Dissertationen zum Thema „Diffraction des Rayons X synchrotron“
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Mastropietro, Francesca. „Imagerie de nanofils uniques par diffraction cohérente des rayons X“. Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00716410.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMenut, Denis. „Contribution au développement de la ligne MARS pour l’analyse au rayonnement synchrotron d’aciers à dispersion d’oxydes irradiés aux neutrons : évolution des phases secondaires sous irradiation“. Caen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CAEN2020.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleX-Ray Diffraction coupled with X-ray Absorption Fine Structure analyses at the MARS beamline of the synchrotron SOLEIL facility were used to study the microstructural evolution of oxides phases found in ODS steels irradiated in Material Testing Reactors. Two hold generations of ODS steel grades (DY and MA957) irradiated up to high fluencies (~75 dpa) were studied. These experiments have required specific developments, in particular a dedicated sample holder. An important milestone was overcome integrating the MARS beamline to the nuclearized facilities accessible for CEA. First, XRD analysis provide new results concerning intermediate sizes of precipitates (around 100 nm) essentially from crystallographic point of view, the nano-sized oxides (from 1 to 10 nm) being not detected, due to the material itself, sample preparation as thin foil and experimental set-up calibration. Secondly, XAFS analysis is not a discriminating technique as soon as the absorber atom is involved in the chemical composition of various precipitates found in ODS. Nevertheless, the stability of the Ti with a coordination number of 5 is evidenced whatever the irradiation conditions. As our experimental study was not able to detect the nano-sized oxides, an alternative way is to perform modeling approach of the behavior of massive oxides under irradiation, compared to experimental analyses under ion irradiations. We have shown that the defect-fluorite is an intermediate phase of the crystal-to-amorphous phase transition of the pyrochlore oxide structure, whatever the irradiation conditions and the ratio of the cationic radii, the Ti coordination number remaining around 5 in the amorphous state
Lauraux, Florian. „Etudes nano-mécaniques in situ de nanostructures métalliques utilisant le rayonnement synchrotron“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0441.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe nano-mecanic behavior of Au sub-micronic islands has been studied by in situ nano-indentation using the atomic force microscope SFINX coupled with the Laue X ray microdiffraction and the Bragg coherent diffraction imaging (BCDI°techniques. These coupled studies have been led on synchrotron beamlines, ID01 and BM32 at the ESRF (France Grenoble). New methods have been developped during this PHD work : a mesure of the in situ applied force by measuring the deflexion of the AFM Si cantilever by Laue microdiffraction with a resolution of 90 nm. A brand new multi-wavelength BCDI approach allowing real in situ nano-mecanical tests coupled with X ray diffraction. The mecanical tests coupled with Laue microdiffraction led to the determination of defaults density in a Au nanocristal function of the applied force, which demonstrated a mecanical annealing by the drop of the GNDs. The mw-BCDI has also be coupled with nanoindentation tests on a Au nano-cristal, which allowed us to visualize in 3D the evolution and the nucleation of dislocations. It also showed the disapearing of the dislocations after a full unloading, leaving the nano-cristal with no defaults. These in situ coupled experiments will shed some new light about the nucleation of the first defaults in metalic FCC nanostructures
Masiello, Fabio. „Diffraction et imagerie aux rayons X en utilisant un faisceau cohérent : applications aux optiques rayons X et au cristaux comportant des hétérogénéités de phase“. Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00609216.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCook, Phil K. „Microfocused X-ray methodologies for the biogeochemical study of archaeological and modern otoliths“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112203/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOtoliths, aragonitic growths in the inner ear of teleost fishes, can be used as proxies for the water conditions experienced by an individual over its lifetime. A set of archaeological Sciaenidae and Ariidae otoliths and modern counterparts was studied with the objective of improving palaeoenvironmental reconstruction methodologies using otoliths and other incremental carbonate biominerals. The incorporation of strontium, the most accessible environment-related element, was studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) point analyses and mapping. A fast multivariate chemical environment mapping approach was implemented to determine the mode of Sr incorporation over an area of 0.25 mm² with micrometric resolution. XAS results demonstrate for the first time with a micrometric lateral resolution over millimetric distances that strontium randomly substitutes for calcium in the aragonite lattice, independent of strontium concentration, or individual or geological age. Elemental maps on areas up to 2.6 mm² were produced with micrometric lateral resolution X-ray emission techniques (Particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SR-µXRF)). These maps permit the detailed examination of an individual’s life history and sample taphonomy with a high temporal resolution while also identifying defects or abiogenic elements. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD) was used to map the crystal texture on complete otolith sections and may deepen understanding of otolith internal structure and growth processes, as well as providing a valuable tool for future studies of biominerals and advanced materials. The selection and implementation of methods were carried out with a view to maximise the potential contribution to the study of stratified biocarbonates, considering and seeking to complement existing approaches in aspects including information depth, lateral resolution, sensitivity, and beam damage. This work demonstrates the stability and homogeneity of Sr incorporation by random substitution for Ca in biogenic aragonite in both modern and archaeological otoliths. Multielemental maps were collected using SR-µXRF in a reasonable time scale of a few to several hours, with the ability to distinguish contamination and defects in the sample, as well as to correlate the maps to microscopic observations of the sections to provide temporal resolution. The preferential orientations of crystallites composing the otolith sections were analysed using the rapid acquisition ‘flyscan’ method, which reduces measurement time to minutes rather than hours
