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1
Kellogg, Elizabeth A. „Evolution of developmental traits“. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 7, Nr. 1 (Februar 2004): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2003.11.004.
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Krapinec, Krešimir, Vlado Jumić, Matija Balekić, Nikola Lolić, Radomir Putnik, Tihomir Florijančić, Siniša Ozimec und Ivica Bošković. „The Reliability of Fluctuating Asymmetry in Population Estimation: The Case of Feedlot Red Deer“. Symmetry 14, Nr. 10 (08.10.2022): 2092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14102092.
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Three FA indices showed correlations with age and magnitude of traits, but not in general. Significant correlations between magnitude of traits and their FA were more pronounced in AFA (12 traits) than in RFA (10 traits) in all age classes except yearlings. For the tray tine form (curvature), FA significantly correlated with its magnitude in young, middle-aged and ripe stags, which indicates that the trait is a reliable indicator of asymmetry. Significant differences in AFA among age classes were found in four traits (weight of dry antlers, volume of antlers, distal circumference of beams and total length of crown tines). By RFA, a significant difference among age classes was only found for the distal circumference of beams. Thus, AFA is a more vulnerable condition index. Contrary to other research findings, developmental instability was more pronounced in older age classes. In yearlings, no significant FA dependence on the trait of antler size was detected, but in certain traits, an asymmetry detected at an early age remains visible later as well, although in stags grown under relatively optimal (especially trophic) environment conditions, developmental instability was present anyway. This proposes two hypotheses for further research: Competition may be manifested even under controlled conditions, which might jeopardize the developmental stability of certain individuals, or some traits will show developmental instability regardless of relatively good environmental conditions.
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Ellis, Allan G., Samuel F. Brockington, Marinus L. de Jager, Gregory Mellers, Rachel H. Walker und Beverley J. Glover. „Floral trait variation and integration as a function of sexual deception in Gorteria diffusa“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, Nr. 1649 (19.08.2014): 20130563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0563.
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Phenotypic integration, the coordinated covariance of suites of morphological traits, is critical for proper functioning of organisms. Angiosperm flowers are complex structures comprising suites of traits that function together to achieve effective pollen transfer. Floral integration could reflect shared genetic and developmental control of these traits, or could arise through pollinator-imposed stabilizing correlational selection on traits. We sought to expose mechanisms underlying floral trait integration in the sexually deceptive daisy, Gorteria diffusa , by testing the hypothesis that stabilizing selection imposed by male pollinators on floral traits involved in mimicry has resulted in tighter integration. To do this, we quantified patterns of floral trait variance and covariance in morphologically divergent G. diffusa floral forms representing a continuum in the levels of sexual deception. We show that integration of traits functioning in visual attraction of male pollinators increases with pollinator deception, and is stronger than integration of non-mimicry trait modules. Consistent patterns of within-population trait variance and covariance across floral forms suggest that integration has not been built by stabilizing correlational selection on genetically independent traits. Instead pollinator specialization has selected for tightened integration within modules of linked traits. Despite potentially strong constraint on morphological evolution imposed by developmental genetic linkages between traits, we demonstrate substantial divergence in traits across G. diffusa floral forms and show that divergence has often occurred without altering within-population patterns of trait correlations.
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Hamlat, Elissa J., Jami F. Young und Benjamin L. Hankin. „Developmental Course of Personality Disorder Traits in Childhood and Adolescence“. Journal of Personality Disorders 34, Supplement B (September 2020): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2019_33_433.
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Developmental patterns of personality pathology traits are not well delineated from childhood through late adolescence. In the present study, participants (N = 675, 56% female) were recruited to create three cohorts of third (n = 205), sixth (n = 248), and ninth (n = 222) graders to form an accelerated longitudinal cohort design. We assessed six PD (avoidant, dependent, histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, schizotypal) traits based on DSM-IV trait diagnostic conceptualizations via parent report at baseline, 18 months, and 36 months. According to parent report, mean levels of avoidant, dependent, histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, and schizotypal traits all declined for both boys and girls. The changes in dependent and histrionic traits were of medium effect size, and the changes in avoidant, narcissistic, borderline, and schizotypal traits were of small effect size. Over the 3 years of the study, the traits of each PD also demonstrated moderate to high rank-order stability.
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Rudolph, Karen D., und Daniel N. Klein. „Exploring depressive personality traits in youth: Origins, correlates, and developmental consequences“. Development and Psychopathology 21, Nr. 4 (14.10.2009): 1155–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579409990095.
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AbstractResearch suggests that depressive personality (DP) disorder may represent a persistent, trait-based form of depression that lies along an affective spectrum ranging from personality traits to diagnosable clinical disorders. A significant gap in this area of research concerns the development of DP and its applicability to youth. The present research explored the construct of DP traits in youth. Specifically, this study examined the reliability, stability, and validity of the construct, potential origins of DP traits, and the developmental consequences of DP traits. A sample of 143 youth (mean age = 12.37 years, SD = 1.26) and their caregivers completed semistructured interviews and questionnaires on two occasions, separated by a 12-month interval. The measure of DP traits was reliable and moderately stable over time. Providing evidence of construct validity, DP traits were associated with a network of constructs, including a negative self-focus, high-negative and low-positive emotionality, and heightened stress reactivity. Moreover, several potential origins of DP traits were identified, including a history of family adversity, maternal DP traits, and maternal depression. Consistent with hypotheses regarding their developmental significance, DP traits predicted the generation of stress and the emergence of depression (but not nondepressive psychopathology) during the pubertal transition. Finally, depression predicted subsequent DP traits, suggesting a reciprocal process whereby DP traits heighten risk for depression, which then exacerbates these traits. These findings support the construct of DP traits in youth, and suggest that these traits may be a useful addition to developmental models of risk for youth depression.
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Vishalakshi, C., und B. N. Singh. „Fluctuating asymmetry in certain morphological traits in laboratory populations of Drosophila ananassae“. Genome 49, Nr. 7 (01.07.2006): 777–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g06-031.
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Fluctuating asymmetry (FA, subtle random deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry) is often used as a measure of developmental instability (DI), which results from perturbations in developmental pathways caused by genetic or environmental stressors. During the present study, we estimated FA in 5 morphological traits, viz. wing length (WL), wing to thorax ratio (W:T), sternopleural bristle number (SBN), sex-comb tooth number (SCTN), and ovariole number (ON) in 18 laboratory populations of Drosophila ananassae. FA levels of measured traits differed significantly among populations except for SBN (in males and females) and W:T ratio (in females). Positional fluctuating asymmetry (PFA), a sensitive measure of DI, also varied significantly among the populations for SBN in females and SCTN in males. Interestingly, both males and females were similar for nonsexual traits. However, when FA across all traits (sexual and nonsexual) was combined into a single composite index (CFA), significant differences were found for both populations and sexes. Males showed higher CFA values than females, suggesting that males are more prone to developmental perturbations. The magnitude of FA differed significantly among traits, being lowest for nonsexual traits (SBN, WL, W:T ratio) and highest for sexual traits (SCTN and ON). The trait size of sexual traits (SCTN and ON) was positively correlated with their asymmetry. The possible reasons for variation in FA both among traits and among populations, and the usefulness of FA as an indicator of developmental stress and phenotypic quality in D. ananassae are discussed.Key words: fluctuating asymmetry, developmental instability, morphological traits, laboratory populations, D. ananassae.
