Dissertationen zum Thema „DFT approach“
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Bagchi, Bhaskar. „Quantum chemical calculation and structure activity relationship of bioactive terpenoids“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2016. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/2762.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleJohn, Richard. „Rationalising reactivity : a combined DFT and hyperpolarisation approach“. Thesis, University of York, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15397/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHusowitz, Barry Charles. „Effect of Confinement and Heterogeneity on Phase Behavior: A Density Functional Approach“. Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/196124.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFernández, Alvarez Víctor Miguel. „A computational approach to the mechanism of light-driven reactions in solution“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/402464.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEsta tesis doctoral describe la aplicación, de una combinación de métodos DFT (Teoría del Funcional de la Densidad) y modelos cinéticos, para elucidar el mecanismo de reacciones en solución iniciadas por luz. Esta estrategia es usada para estudiar dos tipos de reacciones de interés comercial. En la primera parte, se analiza el mecanismo de transformaciones químicas activadas directamente por luz. En cambio, la segunda parte abarca reacciones en las que la activación lumínica ocurre a través de un foto-catalizador. En ambos casos, los resultados y las propiedades experimentales, tales como la selectividad o el rendimiento cuántico, fueron exitosamente reproducidos, y racionalizados de acuerdo a las propiedades de estructura electrónica que definen a los sistemas involucrados. Además, se demostró que los modelos cinéticos son cruciales para calcular aspectos del mecanismo de transformaciones foto-inducidas, ya que la mera comparación de barreras de energía no tiene en cuenta las grandes diferencias de concentraciones presentes.
This doctoral thesis describes the application of a combination of Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods and kinetic models to elucidate the mechanism of light-driven synthesis reactions in solution. This strategy is applied to study two types of reactions of commercial interest. In the first part, the mechanism of chemical transformations directly activated by visible light is analyzed. On the other hand, the second part covers reactions in which light activation takes place via a photocatalyst. For both cases, experimental outcomes and properties such as selectivity and quantum yield were correctly reproduced and rationalized on the basis of the electronic structure properties that define the systems involved. In addition, kinetic models proved vital in the computation of mechanistic aspects of photo-induced transformations as mere comparisons of energy barriers fail to account for large differences in concentration present.
Martins, Ana Caroline Vasconcelos. „GluA2 - Glutamatergic Receptor Study: A Molecular Approach“. reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2017. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/28258.
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Glutamate receptors are the mediators of most excitatory neurotransmission processes in the central nervous system, acting as prominent targets for the treatment of several neurological disorders such as Epilepsy, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Hence an improved understanding of how glutamate and other ligands interact with the binding domain, of these receptors, can bring relevant insights to the development of new ligands. Therefore, this work aims to study the GluA2–ligand interaction using the structure of GluA2 co-crystallized with the ligands glutamate, AMPA, kainate and DNQX applying a method based on the Density Functional Theory combined with the molecular fractionation with conjugate caps scheme. To address that the dielectric constant of the GluA2 receptor is not homogeneous, a novel molecular approach was proposed and it was applied to study the interaction between the GluA2 and the ligands glutamate, AMPA, kainate and DNQX. The results obtained, considering the inhomogeneous model, were compared with those obtained using an uniform dielectric function for the GluA2 receptor and with data published in the literature establishing a more detailed description of the relevant amino acid residues for the protein-ligand binding interaction. Molecular dynamics studies and protein DFT calculations usually consider a fixed value for the protein dielectric function. In this work when ε = 1 is considered, many amino acid residues seem important, but when the dielectric constant shield was considered, they lost their relevance. The results for the GluA2-ligand total interaction energy and the D1-ligand and D2-ligand total interaction energy also shed some light on the differentiation between full and partial agonists, and between agonists and antagonists. Additionally, the results allow a hypothesis on the correlation between the Glu705-ligand interaction energy and the ligand action, paving the way for the use of the inhomogeneous dielectric function to study glutamate receptors and other protein-ligand systems. Finally, the results also suggests that for different ligands, different homogeneous dielectric constant will be able to well represent the system GluA2-ligand, making it necessary the previous analyses with the inhomogeneous dielectric constant approach.
Os receptores de glutamato são os mediadores da maioria dos processos de neurotransmissão excitatória no sistema nervoso central, atuando como alvos proeminentes para o tratamento de vários distúrbios neurológicos, como Epilepsia, Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica, Doença de Parkinson e Doença de Alzheimer. Assim, uma compreensão aprimorada de como o glutamato e outros ligantes interagem com o domínio de interação, desses receptores, pode trazer informações relevantes para o desenvolvimento de novos ligantes. Portanto, este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a interação GluA2-ligante utilizando a estrutura de GluA2 co-cristalizada com os ligantes Glutamato, AMPA, Cainato e DNQX utilizando método baseado na Teoria do Funcional da Densidade combinado com o esquema de fracionamento molecular com capas conjugadas. Para abordar que a constante dielétrica do receptor GluA2 não é homogênea, foi proposta uma nova abordagem molecular, que foi aplicada para estudar a interação entre a GluA2 e os ligantes Glutamato, AMPA, Cainato e DNQX. Os resultados obtidos, considerando o modelo não-homogêneo, foram comparados com aqueles obtidos usando uma função dielétrica uniforme para o receptor GluA2 e com dados publicados na literatura, estabelecendo uma descrição mais detalhada dos resíduos de aminoácido mais relevantes para a interação proteína-ligante. Estudos de dinâmica molecular e cálculos DFT de sistemas proteicos normalmente consideram um valor fixo para a função dielétrica proteica. Nesse trabalho quando ε = 1 é considerado, muitos resíduos de aminoácido parecem relevantes, mas quando a blindagem da constante dielétrica foi considerada, eles perderam sua relevância. Os resultados apresentados para a energia de interação total GluA2-ligante e a energia de interação total D1-ligante e D2-ligante contribuiu com a diferenciação entre agonistas totais e agonistas parciais e entre agonistas e antagonistas. Além disso, os resultados permitem que seja feita hipótese sobre a correlação entre a energia de interação Glu705-ligante e a ação do ligante, abrindo caminho para o uso da função dielétrica não-homogênea para estudar receptores de glutamato e outros sistemas proteína-ligante. Por fim, os resultados também sugerem que para diferentes ligantes, diferentes constantes dielétricas homogêneas serão capazes de representar bem o sistema GluA2-ligante, tornando necessária a análise prévia com a abordagem da constante dielétrica não-homogênea.