Malard, Benoît. „Caractérisation multiéchelle par diffraction de neutrons et rayonnement synchrotron de la transformation martensitique sous contrainte dans un alliage à mémoire de forme CuAlBe“. Paris, ENSAM, 2008. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004479.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) have different mechanical properties than usual materials. Their exceptional properties such as superelasticity and shape memory are closely associated with the characteristic of the martensitic transformation in these alloys. The microstructural evolutions associated with this transformation play a considerable role in the nature of the observed macroscopic behaviour. The precise description of these evolutions is an important part of the understanding of the interactions between the microstructure and the macroscopic properties. In this context, diffractometric analyses allow us to obtain useful information on the volume fraction evolution the lattice strains and grain rotations. The use of neutron, synchrotron X-ray and hard X-Ray radiation appears to be the only alternative for quantifying the martensitic transformation at multiple length scales via reliable complementary measurements performed in a laboratory. This work, on superelastic CuAlBe SMA, contributes to the development experimental methodologies on biphasic alloys and sets up new in-situ multiscale analyses on the field of the martensitic transformation. At the macroscopic scale, the transfer stress loading from one to the other phase has been followed when the transformation begins. The plastic and residual transformation strains have been determined from the residual macroscopic strain. At the grain level, the formation and the rotation of small austenitic domains have been measured when the martensitic transformation starts. During unloading, the inverse rotation and the reconstitution of one austenitic domain have been observed. At the microscopic level, the rotations of the small austenitic domains have been confirmed and localized. The increase of the austenite crystal plane mosaicity has been tracked
Gallard, Manon. „Etude in situ de la cristallisation et des contraintes dans des nanostructures de GeTe par diffraction du rayonnement X synchrotron“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0037.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePhase Change Materials (PCM) are used in PCRAM (Phase-Change Random Access Memory) devices, where the information is stored by the PCM state (crystalline or amorphous, corresponding to the two binary information states, 0/1). The stored data is read as the resistivity of the PCM which differs strongly whether it is in amorphous or crystalline state. A detailed understanding of the physical mechanisms during the amorphous to crystal phase transition is of utmost importance for the optimization and the reliability improvement of these memory devices. In this work, a model system (GeTe) was in situ characterized at a synchrotron facility. The thermoelastic behaviour and crystallization mechanism were studied for several sample geometries: thin films (thicknesses of 100 nm down to 5 nm), nano-pillars (diameter 50 nm to 250 nm, 50 nm height) and clusters (diameter of 10 nm)
Jal, Emmanuelle. „Réflectivité magnétique résonante de rayons X mous : une sonde de la distribution d'aimantation complexe au sein de films minces“. Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00952868.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBouscaud, Denis. „Développement de la microdiffraction Kossel pour l'analyse des déformations et contraintes à l'échelle du micromètrecristallins : applications à des matériaux cristallins“. Paris, ENSAM, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ENAM0012.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleX-ray diffraction is a non-destructive method frequently used in materials science to analyse the stress state at a macroscopic scale. Due to the growing complexity of new materials and their applications, it is necessary to know the strain and stress state at a lower scale. Thus, a Kossel microdiffraction experimental set-up was developed inside a scanning electron microscope. It allows to obtain the crystallographic orientation as well as the strains and stresses within a volume of a few cubic micrometers. Some experiments were also performed using a synchrotron radiation. An experimental procedure was developed to optimize the acquisition of Kossel line patterns and their post-processing. The stress calculation from Kossel patterns was validated by comparing the stress state of single crystals during in situ mechanical loading, obtained by Kossel microdiffraction and with classical diffraction methods. Then Kossel microdiffraction was applied to polycrystalline samples by gradually decreasing the grain size. Intergranular stress heterogeneities were for example measured in an interstitial-free steel. Experiments were finally carried out in thin layer samples representative of microelectronic components
Fraczkiewicz, Alexandra. „Développement de la tomographie par rayons X en synchrotron pour l'industrie : application à l'analyse de défaillance en intégration 3D“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAY088/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis PhD thesis aims at developing new characterization techniques for 3D integration in microelectronics. More specifically, the focus is set on recent ESRF (European Synchrotron Radiation Facility) beamlines, both for 3D imaging by tomography and for strain measurements by Bragg diffraction.3D integration aims at reducing the global microelectronics devices footprint and connections length, by stacking the dies on top of one another instead of setting them one to another. This new geometry however requires new connections, such as copper pillars (CuP) and copper pads, used in hybrid bonding. The monitoring of their fabrication process requires their imaging in three dimensions, and the measure of the strain inside them. Those measurements must be conducted on large areas (100 µm2), with high resolution (500 nm for strain and 100 nm for imaging). Moreover, given the industrial context of this study, the characterization methods must be as routine and automatic as possible.To answer those needs, several techniques have been developed in this work.Two 3D imaging techniques have been made compatible with the requirements of 3D integration characterization. A Slice and View procedure has been implemented inside a single beam PFIB, leading to large volumes 3D automated imaging. The tomography workflow accessible on the ID6A beamline of the ESRF has been adapted, in order to limit the human intervention and beam times. This leads to possible statistical measurements on this beamline.Strain measurements have been conducted on the ID01 beamline of the ESRF, on silicon and copper stacks meant for direct and hybrid bonding. They allowed for simultenous local strain measurements in two independent layers of silicon, and textit{in situ} measurements in copper.In this work, we show the possibilities of synchrotron based techniques (here, tomography and Bragg diffraction) for the chacracterization of 3D integration devices. We show that, provided some adjustments, these techniques can be used routinely for the microelectronics field