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Coventry, S. J., A. R. Barr, J. K. Eglinton und G. K. McDonald. „The determinants and genome locations influencing grain weight and size in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)“. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, Nr. 12 (2003): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02194.
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Grain weight and size are traits important to malting and feed barley. Understanding the determinants of grain weight and size, especially under stressful growing environments, will aid breeding efforts to improve these traits. The determinants of grain weight and size are discussed in relation to the pre- and post-anthesis periods of barley development. Genetic mapping of the loci influencing grain weight and size has provided a fundamental understanding of these traits, and a summary of mapped quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from Australian and international mapping populations is presented. The influence of developmental loci on grain weight and size QTLs, approaches to discovering non-developmentally related loci, and prospects for a marker assisted selection approach to improving grain weight and size are discussed.
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Simpson, Kimberley J., Jill K. Olofsson, Brad S. Ripley und Colin P. Osborne. „Frequent fires prime plant developmental responses to burning“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, Nr. 1909 (21.08.2019): 20191315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1315.
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Coping with temporal variation in fire requires plants to have plasticity in traits that promote persistence, but how plastic responses to current conditions are affected by past fire exposure remains unknown. We investigate phenotypic divergence between populations of four resprouting grasses exposed to differing experimental fire regimes (annually burnt or unburnt for greater than 35 years) and test whether divergence persists after plants are grown in a common environment for 1 year. Traits relating to flowering and biomass allocation were measured before plants were experimentally burnt, and their regrowth was tracked. Genetic differentiation between populations was investigated for a subset of individuals. Historic fire frequency influenced traits relating to flowering and below-ground investment. Previously burnt plants produced more inflorescences and invested proportionally more biomass below ground, suggesting a greater capacity for recruitment and resprouting than unburnt individuals. Tiller-scale regrowth rate did not differ between treatments, but prior fire exposure enhanced total regrown biomass in two species. We found no consistent genetic differences between populations suggesting trait differences arose from developmental plasticity. Grass development is influenced by prior fire exposure, independent of current environmental conditions. This priming response to fire, resulting in adaptive trait changes, may produce communities more resistant to future fire regime changes.
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Allemand, Mathias, Andrea E. Steiger und Patrick L. Hill. „Stability of Personality Traits in Adulthood“. GeroPsych 26, Nr. 1 (Januar 2013): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000080.
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Stability represents a fundamental concept in developmental theory and research. In this article we give an overview of recent work on personality traits and their stability in adulthood. First, we define personality traits and stability. Second, we present empirical evidence supporting change and stability of personality traits across the adult years with respect to conceptually and statistically different forms of stability. Third, we describe mechanisms and processes that enable trait stability. Finally, we discuss implications of trait stability for theory, research, and application.
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De Clercq, Barbara, Joeri Hofmans, Jasmine Vergauwe, Filip De Fruyt und Carla Sharp. „Developmental pathways of childhood dark traits.“ Journal of Abnormal Psychology 126, Nr. 7 (Oktober 2017): 843–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/abn0000303.
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BEAUCHAINE, THEODORE P. „Taxometrics and developmental psychopathology“. Development and Psychopathology 15, Nr. 3 (01.08.2003): 501–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579403000270.
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Developmental psychopathologists have criticized categorical classification systems for their inability to account for within-group heterogeneity in biological, etiological, developmental, and cultural influences on behavior. Dichotomizing continuous scores of symptom severity is also inadvisable statistically. Perhaps because of a resulting wariness of categorizing, few explorations into the ontological status of traits or disorders as dimensional versus discrete have been conducted. It is argued here that the limitations of categorizing have little to do with the ontological status of traits and that developmental psychopathologists should be concerned with identifying discrete behavioral syndromes. Common taxometric methods for resolving discrete traits are described, and questions of concern to developmental psychopathologists are outlined that can be addressed through taxometrics studies. These include (a) identifying children who are at risk for future psychopathology, (b) identifying discrete subtypes within current diagnostic classes, (c) locating sensitive periods in the development of discrete pathological traits, (d) discovering moderators of treatment outcome, and (e) elucidating mechanisms of equifinality and multifinality. Although most behavioral traits probably are distributed continuously, identifying those that are discrete will advance the science of developmental psychopathology. Disorders for which taxometric analyses might be applied include anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, conduct problems, depression, and schizophrenia.
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ORDAS, BERNARDO, ROSA A. MALVAR und WILLIAM G. HILL. „Genetic variation and quantitative trait loci associated with developmental stability and the environmental correlation between traits in maize“. Genetics Research 90, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2008): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672308009762.
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SummaryThere is limited experimental information about the genetic basis of micro-environmental variance (VE) (developmental stability) and environmental correlations. This study, by using a population of maize recombinant inbred lines (RIL) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) polymorphic markers, aims at the following: firstly, to quantify the genetic component of the VE or developmental stability for four traits in maize and the environmental correlation between these traits, and secondly, to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that influence these quantities. We found that, when estimating variances and correlations and testing their homogeneity, estimates and tests are needed that are not highly dependent on normality assumptions. There was significant variation among the RILs in VE and in the environmental correlation for some of the traits, implying genetic heterogeneity in the VE and environmental correlations. The genetic coefficient of variation of the environmental variance ({\rm GCV}_{V_{{\rm E}} }) was estimated to be 20%, which is lower than estimates obtained for other species. A few genomic regions involved in the stability of one trait or two traits were detected, and these did not have an important influence on the mean of the trait. One region that could be associated with the environmental correlations between traits was also detected.
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Lord, Etienne, Jananan S. Pathmanathan, Eduardo Corel, Vladimir Makarenkov, Philippe Lopez, Frédéric Bouchard, Debashish Bhattacharya et al. „Introducing Trait Networks to Elucidate the Fluidity of Organismal Evolution Using Palaeontological Data“. Genome Biology and Evolution 11, Nr. 9 (01.09.2019): 2653–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz182.
