed und Ernst A. Wimmer. „Competitive Sperm-Marked Beetles for Monitoring Approaches in Genetic Biocontrol and Studies in Reproductive Biology“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, Nr. 20 (20.10.2022): 12594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012594.
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Sperm marking provides a key tool for reproductive biology studies, but it also represents a valuable monitoring tool for genetic pest control strategies such as the sterile insect technique. Sperm-marked lines can be generated by introducing transgenes that mediate the expression of fluorescent proteins during spermatogenesis. The homozygous lines established by transgenesis approaches are going through a genetic bottleneck that can lead to reduced fitness. Transgenic SIT approaches have mostly focused on Dipteran and Lepidopteran pests so far. With this study, we provide sperm-marked lines for the Coleopteran pest model organism, the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, based on the β2-tubulin promoter/enhancer driving red (DsRed) or green (EGFP) fluorescence. The obtained lines are reasonably competitive and were thus used for our studies on reproductive biology, confirming the phenomenon of ‘last-male sperm precedence’ and that the spermathecae are deployed for long-term sperm storage, enabling the use of sperm from first mating events even after secondary mating events for a long period of time. The homozygosity and competitiveness of the lines will enable future studies to analyze the controlled process of sperm movement into the long-term storage organ as part of a post-mating cryptic female choice mechanism of this extremely promiscuous species.
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Hyder, Moazam, Abdul Mubeen Lodhi, Zhaohong Wang, Aslam Bukero, Jing Gao und Runqian Mao. „Wolbachia Interactions with Diverse Insect Hosts: From Reproductive Modulations to Sustainable Pest Management Strategies“. Biology 13, Nr. 3 (27.02.2024): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology13030151.
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Effective in a variety of insect orders, including dipteran, lepidopteran, and hemipteran, Wolbachia-based control tactics are investigated, noting the importance of sterile and incompatible insect techniques. Encouraging approaches for controlling Aedes mosquitoes are necessary, as demonstrated by the evaluation of a new SIT/IIT combination and the incorporation of SIT into Drosophila suzukii management. For example, Wolbachia may protect plants from rice pests, demonstrating its potential for agricultural biological vector management. Maternal transmission and cytoplasmic incompatibility dynamics are explored, while Wolbachia phenotypic impacts on mosquito and rice pest management are examined. The importance of host evolutionary distance is emphasised in recent scale insect research that addresses host-shifting. Using greater information, a suggested method for comprehending Wolbachia host variations in various contexts emphasises ecological connectivity. Endosymbionts passed on maternally in nematodes and arthropods, Wolbachia are widely distributed around the world and have evolved both mutualistic and parasitic traits. Wolbachia is positioned as a paradigm for microbial symbiosis due to advancements in multiomics, gene functional assays, and its effect on human health. The challenges and opportunities facing Wolbachia research include scale issues, ecological implications, ethical conundrums, and the possibility of customising strains through genetic engineering. It is thought that cooperative efforts are required to include Wolbachia-based therapies into pest management techniques while ensuring responsible and sustainable ways.
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Behura, Susanta K., Suresh Nair und Madan Mohan. „Polymorphisms flanking the mariner integration sites in the rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae Wood-Mason) genome are biotype-specific“. Genome 44, Nr. 6 (01.12.2001): 947–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g01-090.
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In an effort to study genome diversity within and between the Indian biotypes of the Asian rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae, a major insect pest of rice, we made use of mariner transposable element integration site polymorphisms. Using degenerate primers, the design of which is based on mariner sequences, we amplified a ca. 450 bp mariner sequence from the rice gall midge. The mariner sequence showed homology with that of a mariner element isolated from the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor, a major dipteran pest of wheat. Southern hybridization, using this mariner fragment as a probe, revealed that the mariner elements are moderately to highly repetitive in the rice gall midge genome. Based on the sequence information of this 450-bp PCR-amplified fragment, outward-directed primers were designed and used in an inverse PCR (iPCR) to amplify the DNA flanking the conserved regions. To study the regions flanking the mariner integration sites, we employed a novel PCR-based approach: a combination of sequence specific amplification polymorphism (SSAP) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). The outward-directed mariner-specific primer was used in combination with adapter-specific primers with 13 selective nucleotides at their 3' ends. The amplification products were resolved on an agarose gel, Southern-transferred onto nylon membranes, and probed with the iPCR fragment. Results revealed biotype-specific polymorphisms in the regions flanking the mariner integration sites, suggesting that mariner elements in the rice gall midge may be fixed in a biotype-specific manner. The implications of these results are discussed in the context of biotype differentiation.Key words: DNA fingerprinting, inverse PCR (iPCR), Oryza sativa, rice pest, transposon.
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Rabbe, MF, MF Jaman, MM Rahman und MM Alam. „Some behavioural aspects on the Hemidactylus species of Bangladesh“. Journal of Biodiversity Conservation and Bioresource Management 5, Nr. 1 (13.07.2019): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcbm.v5i1.42187.