Piotrowski, David P. „Synchrotron polychromatic x-ray diffraction tomography of large-grained polycrystalline materials“. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19985.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNguyen, Thanh Tra. „Sillicon photonics based on monolithic integration of III-V nanostructures on silicon“. Phd thesis, INSA de Rennes, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01065999.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePatterson, Curtis R. II. „Synchrotron polychromatic x-ray diffraction tomography of aluminum lithium 2090 T8E41“. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19526.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVillain, Pascale. „Analyse des constantes d'élasticité dans des films minces et multicouches par déformation in situ couplée à la diffraction des rayons X“. Poitiers, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002POIT2274.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTheoretical and experimental studies have evidenced that nanostrutured materials may present an elastic behaviour different from the bulk one. We have developed a method to measure the intragranular Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio in supported thin films and multilayers by coupling X-ray diffraction and in situ tensile testing. We determined the Poisson's ratio of Mo in a Ni/Mo multilayer; then we evidenced an inversion between the Poisson's ratios of the {331} and {420} family planes in gold films. Combining several techniques, we observed a softening of the modulus in a stainless steel film. Then we evidenced a softening of the modulus in a tungsten film; we obtained the modulus of a gold film and its Poisson's ratio, which is clearly smaller than the bulk one. Finally, a study of W/Cu multilayers with periods ranging from 3 to 24 nm revealed a narrow correlation between elastic constants and microstructural evolution in the W sublayers
Collet, Jean-Louis. „Les mécanismes de déformation d'un acier TWIP FeMnC : une étude par diffraction des rayons X“. Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00376431.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLes résultats de cette méthode ont été confirmés à l'aide de l'indexation automatique de clichés de diffraction en microscopie électronique et de densités de dislocations mesurées par variation de la masse volumique issues de la littérature. Cette méthode a également été appliquée avec succès sur un échantillon standard, en l'occurrence un monocristal de cuivre.
Nous avons confirmé que les mécanismes de déformation des aciers Fe22Mn0.6C, basés principalement sur la formation de martensite à très basse température, laissent place à un maclage intense à température ambiante puis au seul glissement des dislocations à haute température. L'analyse quantitative que nous avons développée a été également appliquée à des aciers TWIP Fe22Mn0.6C restaurés. La comparaison des mesures de densités de dislocations et du back-stress avec l'évolution de la contrainte d'écoulement durant le traitement thermique démontre clairement que le durcissement induit par le maclage n'est pas identifiable au back-stress.
Collet, Jean-Louis. „Les mécanismes de déformation d'un acier TWIP FeMnC : une étude par diffraction des rayons X“. Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPG0018.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe deformation mechanisms of austenitic Fe22Mn0. 6C TWIP steels have been investigated using a quantitative X-ray diffraction peak profile analysis. The dislocation densities and the stacking fault probabilities have been determined using the Wilkens model and the Warren theory respectively. This approach of peak profile analysis has been modified in order to take into account the effect of dislocation pile-ups due to the planar glide of dislocations that occurs in such low stacking fault energy FCC metals. The quantitative analysis of the average strain field at the head of dislocation pile-ups has demonstrated that the strong back-stress effect, in these materials, is directly linked to it. The results of this method have been confirmed by automatic indexing of electron diffraction patterns and by dislocation densities of the literature measured with physical density variation. This method has also been applied successfully on a model copper single crystal. We have confirmed that the deformation mechanisms of Fe22Mn0. 6C steels shift from the formation of martensite at very low temperature, to twinning around room temperature and dislocation glide at higher temperatures. The developed quantitative analysis has also been applied on recovered Fe22Mn0. 6C TWIP steels. The comparison of measured dislocation densities and back-stress with the flow stress evolution during thermal treatment clearly demonstrate that the hardening due to twinning is not equivalent to the back-stress
Girard, Gaétan. „Développement des méthodes de Ptychographie et diffraction cohérente des rayons X en géométrie de Bragg : application à l'étude de nano-structures“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALY010.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNanotechnologies rely on the introduction of strain engineering to enhance semiconductor devices performances. As a consequence, non-invasive characterization methods with high spatial resolution and strain sensitivity on low-amount-of-matter samples are required. This PhD work focuses on methodology of X-ray diffraction techniques performed in the Bragg geometry, which allows probing the structural properties of crystalline samples. Firstly, the Scanning X-ray Diffraction Microscopy technique, developed on a fast-timescale at the ESRF ID01 undulator beamline, is described through a thorough analysis of an experiment performed on ultra-thin strained SiGe-on-insulator patterns. Secondly, this manuscript focuses on two coherent diffraction imaging techniques, namely Bragg CDI, which yields complex density and strain map of nano-meso crystalline objects, and Ptychography, which use translational diversity to produce quantitative maps of complex transmission function of non-crystalline objects. The motivation developed in this PhD work is to combine these two techniques that both promote highly sensitive phase-contrast properties, in order to provide ultra-high resolution on complex/extended samples. Bragg Ptychography is thus introduced, along with algorithmic descriptions and considerations on the X-ray beam characterization, the latter being still a key component for successful reconstructions
