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1
Bennert, Thomas, Walter J. Papp, Ali Maher und Nenad Gucunski. „Utilization of Construction and Demolition Debris Under Traffic-Type Loading in Base and Subbase Applications“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1714, Nr. 1 (Januar 2000): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1714-05.
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As construction and remediation take place throughout New Jersey, the amount of construction and demolition debris increases, while the availability of landfill space decreases. A viable solution for disposing of these materials is to incorporate them into base and subbase applications. An extensive laboratory program was conducted on two types of construction and demolition debris: recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and recycled asphalt pavement aggregate (RAP). These two materials were compared with dense-graded aggregate base coarse (DGABC), which currently is being used in roadway base applications in New Jersey. Both RCA and RAP were mixed at various percentages with the DGABC to evaluate whether an optimum mix blend could be formulated. The materials were evaluated under a traffic-type loading scheme that included resilient modulus and permanent deformation via cyclic triaxial testing. Laboratory tests indicated that the RAP, RCA, and DGABC blended materials all obtained higher resilient modulus values than the currently used DGABC. The permanent deformation results indicated that the RCA mixed samples obtained the lowest amount of permanent deformation when the material was cyclically loaded to 100,000 cycles. In contrast, the permanent deformation testing on RAP mixed samples resulted in the highest amount of permanent deformation at the same number of cycles. Existing models currently used for quarried base and subbase materials were used to predict the permanent deformation in the recycled materials. Laboratory test results indicated that these models could be used for predicting permanent deformation in unbound recycled materials.
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Abdelhakeem, Ahmed, Xuemei Wang, Rebecca E. Waters, Madhavi Patnana, Jeannelyn Estrella, Mariela A. Blum-Murphy, Allison Trail et al. „Localized diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinoma: Influence of baseline positron emission tomography on survival and therapy response.“ Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, Nr. 3_suppl (20.01.2021): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.3_suppl.176.
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176 Background: Diffuse type of gastric adenocarcinoma (dGAC) confers a poor but variable prognosis compared to intestinal type of GAC. The value of baseline uptake of FDG-PET in localized dGAC is unclear and ~40% are not FDG-PET avid. We analyzed outcomes based on the avidity (high with SUV > 3.5 or low with SUV ≤3.5) of the primary on baseline FDG-PET. Methods: We retrospectively selected 111 localized dGAC cases who had baseline FDG-PET for staging. We compared the FDG-PET avidity with overall survival (OS) and response to preoperative therapy. Standard statistical methods were utilized. Results: The mean age was 59.4 years and with many female patients (47.7%). All patients had dGAC. The high-SUV group (58 [52.3%] patients) and the low-SUV group (53 [47.7%] patients) were equally divided. While the median OS for all patients was 49.5 months (95% CI: 38.5 – 98.8 months), it was 98.0 months for the low-SUV group and 36.0 months for the high-SUV ( p value = 0.003). While the median PFS for all patients was 38.2 months (95%CI: 27.7 – 97.6 months), it was 98.0 months for the low-SUV group was and 27.0 months for the high-SUV group ( p value = 0.005). Clinical responses before surgery were more common in the low-SUV group but there were only 4 patients with pathologic complete response in the entire cohort. Conclusions: Our unique data suggest that localized dGAC patients with low SUV fare better than those with high SUV meaning highly metabolic GACs consuming glucose confer poor prognosis and overall all dGACs seem resistant to therapy.
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Hou, Xiaoya, Jianbo Cheng, Shujuan Hu und Guolin Feng. „Interdecadal Variations in the Walker Circulation and Its Connection to Inhomogeneous Air Temperature Changes from 1961–2012“. Atmosphere 9, Nr. 12 (29.11.2018): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9120469.
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The tropical Pacific Walker circulation (PWC) is fundamentally important to global atmospheric circulation, and changes in it have a vital influence on the weather and climate systems. A novel three-pattern decomposition of a global atmospheric circulation (3P-DGAC) method, which can be used to investigate atmospheric circulations including the PWC, was proposed in our previous study. Therefore, the present study aims to examine the capability of this 3P-DGAC method to acquire interdecadal variations in the PWC and its connection to inhomogeneous air temperature changes in the period from 1961–2012. Our findings reveal that interdecadal variations in the PWC, i.e., weakening (strengthening) between the periods 1961–1974 and 1979–1997 (1979–1997 and 1999–2012), can be observed using the zonal stream function (ZSF) derived from the 3P-DGAC method. Enhancement of the PWC is also associated with the strengthening and weakening of zonal circulations in the tropical Indian Ocean (IOC) and Atlantic (AOC), respectively, and vice versa, implying a connection between these zonal overturning circulations in the tropics. The interdecadal variations in the zonal circulations correspond well to inhomogeneous air temperature changes, i.e., an enhancement of the PWC is associated with a warming (cooling) of the air temperature from 1000 to 300 hPa in the western (mid–eastern) Pacific Ocean and a cooling (warming) of the air temperature in the tropopause in the western (mid–eastern) Pacific Ocean. Furthermore, a novel index for the PWC intensity based on air temperature is defined, and the capability of the novel index in representing the PWC intensity is evaluated. This novel index is potentially important for the prediction of the PWC by using dynamic equations derived from the 3P-DGAC method.
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Lin, Chun-Hui, Shyh-Hau Wang und Cheng-Jian Lin. „Interval Type-2 Neural Fuzzy Controller-Based Navigation of Cooperative Load-Carrying Mobile Robots in Unknown Environments“. Sensors 18, Nr. 12 (28.11.2018): 4181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124181.
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In this paper, a navigation method is proposed for cooperative load-carrying mobile robots. The behavior mode manager is used efficaciously in the navigation control method to switch between two behavior modes, wall-following mode (WFM) and goal-oriented mode (GOM), according to various environmental conditions. Additionally, an interval type-2 neural fuzzy controller based on dynamic group artificial bee colony (DGABC) is proposed in this paper. Reinforcement learning was used to develop the WFM adaptively. First, a single robot is trained to learn the WFM. Then, this control method is implemented for cooperative load-carrying mobile robots. In WFM learning, the proposed DGABC performs better than the original artificial bee colony algorithm and other improved algorithms. Furthermore, the results of cooperative load-carrying navigation control tests demonstrate that the proposed cooperative load-carrying method and the navigation method can enable the robots to carry the task item to the goal and complete the navigation mission efficiently.
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Dai, Yexin, Jie Ding, Jingyu Li, Yang Li, Yanping Zong, Pingping Zhang, Zhiyun Wang und Xianhua Liu. „N, S and Transition-Metal Co-Doped Graphene Nanocomposites as High-Performance Catalyst for Glucose Oxidation in a Direct Glucose Alkaline Fuel Cell“. Nanomaterials 11, Nr. 1 (14.01.2021): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11010202.
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In this work, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposites doped with nitrogen (N), sulfur (S) and transitional metal (Ni, Co, Fe) were synthesized by using a simple one-step in-situ hydrothermal approach. Electrochemical characterization showed that rGO-NS-Ni was the most prominent catalyst for glucose oxidation. The current density of the direct glucose alkaline fuel cell (DGAFC) with rGO-NS-Ni as the anode catalyst reached 148.0 mA/cm2, which was 40.82% higher than the blank group. The DGAFC exhibited a maximum power density of 48 W/m2, which was more than 2.08 folds than that of blank group. The catalyst was further characterized by SEM, XPS and Raman. It was speculated that the boosted performance was due to the synergistic effect of N, S-doped rGO and the metallic redox couples, (Ni2+/Ni3+, Co2+/Co3+ and Fe2+/Fe3+), which created more active sites and accelerated electron transfer. This research can provide insights for the development of environmental benign catalysts and promote the application of the DGAFCs.