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Hemidactylus is a taxonomically complex genus and little is known about its feeding and breeding behavior in Bangladesh. Most of the species of this genus have a preference to live within human habitations, and play an important role in ecosystem, controlling insect pest population. Their breeding strategy is almost similar with each other and associated with their body structure. Review of literature found that there is a relationship between life history pattern and their reproductive biology. They lay two eggs per clutch usually and the highest egg number (12) has been recorded for H. frenatus. Strong significant positive correlation (r = 0.91) was found for preclaocal-femoral pores and egg number. Besides, significant negative correlation was found for average female body size and egg number (r = 0.96). Previous work and observation records showed that feeding habit is almost similar among all species of Hemidactylus and dipteran insects were the mostly consumed food item.
J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2019, 5(1): 77-84
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MAZZOTTA, GABRIELLA M., FEDERICA SANDRELLI, MAURO A. ZORDAN, MOYRA MASON, CLARA BENNA, PAOLA CISOTTO, EZIO ROSATO, CHARALAMBOS P. KYRIACOU und RODOLFO COSTA. „The clock gene period in the medfly Ceratitis capitata“. Genetical Research 86, Nr. 1 (August 2005): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672305007664.
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We have isolated the clock gene period (per) from the medfly Ceratitis capitata, one of the most economically important insect pest species. The overall pattern of conserved, non-conserved and functional domains that are observed within dipteran and lepidopteran per orthologues is preserved within the coding sequence. Expression analysis from fly heads revealed a daily oscillation in per mRNA in both light[ratio ]dark cycles and in constant darkness. However PER protein levels from head extracts did not show any significant evidence for cycling in either of these two conditions. When the Ceratitis per transgene under the control of the Drosophila per promoter and 3′UTR was introduced into Drosophila per-null mutant hosts, the transformants revealed a low level of rescue of behavioural rhythmicity. Nevertheless, the behaviour of the rhythmic transformants showed some similarities to that of Ceratitis, suggesting that Ceratitis per carries species-specific information that can evidently affect the Drosophila host's downstream rhythmic behaviour.
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Bernardo, U., P. A. Pedata und G. Viggiani. „Phenotypic plasticity of pigmentation and morphometric traits inPnigalio soemius(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)“. Bulletin of Entomological Research 97, Nr. 1 (Februar 2007): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485307004816.
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AbstractSpecies of the genusPnigalioSchrank are ectoparasitoids on several pest insects. Most species are polyphagous parasitoids of lepidopteran and dipteran leafminers. Despite their potential economic importance, information on intraspecific phenotypic variability is insufficient.Pnigalio soemius(Walker) was reared at five different temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30°C) on mature larvae of one of its natural hosts,Cosmopterix pulchrimellaChambers (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae), to investigate the influence of temperature on size, colour and other morphological traits, and to measure the range of variation of several characters. Thermal developmental reaction norms, which represent the effect of temperature during growth and development on the value of some adult traits, were produced. The results confirmed the influence of temperature on numerous characters and that these characters had a larger range of variation than realized previously in the construction of taxonomic keys to species. In particular, the number and position of the costulae on the propodeum and colour of the gaster were affected by rearing temperature.
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Otim, Michael Hilary, Stella Adumo Aropet, Moses Opio, Dalton Kanyesigye, Henry Nakelet Opolot und Wee Tek Tay. „Parasitoid Distribution and Parasitism of the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Different Maize Producing Regions of Uganda“. Insects 12, Nr. 2 (29.01.2021): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12020121.
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The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) has successfully invaded Africa, where it has significantly impacted maize and sorghum production. Management of FAW in Africa predominantly relies on synthetic insecticides, which are expensive, and negatively impact the environment and beneficial insects. We, therefore, conducted field surveys in Uganda in 2017 and 2019 to identify egg and larval parasitoids of FAW for possible use in integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Parasitoids were identified by their mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (mtCOI) gene sequences. We identified 13 parasitoid species belonging to three families of Hymenoptera: Platygastridae, Braconidae and Ichneumonidae, as well as one Dipteran family (Tachinidae). Coccygidium spp. and Chelonus bifoveolatus were the most abundant and widely distributed parasitoids. Overall, parasitism averaged 9.2% and ranged from 3.1% to 50% in 2017, and 0.8% to 33% in 2019. Parasitism by Sturmiopsis parasitica, Diolcogaster sp., and Cotesia flavipes on FAW in maize crops are reported for the first time. Our results suggest high biological diversity of FAW parasitoids, which should be exploited in the IPM of the FAW in Uganda.
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Dion, William A., Tessa E. Steenwinkel und Thomas Werner. „From Aedes to Zeugodacus: a review of dipteran body coloration studies regarding evolutionary developmental biology, pest control, and species discovery“. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 69 (August 2021): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2021.01.006.