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Abstract Explaining the evolution of animals requires ecological, developmental, paleontological, and phylogenetic considerations because organismal traits are affected by complex evolutionary processes. Modeling a plurality of processes, operating at distinct time-scales on potentially interdependent traits, can benefit from approaches that are complementary treatments to phylogenetics. Here, we developed an inclusive network approach, implemented in the command line software ComponentGrapher, and analyzed trait co-occurrence of rhinocerotoid mammals. We identified stable, unstable, and pivotal traits, as well as traits contributing to complexes, that may follow to a common developmental regulation, that point to an early implementation of the postcranial Bauplan among rhinocerotoids. Strikingly, most identified traits are highly dissociable, used repeatedly in distinct combinations and in different taxa, which usually do not form clades. Therefore, the genes encoding these traits are likely recruited into novel gene regulation networks during the course of evolution. Our evo-systemic framework, generalizable to other evolved organizations, supports a pluralistic modeling of organismal evolution, including trees and networks.
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Lingam, R., J. Golding, M. J. Jongmans, L. P. Hunt, M. Ellis und A. Emond. „The Association Between Developmental Coordination Disorder and Other Developmental Traits“. PEDIATRICS 126, Nr. 5 (18.10.2010): e1109-e1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-2789.
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Ungerer, Mark C., Solveig S. Halldorsdottir, Jennifer L. Modliszewski, Trudy F. C. Mackay und Michael D. Purugganan. „Quantitative Trait Loci for Inflorescence Development in Arabidopsis thaliana“. Genetics 160, Nr. 3 (01.03.2002): 1133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/160.3.1133.
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Abstract Variation in inflorescence development patterns is a central factor in the evolutionary ecology of plants. The genetic architectures of 13 traits associated with inflorescence developmental timing, architecture, rosette morphology, and fitness were investigated in Arabidopsis thaliana, a model plant system. There is substantial naturally occurring genetic variation for inflorescence development traits, with broad sense heritabilities computed from 21 Arabidopsis ecotypes ranging from 0.134 to 0.772. Genetic correlations are significant for most (64/78) pairs of traits, suggesting either pleiotropy or tight linkage among loci. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping indicates 47 and 63 QTL for inflorescence developmental traits in Ler × Col and Cvi × Ler recombinant inbred mapping populations, respectively. Several QTL associated with different developmental traits map to the same Arabidopsis chromosomal regions, in agreement with the strong genetic correlations observed. Epistasis among QTL was observed only in the Cvi × Ler population, and only between regions on chromosomes 1 and 5. Examination of the completed Arabidopsis genome sequence in three QTL regions revealed between 375 and 783 genes per region. Previously identified flowering time, inflorescence architecture, floral meristem identity, and hormone signaling genes represent some of the many candidate genes in these regions.
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Moczek, Armin P., Sonia Sultan, Susan Foster, Cris Ledón-Rettig, Ian Dworkin, H. Fred Nijhout, Ehab Abouheif und David W. Pfennig. „The role of developmental plasticity in evolutionary innovation“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, Nr. 1719 (15.06.2011): 2705–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0971.
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Explaining the origins of novel traits is central to evolutionary biology. Longstanding theory suggests that developmental plasticity, the ability of an individual to modify its development in response to environmental conditions, might facilitate the evolution of novel traits. Yet whether and how such developmental flexibility promotes innovations that persist over evolutionary time remains unclear. Here, we examine three distinct ways by which developmental plasticity can promote evolutionary innovation. First, we show how the process of genetic accommodation provides a feasible and possibly common avenue by which environmentally induced phenotypes can become subject to heritable modification. Second, we posit that the developmental underpinnings of plasticity increase the degrees of freedom by which environmental and genetic factors influence ontogeny, thereby diversifying targets for evolutionary processes to act on and increasing opportunities for the construction of novel, functional and potentially adaptive phenotypes. Finally, we examine the developmental genetic architectures of environment-dependent trait expression, and highlight their specific implications for the evolutionary origin of novel traits. We critically review the empirical evidence supporting each of these processes, and propose future experiments and tests that would further illuminate the interplay between environmental factors, condition-dependent development, and the initiation and elaboration of novel phenotypes.
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Glass, Jordan R., und Zachary R. Stahlschmidt. „Should I stay or should I go? Complex environments influence the developmental plasticity of flight capacity and flight-related trade-offs“. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 128, Nr. 1 (05.06.2019): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz073.
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Abstract Complex environments, characterized by co-varying factors (e.g. temperature and food availability) may cause animals to invest resources differentially into fitness-related traits. Thus, experiments manipulating multiple environmental factors concurrently provide valuable insight into the role of the environment in shaping not only important traits (e.g. dispersal capacity or reproduction), but also trait–trait interactions (e.g. trade-offs between traits). We used a multi-factorial design to manipulate variation in temperature (constant 28 °C vs. 28 ± 5 °C daily cycle) and food availability (unlimited vs. intermittent access) throughout development in the sand field cricket (Gryllus firmus). Using a univariate approach, we found that temperature variability and unlimited food availability promoted survival, development, growth, body size and/or reproductive investment. Using principal components as indices of resource allocation strategy, we found that temperature variability and unlimited food reduced investment into flight capacity in females. Thus, we detected a sex-specific trade-off between flight and other life-history traits that was developmentally plastic in response to variation in temperature and food availability. We develop an experimental and statistical framework to reveal shifts in correlative patterns of investment into different life-history traits. This approach can be applied to a range of biological systems to investigate how environmental complexity influences traits and trait trade-offs.
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Mühlenhaupt, Max, James Baxter-Gilbert, Buyisile G. Makhubo, Julia L. Riley und John Measey. „Growing up in a new world: trait divergence between rural, urban, and invasive populations of an amphibian urban invader“. NeoBiota 69 (20.10.2021): 103–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.69.67995.
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Cities are focal points of introduction for invasive species. Urban evolution might facilitate the success of invasive species in recipient urban habitats. Here we test this hypothesis by rearing tadpoles of a successful amphibian urban coloniser and invader in a common garden environment. We compared growth rate, morphological traits, swimming performance, and developmental rate of guttural toad tadpoles (Sclerophrys gutturalis) from native rural, native urban, and non-native urban habitats. By measuring these traits across ontogeny, we were also able to compare divergence across different origins as the tadpoles develop. The tadpoles of non-native urban origin showed significantly slower developmental rate (e.g., the proportion of tadpoles reaching Gosner stage 31 or higher was lower at age 40 days) than tadpoles of native urban origin. Yet, tadpoles did not differ in growth rate or any morphological or performance trait examined, and none of these traits showed divergent ontogenetic changes between tadpoles of different origin. These findings suggest that prior adaptation to urban habitats in larval traits likely does not play an important role in facilitating the invasion success of guttural toads into other urban habitats. Instead, we suggest that evolutionary changes in larval traits after colonization (e.g., developmental rate), together with decoupling of other traits and phenotypic plasticity might explain how this species succeeded in colonising extra-limital urban habitats.
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Ta, James, Christine Palmer, Marcus Brock, Matthew Rubin, Cynthia Weinig, Julin Maloof und Daniel Runcie. „Multiple Loci Control Variation in Plasticity to Foliar Shade Throughout Development in Arabidopsis thaliana“. G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 10, Nr. 11 (28.09.2020): 4103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.120.401259.