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Garg, Navneet, und Damien Mounier. „Comparison of US (FAA) and French (DGAC) airport pavement HMA“. Road Materials and Pavement Design 14, sup1 (April 2013): 242–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2013.774760.
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Su, Kuo Ho, und Feng Hsiang Hsiao. „Design of GA-Based Control for Electrical Servo Drive“. Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (Februar 2011): 2375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.2375.
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An alternative control scheme including a directional genetic algorithm controller (DGAC) and a supervisory controller is developed to control the position of an electrical servo drive in this study. In the DGAC design, the spirit of gradient descent training is embedded in genetic algorithm (GA) to construct a main controller to search optimum control effort under possible occurrence of uncertainties. In order to ensure the system states around a defined bound region, a supervisory controller, which is derived in the sense of Lyapunov stability theorem, is added to adjust the control effort. Compared with enunciated GA control methods, the proposed control scheme possesses some salient advantages of simple framework, fewer executing time and good self-organizing properties even for nonlinear dynamical system. The effectiveness is demonstrated by simulation results, and its advantages are indicated in comparison with other GA control schemes for a field-oriented control induction motor drive.
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Reinhardt, Sarah L., Rebecca Boehm, Nicole Tichenor Blackstone, Naglaa H. El-Abbadi, Joy S. McNally Brandow, Salima F. Taylor und Marcia S. DeLonge. „Systematic Review of Dietary Patterns and Sustainability in the United States“. Advances in Nutrition 11, Nr. 4 (13.03.2020): 1016–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa026.
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ABSTRACT Improving awareness and accessibility of healthy diets are key challenges for health professionals and policymakers alike. While the US government has been assessing and encouraging nutritious diets via the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) since 1980, the long-term sustainability, and thus availability, of those diets has received less attention. The 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) examined the evidence on sustainable diets for the first time, but this topic was not included within the scope of work for the 2020 DGAC. The objective of this study was to systematically review the evidence on US dietary patterns and sustainability outcomes published from 2015 to 2019 replicating the 2015 DGAC methodology. The 22 studies meeting inclusion criteria reveal a rapid expansion of research on US dietary patterns and sustainability, including 8 studies comparing the sustainability of DGA-compliant dietary patterns with current US diets. Our results challenge prior findings that diets adhering to national dietary guidelines are more sustainable than current average diets and indicate that the Healthy US-style dietary pattern recommended by the DGA may lead to similar or increased greenhouse gas emissions, energy use, and water use compared with the current US diet. However, consistent with previous research, studies meeting inclusion criteria generally support the conclusion that, among healthy dietary patterns, those higher in plant-based foods and lower in animal-based foods would be beneficial for environmental sustainability. Additional research is needed to further evaluate ways to improve food system sustainability through both dietary shifts and agricultural practices in the United States.
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Yu, Bin, Zijian Zheng und Jianhua Dai. „K-DGHC: A hierarchical clustering method based on K-dominance granularity“. Information Sciences 632 (Juni 2023): 232–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2023.03.012.
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ZHU, JIANLIN, JIN HUANG, DAICUI ZHOU, ZHONGBAO YIN, GUOPING ZHANG und QIANG HE. „SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE RECOVERY THROUGH SIMILARITY-BASED GRAPH CLUSTERING“. International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 23, Nr. 04 (Mai 2013): 559–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194013500162.
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Software architecture recovery is to gain the architectural level understanding of a software system while its architecture description does not exist. In recent years, researchers have adopted various software clustering techniques to detect hierarchical structure of software systems. Most graph clustering techniques focus on the connectivity between program elements, but unreasonably ignore the similarity which is also a key measure for finding elements of one module. In this paper we propose a novel hierarchy graph clustering algorithm DGHC, which considers both similarity and connectivity between program elements. During the transformation of program dependence graph edges representing similarity between elements are added. Then similar elements are grouped by density-based approaches. The alternative strategy is adopted to find groups of closely connected and similar elements. Meanwhile we adjust the contribution of connectivity and similarity by a flexible clustering algorithm based on short random walk model, which can obtain more structure information of software to find its multiple layers. Furthermore a new method called Multi-layer Propagation Gap is proposed to suggest stable layers of hierarchy clustering result as multiple layers of software system. Extensive experimental results illustrate the effectiveness and efficiency of DGHC in detecting hierarchy structure of software through comparison with various software clustering methods.
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Lin, Jyh Dong, Chen Yu Hsu, Andika Citraningrum und Putri Adhitana. „The Impact of Different Types of Permeable Pavement Utilization on Air Temperature above the Pavement“. Advanced Materials Research 723 (August 2013): 678–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.723.678.
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This study investigate permeable pavement utilization and its impact on air temperature by using site measurement, statistical analysis, and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. National Central University (NCU) main library is the case study for the simulations. Simulations on five pavement types (dense grade asphalt concrete/DGAC, permeable asphalt concrete/PAC, concrete, permeable interlocking concrete block/PICB, and grass block) shows that grass block and PICB can reduce air temperature, while three others increase air temperature.
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Mun, Sungho. „Sound absorption characteristics of porous asphalt concrete pavements“. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 37, Nr. 2 (Februar 2010): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l09-142.
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This study investigates the sound absorption characteristics of porous asphalt concrete (PAC) pavements using an impedance tube to assess noise reduction performance. It is clearly shown that an improved attenuation of sound wave energy is achieved by adjusting the air void content, aggregate gradation, and PAC pavement thickness, based on measurements of sound absorption coefficients. In addition, traffic noise measurements taken from PAC pavements in the field are compared to those taken from dense-graded asphalt concrete (DGAC), which is widely used in pavement materials.
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Kehl, Oliver. „Veröffentlichung“. Dialyse aktuell 24, Nr. 03 (April 2020): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1032-9224.
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Die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nephrologie e. V. (DGfN), die Gesellschaft für pädiatrische Nephrologie e. V. (GPN), der Verband Deutsche Nierenzentren e. V. (DN) und die Deutsche Gesellschaft für angewandte Hygiene in der Dialyse e. V. (DGAHD) haben sich 2019 mit der Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention beim Robert Koch-Institut (KRINKO) beraten und im November 2019 eine Leitlinie zu Infektionsprävention und Hygiene als Ergänzung zum Dialysestandard veröffentlicht. Diese Leitlinie ist damit jedoch keine „Empfehlung der KRINKO“ und löst auch nicht die Vermutungswirkung gemäß § 23 IfSG aus. Diese Leitlinie soll die patientennah tätigen Ärztinnen und Ärzte und das Hygienefachpersonal in der Dialyse bei der eigenverantwortlichen Festlegung infektionspräventiver Maßnahmen unterstützen. In diesem Artikel werden nur die Punkte zur Händehygiene und zum Umgang mit Schutzhandschuhen vorgestellt.
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Abdelhakeem, Ahmed A., Xuemei Wang, Rebecca E. Waters, Madhavi Patnana, Jeannelyn S. Estrella, Mariela Blum Murphy, Allison M. Trail et al. „Preoperatively Treated Diffuse-Type Gastric Adenocarcinoma: Glucose vs. Other Energy Sources Substantially Influence Prognosis and Therapy Response“. Cancers 13, Nr. 3 (23.01.2021): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13030420.