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Da Lage, Jean-Luc. „The Amylases of Insects“. International Journal of Insect Science 10 (Januar 2018): 117954331880478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179543318804783.
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Alpha-amylases are major digestive enzymes that act in the first step of maltopolysaccharide digestion. In insects, these enzymes have long been studied for applied as well as purely scientific purposes. In many species, amylases are produced by multiple gene copies. Rare species are devoid of Amy gene. They are predominantly secreted in the midgut but salivary expression is also frequent, with extraoral activity. Enzymological parameters are quite variable among insects, with visible trends according to phylogeny: Coleopteran amylases have acidic optimum activity, whereas dipteran amylases have neutral preference and lepidopteran ones have clear alkaline preference. The enzyme structure shows interesting variations shaped by evolutionary convergences, such as the recurrent loss of a loop involved in substrate handling. Many works have focused on the action of plant amylase inhibitors on pest insect amylases, in the frame of crop protection by transgenesis. It appears that sensitivity or resistance to inhibitors is finely tuned and very specific and that amylases and their inhibitors have coevolved. The multicopy feature of insect amylases appears to allow tissue-specific or stage-specific regulation, but also to broaden enzymological abilities, such as pH range, and to overcome plant inhibitory defenses.
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Johnson, A. J., P. G. Weintraub, R. Katoch, B. J. Schemerhorn und R. H. Shukle. „Biological and molecular characterization of Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Israel“. Bulletin of Entomological Research 102, Nr. 6 (08.05.2012): 632–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485312000235.
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AbstractSamples of a dipteran pest of wheat were tested to confirm identity, describe local populations and suggest the use of deploying resistance (R) genes in wheat cultivars for control of Mayetiola destructor, Hessian fly (HF). Morphological evaluation of adults and a free-choice oviposition preference test documenting that females overwhelmingly preferred to oviposit on wheat instead of barley supported they were HF. Using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (coxI), the Barcoding Region, nine haplotypes were revealed. Two were found only in the Israeli collections and averaged 3% sequence divergence compared to the other seven haplotypes found in the United States, Israel and Syria. In evaluations of virulence, the Israeli HF in culture was virulent to 11 of the 19 (R) genes tested, and complementation analysis documented that, for four of the R genes tested, the Israeli HF shared loci for virulence with HF from the United States. Levels of HF infestation at seven Israeli fields were at least at the 5–8% level, which historically has indicated a significant yield loss. Microsatellite genotyping of the five HF collections from Israel revealed mixed populations in Israel that are distinctly separate from the single population in Syria.
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Peña, Guadalupe, Juan Miranda-Rios, Gustavo de la Riva, Liliana Pardo-López, Mario Soberón und Alejandra Bravo. „A Bacillus thuringiensis S-Layer Protein Involved in Toxicity against Epilachna varivestis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, Nr. 1 (Januar 2006): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.1.353-360.2006.
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ABSTRACT The use of Bacillus thuringiensis as a biopesticide is a viable alternative for insect control since the insecticidal Cry proteins produced by these bacteria are highly specific; harmless to humans, vertebrates, and plants; and completely biodegradable. In addition to Cry proteins, B. thuringiensis produces a number of extracellular compounds, including S-layer proteins (SLP), that contribute to virulence. The S layer is an ordered structure representing a proteinaceous paracrystalline array which completely covers the surfaces of many pathogenic bacteria. In this work, we report the identification of an S-layer protein by the screening of B. thuringiensis strains for activity against the coleopteran pest Epilachna varivestis (Mexican bean beetle; Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). We screened two B. thuringiensis strain collections containing unidentified Cry proteins and also strains isolated from dead insects. Some of the B. thuringiensis strains assayed against E. varivestis showed moderate toxicity. However, a B. thuringiensis strain (GP1) that was isolated from a dead insect showed a remarkably high insecticidal activity. The parasporal crystal produced by the GP1 strain was purified and shown to have insecticidal activity against E. varivestis but not against the lepidopteran Manduca sexta or Spodoptera frugiperda or against the dipteran Aedes aegypti. The gene encoding this protein was cloned and sequenced. It corresponded to an S-layer protein highly similar to previously described SLP in Bacillus anthracis (EA1) and Bacillus licheniformis (OlpA). The phylogenetic relationships among SLP from different bacteria showed that these proteins from Bacillus cereus, Bacillus sphaericus, B. anthracis, B. licheniformis, and B. thuringiensis are arranged in the same main group, suggesting similar origins. This is the first report that demonstrates that an S-layer protein is directly involved in toxicity to a coleopteran pest.
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Ono, Hajime, Alvin Kah-Wei Hee und Hongbo Jiang. „Recent Advancements in Studies on Chemosensory Mechanisms Underlying Detection of Semiochemicals in Dacini Fruit Flies of Economic Importance (Diptera: Tephritidae)“. Insects 12, Nr. 2 (26.01.2021): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12020106.