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The shade avoidance response is a set of developmental changes exhibited by plants to avoid shading by competitors, and is an important model of adaptive plant plasticity. While the mechanisms of sensing shading by other plants are well-known and appear conserved across plants, less is known about the developmental mechanisms that result in the diverse array of morphological and phenological responses to shading. This is particularly true for traits that appear later in plant development. Here we use a nested association mapping (NAM) population of Arabidopsis thaliana to decipher the genetic architecture of the shade avoidance response in late-vegetative and reproductive plants. We focused on four traits: bolting time, rosette size, inflorescence growth rate, and inflorescence size, found plasticity in each trait in response to shade, and detected 17 total QTL; at least one of which is a novel locus not previously identified for shade responses in Arabidopsis. Using path analysis, we dissected each colocalizing QTL into direct effects on each trait and indirect effects transmitted through direct effects on earlier developmental traits. Doing this separately for each of the seven NAM populations in each environment, we discovered considerable heterogeneity among the QTL effects across populations, suggesting allelic series at multiple QTL or interactions between QTL and the genetic background or the environment. Our results provide insight into the development and variation in shade avoidance responses in Arabidopsis, and emphasize the value of directly modeling the relationships among traits when studying the genetics of complex developmental syndromes.
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Palestrini, Claudia, Antonio Rolando und Paola Laiolo. „Allometric relationships and character evolution in Onthophagus taurus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, Nr. 7 (01.07.2000): 1199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-056.
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Allometric relationships in primary sexual traits (male and female genitalia), secondary sexual traits (male horns and female carinae), and non-sex-related traits (external body traits, epipharynx traits) were studied in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus. Model II regressions of log-transformed data were used to quantify relationships, with pronotum width as regressor and indicator of overall body size. Slopes (allometric values) for the different trait categories were significantly different, with secondary sexual traits showing the highest values (higher than 1.0), followed by external body traits (slightly lower than 1.00) and epipharynx traits (around 0.2). Primary sexual traits and body size were mostly uncorrelated and genital sizes were virtually constant. Allometries of secondary sexual traits were quite different in the two sexes: the relationship between male horn length and pronotum width was approximately sigmoidal, while that between female carina length and pronotum width was linear. External body traits had significantly higher allometric values in females than in males. Our results suggest that traits in the different categories are under different kinds of selection. Genital allometries can be explained on the basis of sexual selection by cryptic female choice or by the lock-and-key hypothesis. Among secondary sexual characters, male horn morphology seems to be mostly "environmentally" determined and sexual selection would affect only a component of the developmental mechanism of horn expression. External body characters are likely under natural selection, even though a few traits could be sex-related. Finally, in both sexes, internal epipharynx traits seem to be subject to the same selective pressure, probably because males and females use the same feeding niche. The constancy of genital sizes in O. taurus suggests that in developmental processes, more is invested in primary sexual traits (to produce genitalia of the proper size) than in secondary sexual or body traits. Males receiving low quantities of food may incur costs associated with a small horn or small body size, but do not incur costs associated with small genitalia. Females probably share the same developmental pattern.
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Asendorpf, Jens B. „Causal Unity of Broader Traits is an Illusion“. European Journal of Personality 30, Nr. 4 (Juli 2016): 304–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2060.
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Mõttus alerts us to the widespread predictive heterogeneity of different indicators of the same trait. This heterogeneity violates the assumption that traits have causal unity in their developmental antecedents and effects on outcomes. I would go a step further: broader traits are useful units for description and prediction but not for explaining personality development and personality effects. In most cases, the measured trait indicators are closer to relevant causal mechanisms, and within a network perspective on personality, broader traits as entities with causal potential can be dismissed completely. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Mirc, Marko, Natasa Tomasevic-Kolarov, Srdjan Stamenkovic und Tanja Vukov. „Asymmetry in the common wall lizard Podarcis muralis under different levels of urbanization: The effect of trait and FA index selection“. Archives of Biological Sciences 71, Nr. 3 (2019): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs190225033m.
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The use of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) as a measure of developmental instability and its relationship to stress and fitness is highly controversial. We examined whether the selection of different FA indices and traits influences the results of FA analysis. We chose four meristic traits and three FA indices (two single-trait and two multiple-trait indices) to assess FA levels in the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) from three different habitat types (urban, suburban and natural). Urbanization has already been linked to developmental instability in P. muralis. We therefore expected to detect different FA levels among the habitats. However, we also wanted to see whether we obtained the same patterns using different indices and traits. Our results showed that different traits can yield different FA patterns between habitats. The only statistically significant difference between habitats was detected for the FA2 index in femoral pores. The highest level of FA was detected in the urban population, while the lowest level was in the natural population. It is clear that caution must be exerted when deciding on which traits and indices are to be used for FA analysis. [Projects of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. OI173043, Grant no. III43001]
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Rice, Sean H. „Developmental Associations Between Traits: Covariance and Beyond“. Genetics 166, Nr. 1 (Januar 2004): 513–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.166.1.513.
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Varrela, Juha. „Early developmental traits in Class II malocclusion“. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 56, Nr. 6 (Januar 1998): 375–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000163598428356.
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Kidambi, S. P., T. S. Sandhu und B. S. Bhullar. „Genetic Analysis of Developmental Traits in Chickpea“. Plant Breeding 101, Nr. 3 (November 1988): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1988.tb00291.x.
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Wolf, Jason B., Joshua J. Mutic und Paula X. Kover. „Functional genetics of intraspecific ecological interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, Nr. 1569 (12.05.2011): 1358–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0239.
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Studying the genetic basis of traits involved in ecological interactions is a fundamental part of elucidating the connections between evolutionary and ecological processes. Such knowledge allows one to link genetic models of trait evolution with ecological models describing interactions within and between species. Previous work has shown that connections between genetic and ecological processes in Arabidopsis thaliana may be mediated by the fact that quantitative trait loci (QTL) with ‘direct’ effects on traits of individuals also have pleiotropic ‘indirect’ effects on traits expressed in neighbouring plants. Here, we further explore these connections by examining functional relationships between traits affected directly and indirectly by the same QTL. We develop a novel approach using structural equation models (SEMs) to determine whether observed pleiotropic effects result from traits directly affected by the QTL in focal individuals causing the changes in the neighbours' phenotypes. This hypothesis was assessed using SEMs to test whether focal plant phenotypes appear to mediate the connection between the focal plants' genotypes and the phenotypes of their neighbours, or alternatively, whether the connection between the focal plants' genotypes and the neighbours' phenotypes is mediated by unmeasured traits. We implement this analysis using a QTL of major effect that maps to the well-characterized flowering locus, FRIGIDA . The SEMs support the hypothesis that the pleiotropic indirect effects of this locus arise from size and developmental timing-related traits in focal plants affecting the expression of developmental traits in their neighbours. Our findings provide empirical insights into the genetics and nature of intraspecific ecological interactions. Our technique holds promise in directing future work into the genetic basis and functional relationship of traits mediating and responding to ecological interactions.