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Diffuse type of gastric adenocarcinoma (dGAC) generally confers a poor prognosis compared to intestinal type. Some dGACs are not avid on fluorine-18 fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose PET (FDG-PET) while others seem to consume glucose avidly. We analyzed the outcomes based on the avidity (high with standardized uptake value (SUV) > 3.5 or low with SUV ≤ 3.5) of the primary on baseline FDG-PET. We retrospectively selected 111 localized dGAC patients who had baseline FDG-PET (all were treated with preoperative chemotherapy and chemoradiation). FDG-PET avidity was compared with overall survival (OS) and response to therapy. The mean age was 59.4 years and with many females (47.7%). The high-SUV group (58 (52.3%) patients) and the low-SUV group (53 (47.7%) patients) were equally divided. While the median OS for all patients was 49.5 months (95% CI: 38.5–98.8 months), it was 98.0 months (95% CI: 49.5–NE months) for the low-SUV group and 36.0 months for the high-SUV (p = 0.003). While the median DFS for all patients was 38.2 months (95% CI: 27.7–97.6 months), it was 98.0 (95% CI: 36.9–NE months) months for the low-SUV group was and only 27.0 months (95% CI: 15.2–63.2 months) for the high-SUV group (p = 0.005). Clinical responses before surgery were more common in the low-SUV group but overall we observed only 4 pathologic complete responses in 111 patients. Our unique data suggest that if dGACs used glucose as an energy source then the prognosis was very poor while non-glucose sources improved prognosis. Multi-platform (including metabolomics) profiling of dGACs would yield useful biologic understanding.
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Mantilla Pérez, Liliana Yaneth, und José Isaac Ordóñez Castellón. „Transición de la autoridad aeronáutica de Dirección General a Agencia Hondureña de Aeronáutica Civil“. Ciencias Espaciales 9, Nr. 1 (04.02.2017): 316–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/ce.v9i1.3139.
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La Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil (DGAC) estuvo adscrita a la Secretaría de Infraestructura y Servicios Públicos (INSEP) durante 63 años, presentando problemas por la dilación de los procesos y procedimientos para ejercer una estricta vigilancia a la seguridad operacional en los aeropuertos internacionales y aeródromos del país, lo cual está evidenciado en el Reporte de “International Aviation Safety Assessment (IASA) de la Federal Aviation Administration (FAA - Results); debido principalmente a la: falta de personal especializado y certificado y a las carencias presupuestarias; esta situación tuvo como resultando la no observancia a las normativas internacionales por parte del Estado de Honduras. Mediante decretos ejecutivos (PCM-001-2014 del 22 de febrero de 2014,PCM-047- 2014 del 10 de octubre de 2014 y PCM-022-2015 del 18 de mayo de 2015) la DGAC pasó a formar parte del Gabinete Sectorial de Seguridad y Defensa, y se dispuso la creación de la Agencia Hondureña de Aeronáutica Civil (AHAC), como un ente desconcentrado de la Secretaría de Defensa Nacional (SEDENA); se supone que, la transición de la DGAC a AHAC permitirá a la entidad tener autonomía técnica, administrativa y financiera, favorecer la formulación planes, programas, proyectos de fortalecimiento institucional para garantizar el cumplimiento de los estándares y potenciar el capital humano con competencias aeronáuticas, para lograr la certificación de los aeropuertos hondureños. Esta investigación es de tipo cualitativa, ya que el proceso de transición corresponde a una separación de la Secretaría de Infraestructura y Servicios Públicos (INSEP) a la Secretaría de Defensa Nacional (SEDENA), a fin de operar como una institución desconcentrada. Siendo que el proceso de transición es el camino indicado para que la AHAC genere la independencia técnica, administrativa y financiera necesaria para cumplir con los estándares en materia de aviación civil internacional.Los principales resultados de la investigación destacan: 1) Una marcada resistencia al cambio, producto de los procedimientos agresivos utilizados en la transición; derivado de un cambio abrupto, se observó un claro desacuerdo por parte de algunos colaboradores con los temas relacionados a la transición (50% de la institución). 2) Desinformación en relación al nuevo sistema administrativo, por el cual, se rige la Agencia Hondureña de Aeronáutica Civil, lo cual se respalda, por la falta de comunicación formal escrita. 3) Los colaboradores de la Agencia ven el proceso de transición como algo negativo para la aviación civil de Honduras y a la vez, no sienten que la nueva institución les pueda brindar estabilidad laboral y se ha generado mucha incertidumbre en el personal. 4) El personal no siente que el proceso de transición haya sido necesario. Y una gran parte del personal no tiene ninguna expectativa con el proceso de transición, mostrando un alto nivel de desánimo. 5) Una minoría considera que el proceso de transición traerá oportunidades para adquirir nueva tecnología, capacitaciones, personal calificado y mejoras para la institución.
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Busch, Todd. „What is Average Pavement? A Critical Commentary“. INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 266, Nr. 2 (25.05.2023): 383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/nc_2023_0059.
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The Traffic Noise Model (TNM) is used to forecast traffic noise levels. When applied to federally funded projects, a user of the software is expected to apply "average" noise emissions for pavements. This "average" is an intermediate value that in some manner falls in between the higher noise emissions of Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) and lower emissions of Dense Grade Asphalt Concrete (DGAC). The purpose of this paper is to illustrate some curious characteristics of "average" pavement as it is employed in the TNM. Among these characteristics are what appear to be different methods for averaging the noise emissions for various vehicle types, such as automobiles, medium trucks, and heavy trucks. The inquiry concludes with an attempt to clarify exactly what constitutes an "average" when it comes to pavement noise emissions..
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HARADA, Satoru. „A Study of the bKah gdams chos hbyung gsal bahi sgron me of Las chen Kun dgah rgyal mtshan“. Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies (Indogaku Bukkyogaku Kenkyu) 56, Nr. 2 (2008): 945–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4259/ibk.56.2_945.
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Naik, Ashka, und Angela Carriedo. „Industry needs the intervention, not our kids: A cautionary approach toward the new AAP recommendations and the DGAC 2025“. World Nutrition 14, Nr. 1 (31.03.2023): 100–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.26596/wn.2023141100-102.
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Landry, Matthew, Lyndsey Ruiz, Kimberlea Gibbs, Marcela Radtke, Jennifer Lerman und Ashley Vargas. „Early Life Nutrition Research Supported by the U.S. National Institutes of Health from 2018–2020“. Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (Juni 2022): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac061.066.
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Abstract Objectives The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020–2025 includes guidelines for pregnancy, lactation, and children from birth to age 24-months (B-24) to reflect the growing body of evidence about appropriate nutrition during the earliest stages of life. Guidelines are based on a thorough review of the existing scientific evidence by the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC). The Scientific Report of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee pointed to the need for additional research during these life stages. The objective of this study was to enumerate early life (pregnancy, lactation, and B-24) nutrition research needs that are already being addressed by the scientific community and to identify remaining research gaps. Methods The 2020 DGAC Scientific Report was reviewed, and 138 research gaps relevant to early life were identified. Research gaps were consolidated into 13 topic areas. A total of 1,632 nutrition and early life focused research projects funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) between 2018–2020 were manually coded using the title, abstract, and public health relevance statement available on NIH RePORTER. Projects were coded to determine if they addressed a research gap within one of the 13 research gap topic areas. The main outcome was the percentage of NIH funded (NIH) nutrition and early life focused research projects with potential to address known early life dietary guidelines research gaps. Results Of the reviewed and coded projects, 235 (14.4%) addressed any early life nutrition research gap. Between Fiscal Years 2018 to 2020, total costs of projects addressing any gap represented only 15% of total costs for all projects reviewed. Complementary foods, breastfeeding (never versus ever), and frequency of eating were research gap areas most frequently coded as being addressed by a funded project. Iron supplementation, seafood consumption, and maternal diet food allergens were research gap areas least frequently coded as being potentially addressed by a funded project. Conclusions This analysis highlights multiple opportunities for changes in the federal government investment in maternal and child nutrition research to support development of effective evidence-based dietary guidelines for the improvement of early life nutrition practices and overall public health. Funding Sources None.
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Iken, N., und F.-X. Aguessy. „Calculating the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Flights: A Comparative Study of Existing Protocols“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 952, Nr. 1 (01.01.2022): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/952/1/012002.