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Dacini fruit flies mainly contain two genera, Bactrocera and Zeugodacus, and include many important pests of fruits and vegetables. Their life cycle is affected by various environmental cues. Among them, multiple characteristic semiochemicals have remarkable effects on their reproductive and host-finding behaviors. Notably, floral fragrances released from so-called fruit fly orchids strongly attract males of several Dacini fruit fly species. Focusing on the strong attraction of male flies to particular chemicals, natural and synthetic lures have been used for pest management. Thus, the perception of semiochemicals is important to understand environmental adaptation in Dacini fruit flies. Since next-generation sequencers are available, a large number of chemosensory-related genes have been identified in Dacini fruit flies, as well as other insects. Furthermore, recent studies have succeeded in the functional analyses of olfactory receptors in response to semiochemicals. Thus, characterization of molecular components required for chemoreception is under way. However, the mechanisms underlying chemoreception remain largely unknown. This paper reviews recent findings on peripheral mechanisms in the perception of odors in Dacini fruit flies, describing related studies in other dipteran species, mainly the model insect Drosophilamelanogaster. Based on the review, important themes for future research have also been discussed.
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Rappaport, Nancy, und Alain Roques. „RESOURCE USE AND CLONAL DIFFERENCES IN ATTACK RATE BY THE DOUGLAS-FIR SEED CHALCID, MEGASTIGMUS SPERMOTROPHUS WACHTL (HYMENOPTERA: TORYMIDAE), IN FRANCE“. Canadian Entomologist 123, Nr. 6 (Dezember 1991): 1219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1231219-6.
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AbstractThe within-cone distribution of Megastigmus spermotrophus Wachtl (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), the Douglas-fir seed chalcid, infesting Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] cones from north-central France was compared with that in samples from California. Results indicate that the mid-region of cones was more intensively utilized by seed chalcids in France than in California, whereas in the northwestern United States the mid-region is characteristically occupied by dipteran and lepidopteran species. This difference in distribution may explain the large discrepancy in infestation rates on the two continents. The potential impact of this finding on pest management strategies is discussed.Cones were measured and dissected or X-rayed to determine seed chalcid infestation levels. Analysis of covariance performed on data from cones that were collected in 1986 and dissected showed cone diameter at maturity to be a highly significant factor in attack rate, although slopes were different among clones. Between-tree variation was also significant, but clonal source was not. Cone diameter, clonal source, and between-tree variation constituted 87.1% of the variation in rate of attack by the seed chalcid. Although clone was not a significant factor in data from dissected cones, X-rayed cones showed significant differences in attack rates for some clones.
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Nawrot-Esposito, Marie-Paule, Aurélie Babin, Matthieu Pasco, Marylène Poirié, Jean-Luc Gatti und Armel Gallet. „Bacillus thuringiensis Bioinsecticides Induce Developmental Defects in Non-Target Drosophila melanogaster Larvae“. Insects 11, Nr. 10 (13.10.2020): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11100697.
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Bioinsecticides made from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are the bestselling bioinsecticide worldwide. Among Bt bioinsecticides, those based on the strain Bt subsp. kurstaki (Btk) are widely used in farming to specifically control pest lepidopteran larvae. Although there is much evidence of the lack of acute lethality of Btk products for non-target animals, only scarce data are available on their potential non-lethal developmental adverse effects. Using a concentration that could be reached in the field upon sprayings, we show that Btk products impair growth and developmental time of the non-target dipteran Drosophila melanogaster. We demonstrate that these effects are mediated by the synergy between Btk bacteria and Btk insecticidal toxins. We further show that Btk bioinsecticides trigger intestinal cell death and alter protein digestion without modifying the food intake and feeding behavior of the larvae. Interestingly, these harmful effects can be mitigated by a protein-rich diet or by adding the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum into the food. Finally, we unravel two new cellular mechanisms allowing the larval midgut to maintain its integrity upon Btk aggression: First the flattening of surviving enterocytes and second, the generation of new immature cells arising from the adult midgut precursor cells. Together, these mechanisms participate to quickly fill in the holes left by the dying enterocytes.
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Arab, atiya, Ali Yassin Ali, Mehran Zeity, Manal Saleh, Ola Salman, Layla El-Dahhak, Rabih Darwich und Jaafar Ammar. „Preliminary Study of Insect Pests on Carthamus tinctorius L. and their Associated Natural Enemies along the Syrian Coast“. Arab Journal for Plant Protection 41, Nr. 3 (September 2023): 258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-41.3.258265.