Matringe, Caroline. „Nanostructuration bidimensionnelle de surfaces vicinales de saphir : Etude quantitative par diffusion et diffraction des rayons x sur sources de lumière synchrotron“. Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0032/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNanostructured systems based on nanoparticles deposited onto oxide surfaces have both a fundamental and technological interests. Final properties of such systems depend mostly on the shape and size of the nanoparticles and also on their spatial organization on the surface. In this general context, the use of vicinal surfaces appears to be an interesting way of producing templates for ordering nanoparticles. This work is devoted to the study of two-dimension (2D) nanostructuration of sapphire vicinal surfaces obtained under specific experimental conditions (vicinal surface orientation and thermal treatment parameters). The main objectives of this study were to describe the surface morphology of the samples having the 2D ordering and also to propose a mechanism regarding the transition from the 1D to the 2D ordering.Morphology of sapphire vicinal surfaces, annealed at 1250 °C under pure oxygen atmosphere during various durations up to 380 h, was studied by complementary technics: atomic force microscopy (AFM), grazing-incidence small-angle X-rays scattering (GISAXS), and grazing-incidence X-rays diffraction (GIXD). Results allowed us to describe the 2D ordered surface by being an assembly of pyramids with an isosceles triangle base decorating a rectangular centered lattice. The shape of those irregular tetrahedrons has been precisely determined with the crystallographic characteristics of sapphire. It has also been shown that a meandering step-edge phenomenon is probably the starting point of the transition between 1D and 2D lattices obtained when initial step-edges are straight
TANAKA, Keisuke, und Yoshiaki AKINIWA. „Diffraction Measurements of Residual Macrostress and Microstress Using X-Rays, Synchrotron and Neutrons“. The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9178.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePalin, Luca. „Résolution des structures cristallines par diffraction des rayons X et neutrons sur poudres en utilisant les méthodes d'optimisation globale“. Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00077233.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleReguer, Solenn. „Phases chlorées sur les objets archéologiques ferreux corrodés dans les sols : caractérisations et mécanismes de formation“. Paris 11, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011748v2.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFor restoration and conservation of metallic artefacts of the cultural heritage, investigation of iron corrosion process in soil related to the presence of chloride was based on local and structural characterization of chlorinated corrosion products formed on archaeological artefacts. To unambiguously identify these corrosion products, some high-resolution techniques as µ-Raman spectroscopy and X Ray synchrotron radiation micro beam techniques, such as micro X-Ray Diffraction and micro X-Ray Absorption experiments, were used to obtain structural micro scale information. A second part of the study concern discussion on the exact location of chlorine anions in akaganeite beta-FeOOH structure. The fundamental results help to gain new insights concerning the influence of such phases in iron corrosion mechanism within their precise characterisation
Brunelli, Michela. „Etude par diffraction des rayons X sur poudres haute résolution de solides organiques moléculaires : molécules bicycliques et dérivés halogénés de l'éthane“. Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10002.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVillanova, Julie. „Détermination des contraintes résiduelles dans les matériaux céramiques pour SOFC : mesures multi-échelles et influence des cycles d’oxydo-réduction“. Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EMSE0587/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) are high-performance electrochemical devices for energy conversion. A single cell is composed of layers made of different ceramic materials and metal. The mechanical integrity of the cell is a major issue during its lifetime. Damage of the cells is mainly due to the high operating temperature, the “redox” behavior of the anode and the brittleness of the involved materials. In this work, residual stresses in the electrolyte of a planar anode-supported SOFC have been experimentally measured for different treatments of the cell. In situ analysis at various temperatures has been performed. A multi-scale approach has been developed to study the expected strain-stress heterogeneities in the electrolyte due to the strong elastic anisotropy of the involved material (yttria-stabilized zirconia). Different techniques have been used to determinate stresses at the 3 different orders. Macroscopic stresses were studied using the Sin2 method on a laboratory X-ray goniometer. The complete strain and stress tensors of individual grains in the electrolyte have been determinate, after various improvements in the technique, by combining the diffraction of white and monochromatic micro beams produced by synchrotron source. Strain variation into grains has been evaluated using EBSD.This study has identified the main phenomena that control the stresses variation in the electrolyte layer. Stresses heterogeneities from grain to grain have been found and linked to the crystallographic orientation. Beyond SOFC’s considerations, the techniques that have been developed should permit an experimental validation of mechanical modeling to polycrystalline materials
Nguyen, Long Hoang Bao. „Cristallochimie d’oxyphosphates fluorés de vanadium : De l’étude de leur structure à leurs performances en batteries Na-ion“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0356.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNa-ion batteries are currently developed as a future alternative to the conventional Li-ion batteries. Among all the polyanion materials studied as positive electrodes for Na-ion batteries, Na3V2(PO4)2F3 and Na3(VO)2(PO4)2F are the two promising compositions thanks to their high theoretical capacity, high Na+-extraction voltage, and especially the high stability of their structural framework upon long-term cycling. Furthermore, the crystal structure and the electrochemical properties of these materials can be greatly modulated through an effect of cationic or anionic substitution. This PhD work aims at exploring the diversity in crystal chemistry of Na3V2(PO4)2F3, Na3(VO)2(PO4)2F and their derivatives obtained through different synthesis methods. The three-dimensional long range crystal structure of these phases is determined by the use of high resolution synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction whereas their local atomic and electronic structures are investigated through a combination of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance supported by first-principles theoretical calculations, synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. Thereafter, the phase diagram and the redox processes involved in the Na+ de-intercalation and intercalation are established thanks to operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction and absorption. An in-depth understanding on the crystal structure as well as the involved redox couples for each composition helps us to determine the limitations of these vanadium fluorinated oxy-phosphates and sheds light to the development of new materials with better performance based on their structure