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Abstract To better understand the climate issues associated with aviation, several protocols for assessing greenhouse gas emissions from flights have been developed by various organisations. This multiplicity leads to variable and inconsistent results from one method to another. Yet few comparative studies exist in the grey and academic literature to highlight and understand this variability. This paper focuses on 6 calculation protocols (myclimate, atmosfair, and ICAO among others) and compares the methodological choices of each of them to partly explain the variability of results. We found that for most of the parameters that influence the outcomes, the 6 protocols all have different methodological choices, some of which (such as those of ICAO and DGAC) lead to underestimation of CO2 emissions. We conclude that the most appropriate protocol depends on the purpose of the calculation (carbon offsetting, comparison of different modes of transport or influence on travel behaviour).
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HARADA, Satoru. „A Study of the bKah gdams chos hbyun gSal bahi sgron me of Las chen Kun dgah rgyal mtshan (II)“. Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies (Indogaku Bukkyogaku Kenkyu) 57, Nr. 2 (2009): 1061–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4259/ibk.57.2_1061.
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Tropis, A., M. Thomas, J. L. Bounie und P. Lafon. „Certification of the Composite Outer Wing of the ATR72“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 209, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1995): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1995_209_307_02.
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The ATR72 was the first civil aircraft with a composite wing, to be certified JAR/FAR 25 (Joint Aviation Requirements/Federal Aviation Regulations). Using the latest developments composites ACJ 25603, AC20-107A comply with the requirements of JAR/FAR 25; the ATR72 composite outer wing box was certified by the DGAC in September 1989 and by FAA in December 1989. This paper deals with Aerospatiale's innovative approach, focusing on four major certification topics: the determination of allowables from statistical analysis substantiated by tests on cross-ply plain and notched laminates; the fatigue and damage tolerance substantiations performed by analysis to show the non-initiation of fatigue damage and by full-scale test for the no-growth of acceptable manufacturing defects and accidental damages; the development of a probabilistic approach to determine the inspection intervals for accidental impacts in damage-tolerance justifications; the compliance philosophy developed to qualify a second source material (approved by the company in 1992).
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Philipps del Castillo, Víctor Luis. „FACTORES QUE INFLUYEN EN EL DESARROLLO DE LA INDUSTRIA AERONAUTICA NACIONAL“. AD MAJOREM PATRIAE GLORIAM 1, Nr. 01 (01.11.2018): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.61556/ampg.v1i01.27.
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El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar los factores que influyeron en el desarrollo de la industria aeronáutica nacional en el año 2017. La investigación fue de tipo básica y método mixto, descriptivo en su enfoque cuantitativo y explicativo en su enfoquecualitativo, de diseño no experimental. La muestra fue no probabilística conformada por diez (10) expertos en el tema de la industria aeronáutica nacional que viene desempeñándose como funcionarios de la Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil (DGAC)del Ministerio de Transportes y Comunicaciones, gerentes y ex gerentes de algunas empresas del sector, catedráticos, ingenieros aeronáuticos y oficiales de la Fuerza Aérea del Perú. Se concluyó que el nivel de desarrollo de la industria aeronáutica nacional es incipiente porque solo se circunscribe al mantenimiento de aeronaves, mas no al diseño y fabricación, influenciada por cinco (05) factores: 1) Educación, capacitación y perfeccionamiento aeronáutico; 2) Regulaciones y certificaciones aeronáuticas; 3) Apoyo financiero; 4) Tecnología; y, 5) Planeamiento estratégico.
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Chen, Shih Huang, Ching Tsung Hung, Chang Hua Yu, Hung Wen Chung und Chia Hao Chen. „Laser Scan System to Establish 3-D Surface Texture and Predict Friction of Pavement“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 145 (Dezember 2011): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.145.339.
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Friction of pavement is the most popular tropic which is concerned by drivers and engineers, surface texture are also widely regarded as key factor to influence it. The brief object of this study is to establish the relationship between 3 D texture and friction. In the study, the mixtures include Dense Grade Asphalt Concrete (DGAC), Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA), and Porous Asphalt (PA). High Definition Scan Texture Machine (HDSTM) with 2D Laser CCD was adopted to measure the 2 D texture of Asphalt concrete specimens, and British Portable Tester (BPN) was also used to evaluate friction of various mixture specimen surfaces. The study was attempted to further create initial 3 D model with data of HDSTM and Computer Simulation Program. Correlation coefficients between the ratio of Surface area in unit area (SA/A) and friction was up to 0.8. SA/A could be regards as the best feasible factor to estimate the mixture surface in the ability of skid resistance, and. Based on above results, 3D texture parameter is remarkable for evaluation of friction and is was worthy of further study.
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Martínez Villalobos, Claudio Marcelo, und Angel Canales Gutiérrez. „Análisis de zonas geográficas para el desarrollo de las energías renovables no convencionales, en la región de Arica y Parinacota, Chile 2019“. REVISTA VERITAS ET SCIENTIA - UPT 9, Nr. 2 (14.12.2020): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.47796/ves.v9i2.394.
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La investigación se realizó con el objeto de analizar la existencia de zonas geográficamente inmejorables en la región para el desarrollo de energías renovables no convencionales (ERNC), para ello se monitorearon diferentes puntos en la región de XV de Arica y Parinacota de Chile, como pampa Dos Cruces, pampa Camarones y cuesta El Águila, en un periodo de 9 meses, para consolidar esta investigación se construyeron tablas comparativas de acuerdo a los objetivos específicos correlacionando los factores climáticos de acuerdo a las horas sol versus radiación solar, vinculados a las diferentes zonas geomorfológicas de la región. Se tomaron en cuenta datos históricos de la Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil (DGAC), los que fueron comparados y procesados mediante metodología correlacional con los datos obtenidos de los puntos meteorológicas de las zonas de interés. Luego de haber realizado el procesamiento de datos se puede concluir que existe una directa relación de los elementos meteorológicos con la geomorfología del lugar, donde se pueden implementar proyectos de Energías Renovables No Convencionales (ERNC).
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Ajani, Jaffer A., Mikhail Abramov, Volodymyr Bondar, Igor Bondarenko, Yaroslav V. Shparyk, Vera Gorbunova, Hontsa Anatoliy et al. „Untreated metastatic diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma (DGAC): Randomized phase III study of S-1 and cisplatin vs. 5-FU and cisplatin (the DIGEST trial).“ Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, Nr. 15_suppl (20.05.2015): 4015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.4015.
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Amaya, Omri. „Bases para el establecimiento de las Ciencias Aeronáuticas en la Facultad de Ciencias Espaciales de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras“. Ciencias Espaciales 6, Nr. 1 (25.04.2016): 126–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/ce.v6i1.2559.
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Esta publicación refleja lo esencial del trabajo de investigación desarrollado por un Equipo Interinstitucional integrado por representantes de la Dirección de Aeronáutica Civil (DGAC) y la Asociación para el Desarrollo Aeronáutico y Educativo de Honduras (ADAEH) junto con profesionales de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras (UNAH).El panorama general de la investigación sitúa el desarrollo de la aeronáutica civil en Honduras en el contexto del desarrollo internacional del rubro, enfatizando en su estatus científico, los contenidos con los cuales se forma a los profesionales del campo, su evolución histórica, las características propias de la aeronáutica en Honduras y, la oferta y la demanda existente de profesionales aeronáuticos a nivel mundial.Los resultados de esta investigación han orientado el posterior desarrollo del Departamento de Ciencias Aeronáuticas en la Facultad de Ciencias Espaciales, influyendo sobre la definición de los recursos necesarios para el funcionamiento del Departamento, la elaboración del diagnóstico para la Carrera de una Licenciatura en Ciencias Aeronáuticas y la composición del su Plan de Estudios y Plan de Sostenibilidad; así como en el montaje del Primer Diplomado en Gestión de Sistemas Aeroportuarios.Revista Ciencias Espaciales, Vol.6(1) 2013, 126-148
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Tsai, Bor-Wen, John T. Harvey und Carl L. Monismith. „Using the Three-Stage Weibull Equation and Tree-Based Model to Characterize the Mix Fatigue Damage Process“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1929, Nr. 1 (Januar 2005): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192900127.
