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1
Wang, Yousong, Yufan Zhang, Yang Li, Martin H. Asare und Yan Zhang. „Empirical Study on Ecological Niche Evaluation on Regional Construction Industry in China“. Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 8, Nr. 1 (01.10.2014): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801408010164.
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The ecological system of the construction industry had been divided into three aspects, i.e.economy, scale and technology. Basing on the ecological niche theory, this paper established the evaluation model and studied on the ecologi-cal niche status about national regional construction industry in China using statistical data from 2007 to 2012. The analy-sis results show that Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Liaoning have the highest scores in the economic and the scaled niche. Tianjin, Beijing and Jiangsu’s technology niche are better. Overall, Integrated niche still has a better performance in Jiangsu, Zhe-jiang and Liaoning. The calculated values are 0.1002, 0.0696 and 0.0592 respectively. In terms of the discreteness and the diversity, the score of the scaled niche is the highest. The economic niche’s score is the second. And the lowest score is belonged to the technology niche. It is also found that the national construction industry has an unbalanced development in each area. The construction industry depends on the advantage of the economic investment and scaled advantage in the eastern coastal and the central regions. The level of the management and the technology is still low in the whole industry. Therefore, it is suggested that the Chinese government should enhance the strength of the construction investment and de-velopment in the north and west regions, ensuring the good developmental situation in the eastern and central regions. The R&D and the spreading of the technological advanced achievement should be strengthened. And the management and the technology level of the construction industry should be improved.
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Antai, Imoh, und Crispin M. Mutshinda. „Competitor Identification for Sustainable Survival Strategies: Illustration with Supply Chain Versus Supply Chain Competition“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 14 (14.07.2021): 7861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147861.
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We describe a methodology for identifying competitors from first principles, drawing on the ecological niche theory which stipulates that competition arises from the dependence of interacting entities on the same limiting resources or, in ecological terms, from overlap in their niches. Depending on the context, the entities of interest may be species, products, firms, countries, or supply chains. We discuss the concepts of niche breadth and niche overlap and provide a mathematical expression for computing the competitive effects of interacting entities on one another from niche breadth and overlap measures. We illustrate the competitor identification procedure with simulated data mimicking a situation where supply chains compete over logistics modes on which they rely for moving goods from point to point. Competition identification is invaluable to business sustainability as it allows the entities involved to remain sustainable and persist in a competitive environment by crafting effective strategies that allow them to continuously adapt to changes and mitigate the negative impacts of competition.
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Liu, Dandan, Anmin Huang, Dewei Yang, Jianyi Lin und Jiahui Liu. „Niche-Driven Socio-Environmental Linkages and Regional Sustainable Development“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 3 (27.01.2021): 1331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031331.
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The changes in niche roles and functions caused by competition for survival resources have implications in various domains, with natural science and social science standing out. Currently, expanding the ecological niche concept and its practical interpretation in the fields of social ecology, geography and sustainable science is becoming a crucial challenge. This paper is based on niche theory to observe niche evolution and resulting socio-ecological effects of 1186 towns in 19 prefecture cities in Yangtze River delta. The results indicate that: Towns around the Taihu Lake displayed obvious spatial agglomeration, which was leading the development of the entire region. The town niche shows obvious characteristics of north-south differences and hierarchy distribution. The niche coordination degree of Jiangsu Province was higher than that of Zhejiang Province. The higher the subsystem coordination degree, the better the town development. Towns with poor ecological conditions are often subject to competition, while towns with better ecological conditions often benefit from cooperative development. The niche separation and collaboration could enhance niche competition of towns and cities in the region. The proposed framework can facilitate interdisciplinary exchanges among geography, sociology, landscape ecology and regional planning and provide insights for understanding regional co-opetition relationship and regional sustainable development.
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Guo, Yulun, Tao Wang, García Molinos Jorge, Huan Zhang, Peiyu Zhang, Min Zhang und Jun Xu. „Differential Responses of Food Web Properties to Opposite Assembly Rules and Species Richness“. Water 12, Nr. 10 (12.10.2020): 2828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102828.
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Trophic niches condition the energetic performance of species within food webs providing a vital link between food web assembly, species diversity, and functioning of ecosystems. Our understanding of this important link is, however, limited by the lack of empirical tools that can be easily applied to compare entire food webs at regional scales. By comparison, with different a priori synthetic models defined according to specific assembly rules (i.e., purely random, limiting similarity, and niche filtering), we demonstrate that a set of food web properties (trophic richness, evenness, and divergence) are controlled by ecological processes. We further demonstrate that although both limiting similarity and niche filtering are statistically significant assembly processes shaping our studied lake food webs, their relative importance is richness-dependent, and contextual to the specific food web property under consideration. Our results have both important theoretical and practical implications. Theoretically, the observed richness-dependent variation on food web properties contradicts the common criticism on food web theory that food web properties are roughly scale-invariant. Practically, these properties can help avoiding spurious conclusions, while providing useful information for multiple food web niche spaces supporting the ecosystem functioning.
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Müller, Gerd B. „Why an extended evolutionary synthesis is necessary“. Interface Focus 7, Nr. 5 (18.08.2017): 20170015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2017.0015.
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Since the last major theoretical integration in evolutionary biology—the modern synthesis (MS) of the 1940s—the biosciences have made significant advances. The rise of molecular biology and evolutionary developmental biology, the recognition of ecological development, niche construction and multiple inheritance systems, the ‘-omics’ revolution and the science of systems biology, among other developments, have provided a wealth of new knowledge about the factors responsible for evolutionary change. Some of these results are in agreement with the standard theory and others reveal different properties of the evolutionary process. A renewed and extended theoretical synthesis, advocated by several authors in this issue, aims to unite pertinent concepts that emerge from the novel fields with elements of the standard theory. The resulting theoretical framework differs from the latter in its core logic and predictive capacities. Whereas the MS theory and its various amendments concentrate on genetic and adaptive variation in populations, the extended framework emphasizes the role of constructive processes, ecological interactions and systems dynamics in the evolution of organismal complexity as well as its social and cultural conditions. Single-level and unilinear causation is replaced by multilevel and reciprocal causation. Among other consequences, the extended framework overcomes many of the limitations of traditional gene-centric explanation and entails a revised understanding of the role of natural selection in the evolutionary process. All these features stimulate research into new areas of evolutionary biology.