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Arab, A., A. Y. Ali, M. Zeity, M. Saleh, O. Salman, L. El-Dahhak, R. Darwish and J. Ammar. 2023. Preliminary Study of Insect Pests on Carthamus tinctorius L. and their Associated Natural Enemies along the Syrian Coast. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(3): 258-265. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.3.258265 The study was conducted on safflower fields at both Al-Sanoubar (Latakia) and Jamasa (Tartous) Research Stations during 2018, 2019 and 2020 seasons. It aimed to identify insect pests and associated natural enemies on the safflower. Results obtained identified 28 insect pest species feeding on different parts of safflower, ten species of sucking insects (Uroleucon sp., Brachycaudus sp., Mzyus persica, Aphis fabae, Lygus sp., Oxycarenus sp., Dionconotus neglectus, Carpocoris mediterraneus, Eurydema ornata and Thrips tabaci), eight lepidopteran species, six species of beetles and four dipteran species (one species of Agromyzidae and three species of Tephritidae). The incidence of fruit flies at Al-Sanoubar station was 49% in the 2019 season. Seven species of predator insects were identified: Coccinella septempunctata, Cheilomenes sp., Hippodamia variegate, Scymnus syriacus, Orius sp., Chrysoperla carnea and Syrphus sp. Three hymenoptera species of parasitoids Bracon spp. and Apanteles sp. were also recorded. Keywords: Safflower, insect pests, natural enemies, Syria
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Barrantes, M. E., und M. K. Castelo. „Host specificity in the host-seeking larva of the dipteran parasitoidMallophora ruficaudaand the influence of age on parasitism decisions“. Bulletin of Entomological Research 104, Nr. 3 (19.02.2014): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485314000029.
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AbstractLarvae of the robber flyMallophora ruficaudaare ectoparasitoids of white grubs and adults are an important apiculture pest in Argentina. Females oviposit on tall grasses and the second instar larva actively searches and locates hosts. There are nine potential hosts in the distribution area of this parasitoid andCyclocephala signaticollis(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is the most parasitized in the field. However,M. ruficaudahas a certain degree of behavioural flexibility towards different host species, and not being a strict specialist. The conditions under which the parasitoid orientates and accepts different hosts’ species are unknown. We studied the host specificity ofM. ruficaudatowards three species ofCyclocephalagenus and we determined whether this specificity depends on larval age. We also evaluated whether larva orientation towardsCyclocephalaspecies changes with chemical cue concentration. We assessed host specificity measuring the orientation and acceptance behaviours towards kairomones extracts and live individuals ofCyclocephalaspecies usingM. ruficaudalarvae of low and high life expectancy (i.e., young and aged second instar larvae). We observed that young larvae orientated only towardsC. signaticollischemical stimulus, whereas aged larvae orientated also towardsC. modesta, and the same was observed with increasing stimuli's concentration. Both young and agedM. ruficaudalarvae orientate towards liveC. signaticollisandC. putridaspecies and rejectedC. modesta. Also, we found that larvae accepted allCyclocephalahosts. In conclusion, our results indicate that specificity in the laboratory, observed through host orientation and host acceptance behaviours, depends not only on the availability of host species, but also on the nature of the host's stimuli combined with parasitoid age.
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Al-Jameeli, Mohammad M., und Fekri Shaher. „Larvicidal Activity of Selected Plant Extracts Against the Screwworm Fly Chrysomya Albiceps“. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 18, Nr. 3 (27.10.2021): 487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2934.
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Myiasis is a kind of parasitic disease originating from the invasion of tissues of domestic animals by dipteran larvae. Chrysomya albicebs is a type of screwworm fly spread in the tropical areas and known to cause myiasis among live human and animals leading to health problems and high economic losses to dairy producers. Management and control of this pest is needed to overcome these losses. Nowadays, natural botanical products have been increasingly investigated as controlling agents against insects of medical and veterinary importance. This research was designed to evaluate the larvicidal effect of the total extracts of three plants, Ficus palmate, Juniperus procera and Nerium oleander against screwworm fly Chrysomya albiceps. The plants leaves were extracted with organic solvents mixture methanol : chloroform (1:1) and were tested against the second larval instar of C. albiceps using feeding and dipping methods. The extracts caused larval mortalities in the order of F. palmate> N. oleander > J. procer with IC50 values of 15.97, 33.73 and 37.24, respectively using feeding method and in the order N. oleander > F. palmate > J. procera with IC50 values of 43.12, 47.41 and 73.39, respectively using dipping method. It is concluded that the F. palmate followed by N. oleander and J. procera are candidates to use in controlling the larvae of myiasis-caused fly C. albiceps.
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Diraviam, J., M. Selvanayagam und S. Ignacimuthu. „Arthropod Diversity in Rice nurseries in North-Eastern Zone of Tamil Nadu“. Mapana - Journal of Sciences 2, Nr. 2 (01.04.2004): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12723/mjs.4.1.