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The primary purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the applicability of the three-stage Weibull equation to describe the fatigue damage process using flexural controlled deformation fatigue tests. A data set of 179 beam fatigue tests originally designed for exploring the fatigue performance of conventional dense graded asphalt concrete (DGAC) and asphalt–rubber hot-mix gap-graded (ARHM-GG) mixes was used to inspect the three-stage Weibull parameters that were estimated using a genetic algorithm. The tree-based regression–category models were then used to uncover the data structure of the estimated parameters as a function of material properties, conditioning methods, temperatures, compaction methods, and strain levels. In general, the three-stage Weibull equation provides satisfactory fitting results for the three-stage fatigue damage process occurring in a beam test. It was found that the tree-based models of three-stage Weibull parameters associated with the crack initiation stage were statistically adequate and reliable compared with the models of parameters related to the warm-up stage and the crack propagation stage. It might suggest that these crack initiation parameters are better indexes to assess the fatigue performance.
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Freidberg, Susanne. „Wicked Nutrition: The Controversial Greening of Official Dietary Guidance“. Gastronomica 16, Nr. 2 (2016): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2016.16.2.69.
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In 2015, controversy over the Dietary Guidelines for Americans reached a new level when the government-appointed Dietary Guidance Advisory Committee (DGAC) recommended that those guidelines promote more sustainable diets, particularly those lower in animal-based foods. Although the committee found ample scientific evidence that such a shift would be a “win-win” for Americans' health as well as the environment, it met with fierce opposition on both counts, and not only from the livestock industry. This suggests how sustainable diet guidance poses a classic wicked problem, meaning one characterized by high levels of complexity, uncertainty, and epistemological conflict. While relationships between food, bodies, and environments are inevitably complex and uncertain, the controversy surrounding DGAC's recommendation offers an opportunity to explore how the scientific evidence on dietary sustainability is actually produced, and how it does or does not speak to other knowledge about eating for bodily and ecological health. To do this I look first at the research behind DGAC's endorsement of diets high in plant-based versus animal-based foods, and then at select responses in the public comments. The contrast not only highlights the incommensurability of modeled versus experiential evidence, but also suggests that efforts to promote more sustainable food consumption cannot credibly ignore questions (however unresolved) about what constitutes more sustainable production.
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Eastman, Joseph L., Mike B. Coughenour und Roger A. Pielke. „Does Grazing Affect Regional Climate?“ Journal of Hydrometeorology 2, Nr. 3 (Juni 2001): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2001)002<0243:dgarc>2.0.co;2.
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Ahmad, Masood, Abdul Hameed, Fasee Ullah, Atif Khan, Hashem Alyami, M. Irfan Uddin, Abdullah ALharbi und Furqan Aziz. „Cluster Optimization in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Based on Memetic Algorithm: memeHoc“. Complexity 2020 (28.09.2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2528189.
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In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), the topology differs very often due to mobile nodes (MNs). The flat network organization has high topology maintenance messages overload. To reduce this message overload in MANET, clustering organizations are recommended. Grouping MANET into MNs has the advantage of controlling congestion and easily repairing the topology. When the MANET size is large, clustered MN partitioning is a multiobjective optimization problem. Several evolutionary algorithms such as genetic algorithms (GAs) are used to divide MANET into clusters. GAs suffer from premature convergence. In this article, a clustering algorithm based on a memetic algorithm (MA) is proposed. MA uses local exploration techniques to reduce the likelihood of early convergence. The local search function in MA is to find the optimal local solution before other evolutionary algorithms. The optimal clusters in MANET can be achieved using MA for dynamic load balancing. In this work, the network is considered a graph G (V, E), where V represents MN and E represent the communication links of the neighboring MNs. The aim of this study is to find the cluster headset (CH) as early as possible when needed. High-quality individuals are selected for the new population in the next generation. New individuals are generated using the crossover mechanism on the chromosome once the two parents have been selected. Data are communicated via CHs between other clusters. The proposed technique is compared with existing techniques such as DGAC, MobHiD, and EMPSO. The proposed technique overcomes the state-of-the-art clustering schemes in terms of cluster counting, reaffiliation rate, cluster life, and overload of control messages.
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Pendley, Sofia, Melanie Reyes und Jacqueline Vernarelli. „Dietary Practices Among US Immigrants: Energy Density as a Marker for Acculturation and Diet Quality“. Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (Juni 2021): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab038_053.
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Abstract Objectives The Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) 2020 report indicates a need for examining the association between acculturation, dietary behaviors and disease risk. Dietary energy density (ED, kcal/g) is an established indicator of diet quality and a risk factor for chronic disease. Because ED is calculated using the whole diet, it is culturally relevant for use in a variety of populations. Past research on acculturation and diet indicates a need for more research using indicators that measure diet quality. The objective of the present study was to examine the relationship between acculturation, dietary intake, and dietary energy density. Methods Dietary data was collected using 24hour-recall in a nationally representative sample of 10 622 adults who participated in the 2013–2016 NHANES. Specific questions about acculturation were asked of participants. All data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 survey procedures to account for the complex survey design of the NHANES. Results A linear relationship between dietary ED and length of time in the US was observed (p-trend < 0.0001). Individuals who were in the US for < 5 years had the lowest dietary ED compared to those who had been in the US for the longest (1.39 vs. 1.84 kcal/g, P < 0.0004) representing ∼450 kcal/day difference after adjusting for relevant cofactors. Despite this difference, there was no difference in the amount of money spent on food compared with length of time in the US. Conclusions This study is consistent with other studies that examine changes in dietary patterns among those who have immigrated to the US. Findings from this study, specifically using ED as an indicator of diet quality, may provide recommendations to developing culturally inclusive efforts to encourage healthy diets. Funding Sources None.
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Zou, Gengyi, Yuanjian Huang, Shengzhe Zhang, Kyung-Pil Ko, Bongjun Kim, Jie Zhang, Vishwa Venkatesan et al. „E-cadherin loss drives diffuse-type gastric tumorigenesis via EZH2-mediated reprogramming“. Journal of Experimental Medicine 221, Nr. 4 (27.02.2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20230561.
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Diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinoma (DGAC) is a deadly cancer often diagnosed late and resistant to treatment. While hereditary DGAC is linked to CDH1 mutations, the role of CDH1/E-cadherin inactivation in sporadic DGAC tumorigenesis remains elusive. We discovered CDH1 inactivation in a subset of DGAC patient tumors. Analyzing single-cell transcriptomes in malignant ascites, we identified two DGAC subtypes: DGAC1 (CDH1 loss) and DGAC2 (lacking immune response). DGAC1 displayed distinct molecular signatures, activated DGAC-related pathways, and an abundance of exhausted T cells in ascites. Genetically engineered murine gastric organoids showed that Cdh1 knock-out (KO), KrasG12D, Trp53 KO (EKP) accelerates tumorigenesis with immune evasion compared with KrasG12D, Trp53 KO (KP). We also identified EZH2 as a key mediator promoting CDH1 loss-associated DGAC tumorigenesis. These findings highlight DGAC’s molecular diversity and potential for personalized treatment in CDH1-inactivated patients.