Zhang, Xuan. „High Precision Dynamic Power System Frequency Estimation Algorithm Based on Phasor Approach“. Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMaster of Science
Ponnuchamy, Veerapandian. „Towards A Better Understanding of Lithium Ion Local Environment in Pure, Binary and Ternary Mixtures of Carbonate Solvents : A Numerical Approach“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GRENY004/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDue to the increasing global energy demand, eco-friendly and sustainable green resources including solar, or wind energies must be developed, in order to replace fossil fuels. These sources of energy are unfortunately discontinuous, being correlated with weather conditions and their availability is therefore strongly fluctuating in time. As a consequence, large-scale energy storage devices have become fundamental, to store energy on long time scales with a good environmental compatibility. Electrochemical energy conversion is the key mechanism for alternative power sources technological developments. Among these systems, Lithium-ion (Li+) batteries (LIBs) have demonstrated to be the most robust and efficient, and have become the prevalent technology for high-performance energy storage systems. These are widely used as the main energy source for popular applications, including laptops, cell phones and other electronic devices. The typical LIB consists of two (negative and positive) electrodes, separated by an electrolyte. This plays a very important role, transferring ions between the electrodes, therefore providing the electrical current. This thesis work focuses on the complex materials used as electrolytes in LIBs, which impact Li-ion transport properties, power densities and electrochemical performances. Usually, the electrolyte consists of Li-salts and mixtures of organic solvents, such as cyclic or linear carbonates. It is therefore indispensable to shed light on the most important structural (coordination) properties, and their implications on transport behaviour of Li+ ion in pure and mixed solvent compositions. We have performed a theoretical investigation based on combined density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations, and have focused on three carbonates, cyclic ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC), and linear dimethyl carbonate (DMC). DFT calculations have provided a detailed picture for the optimized structures of isolated carbonate molecules and Li+ ion, including pure clusters Li+(S)n (S=EC, PC, DMC and n=1-5), mixed binary clusters, Li+(S1)m(S2)n (S1, S2 =EC, PC, DMC, with m+n=4), and ternary clusters Li+(EC)l(DMC)m(PC)n with l+m+n=4. Pure solvent clusters were also studied including the effect of PF6- anion. We have investigated in details the structure of the coordination shell around Li+ for all cases. Our results show that clusters such as Li+(EC)4, Li+(DMC)4 and Li+(PC)3 are the most stable, according to Gibbs free energy values, in agreement with previous experimental and theoretical studies. The calculated Gibbs free energies of reactions in binary mixtures suggest that the addition of EC and PC molecules to the Li+-DMC clusters are more favourable than the addition of DMC to Li+-EC and Li+-PC clusters. In most of the cases, the substitution of solvent to binary mixtures are unfavourable. In the case of ternary mixtures, the DMC molecule cannot replace EC and PC, while PC can easily substitute both EC and DMC molecules. Our study shows that PC tends to substitute EC in the solvation shell. We have complemented our ab-initio studies by MD simulations of a Li-ion when immersed in the pure solvents and in particular solvents mixtures of interest for batteries applications, e.g. , EC:DMC (1:1) and EC:DMC:PC(1:1:3). MD is a very powerful tool and has allowed us to clarify the relevance of the cluster structures discovered by DFT when the ion is surrounded by bulk solvents. Indeed, DFT provides information about the most stable structures of isolated clusters but no information about their stability or multiplicity (entropy) when immersed in an infinite solvent environment. The MD data, together the DFT calculations have allowed us to give a very comprehensive picture of the local structure of solvent mixtures around Lithium ion, which substantially improve over previous work
Sirikumara, Henaka Rallage Hansika Iroshini. „Engineering structural/electronic properties of layered Selenides : A multi-scale modeling approach“. OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1840.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKuchi, Jayasurya. „AN EFFICIENT APPROACH TO REDUCE TEST APPLICATION TIME THROUGH LIMITED SHIFT OPERATIONS IN SCAN CHAINS“. OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2182.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePueschel, Charles A. „First principles approach to understanding stability and phase transitions of metal A(II)B(IV)hexafluorides“. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54484.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePubill, Ulldemolins Cristina. „Catalytic activation of diboron reagents towards their addition to alkenes: experimental and theoretical approach“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/97206.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe organoborane products are highly used in a broad number of fields, from their use in medicine as a 10B carrier for neutron capture therapy, or other molecules with biological activity, to their use as functional molecules such as polymers. Importantly, organoboranes are very versatile and powerful intermediates in the synthesis of high value products. This thesis focuses on the development of novel methodologies for catalytic boron addition to alkenes, with particular attention to the understanding of the activation mode of the diboron reagent and the mechanism of their addition to olefins. For this purpose NMR studies together with DFT (Density Functional Theory) calculations are carried out.