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Agricultural systems are often considered by ecologists as disturbed, depauperate, and evolutionarily recent. But tropical rice agro-ecosystem is one exception due to its ecological complexity resulted by the long ecological complexity resulted by the long ecological history and wide geographical distribution. Rice nursery is very similar to natural grassland and offers a wide scope for studying the biodiversity due to the presence of arthropod fauna. A survey was conducted in five rice nursery fields in the same period in three villages of two districts of the north eastern zone of Tamil Nadu: Budur, Kavarapettai and Narasingapuram of Tiruvallur district, and Kavur and Malaiyambakkam of Kancheepuram district during Sornavari season,2003(April to August). The rice cultivar was uniformly ADT 43, a short duration variety. No chemical pesticide was applied in the nursery fields and the seedlings were of uniform age. Fifty double sweep net samples were taken to study arthropod diversity. The specimens sorted out were grouped into three guilds, viz., pests, entomophages and neutrals, and their relative abundance was worked out. . The overall observations revealed that a wide range of arthropod fauna were present in the rice nursery fields. The neutrals were the most dominant guilds in four out of five locations. The relative abundance range from 30.22 to 67.13% .This guild was followed by the pests, which ranged from 17.5 to 48.58%. The abundance of entomophages ranged from 13.32 to 24.36%. Among the locations, the maximum relative abundance of pest and entomophage guilds was observed in Narasingapuram. The maximum relative abundance of neutrals was observed in Budur. The green leaf hopper, white flies, white-bat plant hopper, grass hoppers and trips were the major pests. The pre dominant entomophages were the spiders, parasitic hymenoptera and ground beetles. Dipteran flies and hydrophilids were the pre dominant neutrals observed. It may be concluded that rice nursery field supports a wide range of arthropods. The neutrals help in the buildup of carnivorous (entomophages), which ultimately check the pest population.
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Eisawi, Khalid, Indra Prasad Subedi, Christine Dakélé Yodé und Hong He. „Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) increase predation of Belenois solilucis (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) eggs in organic agriculture production systems: a multiple-site field study at Rashad, Sudan“. Sociobiology 69, Nr. 2 (24.06.2022): e7746. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v69i2.7746.
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Organic farming is becoming more popular as there is a greater demand for pesticide-free food. Pest control in organic agricultural production requires a set of skills, including the identification of effective predators and land-use practices. Predation by selected Coleopteran, Dipteran, and Hemipteran insects and Araneae is well established, whereas the predatory role of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) has received little attention in the Rashad district, Sudan. This study was carried out to assess the predation rates of Belenois solilucis eggs and the impact of the land use type around the properties on these rates. An experimente involving predation tests on Belenois solilucis eggs and fauna sampling were conducted in 18 areas of organic agriculture in the Rashad district. The study showed that ants can reduce the eggs population by 26.8% per day. At the same time, other predator taxa, primarily Coleoptera, from Coccinellidae and Staphylinidae families, removed only 13% of the eggs. Ant species with the most significant recruiting power were Axinidris acholli, Tapinoma carininotum, and Technomyrmex moerens. Ant genera such as Linepithema, Dorymyrmex, and Camponotus ants were also frequently observed. The proportion of the planted area within a 500-meter radius, in addition to the interaction of other landscape categories, had a minor influence on predation, but only when the predators were not ants. The landscape does not affect predation by predators in general, including ants, or on ant predation in particular.
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Dai, Minli, Jin Yang, Xinyi Liu, Haoyi Gu, Fanchi Li, Bing Li und Jing Wei. „Parasitism by the Tachinid Parasitoid Exorista japonica Leads to Suppression of Basal Metabolism and Activation of Immune Response in the Host Bombyx mori“. Insects 13, Nr. 9 (31.08.2022): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13090792.
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The dipteran tachinid parasitoids are important biocontrol agents, and they must survive the harsh environment and rely on the resources of the host insect to complete their larval stage. We have previously demonstrated that the parasitism by the tachinid parasitoid Exorista japonica, a pest of the silkworm, causes pupation defects in Bombyx mori. However, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we performed transcriptome analysis of the fat body of B. mori parasitized by E. japonica. We identified 1361 differentially expressed genes, with 394 genes up-regulated and 967 genes down-regulated. The up-regulated genes were mainly associated with immune response, endocrine system and signal transduction, whereas the genes related to basal metabolism, including energy metabolism, transport and catabolism, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism were down-regulated, indicating that the host appeared to be in poor nutritional status but active in immune response. Moreover, by time-course gene expression analysis we found that genes related to amino acid synthesis, protein degradation and lipid metabolism in B. mori at later parasitization stages were inhibited. Antimicrobial peptides including Cecropin A, Gloverin and Moricin, and an immulectin, CTL11, were induced. These results indicate that the tachinid parasitoid perturbs the basal metabolism and induces the energetically costly immunity of the host, and thus leading to incomplete larval–pupal ecdysis of the host. This study provided insights into how tachinid parasitoids modify host basal metabolism and immune response for the benefit of developing parasitoid larvae.