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Lorenza, Eviya, Mohammad Chozin und Nanik Setyowati. „Hubungan Antar Sifat Jagung Manis yang Dibudidayakan Secara Organik“. Akta Agrosia 19, Nr. 2 (30.12.2016): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/aa.19.2.129-138.
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Capability of growing well under organic conditions is prerequisite for a sweet corn variety to provide high yield under organic cropping management. Therefore, development of high yielding sweet corn varieties for organic cropping system would require sufficient information on the association among the growth traits to facilitate the determination of criteria in the selection program. Objective of this study was to estimate the degree of association among plant growth and developmental traits, in terms of phenotypic and genotypic correlations, in 64 genotypes generated from a complete diallel cross of 8 inbred lines under organic cropping system. Study was conducted from January-March 2016 on Ultisol of Medan Baru, Kandang Limun, sub-district of Muara Bangkahulu, City of Bengkulu at 10 m above sea level. A randomized complete block design with three replications to allocate the genotypes on double row plots with 4 length and 20 cm planting space. No agrochemical inputs was applied in cultural practices. Data were collected for plant height,stem diameter, leaf area, leaf number, tasseling date, and silking date. Analysis of variance was performed to determine the significant variation among the genotype. The degree of association among trait was estimated by both phenotypic and genotypic correlations analysis. Analysis of variance showed significant variation for all observed traits. High phenotypic and genotypic correlations were revealed between the growth traits (plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, and leaf number) and between the developmental traits (tasseling date, and silking date). However, the growth traits showed low correlation to the developmental traits.
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Qi, Jiandong, Jianfeng Sun und Jianxin Wang. „E-Index for Differentiating Complex Dynamic Traits“. BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5761983.
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While it is a daunting challenge in current biology to understand how the underlying network of genes regulates complex dynamic traits, functional mapping, a tool for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), has been applied in a variety of cases to tackle this challenge. Though useful and powerful, functional mapping performs well only when one or more model parameters are clearly responsible for the developmental trajectory, typically being a logistic curve. Moreover, it does not work when the curves are more complex than that, especially when they are not monotonic. To overcome this inadaptability, we therefore propose a mathematical-biological concept and measurement,E-index (earliness-index), which cumulatively measures the earliness degree to which a variable (or a dynamic trait) increases or decreases its value. Theoretical proofs and simulation studies show thatE-index is more general than functional mapping and can be applied to any complex dynamic traits, including those with logistic curves and those with nonmonotonic curves. Meanwhile,E-index vector is proposed as well to capture more subtle differences of developmental patterns.
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Villegas, D., N. Aparicio, M. M. Nachit, J. L. Araus und C. Royo. „Photosynthetic and developmental traits associated with genotypic differences in durum wheat yield across the Mediterranean basin“. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51, Nr. 7 (2000): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar00076.
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The relationships between various morphophysiological traits and yield were studied in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) grown in Mediterranean conditions. Two sets of 22 genotypes were used. One was developed for semi-humid environments (TA-genotypes) and was cultivated in 22 trials around the Mediterranean basin with a mean yield across genotypes and environments of 4925 kg/ha. The other set was developed for drier conditions (CA-genotypes) and was cultivated in 15 trials, with a mean yield of 3501 kg/ha. Morphophysiological traits for each set were evaluated in 2 trials with contrasting water regimes conducted in north-eastern Spain: Lleida-rainfed (LR) and Lleida-irrigation (LI). Two kinds of traits were evaluated: developmental traits, including early vigour, plant height, and phenology (days from planting to heading and to maturity); and traits related to photosynthetic performance such as canopy temperature and chlorophyll content of the flag leaf, both measured during grain filling, and carbon isotope discrimination of mature grains. All the traits, measured in both Lleida trials, were related to the mean yield of the same genotypes across all the sites where they were cultivated. Yield measured at either of the 2 environments at Lleida was a much poorer predictor of genotype differences in mean yield than most of the traits. Nevertheless, the kind of environment where the morphophysiological traits were evaluated affected the performance of these traits as yield predictors. The combination of significant traits measured in the better environment (LI) explained 71% and 55% of genotype variability in yield within TA- and CA-genotypes, respectively, but only 56% and 27% when they were evaluated at LR. On the other hand, growing conditions of the yield trials was the main factor determining the best combination of traits. For TA-genotypes, larger yields were associated with shorter plants and higher carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) of grains, and to a lesser extent with higher early vigour and lower canopy temperature, whereas phenological traits made no contribution to explaining genotype differences in yield. For the CA-genotypes, higher yields were related to an earlier heading date or alternatively to a higher chlorophyll content during grain filling. A higher Δ in mature kernels also seems to be a positive trait.
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Miller, Catriona J., Evgeniia Golovina, Joerg S. Wicker, Jessie C. Jacobsen und Justin M. O’Sullivan. „De novo network analysis reveals autism causal genes and developmental links to co-occurring traits“. Life Science Alliance 6, Nr. 10 (08.08.2023): e202302142. http://dx.doi.org/10.26508/lsa.202302142.
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Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental condition that manifests in various ways. Autism is often accompanied by other conditions, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia, which can complicate diagnosis and management. Although research has investigated the role of specific genes in autism, their relationship with co-occurring traits is not fully understood. To address this, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomisation analysis and identified four genes located at the 17q21.31 locus that are putatively causal for autism in fetal cortical tissue (LINC02210,LRRC37A4P,RP11-259G18.1, andRP11-798G7.6).LINC02210was also identified as putatively causal for autism in adult cortical tissue. By integrating data from expression quantitative trait loci, genes and protein interactions, we identified that the 17q21.31 locus contributes to the intersection between autism and other neurological traits in fetal cortical tissue. We also identified a distinct cluster of co-occurring traits, including cognition and worry, linked to the genetic loci at 3p21.1. Our findings provide insights into the relationship between autism and co-occurring traits, which could be used to develop predictive models for more accurate diagnosis and better clinical management.
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Gonzalez, Celia M., Kristina M. Zosuls und Diane N. Ruble. „Traits as dimensions or categories? Developmental change in the understanding of trait terms.“ Developmental Psychology 46, Nr. 5 (September 2010): 1078–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0020207.
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David, Patrice. „A Quantitative Model of the Relationship Between Phenotypic Variance and Heterozygosity at Marker Loci Under Partial Selfing“. Genetics 153, Nr. 3 (01.11.1999): 1463–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/153.3.1463.
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Abstract Negative relationships between allozyme heterozygosity and morphological variance have often been observed and interpreted as evidence for increased developmental stability in heterozygotes. However, inbreeding can also generate such relationships by decreasing heterozygosity at neutral loci and redistributing genetic variance at the same time. I here provide a quantitative genetic model of this process by analogy with heterozygosity-fitness relationships. Inbreeding generates negative heterozygosity-variance relationships irrespective of the genetic architecture of the trait. This holds for fitness traits as well as neutral traits, the effect being stronger for fitness traits under directional dominance or overdominance. The order of magnitude of heterozygosity-variance regressions is compatible with empirical data even with very low inbreeding. Although developmental stability effects cannot be excluded, inbreeding is a parsimonious explanation that should be seriously considered to explain correlations between heterozygosity and both mean and variance of phenotypes in natural populations.
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Zhao, Jianjun, Maria-João Paulo, Diaan Jamar, Ping Lou, Fred van Eeuwijk, Guusje Bonnema, Dick Vreugdenhil und Maarten Koornneef. „Association mapping of leaf traits, flowering time, and phytate content in Brassica rapa“. Genome 50, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2007): 963–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g07-078.
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Association mapping was used to investigate the genetic basis of variation within Brassica rapa , which is an important vegetable and oil crop. We analyzed the variation of phytate and phosphate levels in seeds and leaves and additional developmental and morphological traits in a set of diverse B. rapa accessions and tested association of these traits with AFLP markers. The analysis of population structure revealed four subgroups in the population. Trait values differed between these subgroups, thus defining associations between population structure and trait values, even for traits such as phytate and phosphate levels. Marker–trait associations were investigated both with and without taking population structure into account. One hundred and seventy markers were found to be associated with the observed traits without correction for population structure. Association analysis with correction for population structure led to the identification of 27 markers, 6 of which had known map positions; 3 of these were confirmed in additional QTL mapping studies.
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Richard Palmer, A. „Developmental origins of normal and anomalous random right-left asymmetry: lateral inhibition versus developmental error in a threshold trait“. Contributions to Zoology 81, Nr. 2 (31.05.2012): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08102006.
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Dramatic examples of right-left asymmetry often inspire adaptive explanations, simply because it is hard to imagine how such forms could not be functionally significant. But are conspicuous morphological asymmetries necessarily adaptive? Surprisingly, in some species where direction of asymmetry is random, asymmetry in bilaterally paired traits may arise as a developmental error in a threshold trait. When cases of asymmetry are rare within a species, they are easily recognized as developmental errors. However, as asymmetrical individuals become more common, or if the asymmetry is in a signaling trait, the temptation to advance an adaptive explanation grows, particularly if the asymmetry is not clearly maladaptive. Several models of the ontogeny of asymmetry are described for both normal and anomalous random asymmetry of bilaterally paired traits. In the absence of selection, each model predicts different expected frequencies of symmetrical and asymmetrical individuals within a species, therefore such frequency distributions can effectively test for different models of development. In normal random asymmetries – where conspicuously asymmetrical individuals predominate – lateral inhibition of one side after the other has transformed appears to be an essential step in development. In anomalous random asymmetries – where conspicuously asymmetrical individuals are relatively rare – no lateral inhibition is required. Other potentially relevant variables include: purely stochastic variation in morphogen levels, useinduced asymmetry, and local (each side independent) versus central (e.g., hormonal) signaling. Examples of normal and anomalous random asymmetries are reviewed for several animal groups. A closer examination of the spectacular forelimb asymmetry in empidid dance flies raises doubts about claims that the asymmetry – both its occurrence and its direction – is adaptive, even though enlargement of the forelimbs likely is. Additional studies are required to conclude that this asymmetry is truly adaptive, as opposed to the outcome of random developmental variation in a threshold trait. This dance-fly leg asymmetry illustrates nicely how alternative hypotheses need to be considered before interpreting such variation as adaptive, even in a signaling trait.
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Strilbytska, O. M., U. V. Semaniuk, N. I. Burdyliyk, V. Bubalo und O. V. Lushchak. „Developmental diet defines metabolic traits in larvae and adult Drosophila“. Ukrainian Biochemical Journal 94, Nr. 1 (10.05.2022): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ubj94.01.053.
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dos Santos, Jhonathan P. R., Samuel B. Fernandes, Scott McCoy, Roberto Lozano, Patrick J. Brown, Andrew D. B. Leakey, Edward S. Buckler, Antonio A. F. Garcia und Michael A. Gore. „Novel Bayesian Networks for Genomic Prediction of Developmental Traits in Biomass Sorghum“. G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 10, Nr. 2 (18.12.2019): 769–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.119.400759.
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The ability to connect genetic information between traits over time allow Bayesian networks to offer a powerful probabilistic framework to construct genomic prediction models. In this study, we phenotyped a diversity panel of 869 biomass sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) lines, which had been genotyped with 100,435 SNP markers, for plant height (PH) with biweekly measurements from 30 to 120 days after planting (DAP) and for end-of-season dry biomass yield (DBY) in four environments. We evaluated five genomic prediction models: Bayesian network (BN), Pleiotropic Bayesian network (PBN), Dynamic Bayesian network (DBN), multi-trait GBLUP (MTr-GBLUP), and multi-time GBLUP (MTi-GBLUP) models. In fivefold cross-validation, prediction accuracies ranged from 0.46 (PBN) to 0.49 (MTr-GBLUP) for DBY and from 0.47 (DBN, DAP120) to 0.75 (MTi-GBLUP, DAP60) for PH. Forward-chaining cross-validation further improved prediction accuracies of the DBN, MTi-GBLUP and MTr-GBLUP models for PH (training slice: 30-45 DAP) by 36.4–52.4% relative to the BN and PBN models. Coincidence indices (target: biomass, secondary: PH) and a coincidence index based on lines (PH time series) showed that the ranking of lines by PH changed minimally after 45 DAP. These results suggest a two-level indirect selection method for PH at harvest (first-level target trait) and DBY (second-level target trait) could be conducted earlier in the season based on ranking of lines by PH at 45 DAP (secondary trait). With the advance of high-throughput phenotyping technologies, our proposed two-level indirect selection framework could be valuable for enhancing genetic gain per unit of time when selecting on developmental traits.
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Cvijanović, Milena, Ana Ivanović, Nataša Tomašević Kolarov, Georg Džukić und Miloš L. Kalezić. „Early ontogeny shows the same interspecific variation as natural history parameters in the crested newt (Triturus cristatus superspecies) (Caudata, Salamandridae)“. Contributions to Zoology 78, Nr. 2 (11.08.2009): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-07802001.
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When the phenotypic divergence within a monophyletic group is characterised by parallel variation of different phenotypic traits, it is very likely that the environment through constraints and/or selection has affected the developmental pathways simultaneously. Such patterns of phenotypic divergence characterise the phenotypic evolution of the crested newts (Triturus cristatus superspecies). In this study, we have examined interspecific variations in the embryonic development of four crested newt species. The species are similar with respect to some basic developmental traits, some morphologically defined developmental stages and the survival rate during early embryogenesis. However, there is significant variation in the developmental rate, as well as differences in the pattern of correlation amongst analysed life-history and developmental traits. Consistent with previous studies, T. dobrogicus appears to be an outlier species, with the longest embryonic period and a significantly different correlation pattern for early life-history and developmental traits. We suggest that the invasion of a novel aquatic environment by T. dobrogicus resulted in large-scale directional changes in development, which could explain parallel change in numerous phenotypic and life-history traits with a high rate of evolution.
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Bertossa, Rinaldo C. „Morphology and behaviour: functional links in development and evolution“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, Nr. 1574 (27.07.2011): 2056–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0035.
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Development and evolution of animal behaviour and morphology are frequently addressed independently, as reflected in the dichotomy of disciplines dedicated to their study distinguishing object of study (morphology versus behaviour) and perspective (ultimate versus proximate). Although traits are known to develop and evolve semi-independently, they are matched together in development and evolution to produce a unique functional phenotype. Here I highlight similarities shared by both traits, such as the decisive role played by the environment for their ontogeny. Considering the widespread developmental and functional entanglement between both traits, many cases of adaptive evolution are better understood when proximate and ultimate explanations are integrated. A field integrating these perspectives is evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo), which studies the developmental basis of phenotypic diversity. Ultimate aspects in evo-devo studies—which have mostly focused on morphological traits—could become more apparent when behaviour, ‘the integrator of form and function’, is integrated into the same framework of analysis. Integrating a trait such as behaviour at a different level in the biological hierarchy will help to better understand not only how behavioural diversity is produced, but also how levels are connected to produce functional phenotypes and how these evolve. A possible framework to accommodate and compare form and function at different levels of the biological hierarchy is outlined. At the end, some methodological issues are discussed.
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Storz, Brian L., und Joseph Travis. „Temporally Dissociated, Trait-Specific Modifications Underlie Phenotypic Polyphenism inSpea multiplicataTadpoles, Which Suggests Modularity“. Scientific World JOURNAL 7 (2007): 715–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2007.159.
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Many organisms that develop in a variable environment show correlated patterns of phenotypic plasticity in several traits. Any individual trait modification can be beneficial, neutral, or deleterious in any particular environment; the organism's total fitness, which determines if the plasticity is adaptive, is the sum of these changes. Although much is known about how plastic traits contribute to fitness, less is known about the extent to which the various trait changes involved in the plastic responses share their developmental control. Shared control suggests that the various responses evolved in unison, but independent control suggests independent evolution of many components. Spadefoot toads have evolved adaptive polyphenism to cope with developing in rapidly drying ephemeral ponds. Larvae hatch as omnivores, but on exposure to an environmental cue, may develop into carnivores. We compared trait development in the two morphs and found that differences in jaw musculature, head dimensions, and intestines emerged early in development, whereas differences in shape of the tail emerged later. In omnivores, all traits except intestine length and hind-limb length were negatively allometric with body length; in carnivores, two of three jaw muscles displayed positive allometry and, among those that were negatively allometric, all except head width showed larger allometric coefficients in carnivores. Hind-limb length was positively allometric in both forms, but the allometric coefficients did not differ significantly. Intestine length was positively allometric to body length in both forms, but in this case, omnivores exhibited the higher coefficient. These results suggest that spadefoot plasticity is trait specific and the responses are suggestive of the existence of at least two modules: a suite of trophic traits that responds early in development and a suite of tail traits that responds later. The developmental control of these suites is the subject of further investigation.
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Howe, Glenn T., Sally N. Aitken, David B. Neale, Kathleen D. Jermstad, Nicholas C. Wheeler und Tony HH Chen. „From genotype to phenotype: unraveling the complexities of cold adaptation in forest trees“. Canadian Journal of Botany 81, Nr. 12 (01.12.2003): 1247–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-141.
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Adaptation to winter cold in temperate and boreal trees involves complex genetic, physiological, and developmental processes. Genecological studies demonstrate the existence of steep genetic clines for cold adaptation traits in relation to environmental (mostly temperature related) gradients. Population differentiation is generally stronger for cold adaptation traits than for other quantitative traits and allozymes. Therefore, these traits appear to be under strong natural selection. Nonetheless, high levels of genetic variation persist within populations. The genetic control of cold adaptation traits ranges from weak to strong, with phenological traits having the highest heritabilities. Within-population genetic correlations among traits range from negligible to moderate. Generally, bud phenology and cold hardiness in the fall are genetically uncorrelated with bud phenology and cold hardiness in the spring. Analyses of quantitative trait loci indicate that cold adaptation traits are mostly controlled by multiple genes with small effects and that quantitative trait loci × environment interactions are common. Given this inherent complexity, we suggest that future research should focus on identifying and developing markers for cold adaptation candidate genes, then using multilocus, multi allelic analytical techniques to uncover the relationships between genotype and phenotype at both the individual and population levels. Ultimately, these methods may be useful for predicting the performance of genotypes in breeding programs and for better understanding the evolutionary ecology of forest trees.Key words: association genetics, cold hardiness, dormancy, genecology, bud phenology, quantitative trait loci.
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Neuwirthová, Eva, Andres Kuusk, Zuzana Lhotáková, Joel Kuusk, Jana Albrechtová und Lea Hallik. „Leaf Age Matters in Remote Sensing: Taking Ground Truth for Spectroscopic Studies in Hemiboreal Deciduous Trees with Continuous Leaf Formation“. Remote Sensing 13, Nr. 7 (01.04.2021): 1353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13071353.
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We examined the seasonal changes in biophysical, anatomical, and optical traits of young leaves, formed throughout the vegetative season due to sylleptic growth, and mature leaves formed by proleptic growth in spring. Leaf developmental categories contribute to the top-of-canopy reflectance and should be considered when taking ground truth for remote sensing studies (RS). Deciduous tree species, Betula pendula, Populus tremula, and Alnus incana, were sampled from May to October 2018 in an Estonian hemiboreal forest. Chlorophyll and carotenoid content were detected biochemically; leaf anatomical traits (leaf, palisade, and spongy mesophyll thickness) were measured on leaf cross-sections; leaf reflectance was measured by a spectroradiometer with an integrating sphere (350–2500 nm). Biophysical and anatomical leaf traits were related to 64 vegetation indices (VIs). Linear models based on VIs for all tested leaf traits were more robust if both juvenile and mature leaves were included. This study provides information on which VIs are interchangeable or independent. Pigment and leaf thickness sensitive indices formed PC1; water and structural trait related VIs formed an independent group associated with PC3. Type of growth and leaf age could affect the validation of biophysical and anatomical leaf trait retrieval from the optical signal. It is, therefore, necessary to sample both leaf developmental categories—young and mature—in RS, especially if sampling is only once within the vegetation season.
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Farrell, Tara, Buddhamas Kriengwatana und Scott A. MacDougall-Shackleton. „Developmental Stress and Correlated Cognitive Traits in Songbirds“. Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews 10 (2015): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3819/ccbr.2015.100001.
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Newman, Leonard S. „Why Are Traits Inferred Spontaneously? A Developmental Approach“. Social Cognition 9, Nr. 3 (September 1991): 221–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.1991.9.3.221.
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PAGÈS, LOÏC. „Links between root developmental traits and foraging performance“. Plant, Cell & Environment 34, Nr. 10 (24.06.2011): 1749–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02371.x.
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Franchini, L. F., und K. S. Pollard. „Genomic approaches to studying human-specific developmental traits“. Development 142, Nr. 18 (15.09.2015): 3100–3112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120048.
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Flensborg-Madsen, Trine, Erik Lykke Mortensen, Jesper Dammeyer und Cathrine Lawaetz Wimmelmann. „Early Motor Developmental Milestones and Personality Traits in Midlife: A 50-Year Follow-Up Study“. Children 10, Nr. 4 (13.04.2023): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children10040718.
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Background The purpose of this study was to investigate if infants’ age at attaining motor developmental milestones is associated with the big five personality traits 50 years later. Methods Mothers of 8395 infants from the Copenhagen Perinatal Cohort recorded a total of 12 motor developmental milestones during the first year of their infant’s life. Information on at least one milestone was available for 1307 singletons with adult follow-up scores on the NEO-Five-Factor Inventory. The mean age at personality testing was 50.1 years. Results Slower attainment of motor milestones was associated with increased neuroticism and lower conscientiousness in midlife. All 12 motor developmental milestones explained a total of 2.4% of the variance in neuroticism, while they explained 3.2% of the variance in conscientiousness. These results remained significant after adjustment for the included family and perinatal covariates, as well as adult intelligence. Discussion The personality trait of neuroticism is a general risk factor for psychopathology and has in young adulthood been found to be associated with early motor development. However, evidence on associations of motor developmental milestones with other personality traits has been non-existent. These findings suggest that delays in early motor development may not only characterise individuals with later psychopathology, including schizophrenia, but may also be associated with personality traits such as neuroticism and conscientiousness through the life course.
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Kijimoto, Teiya, und Armin P. Moczek. „Hedgehog signaling enables nutrition-responsive inhibition of an alternative morph in a polyphenic beetle“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, Nr. 21 (09.05.2016): 5982–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601505113.
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The recruitment of modular developmental genetic components into new developmental contexts has been proposed as a central mechanism enabling the origin of novel traits and trait functions without necessitating the origin of novel pathways. Here, we investigate the function of the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, a highly conserved pathway best understood for its role in patterning anterior/posterior (A/P) polarity of diverse traits, in the developmental evolution of beetle horns, an evolutionary novelty, and horn polyphenisms, a highly derived form of environment-responsive trait induction. We show that interactions among pathway members are conserved during development of Onthophagus horned beetles and have retained the ability to regulate A/P polarity in traditional appendages, such as legs. At the same time, the Hh signaling pathway has acquired a novel and highly unusual role in the nutrition-dependent regulation of horn polyphenisms by actively suppressing horn formation in low-nutrition males. Down-regulation of Hh signaling lifts this inhibition and returns a highly derived sigmoid horn body size allometry to its presumed ancestral, linear state. Our results suggest that recruitment of the Hh signaling pathway may have been a key step in the evolution of trait thresholds, such as those involved in horn polyphenisms and the corresponding origin of alternative phenotypes and complex allometries.
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Segura, V., C. Denancé, C. E. Durel und E. Costes. „Wide range QTL analysis for complex architectural traits in a 1-year-old apple progeny“. Genome 50, Nr. 2 (Februar 2007): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g07-002.
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The present study aimed at investigating the genetic determinisms of architectural traits in a 1-year-old apple ( Malus × domestica Borkh.). F1 progeny. A precise phenotyping including both tree topology and geometry was performed on 123 offspring. For a wide range of developmental traits, broad-sense heritability was estimated and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were investigated. Several loci controlling geometry were identified (i) for integrated traits, such as tree surface and volume; (ii) for traits related to the form of long sylleptic axillary shoots (LSAS), such as bending and basis angle; and (iii) for traits of finer components, such as internode length of the trunk and LSAS. Considering topology, 4 QTLs were mapped for the total number of sylleptic branching in the tree, suggesting a strong and complex genetic control that was analysed through colocalisations between QTLs mapped for the different shoot types (long, medium, short). Two QTLs were also mapped for a phenological trait (date of bud break). When several QTLs were detected for a trait, a linear model was built to test epistatic effects and estimate the whole percentage of variability explained. The discussion focuses on particular colocalisations and on the relevance of traits to further tree development.
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Shingleton, Alexander W. „Which Line to Follow? The Utility of Different Line-Fitting Methods to Capture the Mechanism of Morphological Scaling“. Integrative and Comparative Biology 59, Nr. 5 (23.05.2019): 1399–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz059.
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Abstract Bivariate morphological scaling relationships describe how the sizes of two traits co-vary among adults in a population. In as much as body shape is reflected by the relative size of various traits within the body, morphological scaling relationships capture how body shape varies with size, and therefore have been used widely as descriptors of morphological variation within and among species. Despite their extensive use, there is continuing discussion over which line-fitting method should be used to describe linear morphological scaling relationships. Here I argue that the “best” line-fitting method is the one that most accurately captures the proximate developmental mechanisms that generate scaling relationships. Using mathematical modeling, I show that the “best” line-fitting method depends on the pattern of variation among individuals in the developmental mechanisms that regulate trait size. For Drosophila traits, this pattern of variation indicates that major axis regression is the best line-fitting method. For morphological traits in other animals, however, other line-fitting methods may be more accurate. I provide a simple web-based application for researchers to explore how different line-fitting methods perform on their own morphological data.
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Swaddle, John, R. Earl Clelland und Judy Che. „Symmetry Preference as a Cognitive By-Product in Starlings“. Behaviour 141, Nr. 4 (2004): 469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853904323066748.
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AbstractThere has been a great deal of interest in whether animals use trait symmetry as a visual cue to mediate behavioural interactions. In bilaterally symmetric traits, small asymmetries (termed fluctuating asymmetry) appear due to increased developmental stress and/or genes for poor developmental homeostasis. Hence, researchers have hypothesized that symmetry can reveal the developmental history and, perhaps, fitness of an individual and this is why symmetry preferences have been observed. However, an additional theory suggests that symmetry could be preferred merely because it represents the average expression of bilateral traits. Animals can learn to respond to signals by generalizing (or averaging) stimulus sets. As the average expression of a trait showing fluctuating asymmetry is zero asymmetry, theory predicts that animals could develop a symmetry preference as a by-product of learning. Here, we test this prediction empirically with European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) and show that symmetry preferences can emerge as an outcome of generalized learning processes. Our results indicate that symmetry does not initially need to be associated with fitness to be an apparent cue in behavioural interactions and that symmetry preferences observed in nature could be independent of any putative fitness relationships.