Bohorquez, Ballen Jaime. „Thermal transport in low dimensional semiconductor nanostructures“. OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/798.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCosta, Davide. „Modelling the thermal ageing evolution of Fe-Cr alloys using a lattice kinetic Monte Carlo approach based on DFT calculations“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10037/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis, we address the study of the microstrucutre evolution of the Fe-Cr system under thermal ageing. The vacancy diffusion mechanism was investigated in the framework of the density functional theory (DFT) and the capability of a recently developed embedded atom method (EAM) empirical cohesive model to reproduce the DFT results was examined. We have shown that the vacancy migration energy strongly depends on the saddle point atomic environment where the chromium-chromium and the chromium-vacancy interactions partially determine the saddle point energy. We proposed three approaches for the parameterisation of an atomistic kinetic Monte Carlo (AKMC) model: one fully based on the EAM potential, the others partially based on our DFT calculations. The AKMC simulations of the thermal ageing of the Fe-20 at.%Cr and Fe-25 at.%Cr alloys at 773 K show the formation of chromium-rich precipitates whose growth with time follows a power law with exponent 1/3. This is consistent with the Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner theory of coarsening. The AKMC parameterisation fully based on the EAM potential predicts a mean precipitate size higher than the experimentally observed one, whereas the parameterisations partially based on our DFT calculations underestimate it. This disagreement seems to have a kinetic rather than thermodynamic origin. The composition of the precipitating phase varies during the phase separation thus indicating that the unmixing is driven by either a non-classical nucleation or a spinodal decomposition. Interconnected precipitates are more likely to form in the Fe-25 at.%Cr alloy than in the Fe-20 at.%Cr thus suggesting that, as the solute concentration increases, the spinodal decomposition is more likely to occur
Das, S. „Theoretical investigation on structure and reactivity properties of molecule and metal clusters: a conceptual DFT and Ab initio molecular dynamics approach“. Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 2015. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/2015.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOkhrimenko, Ivan Grigoryevich. „Implementation of Optical Spectra Calculations in FIREBALL: A Local-Orbital Density Functional Theory Approach“. Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2620.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleZhu, Jingwen. „Study of B-H agostic interactions andc onsequence sfor hydrogen storage“. Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS182/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWith the increasing demand of clean energy carriers, ammonia borane and its related amine-borane compounds have emerged as attractive candidates for hydrogen storage materials due to their relatively high weight percentage of available hydrogen (19.6% for ammonia borane) as well as the potential reversibility for the hydrogen release reactions. Actual applications would benefit from controlled reactions occurring close to room-temperature. In this context, catalytic dehydrogenation/dehydrocoupling of amine-borane appears as a promising solution. In this thesis the Group IV metallocene (Cp2M, M = Ti, Zr and Hf) are mainly discussed. The dehydrocoupling of HMe2N·BH3 catalyzed by titanocene was investigated both experimentally and theoretically but no agreement were reached. In this work, systematic characterization of M···H-B 3-center 2-electron interactions involved in reaction intermediates were carried out with QTAIM and ELF topological approaches. Afterwards, detailed mechanisms were further studied. Computational results have demonstrated that the dispersion corrected DFT (DFT-D) method was indispensable for a correct enegetic prediction for reaction pathways. The identification of a van der Waals complexe also plays a central role for a reaction mechanism with good agreement with experimental observations
Cousins, Morgan. „I. Designing Brighter Fluorophores: A Computational And Spectroscopic Approach To Predicting Photophysical Properties Of Hydrazone-Based Dyes Ii. Developing Spectroscopic Methods To Better Understand The Cofactors Of Metalloproteins“. ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2017. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/787.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTelyatnyk, Lyudmyla G. „Density functional studies of EPR and NMR parameters of paramagnetic systems“. Doctoral thesis, Stockholm, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4116.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKavakure, Jules. „Managing risk factors for caries with behaviour change approach : a systematic literature review and observational registry study“. Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för hälsovetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-21445.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVisciarelli, Michele. „Modeling transport properties of molecular devices by a novel computational approach“. Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/85807.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDupont, Céline. „A model surface approach to CO oxidation aiming at the purification of H2 combustible : the Pt3Sn(111) surface investigated by HREELS, PM-IRRAS and DFT“. Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ENSL0464.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAn interesting solution to produce clean energy ist the use of fuel cells, in which hydrogen is oxidized on a platinium catlyst. However, H2 is usually polluted by carbon monoxide, a catalyst poison, due ton the strong CO/Pt affinity. In order to achieve the Preferential Oxydation of CO in presence of a large excess of H2 (PROX), bimetallic alloys are a promising solution. In this work, the adsorption and vibrational properties of the intermediate involved in CO oxidation are addressed on both terminations of the Pt3Sn(111) alloy. First preferential sites antd relative stabilities of CO, O, O2 and CO + O2 adsorbates are investigated from a combined experimental (HREELS, PM-IRRAS) and theorical (DFT) study. Then, the elementary acts of CO oxidation are explored by DFT and mass spectrometry. Last the PROX mechanism is considered theoretically and preliminary experimental results are presented, leading ton an explanation of the higher efficiency of Pt3Sn(111) compared to Pt(111)