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Zhang, Xiuhai, Bo Li, Zhaoyong Mao und Xiangyang Zeng. „Sound absorption characteristics of the two-dimensional dual-graded anechoic coating“. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 29.05.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/acd9ba.
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Abstract The anechoic coating can be applied to absorb underwater sound waves. To improve the performance of the current anechoic coating, a two-dimensional dual-graded anechoic coating (2D DGAC) which consists of background material, graded solid cores, and graded cavities has been proposed. The sound absorption characteristics of 2D DGAC have been investigated numerically, compared with the 2D mono-graded anechoic coating (MGAC) and uniform anechoic coating (UAC). The dual contribution including multi-cavity resonances and multi-local resonances excited by graded air cavities and steel cores in DGAC could result in effective sound energy dissipation. The improvement of sound absorption performance of DGAC could be attributed to resonances excited by graded cavities compared with that of UAC in 5500-10000 Hz and local resonances of graded steel cores compared with that of MGAC in 1600-5700 Hz.
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Suneesh, A. S., K. V. Syamala, K. A. Venkatesan, M. P. Antony und P. R. Vasudeva Rao. „Diglycolamic acid anchored on polyamine matrix for the mutual separation of Eu(III) and Am(III)“. Radiochimica Acta 104, Nr. 1 (28.01.2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2015-2442.
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AbstractDiglycolamic acid was anchored on a polyamine matrix and the product (PA-DGAH) was characterized by ion-exchange capacity measurement, TG-DTA and FT-IR spectroscopy. The extraction behavior of Am(III) and Eu(III) in PA-DGAH was studied from dilute nitric acid medium to examine the feasibility using the anchored adsorbent for their mutual separation. The effect of various parameters such as the duration of equilibration, concentration of europium, nitric acid and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) in aqueous phase on the distribution coefficient (
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„DGAC Certificate of Approval for A J Walter Aviation“. Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 74, Nr. 1 (Februar 2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat.2002.12774aab.041.
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Chen, lihe, Hongyu Wu, Xi Zhang, Qiaoling Zhou und Wenzheng Zhang. „DGAC is a Novel Mouse Model of EMT‐mediated Renal Fibrosis.“ FASEB Journal 27, S1 (April 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.955.15.
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Thatcher, Meschelle. „Dairy and The Dietary Guidelines for Americans: Time to Reassess the Evidence“. Policy Perspectives 28 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.4079/pp.v28i0.8.
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The ‘Got Milk?’ campaign raised an entire generation to believe that dairy is an essential part of a healthy diet, but is milk really the wholesome beverage we think it is? This article explores the presumed health benefits of dairy consumption articulated by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA). Although the DGA asserts that dairy is associated with bone health and other positive health outcomes, existing evidence suggests otherwise. As such, this article advocates for a new evidence review that would assess the association between dairy and negative health outcomes—particularly in relation to bone health, saturated fat content, and chronic disease. The article also identifies problems with the new DGA process, which identifies questions for the Dietary Guidelines for Americans Committee (DGAC) before the DGAC members are selected. Finally, the article addresses the public’s relationship with different dairy and non-dairy alternative products and how the California Milk Processor Board is working to influence this relationship. Recommendations for the DGA are provided at the end.
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„Gründung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für angewandte Hygiene in der Dialyse e.V. (DGAHD e.V.)“. Krankenhaus-Hygiene + Infektionsverhütung 34, Nr. 3 (Juli 2012): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.khinf.2012.05.001.
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Jackson, Sandra L., Sallyann Coleman King, Lixia Zhao und Mary E. Cogswell. „Prevalence of Excess Sodium Intake in the United States, NHANES 2009–2012“. FASEB Journal 30, S1 (April 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.30.1_supplement.677.1.
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ObjectiveTo inform the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) reviewed the scientific evidence and recommended consuming a healthy dietary pattern including less than 2300 mg dietary sodium/day or the “age‐appropriate Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) amount” in relation to calories. The objective of the present study was to examine the prevalence of excess sodium intake among Americans ages 2 and older, and among hypertensive adults.DesignData were analyzed from 14,728 participants aged 2 years and older in the 2009–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES).ResultsA majority of US children (81%) and adults (89%) consumed >2300 mg sodium/day. More than 90% of US children exceeded the DRI upper intake level for their age. Among adults, 80% of women and 98% of men exceeded 2300 mg sodium per day, and among hypertensive adults, 86%. Total sodium intake was higher among males than females (p<0.001), but sodium density did not differ significantly by sex (p=0.50).ConclusionsThe DGAC emphasized expanding efforts to reduce the amount of sodium added to foods during commercial processing and preparation. Given the high prevalence of excess sodium in take in the US, population‐wide strategies such as these are needed.
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Liu, Chang, Dongsheng Yang, Bihui Yu und Liping Bu. „DGHC: A Hybrid Algorithm for Multi-modal Named Entity Recognition Using Dynamic Gating and Correlation Coefficients with Visual Enhancements“. IEEE Access, 2024, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3400250.
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Van Elswyk, Mary E., Robert D. Murray und Shalene H. McNeill. „Iron-rich Complementary Foods: Imperative for All Infants“. Current Developments in Nutrition, 16.09.2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab117.
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Abstract Nearly 1 in 5 (18%) babies in the United States is consuming insufficient iron. A deficiency of iron during early life may be associated with long-term neurodevelopmental consequence(s). The 2020–2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) are the first DGA to address recommendations for children under 2 years of age. The 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report (DGAC) includes food group combinations emphasizing iron-rich foods for 6–12 month old infants but, these examples did not meet criteria to establish DGA recommended dietary patterns, consequently iron-rich dietary patterns for ages 6–12 months are not provided in the 2020–2025 DGA. The 2020–2025 DGA encourages iron-rich foods by 6 months of age while emphasizing the importance “…particularly for infants fed human milk.” Early feeding transitions are dynamic and milk feeding groups are rarely static or exclusive such that emphasizing one milk feeding group may become confusing. Risk-to-benefit favors iron-rich complementary feeding for all infants.
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Willits‐Smith, Amelia, Martin Heller, Robert Meyer und Diego Rose. „Food Group Intakes of Self‐Selected U.S. Diets with High and Low Carbon Footprints“. FASEB Journal 31, S1 (April 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.962.21.
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The 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) claimed that shifts toward more plant‐based foods would promote health as well as long‐term environmental sustainability of the nation's food supply. Evidence used to reach these conclusions came primarily from studies outside the U.S., since little is known about how individual food choices in this country are related to environmental impacts. To address this gap, we examined dietary patterns of U.S. individuals and their relationships to food‐related greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE). The sample consisted of individuals (N=13,204) aged 18 to 65 from the 2005–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We calculated GHGE from the NHANES Day 1 dietary recalls using a food impacts database based on life cycle assessment literature. The database links individual intakes to commodities and environmental impacts. Individuals were ranked by the GHGE per 1000 kilocalories associated with their diet and divided into quintiles. Dietary patterns based on food groups using the USDA Food Pattern Equivalents Database were compared between the lowest and highest quintiles using t‐tests and sample weights and survey design parameters included with NHANES. Compared to those with high dietary GHGE, those in the lowest GHGE group consumed more plant protein foods (0.9 compared to 0.4 oz eq/1000 kcal, p<0.001), and less animal protein foods (1.5 compared to 3.8 oz eq/1000 kcal, p<0.001). Within the animal protein foods, they also consumed more poultry and less red meat. Those with low dietary GHGE consumed significantly more whole grain, more oils, and fewer solid fats. However, they also consumed more refined grains and more added sugars. These results support the DGAC assertion that a diet more sustainable than the U.S. average can be achieved without eliminating any food groups, as even the group with lowest carbon footprint consumed moderate amounts of animal‐based foods. And since these patterns were observed in self‐selected diets, it indicates that such choices are acceptable to some U.S. consumers. While some elements of self‐selected diets lower in GHGE are healthier (e.g. more whole grains and fewer solid fats), other factors are not (e.g. more refined grains and added sugars). This study highlights the complexity in understanding the links between nutritional and environmental objectives and suggests that more attention is needed to address this nascent field of research.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by the Wellcome Trust (grant # 106854/Z/15/Z).