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Ribeiro Lopes, Mélanie, Nicolas Parisot, Karen Gaget, Cissy Huygens, Sergio Peignier, Gabrielle Duport, Julien Orlans et al. „Evolutionary novelty in the apoptotic pathway of aphids“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, Nr. 51 (07.12.2020): 32545–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013847117.
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Apoptosis, a conserved form of programmed cell death, shows interspecies differences that may reflect evolutionary diversification and adaptation, a notion that remains largely untested. Among insects, the most speciose animal group, the apoptotic pathway has only been fully characterized inDrosophila melanogaster, and apoptosis-related proteins have been studied in a few other dipteran and lepidopteran species. Here, we studied the apoptotic pathway in the aphidAcyrthosiphon pisum, an insect pest belonging to the Hemiptera, an earlier-diverging and distantly related order. We combined phylogenetic analyses and conserved domain identification to annotate the apoptotic pathway inA. pisumand found low caspase diversity and a large expansion of its inhibitory part, with 28 inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs). We analyzed the spatiotemporal expression of a selected set of pea aphid IAPs and showed that they are differentially expressed in different life stages and tissues, suggesting functional diversification. Five IAPs are specifically induced in bacteriocytes, the specialized cells housing symbiotic bacteria, during their cell death. We demonstrated the antiapoptotic role of these five IAPs using heterologous expression in a tractable in vivo model, theDrosophila melanogasterdeveloping eye. Interestingly, IAPs with the strongest antiapoptotic potential contain two BIR and two RING domains, a domain association that has not been observed in any other species. We finally analyzed all available aphid genomes and found that they all show large IAP expansion, with new combinations of protein domains, suggestive of evolutionarily novel aphid-specific functions.
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Ma, Ruixin, Donggui Li, Chen Peng, Shuangyan Wang, Yaping Chen, Furong Gui und Zhongxiang Sun. „Genome-Wide Identification of the Genes of the Odorant-Binding Protein Family Reveal Their Role in the Olfactory Response of the Tomato Leaf Miner (Tuta absoluta) to a Repellent Plant“. Agronomy 14, Nr. 1 (22.01.2024): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14010231.
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The remarkable biological and evolutionary adaptations of insects to plants are largely attributed to the powerful chemosensory systems of insects. The tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) is a destructive invasive pest with a global distribution that poses a serious threat to the production of nightshade crops, especially tomatoes. Functional plants can attract or repel insect pests by releasing volatiles that interact with the olfactory system of insects, thereby reducing the damage of insect pests to target crops. However, there is limited research on the interaction between T. absoluta olfactory genes and functional plants. In this study, 97 members of the putative odorant-binding protein (OBP) family have been identified in the whole genome of T. absoluta. Phylogenetic analysis involving various Lepidopteran and Dipteran species, including D. melanogaster, revealed that OBP gene families present conserved clustering patterns. Furthermore, the Plus-C subfamily of OBP showed extremely significant expansion. Moreover, the expression levels of the OBP genes varied significantly between different developmental stages; that is, the highest number of OBP genes were expressed in the adult stage, followed by the larval stage, and fewer genes were expressed in high abundance in the egg stage. On the other hand, through a Y-tube olfactometer, we identified a functional plant—Plectranthus tomentosa—that significantly repels adult and larval T. absoluta. Finally, we screened the OBP genes in response to tomato and P. tomentosa volatiles at the genomic level of T. absoluta using RT-qPCR. These results laid a good foundation for controlling T. absoluta with functional plants and further studying olfactory genes.
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Shi, Caihua, Seng Zhang, Jingrong Hu und Youjun Zhang. „Effects of Non-Lethal High-Temperature Stress on Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae) Larval Development and Offspring“. Insects 11, Nr. 3 (01.03.2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11030159.
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Throughout China, the dipteran pest Bradysia odoriphaga significantly reduces Chinese chive production; therefore, identifying conditions that influence its growth and development is crucial for developing ecological regulation strategies. In this study, different non-lethal high temperatures and treatment durations were used to stress the third-instar larvae of B. odoriphaga, and the effects of this treatment on their growth and offspring were recorded and analyzed. The results showed that the average larval mortality increased with increased temperature and prolonged exposure times. After stress treatment at 40 °C for 2 h, 100% of larvae died within 5 days, which was not significantly different from the 5-day average larval mortality (90.66%) after stress at 37 °C for 4 h, but significantly higher than the 5-day average larval mortality (72.00%) after stress at 40 °C for 1 h. After 5 days, all still-living larvae could pupate, and there was no significant difference in average pupal period after pupation. However, the eclosion rate of subsequent pupae decreased with increased temperature and prolonged exposure times, and were only 43.00% and 42.73% after larvae were stressed at 37 °C for 4 h and 40 °C for 1 h, respectively. After eclosion into adults, there was no significant difference in the lifespan of unmated female adults, while the lifespan of unmated male adults was significantly reduced to 1.67 d and 2 d after larvae were stressed at 37 °C for 4 h and 40 °C for 1 h, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in male and female adult longevity after mating. There was no significant difference in oviposition or egg hatchability. This indicates that non-lethal high temperature at 37 °C for 4 h can hinder development and allow control of B. odoriphaga. There is great potential for non-lethal high temperature to be applied in the field to control agricultural pests.