Rodier, Fabien. „Nouvel accès chimio-, régio- et stéréosélectif aux motifs spirolactones polycycliques via une réaction de cycloaddition [3+2]“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4324.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe spiro (7, 5) ring system is a recurring structural moiety in numerous natural products such as Micrandilactones and Rubriflordilactones. In term of complexity, these polycyclic structures represent a synthetic challenge for organic chemist. Indeed, these molecules present at least nine stereogenic centres including several quaternary ones. The main goal of this work was to use unprecedented partners in the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction to obtain quickly and efficiently the polycyclic core of those natural products. The first part of these studies was dedicated to the development of an intra- and intermolecular [3+2] cycloaddition using for the first time a γ-alkylidene-butenolide dipolarophile. This approach provides rapid and facile access to highly functionalised polycyclic molecules along with excellent regio-, chemo- and stereoselectivities. In addition, thanks to computational studies an overall picture of the mechanism of the intermolecular rhodium catalysed [3+2] cycloaddition between 2-diazo-1,3-ketoester and protoanemonin was apprehended, and experimental results have been rationalised.Finally, two approaches to the ABC and CD cores of Micrandilactone C were developed using respectively a formal intermolecular [3+2] cycloaddition reaction in presence of a silicon acetal linker followed by a Diels Alder reaction. The ACDE tetracyclic moiety should be quickly accessible after few modifications of the initial strategy
Burema, Shiri. „Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy with the Scanning Tunneling Microscope : a combined theory-experiment approach“. Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENSL0821.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleInelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy (IETS) with the Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) is a novel vibrational spectroscopy technique that permits to characterize very subtle properties of molecules adsorbed on metallic surfaces. Its proposed symmetry-based propensity selection rules, however, fail to fully capture its exact mechanism and influencing factors; are not directly retraceable to an adsorbate property and are cumbersome. In this thesis, a theoretical approach was taken to improve them. An IETS simulation protocol has been developed, parameterized and benchmarked, and consequently used to calculate IETS spectra for a set of systematically related small molecules on copper surfaces. Extending IETS principles were deduced that refer to the tunneling state’s vacuum extension, the selective activating/quenching of certain types of modes due to the moieties’ electronic properties, and the applicability of a sum rule of IETS signals. Also, fingerprinting IETS-signals that enable discrimination between adsorbate orientations, the chemical nature of atoms and structural isomers were determined and a strategy using straightforward electronic density distribution properties of the isolated molecule to predict IETS activity without (large) computational cost was developed. This expertise was used to rationalize and interpret experimentally measured IETS spectra for adsorbed metalloporphyrins and metallophthalocyanines, being the first IETS studies of this large size. This experimental approach permitted to determine the current limitations of IETS-simulations. The associated identification shortcomings were resolved by conducting complementary STM-image simulations
Lourenço, Mirtha Alejandra de Oliveira. „Tuning functionalized periodic mesoporous organosilicas for CO2/CH“. Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/21817.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEsta tese de doutoramento teve como principal objetivo a conceção de novas organossílicas mesoporosas periódicas (PMOs) para aplicação na separação de misturas gasosas de dióxido de carbono e metano. Materiais PMOs, com grupos fenileno e bifenileno bissililados, foram modificados por introdução de grupos funcionais amina, utilizando uma das seguintes metodologias: i) reação de co-condensação; ii) pós-modificação da ponte orgânica; iii) "grafting". O tamanho dos poros das PMOs funcionalizadas e não funcionalizadas foi definido pelo tamanho da cadeia alquilada da molécula molde (surfactante) utilizada na síntese do material poroso. Estudou-se o efeito do diâmetro dos poros na separação de CO2/CH4. Investigou-se também estratégias alternativas para modificar as propriedades físico-químicas dos materiais através de reações de superfície utilizando irradiação de micro-ondas; deposição de camada atómica (ALD) de óxido de alumínio; e carbonização dos materiais em atmosfera inerte. A investigação experimental foi efectuada em paralelo com estudos computacionais. Realizou-se um estudo de simulação molecular recorrendo ao método de DFT, e usando um arranjo regular de grupos fenileno-sílica, para determinar as características ideais dos materiais para promover a separação de metano do dióxido de carbono em misturas destes gases. Foi utilizado um modelo simples, obtido pela repetição de uma célula unitária com 3 anéis fenileno, para simular a parede dos materiais PMOs e desta forma selecionar e avaliar as interações entre os gases e os grupos funcionais presentes na superfície dos materiais. A tendência do rácio entre energias de interação entre a estrutura da parede do fenileno - PMO e as moléculas de CO2 e de CH4 foi concordante com os rácios das constantes de Henry obtidos pela técnica de adsorção. Demonstrou-se uma boa sinergia entre tarefas experimentais e computacionais, o que permite a otimização de recursos, evitando a síntese desnecessária de materiais que se antecipem serem pouco eficazes para o processo de separação de misturas gasosas CO2 e CH4. Assim, a abordagem seguida nesta tese para alcançar adsorventes eficazes foi baseada numa conjugação interdisciplinar envolvendo troca de informação entre as tarefas de síntese, modelação computacional e adsorção.
The main objective of this PhD Thesis was the design of periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) for applications in carbon dioxide and methane separation. Novel PMOs were prepared by the modification of phenylene and biphenylene PMO materials with different amine functionalities through one of the three following synthetic strategies: i) co-condensation reaction; ii) organic bridge post-modification; or/and iii) grafting. The pore size of both functionalized and non-functionalized phenylene PMOs was regulated by the size of the alkyl-chain in the surfactant template. Materials with different pore sizes were used to understand the influence of the pore diameter on the CO2/CH4 separation. Additionally, it was aimed to explore alternative strategies to modify the physical-chemical properties of the materials such as microwave-assisted functionalization; atomic layer deposition (ALD) of aluminum oxide at the PMO surfaces; and carbonization of the PMO materials. The experimental research was performed in parallel with computational studies. A molecular simulation study, using the DFT method and a regular arrangement of phenylene-silica groups, of the ideal characteristics of the adsorbent materials, for CO2/CH4 separation was performed. It was used a simple model of the wall of the PMO materials obtained by the repetition of a unit cell with 3 phenylene rings, to select and evaluate interactions between gases and functional groups in the surface of the materials. The tendency between the ratio of the interaction energies between the wall structure of the phenylene-PMO and the CO2 and CH4 molecules was in good agreement with the ratio of the Henry constants achieved by the adsorption technique. Therefore, a good synergy between experimental and computational tasks was implemented to optimize the resources, avoiding the synthesis of ineffective materials. Thus, the strategy of this PhD Thesis to achieve effective adsorbents was based on an interdisciplinary approach and on the ability to link and interchange information between synthetic, computer modeling and adsorption experiments
Malheiro, Carine. „Adsorption de systèmes gaz/eau en milieu confiné : modélisation par une approche DFT/SAFT couplée à une étude expérimentale“. Thesis, Pau, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PAUU3022/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUnderstanding the gas/water adsorption phenomena in confined media is an important issue from a fundamental point of view and for industrial applications. The main aim of this thesis was to develop a new NLDFT/SAFT-VR coupling (Non-Local Density Functional Theory/ Statistical Associating Fluid Theory for potentials of Variable Range) to model the interfacial properties and the adsorption of methane, water and their binary mixture in porous media. A successful comparison was found between theoretical results from this model and molecular simulation calculations. Moreover, experimental adsorption isotherms of methane and water were measured on activated carbons by gravimetric method on a magnetic suspension balance. In order to compare experimental and modeled adsorption isotherms, it is necessary to get the pore size distribution of the porous solids. To do this, a new thermodynamic model for the characterization of microporous media was developed. The comparison between adsorption isotherms of methane has shown an excellent agreement between theoretical results and experimental measurements
Groizard, Thomas. „Vers de nouvelles machines moléculaires organométalliques à ligands carbonés : une approche théorique“. Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1S034/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMolecular wires, conjugated organic systems bearing several organometallic fragments, form a family of compounds of great interest for molecular electronics. The research works in this manuscript follow on from previous studies of transition metal complexes and constitute a density functional theory-based analysis of both structural arrangement and physical properties of new molecular devices, with unusual electronic or optical properties. This manuscript is divided in two parts. The first one concerns the application of molecular organometallic wires in the quantum cellular automata field, a new paradigm for electronics based on the charge configuration of a molecular cell as a binary digit and using Coulombic repulsion as an information transfer mode. Both the concept, its application to molecular scale et the study of several virtual compounds are discussed. The second part focuses on the incorporation of organometallic fragments in optical active compounds with linear or nonlinear properties, and the influence of metals on those properties. Two compound families have been studied: phosphole-based conjugated emitters and organometallic porphyrine-based dendrimers
Petit, Ivan. „Vers une meilleure description des interfaces entre biominéraux et milieux biologiques par une approche combinée théorique et expérimentale“. Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLET031/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBiominerals are all the minerals produced by living organisms. They are essential materials, present in almost all living species. Nevertheless,the structural, chemical properties and, formation mechanisms and the evolution of these materials are still heavily debated. This is due in particular to thedifficulties of experimentally studying chemical species evolving in biologicalenvironments. Although, equally complex, a theoretical approach at the molecular level can help in the characterization of these biological materialsand in particular the characterization of their interfaces formed with the surrounding biological media. This is essential for a better understandingof the formation and evolution of these minerals.Calcium oxalates are essential biominerals that are very common in the living world. They constitute the main crystalline speciesencountered in kidney stones where they can exist in three phases possessing different degrees of hydration. In this, thesis we carried outsimulations to predict the IR and NMR spectroscopic properties of these three phases. Thsi enabled us to obtain specificsignature of each polyhydrate, and thus makes it possible to obtain a signature specific to each of them, thus helpingthe identification of these phases from the experimentally spectra obtained.Calcium phosphates are part of the bio/biological minerals. They make up the major part of the bone mineral of mammals. This mineral is in the form of nanoparticles havinga crystalline core of hydroxyapatite and a hydrated and disordered surface layer.During this thesis we were interested in these two components. Concerning the crystalline core of the particles, we studied in particularthe case of carbonate substitutions because of its predominant substitution in biological apatites. By combining this work with solid state NMR experimentswe can propose a precise localization of these substituents within the hydroxyapatite crystalline cell.The disordered surface layer is still very poorly understood and many structural models are proposed in the literature to describe it. We haveconsidered a number of them for which we have modeled the NMR properties which were then confronted with experimental results. The comparaisonmade it possible to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the various hypotheses
Zenkri, Mariem. „Etude de la cinétique de la corrosion localisée. Approche mésoscopique par automates cellulaires“. Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEC017.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis, we will study in particular the localized corrosion characterized by the anodic and cathodic reactions taking place in separate places. This separation of the two electrochemical half-reactions coupled with the charge transfer (IR drop) or matter (ionic diffusion) will contribute in the explanation of the corrosion's kinetic. the morphologies of corrosion pitting, crevice ... that result. The aim of the thesis is to develop a realistic model that realize significant couplings determining the kinetics of corrosion and validate it on the basis of observations to allow predictions in the longer term. From a practical standpoint, the simulations will be developed on GPU (Graphical processing unit) by optimizing the efficiency of this parallelism type of architecture
Chéron, Nicolas. „Approche théorique de la réactivité des isonitriles en chimie organique“. Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00662613.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCoiffier, Claire. „Approche Top-down pour la synthèse de substrats biologiquement actifs : analyse des conformations préférentielles de C-furanosides à l'aide de la chimie théorique“. Thesis, Reims, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REIMS021/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn our laboratory (in Reims), working on sugars is the base of all researches, whether for biologically interesting molecules synthesis as analogues of KRN 7000 (a glycolipid showing antitumor effects), or for the development of strategies for synthesis (for example the NEO stragegy : stereoselective nucleophilic addition followed by a regioselective intramolecular epoxide opening). My work was about studying the flexibility, and consequently stable and less stable conformations of small molecules : C-furanosides, the aim being the establishment of several rules anticipating the questions concerning the entry and the pose of the structure in an active site. So I have started with a theoretical study in vacuum, then I have considered solvation. The long term goal being the consideration of an active site. During these stdies, I have also realized several works in the field of organic chemistry, going to the establishment of a synthetic pathway to different C-furanosides with an alkyne arm, which could be functionalized by our partner (in Lyon) with a click reaction, for the synthesis of bioactive molecules against diabetes
Guil, López Alejandro, und Valadez Isabel María Guerrero. „Design of a set of stool and table with a sustainable approach by using DFA and DFE principles“. Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-13790.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCiro, Guido. „TD-DFT and TD-DFT/PCM approaches to molecular electronic excited states in gas phase and in solution“. Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/85797.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAguado, Ullate Sonia. „Modeling of homogeneous catalysis: from dft to qspr approaches“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/79119.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCatalysis is a field of science that explores solutions to environmental problems such as pollution, elimination of waste generated in the process of materials synthesis or regeneration of natural resources. In the present Thesis, we have reported a DFT study on the N-H σ-bond activation of ammonia by the µ3-alkylidyne titanium species using the [{Ti(η5-C5H5)(µ-O)}3(µ3-CH)] model complex. Afterwards, we have combined the TS-based approach and qualitative analysis through a newly defined molecular descriptor (distance-weighted volume, VW), in order to analyze the asymmetric hydroformylation of styrene catalyzed by Rh-binaphos complexes. Using our previous mechanistic knowledge, we have presented a QSPR study to predict the activity and the enantioselectivity in the hydroformylation of styrene catalyzed by Rh-diphosphane complexes. We have also developed a new methodology to predict enantioselectivity based on the quantitative quadrant-diagram representation of the catalysts and 3D-QSSR modeling; and we have applied it in the asymmetric cyclopropanation of alkenes catalyzed by copper complexes.
Tougerti, Asma. „Elaboration de catalyseurs MoOx/Al2O3 : une approche science des surfaces en phase aqueuse“. Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066137.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChizallet, Céline. „Nature et réactivité des sites basiques de l'oxyde de magnésium : rôle des hydroxyles : approche mixte expérimentale et théorique“. Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066350.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKutudila, Pricilia. „Structure et réactivité des triarylbismuths : approche théorique et expérimentale“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1123/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTriarylbismuths are organometallic reagents of growing interest for organic synthesis, for their ability to transfer the three aryl moieties in C-C Pd-catalysed cross-coupling reactions. These essentially non-toxic, atom efficient reactants are attractive in the context of environment-friendly chemistry and have applications in pharmaceutical chemistry and in material science. However, their development is hampered by lack of theoretical understanding. This thesis aims to explore the reactivity of these species by comparing the experimental data to fundamental theoretical studies (structural, spectroscopic, thermodynamic and kinetic properties) resulting from DFT calculations. The ultimate goal is to predict new reactivities and selectivities. A first approach consists in a comparative study on the relation between structure and properties in compounds having a pnictogen central atom like bismuth, and in different organobismuths. The existing experimental data (crystallographic, NMR, IR) were compared to the results of theoretical calculations (structures, energies, vibrational modes, reactivity parameters, etc.). After highlighting the intrinsic properties of these compounds and validating the DFT method, a new study was undertaken to elucidate the relations between structure and reactivity. This second investigation enabled us to validate the mechanism of the cross-coupling reaction involving triarylbismuths under palladium catalysis. The three major steps of the catalytic cycle have been examined, i.e. the oxidative addition, transmetallation and reductive elimination, and validated by characterizing the different intermediates and transition states. The second transmetalation step involving the triarylbismuths has also been deeply investigated. The transferability of the three aryl groups and the influence of the electronic and steric effects of the substituents on the energy barrier have been evaluated. Finally, the reactivity of triarylbismuths has been compared with that of other organometallics, to develop new synthetic approaches
Aloui, Asma. „Approche combinée théorie-expérience pour la catalyse d’hydrogénation asymétrique“. Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10291/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSeveral studies brought back the influence of the hydrogen pressure, more precisely the real hydrogen concentration dissolved in solution, on the enantioselectivity of the catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation for rhodium based catalysts. However to identify the enantiodetermining step(s), and to gain some further understanding on the hydrogen pressure-enantioselectivity relationship, the determination of the kinetic constants is required. We have thus embarked a project aiming such determination by coupling experimental work and theoretical chemistry. Two studies were undertaken on the asymmetric hydrogenation of both substrates by the Rh (I)/ (R,R)-Me-bpe catalyst. The experimental kinetic work study is based on the kinetic model suggested by Halpern in order to estimate the parameters kinetic of each elementary step, whereas that theoretical, consists in studying the various possible pathways by DFT calculation using the software of modelling Gaussian 03. The analysis of the obtained results made it possible to revisit the concepts’ key of the catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation and to hold a discussion about the reliability of the theoretical methods to envisage the experiment
Chesneau, Erwan. „Développement d'une nouvelle approche pour la modélisation structurale de verres boratés : combiner Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire (RMN) et Dynamique Moléculaire“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV058/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGlasses are materials used in many fields. However, their structures still not well known because of the lack of long range order, making it difficult to extract the structural information of these materials. It is accepted that the glassy network is made of many elementary unit chains, being boron triangles and tetrahedron in the case of borate glasses. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has proven to be a vital characterization technique for the glasses study. It allows the measurement of proportion of each unit. The determination of the structural resolution of glasses remains a major scientific challenge for understanding of the relationship between the glass properties and it elemental compositions. This thesis aims to develop new NMR approach combining 1D, 2D and oxygen-17 NMR with DFT-GIPAW calculations on numerical models in order to characterize the intermediate ranger order NMR fingerprint. The first study is on sodium borate glasses. It highlighted that only ab-initio molecular dynamics (MD) can reproduce the boron rings, which have been confirmed by the NMR data, taking into account of the fine NMR parameters distributions effects. The second study is on aluminoborate glasses. Unlike the previous, the computed MD structures are not in agreement with NMR data. Thereby, a diferente stuctural simulation is applied. Refined models have been determined by Reverse Monte Carlo by constraining few experimental NMR data. This method allows to significantly improve the agreement between sumulated models and the experiment
Åkerlind, Amanda. „Elastic properties of the Singö zone from a discrete approach“. Thesis, KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-268640.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEn bergmassa karakteriseras av egenskaperna hos det intakta berget och dess sprickor. Det är därmed av vikt att båda dessa beståndsdelar beaktas vid utvärdering av bergmassans beteende, speciellt vid komplexa eller heterogena bergartssammansättningar.Detta examensarbete syftar till att utvärdera deformationsegenskaper för den så kallade Singözonen. Ett diskret angreppsätt har tillämpats genom modellering av tredimensionella diskreta spricknätverk med hjälp av tidigare utvärderade DFN-parametrar. Deformationsegenskaperna har sedan utvärderats med hjälp av metodiken som presenteras i Davy et al. (2018).Jämfört med tidigare utvärderade deformationsegenskaper hos Singözonen så indikerar resultaten av denna masteruppsats en svagare bergmassa, med hänsyn till uppskattade värden på E-moduler och tvärkontraktionstal. Däremot skiljer sig modelleringsprocessen i detta arbete mot de som utförts i de tidigare studierna. Detta med hänsyn till omfattningen av DFN-modelleringen samt tillämpandet i detta arbete av en spänningsansats som är mer representativ för Forsmarksområdet. Vidare indikerar resultaten att den representativa modellvolymen är något större än den största modellvolym som tillämpats i detta arbete. Förslagsvis kan en utvärdering och eventuell uppdatering av de använda DFN-parametrarna utgöra en möjlig utveckling eller förbättring av det arbete som utförts i detta mastersarbete. Slutligen kan det konstateras att framtida tillämpningar av den metodik som tagits fram av Davy et al. (2018) verkar lämplig att applicera på deformationszoner.
Gautier, Sarah. „Réactivité catalytique à haut recouvrement : une approche théorique“. Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL1015/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePetroleum industry has a strong interest in the selective hydrogenation of polyunsaturated hydrocarbons. This reaction is catalyzed by metallic particles or alloys and happens under pressure of hydrogen. In this work, we study the selective hydrogenation of butadiene into 1-butene, on two model catalysts which are Pt(111) and Sn/Pt-Pt(111). For this, we used the VASP code (Vienna Abinitio Simulation Package) that allows to perform periodic calculations in the framework of the Density Functional Theory (DFT). The choice of the catalysts was driven by the experimental and industrial communities who mostly use platinum because of its high activity, or alloys such as tin-platinum alloy, less active but more selective. Butadiene hydrogenation was already modeled in the past but only at T=0 K and without taking into account the real pressure conditions of the reactants. Our aim is to understand the impact of the reaction conditions which is why we ran this study at T and P conditions close to the one used experimentally, e.g. 300-400 K et 1-10 bar. For this, we setup a thermodynamic model to evaluate in a first step the surface composition when the reaction occurs. It came out that the most stable surface configuration corresponds to a coverage of 1 ML of hydrogen which suggests an Eley-Rideal type mechanism. Then we studied the kinetic aspect of this reaction and we calculated the hydrogenation pathways for different coverages of hydrogen. We concluded that there is a strong competition between the sensed mechanism, called Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism and implying strongly adsorbed species, and the Eley-Rideal mechanism, proposing a weak adsorption of one of the two reactants
Kopp, A. M., und D. L. Orlovskyi. „An approach and tools for business process mapping diagrams analysis“. Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2018. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/35952.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCornette, Pauline. „Approche expérimentale et théorique de l’inhibition de corrosion de surfaces métalliques“. Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEC004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCorrosion of aluminum and aluminum/copper alloy surfaces, including localized corrosion, is a major problem in the industry, and the use of a corrosion inhibitor is often essential. Chromates perfectly fulfill their role of inhibition but will soon be prohibited because of their toxicities for humans and environment. Understanding the mechanisms of corrosion and corrosion inhibition is therefore a real challenge for research today. This thesis work is organized around three lines of research: the understanding of the aluminum corrosion initiation mechanisms, the relationship between the chemical composition of the alloy and the corrosion resistance of aluminum/copper alloys, and finally the study of linear carboxylic acids as green corrosion inhibitors. This project relies on two complementary approaches: a theoretical approach, based on DFT calculations, and an experimental approach combining surface analysis techniques as well as electrochemical techniques. First, the reactivity with respect to O2 of alumina thin film models on metallic aluminum, was studied by ab initio calculations in the presence of oxygen vacancies in the oxide, or copper in the metal, as well as in the presence of a carboxylic acids monolayer on the surface. Surface analysis techniques (XPS, ToF-SIMS, AFM and SEM) were then used to analyze the chemical composition and morphology of pure aluminum surfaces and Al/Cu model alloys before and after adsorption. a carboxylic acids monolayer. The influence of the presence of this surface layer on the corrosion in chloride medium is finally studied by electrochemical measurements
Zambon, Adrien. „Modèles chimiques du nitrure de carbone graphitique : lien structure-propriétés“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAV024/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGraphitic carbon nitride (gCN) is an organic semi-conductor which has lately attracted a lot of attention when its photocatalytic properties were highlighted for water splitting. It has been recently shown to be based on the heptazine core, but its three-dimensional structure remains elusive. This is first due to its poor solubility which prevents the use of classical characterization techniques, and second to the fact that changes in synthesis experimental conditions (precursors, temperature…) yield different materials. The synthesis of tailored and well-defined molecular models would therefore certainly be of great interest to better understand the structure-properties relationship of this material. This is the aim of the work presented in this manuscript. The reactivity of cyameluryl chloride, a monomeric precursor, has been studied, and a protocol for a quantitative selective substitution by aliphatic secondary amines has been determined. The use of deprotonation by a strong base or thermal treatment yielded two dimers and one linear trimer. The oligomers have been characterized by several technique (X-ray diffraction, NMR, IR, UV-vis absorption, emission, electrochemistry), and the obtained data were in close agreement to the ones observed in DFT. As a rule of thumb, a decrease of the electronic transition energies is observed for an increasing chain length. The application of extrapolation methods to the experimental data suggests that oligomers are relevant molecular models for gCN
Šejvlová, Ludmila. „Porovnání přístupů ke generování umělých dat“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-358804.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMusatoiu, Mihai. „An approach to choosing the right distributed file system : Microsoft DFS vs. Hadoop DFS“. Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för programvaruteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-844.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLouyriac, Elisa. „Catalyse de polymérisation stéréosélective du styrène avec l'éthylène pour la production de matériaux sPSE - Approche par modélisation moléculaire“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse, INSA, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ISAT0054.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSyndiotactic polystyrene is an attractive material used in several fields, in particular packaging or electronics. Its industrial production may be restricted by: a high temperature synthesis process and its brittleness, which is a drawback for applications with mechanical requirements. The improvement of the production process and the physicochemical properties of the syndiotactic polystyrene can be achieved by copolymerization with ethylene. Catalytic systems based on group 3 metals exhibit a high syndiospecificity and seem promising for styrene-ethylene copolymerization. By using molecular modelling, the optimization of such systems will allow to design a less energy-consuming process that fulfils the industrial requirements for the production of high performance materials. In this context, the work presented within this thesis is a theoretical study of styrene-ethylene stereoselective copolymerization catalysis by using DFT calculations. This PhD thesis was conducted in collaboration with an experimental team and followed by an industrial group
Ahlman, Kristina. „Det alternativa livet på landsbygden“. Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-33085.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe “alternative life” can be described as a counter movement to the urban society, increased consummation and a stressful lifestyle. The aim of this qualitative study is to examine the alternative life on the countryside. Six informants were interviewed about their experiences and views about the alternative life. The data is transcribed and analyzed with an inductive, thematic approach. The informants want to live with more simplicity, intimate with their basic needs, live close to nature, reducing less important things in life, challenging themselves and having more time for things they find meaningful. The informants experience more quality in life and presence in the moment through reduction. The main reasons for the informants to live an “alternative life” are the combination of individual factors and a desire to live more environmentally friendly. The results have been analyzed from behavioral theory, existential psychology and Antovskys “Sense of Coherence”.
Lin, Yuehua. „A model transformation approach to automated model evolution“. Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. http://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2007p/lin.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGUANDALINI, ALBERTO. „Eccitazioni cariche e neutre non lineari in sistemi a bassa dimensionalità e molecolari mediante l'utilizzo di approcci basati sui funzionali della densità“. Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1199882.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleElectronic excitations play a prominent role in a large variety of physical properties of materials, e.g., quantum transport, heat transport, conductivity, and optical properties. Depending on the electric charge of the final state, we may distinguish between charged and neutral excitations. In charged excitations, we consider electrons that are added or subtracted to the system. Direct or inverse photoemission experiments are a primary tool for the experimental observation of such processes. Instead, in neutral excitations, the total charge of the system is conserved during the excitation process. These can be probed through optical absorption measurements, both in the linear and nonlinear regimes. Density functional theory (DFT) and its time-dependent extension (TDDFT) are often the theoretical framework of first choice in the first-principles description of excitation processes. However, it is well known that DFT and TDDFT show failures and limitations due to the functional approximations which are necessary in practice. Thus, the development of more accurate approximations and theoretical extensions is an interesting and intense field of research. In this work, I develop new advances in the calculation of charged and neutral excitations. In the first part, it is shown that the fundamental gap of two-dimensional quantum dots can be accurately estimated at the effort of a standard ground-state calculation supplemented with a non-self-consistent step of negligible cost, all performed at the level of the local-density approximation. Yet, the procedure formally exploits the exchange discontinuity as expressed through the orbital-effective-potential method. In the second part, I derive an approximate potential that can capture non-vanishing exchange gaps both infinite and periodic two-dimensional systems. Although the procedure involves single-particle orbitals directly, the computational cost is comparable to standard DFT calculations. The potential approximation is applied to the artificial graphene, Kekulé distorted to open a gap at the Dirac points. In the third part of this work, nonlinear neutral excitations are investigated. In particular, I derive the optical cross section of a many-electron system subject to an impulsive electric field in the nonperturbative regime, i.e. for arbitrary values of the field strength, starting from the ground state. I show that the cross section includes absorptions from excited states for increasing intensities of the electric field - which are optical transitions that cannot be captured within the linear regime. As an example, I consider the case of a 1D two-electron model system. The analysis reveals that gerade excited states, which are dark in the linear regime, are populated in the nonlinear regime due to excited-state absorption. This analysis helps to interpret real-time TDDFT simulations which employ impulsive electric fields beyond the linear regime, as for studying processes in optical limiting phenomena. The results obtained in this Ph.D. thesis contribute to the development of accurate and feasible methods to investigate electronic excitations in quantum systems, and, more generally, to the theory development of first-principles density-functional approaches.
Aloui, Asma. „Approche combinée théorie-expérience pour la catalyse d'hydrogénation asymétrique“. Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00721308.
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