Pérès, Nicole. „Contribution à l'étude du phosphate diacide d'ammonium NH4H2PO4 dans sa phase paraélectrique : densité électronique et propriétés optiques“. Nancy 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NAN10275.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGuillou, Raphaëlle. „Étude in-situ des propriétés mécaniques de films minces d'or nanostructurés déposés sur substrats flexibles lors d'essais de traction biaxiale contrôlée sous rayonnement synchrotron“. Thesis, Poitiers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015POIT2271/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe main purpose of this thesis is to study the size and microstructure effects on the mechanical response of gold nanostructured thin films deposited on flexible substrates during biaxial tensile tests. Gold thin films are deposited onto polyimide substrates by sequenced ion sputtering technique in order to control the grain size in the growth direction. We have carried out in situ deformation experiments using the biaxial tensile device installed on the diffractometer of the DiffAbs beamline at synchrotron SOLEIL (Saint-Aubin, France), an intense X-rays source which allows to determine applied strains in polycrystalline thin films thanks to x-ray diffraction measurements. In a first step, we performed tensile biaxial tests for different load ratio using “step by step” procedure on two series of gold thin films showing different thicknesses in order to study the mechanical response analyzing the yield surface that can be extracted with the biaxial device. In a second step, we validated a continuous loading procedure which allows gaining a factor of 10 in the time frame. Validation is made by comparing the mechanical properties of two series of gold thin films investigated using “step by step” loading and “continuous” loading. After validation of the continuous loading procedure, tensile biaxial tests have been performed on different series of gold thin films with different grain size and architecture in order to put in highlight a size effect on the mechanical behavior of nanolayered thin films
Delheusy, Mélissa. „X-ray investigation of Nb/O interfaces“. Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112104.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleX-ray free electron layers and the future International Linear Collider project are based on the performance of niobium superconducting rf cavities for efficient particle acceleration. A remarkable increase of the rf accelerating field is usually achieved by low-temperature annealing of the cavities (T <150°C, several hours). The microscopic origin of this effect has remained unclear; however, it has been argued that a redistribution of subsurface interstitial oxygen into niobium is involved. Ln this study, the near surface structure of oxidized niobium single crystals and its evolution upon vacuum annealing has been studied by means of non-destructive in-situ surface sensitive x-tay techniques : x-ray reflectivity (XRR) , grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXD), diffuse scattering (GIDXS), crystal truncation rods measurements (CTRs), and high-resolution core-level spectroscopy (HR-CLS). A first insight into the interplay between the oxide formation/dissolution and the occurrence of subsurface interstitial oxygen has been given. The natural oxide on Nb(110) and Nb(100) surfaces is constituted of Nb2O5, NbO2 and NbO, from the surface to the interface. It reduces progressively upon heating from Nb2O5 to NbO2 at low temperatures, and to NbO at 300°C. The Nb(110)/NbO(111) interface presents a Nishiyma-Wasserman epitaxial orientation relationship. The depth-distribution of interstitial oxygen has been established indicating that most of the oxygen is located in the direct vicinity of the oxide/niobium interface. No evidence of oxygen depletion below the oxide layer has been observed for the low temperature thermal treatments and surface preparations investigated in this study
Bendeif, El-Eulmi. „Cristallographie à haute résolution des complexes acides minéraux bases azotées ou acides aminés : Etude des interactions intermoléculaires“. Nancy 1, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2006_0140_BENDEIF.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOrganic-inorganic hybrid materials resulting from the association of amino acids with phosphorous acid have a great importance in industry: IR, very high SGH, and NLO properties make these hybrid materials highly attractive for frequency doubling, they also can be used as infrared detectors and pyroelectric devices). We report in the first part of this work chemical preparation, infrared and NMR spectroscopic studies and structural determination by single crystal X-ray diffraction of six new hybrid complexes. The second part is devoted to an accurate analysis of the reversible first order single crystal phase transition that occurs in m-CPAMP. The thermal behaviour and the study of charge density of m-CPAMP using high-resolution data sets collected with synchrotron and neutron diffraction experiments at low temperature will be presented and discussed. This study allows a better understanding of the phase transition mechanism
Bourry, Christophe. „Caractérisation physique et géochimique d'hydrates de gaz d'environnements géologiques différents : apport des techniques de Diffraction X Synchrotron et de Spectroscopie Raman : contribution à l'étude de leur origine, formation et stabilité sur les marges“. Brest, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BRES2043.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe knowledge of the occurrence of gas hydrates in the natural environment, their physical, chemical or thermodynamical properties is essential to prevent geohazards, to anticipate their role in climate change or to develop technologies to take advantage of this energy resource. To mis purpose, this work reports a physical and chemical characterization of four natural gas hydrates from African and Norwegian margins, and from the Sea of Marmara, for documenting their origin, formation and stability. Samples from African and Norwegian margins crystallize in type I structure. This observation is in agreement with their biogenic origin. On the other hand, hydrate samples from the sea of Marmara, characterized by a thermogenic origin, exhibit a type II structure. Raman spectroscopy was also used to investigate the dissociation processes of natural gas hydrates. These results indicate that there is no preferential dissociation of large small cages. Thermodynamical modeling let us evaluate the highly variable gas hydrate stability fields in sediments from the Hakon Most Mud Volcano, whereas it let us assert that only thermogenic gas hydrates can crystallize in the sea of Marmara. In a last chapter, geochemical data obtained from porewaters, gases, and gas hydrates collected during the Vicking cruise (2006) - HERMES Program - permitted to characterize the processes controlling the fluid circulation in the Hakon Mosby Mud Volcano where gas hydrates are present in great quantity