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Sergeeva, Tatyana P., Olga V. Lozinskaya und Elena G. Smirnova. „The structure of entomocomplexes of open biotopes of the Belarusian Polesie in the post-meliorative period“. Journal of the Belarusian State University. Ecology, Nr. 4 (27.12.2022): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/2521-683x/2022-4-15-32.
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The assessment of anthropogenically determined dynamics of entomocomplexes, including a number of economically important and biocenotically significant groups of insects inhabiting open biocenoses of the Pripyat floodplain (Belarusian Polesie) has been given. Some patterns in the formation of hortobiont arthropods complexes in natural and transformedhabitats have been established. There have been registered the representatives of 2 classes -insects (Insecta) and arachnids (Arachnoidea) - in the studied territory. The insects are represented by 9 orders (and 22 families): dragonflies (Odonata), orthopterans (Orthoptera), homopterans (Homoptera), semi-coleopterans (Hemiptera), coleopterans (Coleoptera), neuropterans (Neuroptera), hymenopterans (Hymenoptera), dipterans (Diptera) and lepidopterans (Lepidoptera). The most widespread representatives of 6 orders of insects are Diptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Homoptera, Hemiptera. Dipterans predominate in all biotopes, their proportion is up to 40 % of all insects. Orthopterans dominate by biomass everywhere. The structure of entomocomplexes in the studied biocenoses has been established: qualitative composition and quantitative characteristics (abundance and biomass). It is shown that the number of Coleoptera is reduced by almost 2.5 times on pastures compared to the control, while for Hemiptera and Orthoptera, on the contrary, increased. Hygrophiles are replaced by more meso- and xerophilous species. A high number of white-banded filly Chorthippus albomarginatus (De Geer, 1773), a well-known pest of farmland, has been recorded in agrocenoses (an order of magnitude higher than in natural meadows). The disappearance of grasshoppers (indicators of reserved state) from communities has been noted as the anthropogenic load on biogeocenoses increases. The tendency of changes in the structural and functional organization of entomocomplexes has been revealed, it manifests itself in the change of species differing in hygropreferendum. Thus, hygrophilous stenobionts are replaced by mesophilic and mesoxerophilic species and elements of steppe (Stenobothrus lineatus), semi-desert (Gomphocerippus rufus) and even desert (Bryodemella tuberculata) fauna. The bioindicational significance of individual groups and species of insects, demonstrated on orthopterans, has been established.
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Gopalan, N., B. K. Bhattacharya, Shri Prakash und K. M. Rao. „Characterization of Carboxylesterases from Malathion-ResistantCulex quinquefasciatusSay (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes“. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 57, Nr. 2 (Februar 1997): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pest.1997.2253.
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Rejili, M., T. Fernandes, A. M. Dinis, J. A. Pereira, P. Baptista, S. A. P. Santos und T. Lino-Neto. „A PCR-based diagnostic assay for detecting DNA of the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae, in the gut of soil-living arthropods“. Bulletin of Entomological Research 106, Nr. 5 (14.06.2016): 695–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000748531600050x.
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AbstractBactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is considered the most devastating pest of the olive tree worldwide. In an effort to develop management and biological control strategies against this pest, new molecular tools are urgently needed. In this study, we present the design of B. oleae-specific primers based on mitochondrial DNA sequences of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Two pairs of B. oleae-specific primers were successfully designed and named as SBo1-F/SBo1-R and SBo2-F/SBo1-R, being able to amplify 108 and 214 bp COI fragments, respectively. The specificity of designed primers was tested by amplifying DNA from phylogenetically related (i.e. Diptera order) and other non-pest insects living in olive groves from the Mediterranean region. When using these primers on a PCR-based diagnostic assay, B. oleae DNA was detected in the gut content of a soil-living insect, Pterostichus globosus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Carabidae). The detection of B. oleae DNA in the guts of arthropods was further optimized by adding bovine serum albumin enhancer to the PCR reaction, in order to get a fast, reproducible and sensitive tool for detecting B. oleae remains in the guts of soil-living arthropods. This molecular tool could be useful for understanding pest–predator relationships and establishing future biological control strategies for this pest.
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Liu, Nannan, und Xin Yue. „Genetics of Pyrethroid Resistance in a Strain (ALHF) of House Flies (Diptera: Muscidae)“. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 70, Nr. 3 (Juli 2001): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pest.2001.2547.
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