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Cang, Chen, Juneng Liew, Jianbo Cheng, Yuheng Zhao, Zhihang Xu, Honghui Chen und Guolin Feng. „Influence of meridional circulation on extreme high temperature and weakened rainfall over the Yangtze River Valley in August 2022“. Environmental Research Communications, 14.03.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ad33ec.
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Abstract The Yangtze River Valley (YRV) experienced record-breaking extreme high temperature and weakened rainfall events in August 2022, which resulted in severe disasters and large socioeconomic losses. The importance of the intensification and westward movement of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) with abnormal subsidence has been emphasized in previous studies. However, the source of the abnormal subsidence remains unknown. This study investigates the source of the abnormal subsidence over the YRV and discusses its possible causes by adopting the three-pattern decomposition of the atmospheric circulation (3P-DGAC). Meridional circulation (MC) was the main contributor to the abnormal vertical velocity (114%), while the contribution of zonal circulation (ZC) was negative (–14%). Additionally, the negative rainfall anomaly over the YRV can be explained mainly by the MC. The anomalous MC was characterized as a “negative-positive-negative-positive-negative” quintuple distribution with sinking motion over the YRV. Anomalous MC is closely related to the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) over the three oceans. The negative phase of the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) and La Niña SSTA leads to an anomalous rising motion of the ZC over the Maritime Continent, favoring the existence of the rising motion of the MC by the coupling effect. The positive phase of the North Atlantic triple (NAT) SSTA results in an anomalous Rossby wave train, which further leads to a sinking motion over the YRV.
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Papanikolaou, Yanni, und Victor L. Fulgoni. „Grain Foods Contribute Shortfall Nutrients in US Adults ≥19 Years of Age: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009–2012“. FASEB Journal 30, S1 (April 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.30.1_supplement.1154.24.
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The 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) maintains recommendations for increased consumption of whole grains while limiting intake of refined grains. A variety of refined grains are sources of several shortfall nutrients identified by the DGAC, including dietary fiber, folate, iron, and magnesium. The purpose of this study was to determine food sources of energy and nutrients for US adults by gender using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009–2012. Analyses of grain food sources were conducted using a single 24‐hour recall collected in adults ≥19 years of age (Males: n=5,348; Females: n=5,349). Sources of nutrients contained in all grain foods were determined using United States Department of Agriculture nutrient composition databases and food grouping scheme for grains (excluding mixed dishes). Mean energy and nutrient intakes from the total diet and from various grain food groups were adjusted for the sample design using appropriate weights. In males and females, all grains provided 13.8±0.3% and 14.6±0.3% kcal/d in the total diet, respectively. In males, daily nutrient contributions from all grains included 6.8±0.2% total fat, 5.1±0.2% saturated fat, 14.2±0.3% sodium, 8.0±0.3% total sugar, 23.2±0.4% dietary fiber, 13.5±0.3% calcium, 34.0±0.5 % folate DFE, 29.1±0.5% iron, and 13.7±0.3% magnesium. In females, grains contributed 7.6±0.2% total fat, 5.7±0.2% saturated fat, 15.0±0.3% sodium, 7.8±0.2% total sugar, 22.5±0.4% dietary fiber, 13.0±0.3% calcium, 33.3±0.6% folate DFE, 30.2±0.5% iron, and 14.1±0.3% magnesium in the daily diet. When considering commonly consumed grain foods, breads, rolls and tortillas collectively provided 7.6±0.2% kcal/d in the total diet for both males and female adults. In males alone, breads, rolls and tortillas contributed 3.3±0.1% total fat, 2.5±0.1% saturated fat, 7.9±0.2% sodium, 3.6±0.1% total sugar, 13.8±0.3% dietary fiber, 8.9±0.2% calcium, 16.1±0.4% folate DFE, 13.2±0.3% iron, and 7.5±0.2% magnesium daily. Similar results were seen in females, such that daily intake of breads, rolls and tortillas contributed 3.6±0.1% total fat, 2.7±0.1% saturated fat, 8.0±0.2% sodium, 3.0±0.1% total sugar, 12.4±0.3% dietary fiber, 7.9±0.2% calcium, 14.9±0.4% folate DFE, 12.7±0.3% iron, and 7.1±0.2% magnesium. The ready‐to‐eat (RTE) cereal group provided 2.1±0.1% and 2.4±0.1% kcal/d in the total diet of male and females, respectively. RTE cereals supplied 0.8±0.1% total fat, 0.5±0.1% saturated fat, 1.7±0.1% sodium, 2.7±0.2% total sugar, 4.9±0.2% dietary fiber, 1.6±0.1% calcium, 11.0±0.5% folate DFE, 9.9±0.4% iron, and 2.8±0.2% magnesium daily in males. In females, RTE cereals supplied 0.9±0.1% total fat, 0.6±0.1% saturated fat, 1.8±0.1% sodium, 2.6±0.2% total sugar, 5.1±0.2% dietary fiber, 1.7±0.1% calcium, 11.3±0.4% folate DFE, 10.6±0.3% iron, and 2.9±0.1% magnesium in the total daily diet. The current data show that a variety of grain food groups consumed by American adults contribute to nutrient density in the total diet showcasing the potential to increase consumption of shortfall nutrients identified by authoritative recommendations, particularly dietary fiber, folate, and iron.Support or Funding InformationSupported by the Grain Foods Foundation
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-, Bhumika Rai. „Rural Decentralisation Amid the Political Instability: a Case Study of Gorkhaland Territorial Administration Region of West Bengal“. International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research 5, Nr. 4 (08.07.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i04.4229.
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The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment acts, established Panchayat Raj Institutions in India through which it formed the panchayats and municipalities and the elected local governments under it. It devolved the local governments more powers and responsibilities. The Constitution mandates the panchayats and municipalities in the grassroot level be elected every five years and States are required to delegate tasks and responsibilities to them through legislation. However, in Darjeeling Hills since the violent Gorkhaland crises of 1982-88 and the founding of the autonomous body Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (DGHC) in 1988 for the economic, social, cultural and educational advancement of the people of Darjeeling hills, the three tier Panchayat system has lost its relevance. From then onwards, the decentralisation of power in the Darjeeling hill area has been curtailed. The case of decentralisation in rural Darjeeling hills is distinct from that in other parts of the country and even within the state. People at the grassroots level no longer participate in Panchayat elections. There is a bigger loophole in the decentralisation setup in the village level of Darjeeling hills. Right now under GTA, the two tier Panchayat election is going to be conduct in the Hills. The study focuses on the nature of decentralisation in Darjeeling hills how the historical practice of decentralisation is practiced, the existing nature and will try to answer how will it shape if the two tier election is conducted in the near future.
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Anderson, Cheryl A. M., Erin Delker und Joachim H. Ix. „Sodium and Health Outcomes: Ascertaining Valid Estimates in Research Studies“. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 23, Nr. 7 (11.05.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11883-021-00909-4.
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Abstract Purpose of Review The dietary reference intake (DRI) for sodium has been highly debated with persuasive and elegant arguments made for both population sodium reduction and for maintenance of the status quo. After the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) report was published, controversy ensued, and by Congressional mandate, the sodium DRIs were updated in 2019. The 2019 DRIs defined adequate intake (AI) levels by age–sex groups that are largely consistent with the DRIs for sodium that were published in 2005. Given the overall similarities between the 2005 and 2019 DRIs, one may wonder how the recently published research on sodium and health outcomes was considered in determining the DRIs, particularly, the recent studies from very large observational cohort studies. We aim to address this concern and outline the major threats to ascertaining valid estimates of the relationship between dietary sodium and health outcomes in observational cohort studies. We use tools from modern epidemiology to demonstrate how unexpected and inconsistent findings in these relationships may emerge. We use directed acyclic graphs to illustrate specific examples in which biases may occur. Recent Findings We identified the following key threats to internal validity: poorly defined target intervention, poorly measured sodium exposure, unmeasured or residual confounding, reverse causality, and selection bias. Researchers should consider these threats to internal validity while developing research questions and throughout the research process. Summary For the DRIs to inform real-world interventions relating to sodium reduction, it is recommended that more specific research questions be asked that can clearly define potential interventions of interest.
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Xu, JiQiang. „Quantitatively Understanding Malnutrition with ‘Malnutrition-ρ (mal-N-ρ)’, a Statistical Scoring Algorithm (P10-062-19)“. Current Developments in Nutrition 3, Supplement_1 (01.06.2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzz034.p10-062-19.
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Abstract Objectives Malnutrition challenges human health worldwide. There is no measurement for the cause-effect relation between 'nutrient intake' and 'sign, symptoms' of malnutrition that made corresponding diagnosis elusive, less with precision. This constrained human fight against malnutrition with precision. Calorie plays important role in malnutrition. In statistics, it's hard to conduct a quantitative analysis with 'total calorie' and any other calorie-non-zero nutrients included in one statistical model due to a strong condition of 'independent and identically distributed (iid)', required by Central Limitation Theorem (CLT). Based on CLT, the common linear Regression method works for estimation, prediction or error reduction. The linear regression method is restricted in malnutrition study because of the (iid) condition. Methods The condition (iid) has been weakened by a breakthrough, published in a dissertation entitled "Parameter Estimation and Interpretation in Spatial Autoregression Models (SAM-p)', MSU library (1998). SAM-p resolved a decades long difficult problem in Social Network Analysis, created 'p' a new measurement in statistics, the correlation coefficient between a vector and a matrix. Results Mal-N-p is a specified version of SAM-p for malnutrition study. Here W(food), a recorded food intake matrix by a subject (an individual or a group of people) over a period can be transformed into W(nutrient) a recorded nutrient intake. An appropriate 'dietary reference intake (DRI)', a vector V(DRI) is selected for the subject. Based on guidelines of SAM-p working on a maximum likelihood function, an estimate of p between (0, + 1) can be obtained, as the correlation coefficient between W(nutrient) and V(DRI). The higher the p is to 1, the subject's diet behavior is 'closer' to the selected DRI and is 'better'. The estimate p is a nutrient-oriented new measurement in malnutrition study. Conclusions The mal-N-p algorithm can help to make DGAC science-based stronger. With a visible estimate p, mal-N-p provides encouragement to the public to self-evaluate their own diet behavior. Funding Sources None.
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Landry, Matthew J., Lyndsey D. Ruiz, Kimberlea Gibbs, Marcela D. Radtke, Jennifer Lerman und Ashley J. Vargas. „Perspective: Early Life Nutrition Research Supported by the U.S. National Institutes of Health from 2018-2020“. Advances in Nutrition, 19.04.2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmac044.
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ABSTRACT The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025 includes guidelines for pregnancy, lactation, and children from birth to age 24-months (B-24) to reflect the growing body of evidence about appropriate nutrition during the earliest stages of life. Guidelines are based on a thorough review of the existing scientific evidence by the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC). This study's objective was to enumerate early life (pregnancy, lactation, and B-24) nutrition research needs that are already being addressed by the scientific community and to identify remaining research gaps. The Scientific Report of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee was reviewed, and 138 research gaps relevant to early life were identified. Research gaps were consolidated into 13 topic areas. A total of 1,632 nutrition and early life focused research projects funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) between 2018-2020 were manually coded using title, abstract, and public health relevance statement available on NIH RePORTER. Projects were coded if they addressed a research gap within one of the 13 research gap topic areas. Of reviewed and coded projects, 235 (14.4%) addressed any early life nutrition research gap. Between Fiscal Years 2018 to 2020, total costs of projects addressing any gap represented only 15% of total costs for all projects reviewed. Complementary foods, breastfeeding (never versus ever), and frequency of eating were research gap areas most frequently coded as being addressed by a funded project. Iron supplementation, seafood consumption, and maternal diet food allergens were research gap areas least frequently coded as being potentially addressed by a funded project. This analysis highlights opportunities for changes in the federal government investment in maternal and child nutrition research to support development of effective, evidence-based dietary guidelines for improvement of early life nutrition practices and overall public health. Statement of Significance The National Institutes of Health (NIH) funded 1,632 research projects between 2018-2020 focused on early life nutrition. Of these, less than 15% intended to address any early life related dietary research gap identified by the Scientific Report of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. Results suggest an opportunity for more strategic investment in maternal and child nutrition research by the NIH to support the development of effective evidence-based dietary guidelines for pregnancy, lactation, and infants and toddlers aged birth to 24-months.
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Saldanha, Leila, LaVerne Brown, Charlotte Brasseux, Richard Bailen, Johanna Dwyer und Abby Ershow. „A Comparison of Labeled Nutrients with Respect to Recommended Amounts in Toddler Dietary Supplements.“ FASEB Journal 31, S1 (April 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.647.8.
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The percent daily values (%DV), listed on product labels of dietary supplements in the United States, represent the recommended dietary intakes of vitamins and minerals at specific age groups [<12 months (infants), 1–3 years (toddlers), and ≥4years (adults)]. The DVs are intended to help consumers to make informed decisions regarding the nutritional value of food sources and dietary supplements with respect to individual needs. In this study, we focused our analyses on vitamins in dietary supplements labeled for toddlers. Our objective was to determine how dietary supplement product formulations compared with recommended amounts and recommendations from authoritative agencies. We identified and extracted label information from supplements labeled for toddlers available in the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) using the Advance Search features. We searched product labels for the labeled amounts and percent daily values (%DVs) of vitamins A, E, C, and D as well as folate and iodine, which all have been identified as shortfall nutrients in the 2015–20 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) report and are of concern to professional bodies. As of September 2016, the DSLD provided label information for 406 dietary supplements on the market in the US that targeted toddlers as the intended consumers. National surveys show that 45% of children 2–5 years use dietary supplements; and according to US census data, children under 5 years represent ~6.2% of the population. However, we found that only 1% of the dietary supplement products in the DSLD are labeled for children <4 years of age (0.1 % of the products were exclusively labeled for children <4 years of age and 0.9% of products contained dual labels for children and adults). More than 60% of the vitamin, multivitamin, or combination supplements for toddlers contained one or more nutrients with >100% of the current DV. Individual nutrients that were greater than the current recommended %DV tended to be 150–200% DV for children <4 years. However, some products contained individual nutrients, particularly vitamin C, as high as 625 %DV. The %DV on product labels are expected to reflect updated recommendations of dietary intakes by the year 2018. The new recommended %DVs for iodine and vitamin D have increased by ~30 and 50%. Thus, product labels will likely reflect normalized values of vitamin D and iodine by 2018. However, the new recommended %DVs for vitamins A, E, C, and folate have decreased by 40–60% for toddlers. If current formulations remain unchanged, product labels for these nutrients will have levels of 200–250 %DV in 2018. Published analyses of research data and clinical trials on healthy individuals do not support a benefit for the use of dietary supplements at amounts greater than the recommended dietary intakes. New or updated products that are specifically formulated for toddlers may need to better reflect the current recommendations and nutrient intakes for this population.Support or Funding InformationOffice of Dietary Supplements, NIH