Tréhorel, Roxane. „Comportement mécanique haute température du superalliage monocristallin AM1 : étude in situ par une nouvelle technique de diffraction en rayonnement synchrotron“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0055/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNickel-based single crystal superalloys are extensively used for turbines blades (above 1000°C) of aeronautical engines because of their good thermomechanical properties. During stage II of creep, their microstructure consists of a γ matrix (fcc) and raft precipitates γ’ (L12). The aim of this work is to improve the understanding of plasticity of this type of alloy, especially the first generation AM1 superalloy. To follow his mechanical behaviour during fast transients, a new experimental setup using synchrotron radiation diffraction in transmission geometry was developed. A far field camera allows the recording of the (200) diffraction spot of each phase, i.e. the evolution of the lattice misfit in real time (one acquisition takes 7 seconds). By using a simple mechanical model, it is possible to determine the internal stresses and the plastic strains for both phases. An experimental campaign was performed at ID11 beamline of ESRF using this new technique. Two sample types with different initial microstructure (obtained with adapted heat treatments) were tested in situ. They underwent load jumps under high-temperature creep conditions. Further post mortem investigations by SEM and TEM were performed to determine their microstructure, to check on misorientations, map some elements composition and estimate the dislocation density within the γ’ rafts. In the γ channels, dislocation propagation occurred when the Von Mises stress was larger than the Orowan stress. The mobile dislocations density increases with γ plastic strain. The limiting mechanism for γ’ plastic strain is presumably the entry of dislocation within the γ’ rafts. Under this assumption we deduce the mechanisms of interactions between dislocations, vacancies, and pores within the material, and the mechanical behaviour of the γ’ rafts
Merckling, Clément. „Croissance épitaxiale d'oxydes "High-k" sur silicium pour CMOS avancé : LaAlO3, GdO3, γ-Al2O3“. Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2007. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/cmerckling.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRésumé en anglais
Dirand, Laura. „Fluage à haute température d’un superalliage monocristallin : expérimentation in situ en rayonnement synchrotron“. Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL079N/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNickel-based superalloys are used in aeronautics for turbine blades. This study aims at modelling the creep behaviour of single-crystalline AM1 superalloy with a rafted γ/γ’ microstructure during isothermal tests under variable applied stresses. (200) diffraction profiles are obtained with a triple crystal diffractometer and high energy synchrotron radiation at high temperature (950-1150°C) with an applied stress varying between 0 and 300 MPa. For each phase, the elastic strain is deduced from the peaks’ positions and the stress, plastic strain rate from the lattice mismatch, assuming a model lamellar composite material. Post mortem characterizations by electronic microscopy completes the results: morphology of each phase, dislocations densities and nature. The measurement of lattice mismatch leads to an in situ estimation of the dislocations’ density at the γ/γ’ interfaces. For the γ phase, during successive jumps of the applied stress, the Von Mises stress increases and then relaxes down to a threshold stress. This stress is in agreement with Orowan stress deduced from the post mortem measurements of the γ channels’ width. Plastic strain of the γ' phase is produced by climb of dislocations with Burgers’ vectors perpendicular to the tensile axis under the mere transversal stress and is controlled by the entrance of dislocations into the rafts from the interfaces. The distribution of elastic strains was simulated by assuming two main contributions: dislocations at the γ/γ’ interfaces and within the γ’ rafts. The simulation reproduces the absolute magnitude of the peaks’ width, as well as their increase with dislocation densities
Angelo, Marie d'. „Interaction de l'hydrogène, de l'argent et du sodium avec des surfaces de β-SiC(001) : organisation atomique, nanostructures et métallisation“. Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112142.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWe study clean and hydrogen, silver and sodium covered β-SiC(001) surfaces by scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), synchrotron radiation based photoelectron spectroscopy and "grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD). We determine unambiguously the atomic structure of the silicon-rich β-SiC(001) 3x2 surface and propose a new model called ALSD (Alternately Long and Short Dimers) showing the importance of surface stress on SiC surface organisation. By synchrotron based valence band photoemission and scanning tunnelling spectroscopy, we confirm the metallization of the silicon-rich, 3x2, surface upon atomic hydrogen exposure. We propose a mechanism for this metallization, in agreement with the ALSD model for the clean surface and the Si 2p core level photoemission data. We highlight, by STM, Ag clusters formation on the 3x2 surface. On the contrary, in the case of interaction with the Si-terminated, c(4x2), surface, the Ag atoms are adsorbed on pedestal sites. We observe two structures induced by silver: a 2x3 and a c(2x4) for which we propose a structural model. We also evidence room temperature anisotropic Ag diffusion, along the dimer rows of the c(4x2) surface. Interestingly, upon partial annealing of an Ag monolayer, one-dimensional nanostructures, perpendicular to the dimer rows are created. This result is interpreted in terms of diffusion barrier modification with temperature. In the case of sodium interaction with the Si-rich, 3x2, reconstruction, photoemission experiments show that the Si/Na bound is a weak covalent bound, while a plasmon feature at Na 2p core level evidences Na metallic clusters formation on the β-SiC(001) 3x2 surface
