Dissertationen zum Thema „Développement animal précoce“
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Delile, Julien. „Des comportements cellulaires à la morphogenèse embryonnaire : modélisation mécano-génétique et simulations computationnelles du développement animal précoce“. Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077008.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWe present a theoretical model of animal morphogenesis construed as a self-organized phenomenon emerging from a complex system made of a myriad of individual cell behaviors. It is implemented in an agent-based simulation centered on the mechanic-chemical coupling between cellular and genetic dynamics. The goal is to integrate the collective motion of cells and the dynamics of their gene expression underlying the patterning of morphogenetic fields. We also investigate the causal bottom-up link from local cell behavior to global tissue deformation. Each cell's mechanical behavior is mapped from its molecular and genetic identity. Among these behaviors, we focus particularly on cell intercalation as an active process driving tissue deformation. We operate this model to explore the different morphogenetic episode occuring through the first 10 hours of the zebrafish development : cell segmentation, enveloping layer formation, epiboly, internalization and convergence-extension. For each specific episode, a case study is realized to decipher the respective role of the different tissue involved. Quantitative measures reconstructed from both the simulated and the experimental data are compared to automatically explore the multi-dimensional parameter spaces of our hypotheses and their interpretation. Various state of the art computational reconstruction will be presented, including global 4D (3D + time) displacement fields from in toto data of the developing zebrafish embryos. A waddingtonian interactive timeline tool to specifiy intra and inter tissue induction and mechanical behaviors is also proposed
Pereira, de Vasconcelos Anne. „Influence d'un traitement chronique précoce au phénobarbital sur la maturation du métabolisme énergétique cérébral chez le rat au cours du développement postnatal“. Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10052.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleÖzgüç, Özge. „Mechanical and Molecular Regulation of Periodic Cortical Waves of Contraction“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS482.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDuring pre-implantation development, the mammalian embryo forms the blastocyst, which is the structure embedding the embryo into the uterus. The shaping of the blastocyst relies in large part on contractile forces generated by the actomyosin cortex. In the mouse, on timescales of seconds, we observe pulses of actomyosin contractions traveling periodically around the cell perimeter. We call this phenomenon periodic cortical waves of contraction (PeCoWaCo), a fascinating and poorly understood manifestation of contractility. In this study, we take advantage of the slow development of the mouse embryo to study thousands of contraction pulses and of the robustness of the mouse embryo to size manipulation to explore the biophysical properties of PeCoWaCo during the cleavage stages preceding early mammalian morphogenesis. We find that, during cleavage stages, periodic movements appear occasionally at the zygote and the 2-cell stage and become systematic after the 2nd round of cleavage divisions. Interestingly, the period of oscillations progressively decreases from 200 s at the zygote stage to 80 s at the 8-cell stage. Since cells becomes successively smaller with successive cleavage divisions, cell size could be an important determinant in the initiation and regulation of PeCoWaCo. We manipulate cell size on a broad range of cell radii (10-40 µm) using fragmentation and fusion of cells and find that the initiation, persistence or properties of PeCoWaCo do not depend on cell size. Following the period of PeCoWaCo, we discover that blastomeres gradually decrease their surface tensions until the 8-cell stage and that artificially softening cells enhances PeCoWaCo prematurely. Therefore, during cleavage stages, cortical softening awakens zygotic contractility before preimplantation morphogenesis. In addition, by manipulating actomyosin contractility using mutants and drugs, we showed that the period of PeCoWaCo can be tuned by F-actin polymerization rate and myosin motor activity. Altogether our results on biophysical and molecular aspects of PeCoWaCo help us understand how actomyosin contractility awakens before preimplantation morphogenesis and how it is regulated both mechanically and molecularly
İmplantasyon öncesi gelişim sırasında, memeli embriyosu, embriyoyu rahim içineyerleştiren yapı olan blastosisti oluşturur. Blastosistin şekillendirilmesi büyük ölçüdeaktomiyozin korteks tarafından oluşturulan kasılma kuvvetlerine dayanır. Farede, saniyelikzaman ölçeklerinde, hücre çevresinde periyodik olarak dolaşan aktomiyozin kasılmalarınındarbeleri gözlemlenebilir. Bu fenomene, kasılmanın büyüleyici ve yeterince anlaşılmamış birtezahürü olan periyodik kortikal kasılma dalgaları (periodic cortical waves of contraction:PeCoWaCo) diyoruz. Bu çalışmada, erken memeli morfogenezinden önceki bölünmeaşamaları sırasında PeCoWaCo'nun biyofiziksel özelliklerini keşfetmek ve binlerce kasılmadarbesini inceleyebilmek için fare embriyosunun yavaş gelişiminden ve fare embriyosununboyut manipülasyonuna dayanıklılığından faydalandık.Bölünme aşamaları sırasında, zigotta ve 2 hücreli aşamada periyodik hareketlerinzaman zaman ortaya çıktığını ve ikinci tur bölünmeden sonra bu hareketlerin sistematik halegeldiğini bulduk. İlginç bir şekilde, salınım periyodunun zigot aşamasında 200 saniyeden, 8hücreli aşamada 80 saniyeye sistematik olarak azaldığını gözlemledik. Hücreler ardışıkbölünmeleriyle sürekli küçüldüğünden, hücre boyutu PeCoWaCo'nun başlatılmasında vedüzenlenmesinde önemli bir belirleyici olabilir. Hücreleri geniş bir hücre yarıçapı aralığında(10-40 μm) küçük parçalara bölerek veya birbirleriyle birleştirerek PeCoWaCo'nunbaşlatılmasının, kalıcılığının veya genel özelliklerinin hücre boyutuna bağlı olmadığını bulduk.PeCoWaCo periyodunu takiben, embriyo hücrelerinin zigottan 8 hücreli aşamaya kadar yüzeygerilimini kademeli olarak azalttığını ve yapay olarak korteksleri yumuşatılan hücrelerinPeCoWaCo'yu zamanından önce geliştirdiğini keşfettik. Bu sonuçlarla bölünme aşamalarısırasında, kortikal yumuşama, ilke implantasyon öncesi morfogenezinden önce zigotikkasılmaları uyandırdığını gösterdik. Ayrıca, genetik mutantlar ve kimyasallar kullanarakaktomiyozin kasılmasını manipüle ederek, PeCoWaCo periyodunun F-aktin polimerizasyonhızı ve miyozin motor aktivitesinin düzenlenmesi ile ayarlanabileceğini gösterdik.Sonuç olarak, PeCoWaCo'nun biyofiziksel ve moleküler yönleriyle ilgili bulgularımız,aktomiyosin kontraktilitesinin implantasyon öncesi morfogenezinden önce nasıl uyandığını,ayrıca hem mekanik hem de moleküler olarak nasıl düzenlendiğini anlamamıza yardımcı olur
Caetano, Monteiro Miguel Fernando. „Eʹtude des étapes précoces du développement adipocytaire“. Nice, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NICE4009.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBerthonneche, Corinne. „Rôle du TNF-alpha dans la dysfonction cardiaque précoce post-infarctus et le développement de l'insuffisance cardiaque chez le rat“. Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GRE18007.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCrosson, Cyril. „Etude pour le développement d'un test automatique de dépistage précoce de la mammite chez le cheptel laitier“. Compiègne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008COMP1750.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMastitis in dairy herd causes considerable economic losses for the dairy industry. Automatic test for early detection of this disease, adapted to the lng system, is an urgent need to counter these losses. We have developed an immunological assay method of IgG in cow's or goat's mille using the Biacore system. Our method allows rapid, sensitive, specific, accurate and reproducible assays. It is financially attractive and transposable to detect an early mastitis marker during milking. According to the literature and to our study, SÀA3 protein in milk is the best current biological marker for developing a test for early, sensitive and specific detection of mastitis in dairy herd. We produced monoclonal antibody anti-SAA3 with SAA3 bovine recombinant protein produced during this study. Ultimately, these biological reagents will be used to detect SAA3 protein in milk in order to monitor online health status of the udder and milk quality
Guedeney, Antoine. „Le comportement de retrait relationnel du jeune enfant : du concept à l'outil de dépistage : résultats et perspectives de recherche“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB203.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work deals with social withdrawal behavior in infants, its measure and its conceptual validity, its predictive value on early development within its several dimensions. This is the first synthesis on the history of the concept of withdrawal in infant, of its links with animal models, with the still face experimental paradigm, as well as with the repair process and with interactional dys- syssynchrony as a major process in early psychopathology. Social withdrawal behavior has its roots in physiology, as privileged way used by the infant to regulate the input within the parent infant interaction, within a micro temporal scale. On a longer temporal and more clinical scale, withdrawal behavior appears as a major defense maneuver when the baby is faced with major violations of his her expectations within the relationship. It is therefore observed in a privileged way in maternal post-natal depression, but also in all circumstances which hamper parental capacities, as conjugal violence and conflict may do for instance. Social withdrawal behavior may be as well linked with difficulties in processing sensorial input in the child, or difficulties in social communication and synchrony, or be due to an intense and sustained pain, or be linked with some genetic disorder or with some association of these factors. This work retraces the construction of a scale to asses social withdrawal behavior in infants, since no such tool existed at the time, although social withdrawal behavior appears to be an important alarm signal, showing the inability of the child to play the relational game as his her developmental level allow him or her to do, be it for causes related to himself or herself, for relational causes of because of both. This work opens on a history of the development of child psychiatry and of the coming of ages of infant development. Social withdrawal behavior took a large place at the onset of this history, with the description of autism by Kanner and anaclitic depression by Spitz. Then a history of the concept of social relational withdrawal, and of the construction of the alarm distress scale (8 item) the of the short version (5 item m-ADBB), then the studies on long term effects of social withdrawal on development. We then review the application of the scale on early diagnosis of autism, on the several factor analysis with several samples, and of the several epigenetic and genetic pathways of the social withdrawal behavior. This work reviews the results of several controlled studies with the ADBB, particularly those from the perinatal French EDEN cohort. Social withdrawal behavior appears as the result of a gene interaction, based on the genetic c susceptibility for social withdrawal behavior, possibly liked with the 5-HTPPR allele system. On a cognitive level, the issue is raised of social withdrawal behavior as a choice of a risk taking position in an uncertain situation. Follow up studies show the impact of the social withdrawal behavior on several dimensions of early development, i.e. language, early development of intersubjectivity or emotional regulation
Mondou-Laroche, Élise. „Analyse de la présence de microarn et leurs précurseurs durant le développement embryonnaire précoce chez le bovin“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28590/28590.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMarc, Julie. „Effets toxiques d'herbicides à base de glyphosate sur la régulation du cycle cellulaire et le développement précoce en utilisant l'embryon d'oursin“. Rennes 1, 2004. http://hal.upmc.fr/tel-01117570.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLorioux, Sophie. „Influences environnementales précoces et régulation maternelle du développement : implications écologiques et évolutives chez deux espèces de squamates“. Poitiers, 2011. http://nuxeo.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/ff477b52-e0cb-4eb5-9364-794c383e02de.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOrganisms undergo environmental fluctuations and early stages (embryonic life) are especially sensitive to perturbations that can modify developmental trajectories. Embryonic thermal sensitivity is a universal feature in vertebrates and may have been a major selective force in the evolution of parental care (Farmer’s hypothesis, 2000). Besides, embryonic development is a complex process and environmental influences can have contrasted effects depending on the timing of exposure. However this variability is insufficiently considered in evolutionary ecology and in studies on parental care. Maternal environment can constitute an interface between the external environment and embryos. Regulation of thermal developmental conditions is widespread in vertebrates. Since ectotherms produce negligible metabolic heat, they have developed a diversity of behavioral and physiological strategies to buffer the embryos from thermal variations. Prenatal parental care is associated with a shift in maternal behavior with an increase of thermoregulatory activities, as well as strong physiological and energy modifications. We examined the importance of maternal regulation of prenatal conditions in two snakes species with contrasted reproductive modes, one oviparous (Children’s python, A. Childreni) and the other viviparous (the aspic viper, V. Aspis). The originality of this work stems from the explicit consideration of the dynamic nature of embryonic sensitivity and maternal constraints. Our results demonstrated (1) the existence of a stage-dependent thermal sensitivity, with a higher sensitivity to perturbations early in development; and (2) the importance of accessing preferred temperature during that period. In parallel, we evidenced a strong maternal investment (behavioral thermoregulation), and associated constraints (risk taking increase, water loss, energetic costs). Our data supported Farmer’s theory and the importance of maternal regulation of early stages. This stage-dependent gradient in thermal sensitivity may have been a major selective force in the evolution of increased parental care (transition toward viviparity, eggs care)
Daujat, Sylvain. „Etude du rôle de l'oncogène Mdm2 au cours du développement précoce de la souris. Etude des rôles alternatifs de l'oncoprotéine“. Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20192.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleZocevic, Aleksandar. „Identification et caractérisation d'antigènes des stades intestinaux de Trichinella spiralis : application au développement d'un test ELISA pour le diagnostic précoce de la trichinellose chez le porc“. Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066744.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleZiyyat, Ahmed. „Séparation de spermatides rondes par cytométrie en flux et expression génique durant le développement préimplantatoire après microinjection de la spermatide dans l'ovocyte de souris“. Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA11T062.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMigdal, Camille. „Étude des évènements précoces impliqués dans l'activation des cellules dendritiques humaines induite par le thimerosal : rôle du stress oxydant : implication dans le développement de nouvelles méthodes alternatives à l'expérimentation animale“. Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00708505.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMigdal, Camille. „Étude des évènements précoces impliqués dans l’activation des cellules dendritiques humaines induite par le thimerosal : rôle du stress oxydant : implication dans le développement de nouvelles méthodes alternatives à l’expérimentation animale“. Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10087/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAllergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD) resulting from skin sensitization is a frequent inflammatory skin disease linked to the use of chemicals, called haptens. At this time, the sensitizing potential of a new chemical is evaluated on animal models. However, new European legislation requires alternative methods for skin sensitization. In this context, a better knowledge of ACD and the capacity to reproduce in vitro its mechanisms lead to the development of new alternative methods. The aim of this study performed with human dendritic cells (DCs) and the human cell line U937 was to determine the early events involved in dendritic cell activation induced by contact sensitizers and especially by the mercury compound thimerosal. Data show that oxidative stress induced by sensitizers is an early signaling event leading to DC activation (expression of CD86 and IL-8 release) and to apoptosis. Using antioxidants, our data show that oxidative stress, characterized by ROS production in correlation with the depletion of the mitochondrial membrane potential and of intracellular glutathione, is a key player in signal transduction induced by sensitizers, especially in the response of DCs towards thimerosal and DNCB. More specifically, these studies demonstrate that thiol groups play a direct role in the initiating events leading to DC activation. In addition, calcium influx was detected in DCs exposed to sensitizers, in correlation with oxidative stress. These data highlight the great interest in the development of a hapten-protein binding assay based on thiol groups and the necessity to better understand the redox status of chemicals as well as cell metabolism for predicting skin sensitization
Vidal, Frédérique. „Régulation de l'expression génique en fonction du cycle cellulaire et contrôle de la division cellulaire durant le développement précoce de l'embryon de souris : mise en évidence de deux nouvelles interactions ADN-protéines“. Nice, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NICE4646.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleArcanjo, Caroline. „Etudes des effets de l'eau tritiée sur les stades de développement précoces chez le poisson zèbre (Danio rerio) : caractérisation des modes d'action“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0379/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn France, tritium is mainly released as tritiated water (HTO) by nuclear power plants and nuclear reprocessing plants. The developmental and reprotoxic effects of tritium have already been studied. However, few studies focus on molecular effects. In this context, the aim of this thesis is to evaluate the effects of HTO on the embryo-larvae stages of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Two dose rates, 0.4 and 4 mGy/h, were tested. A protocol for the measurement of activity in organisms was developed. It has (i) confirmed that the internalization of HTO is rapid, (ii) allowed the discrimination of the tissue-free-water-tritum and organically bound tritium forms, and (iii) allowed the calculation of the dose permitting to link the observed effects to a received dose. The effects of HTO were evaluated at different biological levels. At the molecular level, a transcriptomic analysis (mRNAseq) showed the modulation of genes involved in muscle contraction and eye development at 24hpf, as well as in the circadian rythm and the response to oxidative stress at 96hpf. Modulation of genes involved in the DNA damage repair was shown. At higher levels of organization, some alterations of muscle fibers were observed for both dose rates. A decrease in swimming velocity was shown at 96 hpf after exposure to 0.4 mGy/h. This work allowed a better understanding of the tritium internalization, to characterize the absorbed dose in organisms and to better understand the effects of tritium
Oblette, Antoine. „Spermatogenèse in vitro chez la souris : impact sur la qualité nucléaire du spermatozoïde, sur le développement et l'épigénétique de l'embryon issu d'ICSI“. Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn recent years, testicular biopsy followed by the freezing of testicular tissue has been proposed to children with cancer before the introduction of a gonadotoxic treatment. This fertility preservation procedure is offered with the hope that a fertility restoration method will be developed. The thawed testicular tissue could thus be used to perform in vitro maturation, avoiding the reintroduction of tumor cells, to produce spermatozoa. This thesis work first consisted in assessing the establishment of DNA methylation in mouse prepubertal testicular tissue during in vitro spermatogenesis. The culture of fresh or thawed mouse testicular testicular tissue allows the expression levels of DNA methyltransferases 1 and 3a to be maintained in spermatogonia and spermatocytes. In addition, DNA methylation is found even in in vitro produced spermatozoa. The nuclear quality of these spermatozoa was then analyzed. The culture of testicular tissue has no impact on sperm aneuploidy rate, chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation. However, freezing followed by organotypic culture increases the proportion of spermatozoa with oxidized DNA. Finally, the functionality of in vitro produced spermatozoa was analyzed by oocyte microinjection and the dynamics of different epigenetic marks was studied during preimplantation development. Embryo developmental rates are decreased when using in vitro produced spermatozoa. The levels of H3K4me3, H3K27me3 and H3K9ac are slightly modified in embryos derived from spermatozoa generated in vitro whereas DNA methylation and demethylation are more affected. The production of spermatozoa after culture of fresh or thawed prepubertal tissue in the mouse model has shown that this procedure is not without impact on the early embryo, although the quality of the spermatozoa produced is relatively unaltered
Trouche, Stéphanie. „Implications fonctionnelles de la neurogenèse hippocampique dans la mémoire spatiale à long terme chez la souris adulte“. Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/679/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNew neurons are being produced continuously in the mammalian brain throughout adulthood, most particularly in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, a region critical for learning and memory processes. To date, the function of the new granular neurons remains to be elucidated. This doctoral work has focused on the functional role of the hippocampal new neurons in learning and memory processes in adult mice. In order to identify newborn hippocampal neurons and follow their fate, mice were injected with the cell division marker bromo-deoxyuridine. Our first study revealed that new neurons aged 9 days at the time of training are recruited during remote memory retrieval. Moreover, their activation appears to be specific of the initial training situation. Our data suggest that new neurons contribute to the updating and strengthening of a previously encoded memory. Our second study aimed at determining more precisely the role of new neurons by demonstrating whether initial training strength influences their contribution to the overall neuronal activation during remote memory retrieval. In our last study, we provided evidence that a moderate decrease of the number of new neurons was sufficient to induce spatial memory impairments in several learning tasks that are hippocampal dependent, thus pointing to their functional implication in spatial memory processing.
Molendi-Coste, Olivier. „Effets d'une dénutrition maternelle périnatale sur la différenciation des cellules chromaffines de la médullosurrénale : des altérations précoces aux implications possibles dans la programmation de pathologies à l'âge adulte“. Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-175.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePierre, Wyston Chadwick. „Développement d’une nouvelle stratégie neuroprotectrice efficace et d’une méthode de quantification précoce non invasive des lésions de la matière blanche cérébrale immature sur un modèle animal“. Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25554.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVery premature infants are particularly vulnerable to inflammatory white matter injury (WMI) which increases the risk of long-term cognitive and neurodevelopmental disorders in this population. The use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in this population has allowed non-invasive assessment of the progression of WMI and a better understanding of the pathology. WMI is associated with activation of microglia and astrocytes and the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, including interleukin 1 (IL-1). Using a model of inflammatory WMI induced by intracerebral injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), we first evaluated the changes in DNA methylation during the acute phase (24 h) and the chronic phase (21 days) of inflammation. We then determined the ability of multimodal MRI to detect the lesion and the therapeutic response to an IL-1 receptor antagonist. Finally, using an antagonist and an allosteric modulator of the IL-1 receptor, we evaluated in vitro the contribution of IL-1 signaling during the acute phase of the modulation of microglia and astrocytes activation by LPS. We have shown the presence of persistent alteration DNA methylation profile in the brain that was associated with pathways involved in neurodevelopment and immune response. In addition, the application of multimodal MRI in our model made it possible to evaluate in vivo the lesion and the therapeutic response during the acute phase (24 h) of the inflammation. The changes at the MRI correlated to post-mortem evaluation by immunostaining. In vitro, LPS induce a mixed response of microglia and astrocytes which evolved over time toward a pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic phenotype. Although IL-1 is highly expressed by microglia and astrocytes, its inhibition has a limited effect on the modulation of glial activation due to the multitude of pathways activated by LPS during the acute phase of inflammation.