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Olson, Mark E. „Plant Evolutionary Ecology in the Age of the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis“. Integrative and Comparative Biology 59, Nr. 3 (20.05.2019): 493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz042.
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AbstractPlant ecology is increasingly turning to evolutionary questions, just as evolutionary biology pushes out of the strictures of the Modern Synthesis into what some regard as an “Extended Evolutionary Synthesis.” As plant ecology becomes increasingly evolutionary, it is essential to ask how aspects of the Extended Synthesis might impinge on plant ecological theory and practice. I examine the contribution of plant evolutionary ecology to niche construction theory, as well as the potential for developmental systems theory and genes-as-followers adaptive evolution, all important post-Modern Synthesis themes, in providing novel perspectives for plant evolutionary ecology. I also examine ways that overcoming dichotomies such as “genetic vs. plastic” and “constraint vs. adaptation” provide fertile opportunities for plant evolutionary ecologists. Along the same lines, outgrowing vague concepts such as “stress” and replacing them with more precise terminology in all cases provides vastly increased causal clarity. As a result, the synthetic path that plant ecologists are blazing, becoming more evolutionary every year, bodes extremely well for the field, with vast potential for expansion into important scientific territory.
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Zhang, Danning, Yanshu Shi und Weiwei Li. „China’s Sharing Economy of Mobility Industry: From Perspective of Industrial Ecosystem“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 24 (12.12.2019): 7130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247130.
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The development of China’s sharing economy has slowed down significantly after experiencing the savage growth since the beginning of 2018 and has entered the turning point of structural adjustment. Factors including homogeneous and single profit model, excessive reliance on capital, and the immaturity of win-win industrial ecosystem are major bottlenecks. Therefore, how to overcome the obstacles is a key issue to be solved urgently. In view of the sharing economy’s characteristics of industry integration and cross-boundary symbiosis, the concept of sharing economy industrial ecosystem was put forward. Furthermore, social network analysis (SNA) was used to solve the problem of weak synergy in the development of China’s sharing economy and strive to break through the development bottleneck in order to realize the optimization of China’s sharing industry ecosystem and the sustainable development of industry. Specially, we proposed a fusion framework of industrial ecosystem and SNA including macro, meso, and micro dimensions. Macro analysis is based on the fusion of ecological environment in ecosystem theory and density analysis in SNA. Meso analysis is based on the fusion of ecological communities in ecosystem theory and subgroup analysis in SNA. Micro analysis is based on the fusion of an ecological niche in ecosystem theory and centrality analysis in SNA. It was found that the ecosystem of sharing mobility industry has been basically established, and the ecological diversity is good, including sharing mobility, third-party platform, automobile manufacturing, insurance and venture capital enterprises and universities. In addition, some sharing enterprises, typically represented by Didi, are upgrading their strategies to ecological development through cross-border integration. Mobile payment plays a vital role in developing China’s sharing mobility industry.
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Zeder, Melinda A. „Domestication as a model system for the extended evolutionary synthesis“. Interface Focus 7, Nr. 5 (18.08.2017): 20160133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2016.0133.
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One of the challenges in evaluating arguments for extending the conceptual framework of evolutionary biology involves the identification of a tractable model system that allows for an assessment of the core assumptions of the extended evolutionary synthesis (EES). The domestication of plants and animals by humans provides one such case study opportunity. Here, I consider domestication as a model system for exploring major tenets of the EES. First I discuss the novel insights that niche construction theory (NCT, one of the pillars of the EES) provides into the domestication processes, particularly as they relate to five key areas: coevolution, evolvability, ecological inheritance, cooperation and the pace of evolutionary change. This discussion is next used to frame testable predictions about initial domestication of plants and animals that contrast with those grounded in standard evolutionary theory, demonstrating how these predictions might be tested in multiple regions where initial domestication took place. I then turn to a broader consideration of how domestication provides a model case study consideration of the different ways in which the core assumptions of the EES strengthen and expand our understanding of evolution, including reciprocal causation, developmental processes as drivers of evolutionary change, inclusive inheritance, and the tempo and rate of evolutionary change.
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Pinho, Patrícia F., Luciano J. S. Anjos, Saulo Rodrigues-Filho, Diogo V. Santos und Peter M. Toledo. „Projections of Brazilian biomes resilience and socio-environmental risks to climate change“. Sustentabilidade em Debate 11, Nr. 3 (31.12.2020): 225–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18472/sustdeb.v11n3.2020.33918.
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Climate change has been considered, at a global level, as one of the main anthropogenic drivers of environmental transformation, especially on biomes, ecosystems and the most vulnerable population. In this regard, the concept of resilience has been widely used in ecology to explain the ecosystem transition thresholds by which forests and other habitats are able to restructure in the face of various external disturbances. However, the concept of resilience in facing climate change impacts and risks through the lens of socio-environmental risks in Brazil is still underdeveloped, especially at the biome level. This article uses the theory of critical transitions to ecological niche distribution modeling in future global warming scenarios by the end of the century, in order to highlight the change in ecological resilience of the Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Pampa biomes, and how the changes in resilience can lead to an increased exposure, vulnerabilities and risks to socio-environmental security. This article shows how an interdisciplinary approach bringing together modeling of biome resilience may be a tool to support decision making and public policies on mitigation and adaptation to climate change and reduce risks to socio-environmental security.
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Piperno, Dolores R. „Assessing elements of an extended evolutionary synthesis for plant domestication and agricultural origin research“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, Nr. 25 (02.06.2017): 6429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1703658114.
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The development of agricultural societies, one of the most transformative events in human and ecological history, was made possible by plant and animal domestication. Plant domestication began 12,000–10,000 y ago in a number of major world areas, including the New World tropics, Southwest Asia, and China, during a period of profound global environmental perturbations as the Pleistocene epoch ended and transitioned into the Holocene. Domestication is at its heart an evolutionary process, and for many prehistorians evolutionary theory has been foundational in investigating agricultural origins. Similarly, geneticists working largely with modern crops and their living wild progenitors have documented some of the mechanisms that underwrote phenotypic transformations from wild to domesticated species. Ever-improving analytic methods for retrieval of empirical data from archaeological sites, together with advances in genetic, genomic, epigenetic, and experimental research on living crop plants and wild progenitors, suggest that three fields of study currently little applied to plant domestication processes may be necessary to understand these transformations across a range of species important in early prehistoric agriculture. These fields are phenotypic (developmental) plasticity, niche construction theory, and epigenetics with transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. All are central in a controversy about whether an Extended Evolutionary Synthesis is needed to reconceptualize how evolutionary change occurs. An exploration of their present and potential utility in domestication study shows that all three fields have considerable promise in elucidating important issues in plant domestication and in agricultural origin and dispersal research and should be increasingly applied to these issues.
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Franklin, Janet. „Predictive vegetation mapping: geographic modelling of biospatial patterns in relation to environmental gradients“. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 19, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1995): 474–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339501900403.
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Predictive vegetation mapping can be defined as predicting the geographic distribution of the vegetation composition across a landscape from mapped environmental variables. Comput erized predictive vegetation mapping is made possible by the availability of digital maps of topography and other environmental variables such as soils, geology and climate variables, and geographic information system software for manipulating these data. Especially important to predictive vegetation mapping are interpolated climatic variables related to physiological tolerances, and topographic variables, derived from digital elevation grids, related to site energy and moisture balance. Predictive vegetation mapping is founded in ecological niche theory and gradient analysis, and driven by the need to map vegetation patterns over large areas for resource conservation planning, and to predict the effects of environmental change on vegetation distributions. Predictive vegetation mapping has advanced over the past two decades especially in conjunction with the development of remote sensing-based vegetation mapping and digital geographic information analysis. A number of statistical and, more recently, machine-learning methods have been used to develop and implement predictive vegetation models.
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Zhang, Jifei, Chunyan Liu und Fei Chang. „A New Approach for Multifunctional Zoning of Territorial Space: The Panxi Area of the Upper Yangtze River in China Case Study“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 8 (18.04.2019): 2325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082325.
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Multifunctional zoning is the primary basis for developing differentiated spatial planning systems and management policies of territorial spaces. The purpose of the paper is to generate an integrated multifunctional zoning scheme of the territorial space in Panxi by employing the functional significance assessment funded on the niche theory and its measurement models, in order to benefit the high efficiency land utilization and other socioeconomic development initiatives, such as the industrial poverty alleviation and mountainous urbanization in the regional scale. In this paper, the six main functions of territorial space were selected and the corresponding index systems were established for the Panxi Area. First, the significances of six territorial functions were evaluated using two niche models. Second, the K-means clustering method was employed to cluster the functional significance grades, acquiring the integrated multifunctional zoning scheme after qualitative adjustment. The results showed that the spatial distribution characteristics of the functional significance for territorial spaces were different. Prominent regions with higher functional significance of agricultural production were concentrated in the vicinity of the Anning River Basin. The distributions of higher significance for industrial development and mineral resources supply functions were correlated with the overall economic development in the Panxi Area. The regions with higher functional significance for tourism & leisure showed advantages on tourist attractions’ quality. The regions with higher significance for habitat service and ecosystem services functions presented advantages on good livability and ecological conditions. The integrated multifunctional zoning scheme for territorial space was highly in consistence with the Major Function Oriented Zoning of Sichuan Province and the “Thirteen Five” Development Plan for Panxi Economic Zone. Generally, the results indicated the rationality and feasibility of the research method, which provides a theoretical basis for coordinating and shaping the structure and pattern of territorial spaces, especially in the mountainous environment with distinct geographical as well as functional differences.
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SLACK, NANCY G. „Bryophytes and ecological niche theory“. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 104, Nr. 1-3 (September 1990): 187–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb02218.x.
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Justus, James. „Ecological Theory and the Superfluous Niche“. Philosophical Topics 47, Nr. 1 (2019): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtopics20194716.
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Perhaps no concept has been thought more important to ecological theorizing than the niche. Without it, technically sophisticated and well-regarded accounts of character displacement, ecological equivalence, limiting similarity, and others would seemingly never have been developed. The niche is also widely considered the centerpiece of the best candidate for a distinctively ecological law, the competitive exclusion principle. But the incongruous array and imprecise character of proposed definitions of the concept square poorly with its apparent scientific centrality. I argue this definitional diversity and imprecision reflects a problematic conceptual indeterminacy that challenges its putative indispensability in ecology.
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Liang, Jianchao, Zhifeng Ding, Zhigang Jiang, Xiaojun Yang, Rongbo Xiao, Paras Bikram Singh, Yiming Hu, Keji Guo, Zhixiang Zhang und Huijian Hu. „Climate change, habitat connectivity, and conservation gaps: a case study of four ungulate species endemic to the Tibetan Plateau“. Landscape Ecology 36, Nr. 4 (04.02.2021): 1071–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01202-0.
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Abstract Context Habitat connectivity is essential for the long-term persistence of species, but is commonly disregarded in climate change impact studies. The Tibetan Plateau contains a biome rich in endemic ungulates, which are highly sensitive to climatic variations and deserve particular attention in conservation planning against climate change. Objectives We evaluated the response and vulnerability of habitat connectivity to climate change for four ungulate species endemic to the Tibetan Plateau, and examined the robustness of protected areas (PAs) for the conservation of these species under climate change. Methods For each focal species, we developed ecological niche models to predict the spatial variations in habitat under climate change and conducted a network-theoretical analysis to estimate the consequent changes in habitat connectivity. Moreover, we used the circuit theory to characterize dispersal patterns of these species and conducted gap analyses to estimate the contribution of existing PAs to the conservation of these species. Results The four focal species will experience a remarkable connectivity loss that outpaced their habitat loss in response to climate change. Currently, 53.39 and 46.64% of the areas that could contribute to the habitat suitability and connectivity, respectively, of these species are unprotected. These values could further increase under future climate conditions. Conclusions Climate-driven habitat variations may lead to the loss of key connectivity areas between the habitats of ungulates, causing disproportionate decrease in habitat connectivity. The existing PAs on the Tibetan Plateau are not robust for the conservation of the four ungulates. Adjustment of certain key PAs may help to address the conservation gaps.
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Shugart, H. H., G. B. Bonan und E. B. Rastetter. „Niche theory and community organization“. Canadian Journal of Botany 66, Nr. 12 (01.12.1988): 2634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-359.
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The ecological niche concept was developed by animal ecologists, and the concept has only recently been applied to plant population studies to any great degree. Many different aspects of the niche concept have been explored to determine the manner in which plant communities are organized. In one approach, interest in understanding the response of plant populations to fine-scale heterogeneity has given plant ecologists an organism-oriented view of the plant community. One advantage of the concepts that are presently being developed in plant ecological studies is that individual-plant models can be used to scale the understanding of microscale plant phenomena to larger spatial scales. In this paper, we present two examples that show how these niche concepts can be incorporated into dynamic models that can be used to generate landscape-scale patterns.
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Slagsvold, Tore, und Karen L. Wiebe. „Learning the ecological niche“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, Nr. 1606 (29.09.2006): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3663.
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A cornerstone of ecological theory is the ecological niche. Yet little is known about how individuals come to adopt it: whether it is innate or learned. Here, we report a cross-fostering experiment in the wild where we transferred eggs of blue tits, Cyanistes caeruleus , to nests of great tits, Parus major , and vice versa, to quantify the consequences of being reared in a different social context, but in an environment otherwise natural to the birds. We show that early learning causes a shift in the feeding niche in the direction of the foster species and that this shift lasts for life (foraging conservatism). Both species changed their feeding niches, but the change was greater in the great tit with its less specialized feeding behaviour. The study shows that cultural transmission through early learning is fundamental to the realization of ecological niches, and suggests a mechanism to explain learned habitat preference and sympatric speciation in animals.
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Hernández-Lambraño, Ricardo Enrique, David Rodríguez de la Cruz und José Ángel Sánchez Agudo. „Effects of the Climate Change on Peripheral Populations of Hydrophytes: A Sensitivity Analysis for European Plant Species Based on Climate Preferences“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 6 (12.03.2021): 3147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063147.
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Biogeographical theory suggests that widespread retractions of species’ rear edges are expected due to anthropogenic climate change, affecting in a particularly intense way those linked to fragile habitats, such as species’ rear edges closely dependent on specific water conditions. In this way, this paper studies the potential effects of anthropogenic climate change on distribution patterns of threatened rear edge populations of five European hydrophyte plants distributed in the Iberian Peninsula. We explored (i) whether these populations occur at the limit of the species’ climatic tolerance, (ii) we quantified their geographic patterns of vulnerability to climate change, and in addition, (iii) we identified in a spatially explicit way whether these threatened populations occur in vulnerable environments to climate change. To do this, we simulated the climatic niche of five hydrophyte species using an ecological modelling approach based on occurrences and a set of readily available climatic data. Our results show that the Iberian populations studied tended to occur in less suitable environments relative to each of the species’ optimal climates. This result suggests a plausible explanation for the current degree of stagnancy or regression experienced by these populations which showed high sensitivity and thus vulnerability to thermal extremes and high seasonality of wet and temperature. Climatic predictions for 2050 displayed that most of the examined populations will tend to occur in situations of environmental risk in the Iberian Peninsula. This result suggests that the actions aimed at the conservation of these populations should be prioritized in the geographic locations in which vulnerability is greatest.
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Hawkes, Christine V., und Elise W. Connor. „Translating Phytobiomes from Theory to Practice: Ecological and Evolutionary Considerations“. Phytobiomes Journal 1, Nr. 2 (Januar 2017): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pbiomes-05-17-0019-rvw.
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The tremendous potential of the plant microbiome to improve plant growth and production means that microbes are in the process of becoming an everyday tool in agronomic practices. However, historically field applications of microbes have had low success. We propose that development and optimization of microbiome treatments will benefit from the integration of ecological and evolutionary niche theory into plant microbiome studies. Thus, we review several niche-based processes that can aid in the development and implementation of microbiome treatments. Current predictive approaches include evolutionary history, habitat origin, ecological traits, resource trade, and gene signatures, none of which are mutually exclusive. A robust predictive framework must further account for observed plasticity and context dependence in microbial function. Development of microbiome treatments that will successfully establish in the field can also benefit from a better understanding of niche-based processes such as niche partitioning to limit competitive interactions and maximize persistence, priority effects to allow establishment before resident taxa, storage effects that take advantage of temporal variation in niche availability, and local adaptation to specific environments. Using endophytic fungi as examples, we illustrate current knowledge and gaps in these areas. Finally, we address existing limitations to the broad-scale development of successful microbiome tools.
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Barton, Philip S., Martin J. Westgate, Claire N. Foster, Kim Cuddington, Alan Hastings, Luke S. O'Loughlin, Chloe F. Sato, Michael R. Willig und David B. Lindenmayer. „Using ecological niche theory to avoid uninformative biodiversity surrogates“. Ecological Indicators 108 (Januar 2020): 105692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105692.
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Kivlin, Stephanie N., Christine V. Hawkes, Monica Papeş, Kathleen K. Treseder und Colin Averill. „The future of microbial ecological niche theory and modeling“. New Phytologist 231, Nr. 2 (15.06.2021): 508–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.17373.
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Parentoni Martins, Rogério. „To what degree are philosophy and the ecological niche concept necessary in the ecological theory and conservation?“ European Journal of Ecology 3, Nr. 1 (28.03.2017): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eje-2017-0005.
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AbstractEcology as a field produces philosophical anxiety, largely because it differs in scientific structure from classical physics. The hypothetical deductive models of classical physics are simple and predictive; general ecological models are predictably limited, as they refer to complex, multi-causal processes. Inattention to the conceptual structure of ecology usually imposes difficulties for the application of ecological models. Imprecise descriptions of ecological niche have obstructed the development of collective definitions, causing confusion in the literature and complicating communication between theoretical ecologists, conservationists and decision and policy-makers. Intense, unprecedented erosion of biodiversity is typical of the Anthropocene, and knowledge of ecology may provide solutions to lessen the intensification of species losses. Concerned philosophers and ecologists have characterised ecological niche theory as less useful in practice; however, some theorists maintain that is has relevant applications for conservation. Species niche modelling, for instance, has gained traction in the literature; however, there are few examples of its successful application. Philosophical analysis of the structure, precision and constraints upon the definition of a ‘niche’ may minimise the anxiety surrounding ecology, potentially facilitating communication between policy-makers and scientists within the various ecological subcultures. The results may enhance the success of conservation applications at both small and large scales.
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Weiher, Evan, Deborah Freund, Tyler Bunton, Artur Stefanski, Tali Lee und Stephen Bentivenga. „Advances, challenges and a developing synthesis of ecological community assembly theory“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, Nr. 1576 (27.08.2011): 2403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0056.
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Ecological approaches to community assembly have emphasized the interplay between neutral processes, niche-based environmental filtering and niche-based species sorting in an interactive milieu. Recently, progress has been made in terms of aligning our vocabulary with conceptual advances, assessing how trait-based community functional parameters differ from neutral expectation and assessing how traits vary along environmental gradients. Experiments have confirmed the influence of these processes on assembly and have addressed the role of dispersal in shaping local assemblages. Community phylogenetics has forged common ground between ecologists and biogeographers, but it is not a proxy for trait-based approaches. Community assembly theory is in need of a comparative synthesis that addresses how the relative importance of niche and neutral processes varies among taxa, along environmental gradients, and across scales. Towards that goal, we suggest a set of traits that probably confer increasing community neutrality and regionality and review the influences of stress, disturbance and scale on the importance of niche assembly. We advocate increasing the complexity of experiments in order to assess the relative importance of multiple processes. As an example, we provide evidence that dispersal, niche processes and trait interdependencies have about equal influence on trait-based assembly in an experimental grassland.
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Catton, Philip. „Marxist Critical Theory, Contradictions, and Ecological Succession“. Dialogue 28, Nr. 4 (1989): 637–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300012555.
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Marx called a social pattern “contradictory” if the conditions of its maintenance are also key ingredients for its demise. The science of ecology, too, studies patterns the conditions for whose maintenance are also key ingredients for their demise. The historical materialist notion of contradiction has a close counterpart in the ecological notion of succession. Succession is a process by which the structure of a biological community—both niche structure and species structure—changes as a result of each species' modification of the habitat. Just by living, each species members alters its environment, and in non-climax communities these effects, summed over all living things, constitute disequilibria. The habitat changes, and with it the niche structure. Gradually the species structure of the community changes. Each seral stage, with its distinctive species structure, requires for its maintenance the ongoing existence of living members of each species in the structure; yet this condition is the key ingredient for succession, for the demise of the seral stage. Succession results, in effect, from contradictions that are present in each seral stage. (For an illustrative example of seral stages and biological succession, see the Appendix.)
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Nascimento, Ana Paula Branco do, Maurício Lamano Ferreira und Silvia Maria Guerra Molina. „Ecological Niche Theory: Non-traditional Urban and Rural Human Populations“. Journal of Human Ecology 32, Nr. 3 (Dezember 2010): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2010.11906337.
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Wang, Rongfei. „A New Exploration of Roderick Usher’s Death Based on the Ecological Niche Theory“. English Language and Literature Studies 10, Nr. 2 (07.04.2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v10n2p27.
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Roderick Usher is the protagonist of Edgar Allan Poe’s masterpiece The Fall of The House of Usher. Concerning his death, the scholars and critics at home and abroad have discussed a lot but there is no fixed conclusion. Based on the ecological niche theory, this thesis explored Roderick Usher’s death and concluded that his death was a natural outcome as his natural as well as his social niche positions were on the decline because of his failure to have effective communication with the environment he was living in and with the people around him. Furthermore, his niche trend to do nothing to the ever-decaying living environment but to do harm to his twin sister further accelerated the demise of his niche position. It is hoped that this thesis can shed some new light on the exploration of Roderick Usher’s death and work as a kind of tentatively interdisciplinary research between ecology and literature.
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Kearney, Michael, Stephen J. Simpson, David Raubenheimer und Brian Helmuth. „Modelling the ecological niche from functional traits“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, Nr. 1557 (12.11.2010): 3469–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0034.
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The niche concept is central to ecology but is often depicted descriptively through observing associations between organisms and habitats. Here, we argue for the importance of mechanistically modelling niches based on functional traits of organisms and explore the possibilities for achieving this through the integration of three theoretical frameworks: biophysical ecology (BE), the geometric framework for nutrition (GF) and dynamic energy budget (DEB) models. These three frameworks are fundamentally based on the conservation laws of thermodynamics, describing energy and mass balance at the level of the individual and capturing the prodigious predictive power of the concepts of ‘homeostasis’ and ‘evolutionary fitness’. BE and the GF provide mechanistic multi-dimensional depictions of climatic and nutritional niches, respectively, providing a foundation for linking organismal traits (morphology, physiology, behaviour) with habitat characteristics. In turn, they provide driving inputs and cost functions for mass/energy allocation within the individual as determined by DEB models. We show how integration of the three frameworks permits calculation of activity constraints, vital rates (survival, development, growth, reproduction) and ultimately population growth rates and species distributions. When integrated with contemporary niche theory, functional trait niche models hold great promise for tackling major questions in ecology and evolutionary biology.
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Wang, Yan, Mei Han und Xue Hui Zhang. „The Niche Vision of the Development of Higher Education for the Deaf in China“. Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (Dezember 2013): 2987–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.2987.
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The development of higher education for the deaf has always been concerned by countries , many scholars have carried out analysis and research from different aspects.The paper from a new Angle of view about the ecological niche theory, illustrate the relationship between ecological niche theory and the development of higher education for the deaf in China, and the ability to adapt to ,improve ability and possess ability as the three important ecological factors in the development of higher education of the deaf.
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Kareva, Irina. „Cancer Ecology: Niche Construction, Keystone Species, Ecological Succession, and Ergodic Theory“. Biological Theory 10, Nr. 4 (15.10.2015): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13752-015-0226-y.
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Milne, George R., und Charlotte H. Mason. „An ecological niche theory approach to the measurement of brand competition“. Marketing Letters 1, Nr. 3 (November 1990): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00640803.
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Ito, Hironobu, Yuji Ishikawa, Masami Yoshimoto und Naoyuki Yamamoto. „Diversity of Brain Morphology in Teleosts: Brain and Ecological Niche“. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 69, Nr. 2 (2007): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000095196.
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Monicaningsih, Aisyah. „ECOLOGICAL NICHE THEORY (Nichespace, Niche Breadth and Niche Overlap, Competitive Superiority) Local Media in Central Java (Suara Merdeka And Tribun Jateng)“. Interaksi: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi 6, Nr. 1 (28.12.2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/interaksi.6.1.63-76.
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ABSTRACTThe Central Java Province has a wide range of local media both print and electronic media. The print media in Central Java is growing rapidly, as are present in the data follows the various print media market in Central Java. Suara Merdeka is one of the well-known mass media in Central Java Province, and is a daily morning newspaper published in the city of Semarang, Central Java. This daily has a circulation limited to the area of Central Java. The other one Tribun Jateng newspaper is a network Tribunnews newspaper, Kompas Gramedia Group. With the tagline "Spirit Baru Jawa Tengah", this newspapers targeting readers in Central Java have low price that only one hundred rupias so that all people can read a lot of information easily in physical form.As part of the print media, also affected the circulation of newspapers in Central Java, this research will discuss about how local media incase Suara Merdeka and Tribun Jateng consume resources the same and run a similar function in an environment in which the print media regional / local in which there is competition and live alongside each other. This study use qualitative research method, descriptive by interviewing informants from each newspaper, and study documents in the analysis using Niche Theory. This study aims to determine the Nichespace, Niche Breadth and Niche Overlap, Competitive Superiority of the local media that have popular areas in Central Java.The conclusion of this study is Nichespace terms both of the print media grab each local market both in terms of Central Java Region of the marketing and newspaper readers. Niche Breadth and Niche Overlap is different then the unit can coexist this is due to similarities between the two stories a bit, but both newspapers also must be careful to keep their respective markets both readers and ad target it to anticipate the competition fierce between the two mediums. Competitive Superiority media that most have the power to meet the needs of media audiences in Central Java primarily in Semarang is Suara Merdeka, but Suara Merdeka need to be vigilant if at any time the Tribune Jateng as a new medium that has the advantage of cheaper prices, easily obtained as in retailers who are in the traffic light in the city of Semarang can replace or destroy senior media like Suara Merdeka.Keywords: Media Local / Regional, Niche Theory, Space Niche, Niche Breadth and Niche Overlap, Competitive Superiority
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Desjardins, Eric. „On the Meaning of “Coevolution” in Social-Ecological Studies“. Philosophical Topics 47, Nr. 1 (2019): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtopics20194713.
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Researchers studying linked Social-Ecological Systems (SESs) often use the notion of coevolution in describing the relation between humans and the rest of nature. However, most descriptions of the concept of socio-ecological coevolution remain elusive and poorly articulated. The objective of the following paper is to further specify and enrich the meaning of “coevolution” in social-ecological studies. After a critical analysis of two accounts of coevolution in ecological economics, the paper uses the frameworks of Niche Construction Theory and the Geographic Mosaic Theory to define social-ecological coevolution as the reciprocal adaptation of human-social and ecological ensembles through human and ecological niche construction activities. In sum, this conceptual analysis suggests that an ecologization of Darwinian coevolution can bring clarity to profound functional integration that takes place between humans and ecological systems, and at the same time opens fruitful avenues for social-ecological research.
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Matas, Gordan, und Iva Donelli. „Ecological systems theory“. Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Splitu, Nr. 13 (2020): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.38003/zrffs.13.5.
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In this paper, Toni Morrison’s novel Beloved (1987) will be considered from the point of view of developmental psychology. Morrison’s works can be seen as representing an intertwinement of social, historico-political and emotional themes which play a crucial role in the identity construction of the author’s characters. Therefore, the Ecological Systems Theory proposed by Urie Bronfenbrenner will be employed to closely examine how the identities of Morrison’s characters are being shaped in the novel. The usage of the five systems on which Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model is based– chronosystem, macrosystem, exosystem, mesosystem and microsystem, will provide an often missing holistic approach necessary for better understanding of how and why Morrison’s characters are (un)able to complete their developmental journey of identity construction successfully.
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Simoes, Marianna, Daniel Romero-Alvarez, Claudia Nuñez-Penichet, Laura Jiménez und Marlon E. Cobos. „General Theory and Good Practices in Ecological Niche Modeling: A Basic Guide“. Biodiversity Informatics 15, Nr. 2 (20.04.2020): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/bi.v15i2.13376.
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Ecological niche modeling (ENM) and species distribution modeling (SDM) are sets of tools that allow the estimation of distributional areas on the basis of establishing relationships among known occurrences and environmental variables. These tools have a wide range of applications, particularly in biogeography, macroecology, and conservation biology, granting prediction of species potential distributional patterns in the present and dynamics of these areas in different periods or scenarios. Due to their relevance and practical applications, the usage of these methodologies has significantly increased throughout the years. Here, we provide a manual with the basic routines used in this field and a practical example of its implementation to promote good practices and guidance for new users.
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Goddard, Christine, und Cristopher Aschemann-Witzel. „A Leap Forward Path Model of Niche Based on Brand Ecological Theory“. International Journal of Smart Business and Technology 9, Nr. 1 (30.03.2021): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21742/ijsbt.2021.9.1.04.
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Doncaster, C. Patrick. „Ecological Equivalence: A Realistic Assumption for Niche Theory as a Testable Alternative to Neutral Theory“. PLoS ONE 4, Nr. 10 (14.10.2009): e7460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007460.
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Kendal, Jeremy, Jamshid J. Tehrani und John Odling-Smee. „Human niche construction in interdisciplinary focus“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, Nr. 1566 (27.03.2011): 785–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0306.
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Niche construction is an endogenous causal process in evolution, reciprocal to the causal process of natural selection. It works by adding ecological inheritance , comprising the inheritance of natural selection pressures previously modified by niche construction, to genetic inheritance in evolution. Human niche construction modifies selection pressures in environments in ways that affect both human evolution, and the evolution of other species. Human ecological inheritance is exceptionally potent because it includes the social transmission and inheritance of cultural knowledge, and material culture. Human genetic inheritance in combination with human cultural inheritance thus provides a basis for gene–culture coevolution, and multivariate dynamics in cultural evolution. Niche construction theory potentially integrates the biological and social aspects of the human sciences. We elaborate on these processes, and provide brief introductions to each of the papers published in this theme issue.
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Santana, F. S., M. F. de Siqueira, A. M. Saraiva und P. L. P. Correa. „A reference business process for ecological niche modelling“. Ecological Informatics 3, Nr. 1 (Januar 2008): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2007.12.003.
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Jiang, Luwei, Tenghao Zhang und Yanfei Feng. „Identifying the Critical Factors of Sustainable Manufacturing Using the Fuzzy DEMATEL Method“. Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences 5, Nr. 2 (05.11.2020): 391–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amns.2020.2.00045.
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AbstractThe burgeoning trend of globalization gives rise to the formation of the manufacturing ecosystem. This study aims to identify the critical factors of sustainable manufacturing for countries and regions across the globe finding their unique ecological niches. From the perspective of the ecological niche, we develop an evaluation system of the manufacturing niche. By using the fuzzy Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method, the critical factors, and its causal relationships of the manufacturing niche can be quantified and visualized. The results indicate that: (1) the evaluation system of the manufacturing niche is characterized by complexity and interactivity; (2) technical factors have the strongest impact on the evaluation system, among which R&D investment intensity and the input-output ratio of new products are key indicators; and (3) technical and policy factors are decisive for the system and actively influence economic and ecological factors. Theoretically, it is beneficial to augment the niche theory and industrial economics. Practically, it helps to create a win-win situation to facilitate governments to enact suitable industrial strategies and assist the manufacturing toward a more sustainable trajectory.
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Liu, Han Zhou. „Restore Ecological Theories of Urban Landscape System Planning Revelation“. Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 3981–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.3981.
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Principles of restoration ecology include the theory of restrictive factors, structure theory of ecosystem ecological fitness theory, niche theory, community succession theory, biodiversity theory and patch-corridor-matrix theory, etc. These theories for urban ecosystem characteristics, reflecting and improving the urban ecological environment with the original content, having great insight in the amount, shape and guidelines to build urban landscape system, its not only becoming the urban landscape system planning and important theoretical foundation of the building, but also providing a new way of thinking for the construction of urban landscape system.
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Stamps, Judy A., und Ton G. G. Groothuis. „Developmental perspectives on personality: implications for ecological and evolutionary studies of individual differences“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, Nr. 1560 (27.12.2010): 4029–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0218.
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Developmental processes can have major impacts on the correlations in behaviour across contexts (contextual generality) and across time (temporal consistency) that are the hallmarks of animal personality. Personality can and does change: at any given age or life stage it is contingent upon a wide range of experiential factors that occurred earlier in life, from prior to conception through adulthood. We show how developmental reaction norms that describe the effects of prior experience on a given behaviour can be used to determine whether the effects of a given experience at a given age will affect contextual generality at a later age, and to illustrate how variation within individuals in developmental plasticity leads to variation in contextual generality across individuals as a function of experience. We also show why niche-picking and niche-construction, behavioural processes which allow individuals to affect their own developmental environment, can affect the contextual generality and the temporal consistency of personality. We conclude by discussing how an appreciation of developmental processes can alert behavioural ecologists studying animal personality to critical, untested assumptions that underlie their own research programmes, and outline situations in which a developmental perspective can improve studies of the functional significance and evolution of animal personality.
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Litsios, Glenn, Anna Kostikova und Nicolas Salamin. „Host specialist clownfishes are environmental niche generalists“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, Nr. 1795 (22.11.2014): 20133220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3220.
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Why generalist and specialist species coexist in nature is a question that has interested evolutionary biologists for a long time. While the coexistence of specialists and generalists exploiting resources on a single ecological dimension has been theoretically and empirically explored, biological systems with multiple resource dimensions (e.g. trophic, ecological) are less well understood. Yet, such systems may provide an alternative to the classical theory of stable evolutionary coexistence of generalist and specialist species on a single resource dimension. We explore such systems and the potential trade-offs between different resource dimensions in clownfishes. All species of this iconic clade are obligate mutualists with sea anemones yet show interspecific variation in anemone host specificity. Moreover, clownfishes developed variable environmental specialization across their distribution. In this study, we test for the existence of a relationship between host-specificity (number of anemones associated with a clownfish species) and environmental-specificity (expressed as the size of the ecological niche breadth across climatic gradients). We find a negative correlation between host range and environmental specificities in temperature, salinity and pH, probably indicating a trade-off between both types of specialization forcing species to specialize only in a single direction. Trade-offs in a multi-dimensional resource space could be a novel way of explaining the coexistence of generalist and specialists.
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Pagel, Jörn, Martina Treurnicht, William J. Bond, Tineke Kraaij, Henning Nottebrock, AnneLise Schutte-Vlok, Jeanne Tonnabel, Karen J. Esler und Frank M. Schurr. „Mismatches between demographic niches and geographic distributions are strongest in poorly dispersed and highly persistent plant species“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, Nr. 7 (06.02.2020): 3663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908684117.
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The ecological niche of a species describes the variation in population growth rates along environmental gradients that drives geographic range dynamics. Niches are thus central for understanding and forecasting species’ geographic distributions. However, theory predicts that migration limitation, source–sink dynamics, and time-lagged local extinction can cause mismatches between niches and geographic distributions. It is still unclear how relevant these niche–distribution mismatches are for biodiversity dynamics and how they depend on species life-history traits. This is mainly due to a lack of the comprehensive, range-wide demographic data needed to directly infer ecological niches for multiple species. Here we quantify niches from extensive demographic measurements along environmental gradients across the geographic ranges of 26 plant species (Proteaceae; South Africa). We then test whether life history explains variation in species’ niches and niche–distribution mismatches. Niches are generally wider for species with high seed dispersal or persistence abilities. Life-history traits also explain the considerable interspecific variation in niche–distribution mismatches: poorer dispersers are absent from larger parts of their potential geographic ranges, whereas species with higher persistence ability more frequently occupy environments outside their ecological niche. Our study thus identifies major demographic and functional determinants of species’ niches and geographic distributions. It highlights that the inference of ecological niches from geographical distributions is most problematic for poorly dispersed and highly persistent species. We conclude that the direct quantification of ecological niches from demographic responses to environmental variation is a crucial step toward a better predictive understanding of biodiversity dynamics under environmental change.
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Bin, Wu. „The Construction Path of English Ecological Classroom under the Theory of Multiculturalism“. Journal of Education and Culture Studies 5, Nr. 1 (09.02.2021): p45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jecs.v5n1p45.
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In the process of continuous development, expansion and integration of culture, the pattern of multi-culture will gradually form. Under the theory of multiculturalism, teachers should start from an international perspective and an overall perspective to build an English ecological classroom that is suitable for the healthy growth of students. Teachers should pay attention to correctly establish the subject of English class and rationally present cross-cultural education. Construct an ecological English teaching model and create a reasonable ecological niche for teachers and students. In this way, the collaborative development of classroom subjects can be ensured and the efficiency of English teaching can be improved comprehensively.
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Stotz, Karola. „Why developmental niche construction is not selective niche construction: and why it matters“. Interface Focus 7, Nr. 5 (18.08.2017): 20160157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2016.0157.
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In the last decade, niche construction has been heralded as the neglected process in evolution. But niche construction is just one way in which the organism's interaction with and construction of the environment can have potential evolutionary significance. The constructed environment does not just select for , it also produces new variation. Nearly 3 decades ago, and in parallel with Odling-Smee's article ‘Niche-constructing phenotypes', West and King introduced the ‘ontogenetic niche’ to give the phenomena of exo genetic inheritance a formal name. Since then, a range of fields in the life sciences and medicine has amassed evidence that parents influence their offspring by means other than DNA (parental effects), and proposed mechanisms for how heritable variation can be environmentally induced and developmentally regulated. The concept of ‘developmental niche construction’ (DNC) elucidates how a diverse range of mechanisms contributes to the transgenerational transfer of developmental resources. My most central of claims is that whereas the selective niche of niche construction theory is primarily used to explain the active role of the organism in its selective environment, DNC is meant to indicate the active role of the organism in its developmental environment. The paper highlights the differences between the construction of the selective and the developmental niche, and explores the overall significance of DNC for evolutionary theory.
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Nevo, Eviatar. „Evolutionary Processes and Theory: The Ecological-Genetics Interface“. Water Science and Technology 27, Nr. 7-8 (01.04.1993): 489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0586.
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The evolutionary process is reviewed in terms of the ecological-genetics interface based on genetic diversity in natural populations of plants and animals, using the environmental-genetic correlation methodology at three geographic levels: (1) Local, several species in Israeli microsites; (2) Regional, 21 species across Israel and 2 species in the Near East; and (3) Global, 1111; 184 and 189 species in three studies across the planet. The species analyzed are taxonomically unrelated, and vary in their ecologies, demographies, life histories, and other biological variables. They were mostly tested by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis for allozymic diversity, averaging 25 gene loci, and other genetic polymorphisms. In addition, ten studies involved DNA polymorphisms. The following results were found at all three geographic levels: (1) The levels of genetic diversity vary nonrandomly and are structured within and among populations, species, and higher taxa; and (2) Genetic diversity is correlated with niche width, and partly predictable, primarily by ecological factors. These results corroborate the adaptive, environmental theory of genetic diversity. They were also verified for several allozyme loci in controlled laboratory experiments in pollution biology. Natural selection in its various forms appears to be a major force maintaining, differentiating and orienting evolutionary change in protein and DNA polymorphisms.
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Chelazzi, Guido. „Ecological perspectives in anthropology. From the environmental determinism-negationism to the niche construction theory“. PARADIGMI, Nr. 2 (Juli 2017): 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/para2017-002009.
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Gallagher, Matthew. „Niche overlap and limiting similarity: an ecological approach to the theory of the firm“. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 3, Nr. 1 (März 1993): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01199989.
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Cebrat, Stanisław, und Jerzy Kakol. „The Effect of Social Alliances on Wolf Population on Their Survival Under Hunting“. International Journal of Modern Physics C 08, Nr. 02 (April 1997): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183197000345.
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We have introduced the modified Verhulst factor to simulate the dynamics of wolves' population. The new factor enlarges the capacity of environment for organisms living in organized groups. Under this factor, social behavior allows the population to reach the larger size in the same ecological niche. The other effect of the introduced factor is that additional non-selective killing factors limit the population size not only directly but also by shrinking the effective ecological niche capacity.