BENSOUSSAN, SERGE. „Deformations dans les heterostructures epitaxiees sur des substrats semiconducteurs iii-v : etude experimentale par diffraction de rayons x et simulation sur ordinateur“. Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066374.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMariette, Céline. „Brisures de symétrie dans des superespaces cristallographiques : aspects structuraux et dynamiques“. Thesis, Rennes 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN1S117/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAperiodic crystals have the property to possess long range order without translational symmetry. These crystals are described within the formalism of superspace crystallography. In this manuscript, we will focus on symmetry breakings which take place in such crystallographic superspace groups, considering the prototype family of n-alkane/urea. Studies performed by X-ray diffraction using synchrotron sources reveal multiple structural solutions implying or not changes of the dimension of the superspace. Once the characterization of the order parameter and of the symmetry breaking is done, we present the critical pretransitionnal phenomena associated to phase transitions of group/subgroup types. Coherent neutron scattering and X-ray scattering allow a dynamical analysis of different kind of excitations in these materials (phonons, phasons). The inclusion compounds with short guest molecules (alkane CnH2n+2, n varying from 7 to 13) show at room temperature unidimensional “liquid-like” phases. The dynamical disorder along the incommensurate direction of these materials generates new structural solutions at low temperature (intermodulated monoclinic composite, commensurate lock-in)
Sapede, Daniel. „Contributions à la compréhension de la structure et de la dynamique hiérarchiques du fil de traîne de l'araignée“. Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011700.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDans ce travail de thèse, les techniques de diffusion neutronique ont été pour la première fois utilisées pour l'étude de la soie d'araignée. La forte contribution de l'hydrogène en diffusion des neutrons ainsi que la différence des longueurs de diffusion de l'hydrogène et du deutérium ont permis de porter un regard nouveau sur les propriétés structurales et dynamiques des soies d'araignée. Ainsi les résultats appuient un modèle hiérarchique à trois phases de nanofibrilles composées de domaines cristallins et d'ordre à courte portée, contenues dans une matrice amorphe. Des expériences complémentaires de diffusion du rayonnement synchrotron suggèrent que l'eau absorbée par la matrice amorphe forme une glace amorphe à basses températures. Des expériences de diffraction de neutrons (abréviation anglaise : WANS) ont montré un pic méridional hors réseau -non observé par les expériences en rayons X (abréviation anglaise : WAXS)- attribué à une structure smectique de feuillets beta dans les domaines d'ordre à courte portée. L'échange de H2O contre D2O pour les expériences de diffusion de neutrons aux petits angles (abréviation anglaise : SANS) a permis d'observer la variation de contraste à l'intérieur des nanofibrilles et entre les nanofibrilles et la matrice. La mobilité moléculaire a été sondée par des techniques de diffusion inélastique et quasiélastique des neutrons. Il semble qu'une hiérarchie de phénomènes de relaxations décrive la soie hydratée, tandis que la soie native a un comportement vitreux à température ambiante.
Le, Dréau Loïc. „Transitions de phases et ordre des oxygènes interstitiels dans les oxydes de type K2NiF4 : monocristaux de La2CoO4+δ et La2CuO4 T, T' explorés par diffraction des neutrons et rayonnement synchrotron“. Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00634848.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePanicaud, Benoît. „Contraintes « de croissance » et cinétiques d'oxydation dans des couches d'oxydes thermiques de Fer et de Nickel ;Etude in-situ par Diffraction des Rayons X et modélisation“. Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00169180.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBeurrot-Borgarino, Stéphanie. „Cristallisation sous contrainte du caoutchouc naturel en fatigue et sous sollicitation multiaxiale“. Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de nantes - ECN, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00835499.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFischer, Hélène. „Élaboration et propriétés physiques de supperréseaux à base de manganèse“. Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10011.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWelcomme, Eléonore. „Développement de techniques combinées de microanalyse par rayonnement synchrotron pour l'étude des pigments à base de carbonates de plomb“. Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066523.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDjaziri, Soundès. „Élasticité et endommagement sous chargement bi-axial de nano-composites W/Cuen couches minces sur polyimide : apport des techniques synchrotrons“. Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT2267/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis focuses on the biaxial deformation of W/Cu nanocomposite thin films deposited on polyimide substrates. The grain size in the thin film is controlled by stratification of two immiscible materials (W and Cu) employing sputtering techniques. We developed a procedure to characterize the mechanical behavior of samples at two different scales. A biaxial tensile test is coupled to X-ray diffraction (microscopic deformation) and digital image correlation (macroscopic deformation) techniques. We used a biaxial tensile setup developed in the framework of an ANR project on the DiffAbs beamline at synchrotron SOLEIL allowing forthe control of stresses in thin films supported by polyimide substrates. By comparing the strains obtained by these two techniques, the applied strain is determined to be transmitted unchanged in the elastic domain through the film - substrate interface. The second part of our work was to study the deformation of W/Cu nanocomposite beyond the elastic range. We have highlighted three domains of deformation associated with different deformation mechanisms. The elastic limit of the W/Cu nanocomposite was determined by comparing the elastic deformation of the thin film to the macroscopic deformation of the substrate. Finally, the elastic limit of W/Cu nanocomposite was studied for different load ratios. The overall results emphasized the brittle behavior of these nanocomposites
Saad, Mohamed. „Études structurales à basse résolution par diffraction de rayons X synchrotron des fibres de collagène dans le tendon : Détermination des facteurs de structure, évaluation des méthodes du remplacement isomorphe et autres modélisations“. Grenoble 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10187.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleJournaux, Baptiste. „Pétrologie et rhéologie des glaces planétaires de haute pression“. Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01017171.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNemoz, Maud. „Etude nano-structurale de superréseaux d'oxydes ferroélectriques“. Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007653.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHilairet, Nadège. „Rôle des serpentines dans la dynamique des zones de subduction : approche expérimentale à Haute Pression et Haute Température“. Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENSL0429.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLamirand, Anne. „Croissance épitaxiale, structure atomique et couplage d'échange de bicouches ultra-minces d'oxydes sur métaux“. Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENY032/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis deals with the determination of atomic, electronic and magnetic structure of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic ultrathin layers to better understand the mechanism of the exchange coupling which could takes place at their interface. Exchange coupling, expression of the interaction between the two materials, manifests itself by a shift of hysteresis loop and an increase in coercivity below the blocking temperature. We have paid attention to the systems of CoO/FePt on Pt(001), CoO/Fe and CoO/Fe3O4 on Ag(001). We combined experimental techniques mainly using synchrotron light to characterize them. As a first step, we optimized in a ultra-high vacuum (UHV) environment the elaboration of the systems looking for an appropriate surface, the high control of growth conditions and the supervision of the structure by in situ X-ray surface diffraction. The crystalline structure was precisely then detailed. As a second step, we studied the magnetic structure and properties ex situ by X-ray magnetic circular and linear dichroïsm and magneto-optic Kerr effect. The relation between exchange coupling and interface structure is discussed all along the manuscript
Zhou, Ang. „Analyse structurales de pseudo-substrats Gap/Si et d'hétérostructures CIGS/GaP/Si pour des applications photovoltaïques“. Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ISAR0027.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis focuses on the characterization of the structural defects on a MBE-made GaP/Si pseudo-substrate. The main purpose concerns the structural quality of GaP epitaxial layer on Si substrate, as a cornerstone for the development of high-efficiency solar cell with relatively low cost. Firstly, the study focuses on the characterization of the distribution of dislocations in GaP on Si (001) vicinal substrate, with an advanced submicrometer-beam X-ray scattering method, K-Map. The local tilt and strain information are obtained through an analysis of the complex 5D dataset. This study reveals an anisotropic distribution of the dislocations along different crystallography directions, linked to the steps on the surface of Si substrate, and an inhomogeneous distribution of the dislocations, linked to the tendency to form bunches. The second part of the study is on the growth and characterization ofCIGS on GaP/Si, which is used to explore tandem junctions associating single crystalline silicon bottom cell. The CIGS is observed to be epitaxially grown on the GaP/Si pseudo substrate, combining the results collected from XRD, EDX and HRTEM. A first try of a CIGS/GaP/Si solar cell is realized on a non-optimized GaP/Si pseudo-substrate. The obtained EQE is similar to the one obtained with the CIGS solar cell grown on a traditional glass substrate with the optimised deposition parameters
Dutta, Rajesh. „Etude in situ, par diffraction des rayons X et diffusion neutronique sur monocristaux, de la complexité structurale de l'oxyde fortement corrélé Pr2-xSrxNiO4+δ“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0754/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNon-stoichiometric oxides from the Ruddlesden-Popper series, such as Pr2NiO4+δ, can be hole-doped by substituting strontium to praseodymium or by oxygen insertion. This leads to complex structural ordering involving oxygen-, charge- and spin ordering. The complex phase diagram of Pr2-xSrxNiO4+δ was explored using X-ray (laboratory and synchrotron) as well as neutron diffractions. For the doped phase of highest oxygen content (Pr2NiO4.25), we could evidence an incommensurate structure with satellite reflections of 6th order, yielding a very complex diffraction pattern of up to four twin-individuals and eight incommensurate domains. Checkerboard-type charge ordering was identified already at ambient temperature, while stripe charge ordering was observed below 170 K by synchrotron and neutron diffraction; incommensurate spin ordering appears below 99 K. This thesis reveals the existence of many complex oxygen and electronically ordered phases going along with small variations of the oxygen/strontium stoichiometry
Faria, Guilherme Abreu 1987. „Exploring metallic materials behavior through in situ crystallographic studies by synchrotron radiation = Explorando o comportamento de materiais metálicos através de estudos cristalográficos in situ via radiação síncrotron“. [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265849.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver a metodologia de medição e análise de dados para a instalação experimental XTMS. Esta instalação foi projetada para possibilitar a medição simultânea de difração de raios X e informações térmicas e mecânicas de materiais enquanto estes são submetidas a condições termomecânicas controladas. Esta é uma área de grande interesse para cientistas de materiais uma vez que uma vasta gama de propriedades termomecânicas têm suas origens em propriedades microscópicas que são acessíveis através de dados de difração. Durante o trabalho, foram estudadas estratégias de medição, desenhos de amostras, métodos de processamento e análise de dados, assim como foi feita a caracterização da instalação como equipamento de medida de dados de difração. Como parte do trabalho, a instalação foi aplicada no estudo de casos científicos de interesse, que envolvem tanto diferentes metodologias de ensaios quanto dados de difração que exigem diferentes metodologias de análise. Os estudos consistiram em um ensaio de deformação em uma liga com memória de forma, ensaios de decomposição isotérmica em um aço inoxidável Superduplex UNS-S32750, e um ensaio de dilatometria acompanhado por difração do aço supermartensítico SuperCr13
Abstract: The aim of this work was to develop measurement and data analysis methodologies for the XTMS experimental installation. This facility was engineered to simultaneously collect X-ray diffraction and thermo-mechanical information of materials as they are subjected to controlled thermo-mechanical conditions. This is an area of great interest for material scientists given the wide range of thermo-mechanical properties correlated with microscopic properties which are accessible through X-ray diffraction. Developments performed during this work include the development and/or study of measurement strategies, sample designs, and data processing and analysis, as well as the characterization of the XTMS installation as an X-ray diffraction station. As part of the work, the installation was used to study several cases of scientific interest, involving different testing and data analysis methodologies. The studies performed were the deformation of a shape memory alloy, the isothermal ferrite decomposition on a Superduplex stainless steel UNS-S32750, and phase transformations on a SuperCr13 supermartensitic steel through dilatometry coupled with time resolved X-ray diffraction
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Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica