Dissertationen: „Design of fire protection“

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Randaxhe, Jérôme Michel Simon. „Development of a probabilistic fire demand model and a fire protection for performance-based fire design of petrochemical plants“. Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/277120.

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Structures and fire have always been a deep concern for humans. That is even truer for structures dedicated to host a large number of people as high-rise buildings or to deal with hazardous materials as industrial components. Past events have shown how fire can cause severe damages in such structures and trigger devastating consequences in terms of fatalities and losses. To control and prevent fire events, scientists have been providing practitioners with mathematical tools facilitating the study of fire behaviour. These tools have been used to develop fire models, design guidelines and more practical applications such as fire protections for structural members. Therefore, fire engineering community currently aims to cover and enlarge these three fields. Among these fields two unexplored issues relative to fire are identified and appear meaningful to be addressed. They concern the development of additional design guidelines for industrial plants and the design of an innovative fire protection system for steel columns. This thesis is therefore composed of two parts addressing these fire engineering issues by adopting different design approaches. On one hand, a probabilistic fire demand model (PFDM) is developed to study steel pipe-rack structure behaviour exposed to localised fires with a performance-based approach, whereas on the other hand, a fire protection is developed using a prescriptive-based approach. The first part of the thesis studies the behaviour of a structural steel pipe-rack exposed to localised fires. Petrochemical plants are locations highly exposed to severe fire incidents due to the nature of materials that are processed and contained within it. It was observed in the past that critical components as tanks and pipes can fail and lose their containment in case of extreme events like earthquakes or operational accidents. Important localised fire scenarios can result from the ignition of a leaking fuel likely to occur in industrial environment. Since pipe-racks are transporting pipes on long distance within plants, these structures are usually unprotected and more exposed to potential localised fires. For these reasons, a methodology is developed to build a PFDM to investigate the structural behaviour of a steel pipe-rack exposed to a localised fire. To that end, a pipe-rack from an industrial plant in Italy is considered as case study. This structure is then analysed when exposed to 539 different localised fire scenarios which introduced uncertainties for the PFDM. Localised fires are defined with different severity levels by varying three parameters: fire diameter, fire-structure distance and fuel. Parametric analyses are performed to quantify the liquid outflow from orifices in tanks and pipes which facilitates the definition of plausible fire diameters. Thermo-mechanical behaviour of the pipe-rack is analysed with the LOCAFI localised fire model by adopting finite element methods. The purpose of the PFDM is to derive fire fragility functions that can be used by practitioners. For the proper PFDM development, structural analysis outcomes are analysed through cloud analysis (CA) considering different engineering demand parameter (EDP) and intensity measures (IM), characterising the structural response and the fire severity, respectively. CA reveal that the most efficient EDP-IM pair is the interstorey drift ratio (ISDR) - average heat flux impinging the structure (HFavg) pair. The resulting PFDM is then used to derive fire fragility curves considering two predefined structural damages states. The second part of the thesis presents the development of an innovative and cost-effective fire protection system for steel columns. The fire protection is designed to be a plug-and-play system easy and quick to install and dismantle. Therefore, it is composed by two identical components made of high-density rock wool and steel sheets. Steel sheets are bend with a U-shape and present connection claws at their extremities that allow the connection between both components. Rock wool boards are installed inside the steel plates to ensure the insulating efficiency of the protection. The system is designed to protect steel columns and maintain their temperature below 550°C when exposed on four sides for 120 min to standard fire. 550°C corresponds to the steel temperature where strength is reduced to 60%. The fire protection development relies on two experimental campaigns. In order to evaluate the behaviour and the insulating efficiency of the fire protection in early stage, 7 small-scale experimental tests are first performed in a furnace having reduced dimensions. 2D thermal models are developed with finite element methods and calibrated based on experimental results to understand and predict the fire protection efficiency. Predictions are compared against results obtained with the prescriptive analytical model provided in EN1993-1-2. Both numerical and analytical models facilitate the definition of the second experimental test. A large-scale experimental test is performed at an advanced stage of the protection development. That test is conducted according to the norm EN13381-4 and aims to assess the final version of the protection by testing simultaneously five specimens, including four thermal tests and one thermo-mechanical test. Experimental tests results are assessed against the norm and certify the efficiency of the system developed. The fire protection can therefore address steel profiles presenting I, H or hollow cross sections with box section factors going from 42 to 103 m-1. The development is concluded with a cost analysis attesting the competitivity of the plug-and-play fire protection by comparing direct- and indirect costs with existing solutions. In summary, the results of this thesis consist in the development of a PFDM for steel pipe-racks exposed to localised fires and in the development of an innovative and cost-effective plug-and-play fire protection system for steel columns. PFDM can be used to derive fire fragility curves that account for the uncertainty of localised fires severity. These curves constitute tools for practitioners to be applied in a probabilistic fire engineering framework or in a fire risk assessment. Furthermore, a valuable result from the development of the PFDM, remains the methodology adopted and the use of CA which reveal to be a suitable and versatile tool to build a PFDM. The fire protection is designed and developed against European norms certifying its ability to protect steel columns presenting box section factors going up to 103 m-1. The plug-and-play system ensures to keep steel temperature below 550°C for columns being exposed on four sides to standard fire for 120 min. It worth to mention that the good visual aspect of the fire protection brought by the use of steel sheet, make this system particularly appropriate for public and office buildings. Eventually, even though both research topics addressed in this thesis are not directly related, they present a potential synergy considering the fact that plug-and-play fire protections could be used to protect columns of steel pipe-racks and therefore mitigate the impacts of localised fires scenarios identified as critical by fire fragility curves.

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Wilkinson, Peter. „An investigation into resilient fire engineering building design“. Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12297.

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As an engineering discipline within the United Kingdom, fire engineering is relatively young. It has been accepted as an alternative to traditional prescriptive means of meeting the functional requirements of the Building Regulations since the publication of the 1985 edition of Approved Document B, which was one of a series issued to provide practical guidance on the requirements of the Building Regulations for England and Wales. It deals specifically with fire safety requirements for building work. Performance-based fire engineering design methods have facilitated architectural design freedoms and supported creative construction. This research has established that for a successful and holistic fire engineering strategy to be developed; The end-user client should describe from the outset what they want their building or facility to achieve, and there should be an agreed process for this to happen; Commercial property insurers should be consulted and exploited as a useful and intelligent resource to the design team; and Fire engineering practitioners should fulfil their role as advisers to the architect, or building design team, in order to achieve the agreed objectives. However, it has become evident that since fire engineering has become more established, it is clear that we are far from this ideal situation. Significant concerns have been raised regarding various elements of the design process including the ability to consider aspects other than life safety. Within this discourse, the author has outlined their research investigating how performance-based fire engineering techniques are used within building design. The literature review explores key concepts of fire engineering including definitions and benefits etc., and also describes concerns regarding the motivations for applying fire engineering techniques to building design. Survey-based research suggests that greater input is required from commercial property insurers at the building design stage in order to champion property protection and business resilience objectives. A case-study investigation, however, concluded that for a number of reasons, it is impractical to expect the insurer to influence the design team to the extent desired. Therefore, in response to these various research activities, the concept of business impact analysis has been introduced and developed by the author to ensure that property protection and business continuity objectives are at the forefront of new building design, whether the insurer is involved in the process or not. In order to help consulting fire engineers and architectural design teams incorporate business protection objectives in their fire safety designs, there is a requirement for the established British Standard, which defines a fire engineering procedure, to be enhanced. The author was instrumental in acquiring support from the Technical Committee within BSI responsible for maintaining the Standard, and PD 7974-8 Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of buildings- Part 8: Property protection, mission continuity and resilience (British Standards institution, 2012) has been developed and published, led by the author. This significant new Standard embeds the use of a business impact analysis as an integral part of the qualitative design review process. Without following the BIA process as described in the draft document PD7974-8, business resilience objectives may be missed within the building design phase, allowing an inferior package of fire protection measures to be incorporated into building developments. For the first time, this new document will enable the building designer to be fully cognisant of their client's critical processes and the resources required to support these processes. It will therefore enable the appropriate fire safety measures to be incorporated into the building design to enhance business resilience. Initial evaluations of this guide though various stakeholder dissemination activities and a public consultation process has been positive. The potential concerns that the evaluations have raised regarding the role of the fire engineer throughout the building design phase, and regarding the prevalence of BIA within organisations will be addressed in the guide and the way it is publicised upon its launch.

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Davesne, Anne-Lise. „New designs of thin coatings for fire protection“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R017.

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L’utilisation intensive de matériaux polymères, hautement inflammables, nécessite le développement de solutions efficaces afin de protéger les hommes et les infrastructures des incendies. Les revêtements fins notamment permettent de réguler les transferts de masse et de chaleur à l’origine du processus de combustion, directement à l’interface entre le matériau et la flamme. En outre, la concentration des retardateurs de flamme à la surface du matériau limite l’utilisation de matière, avec un impact minimum sur les propriétés fonctionnelles du substrat. Le but de cette thèse est de concevoir des revêtements fins innovants, adaptés à plusieurs types de substrats, grâce à une compréhension approfondie du mécanisme de protection de systèmes connus pour être efficaces. Les revêtements en « couche par couche » sont vus comme une solution particulièrement efficace pour diminuer l’inflammabilité des polymères, et sont particulièrement adaptés aux matériaux poreux. Malgré de nombreuses études, leur mécanisme d’action demeure incertain. Des revêtements « couche par couche », constitués soit de chitosan et de vermiculite, soit de polyethylenimine et de nitrure de bore hexagonal, ont été déposés sur des mousses en polyuréthane. Une analyse détaillée de ces matériaux, avant et après avoir été soumis à différents scénario feu, a permis de rassembler les éléments nécessaires à la compréhension de leur mécanisme d’action. Les résultats de cette analyse ont été appliqués au développement de nouveaux concepts. En premier lieu, des revêtements composites à haut taux de charge composés d’hydrogel alginate/argile ont été appliqués en une seule étape sur des tissus en polyamide 66. La réticulation de la matrice a amélioré la stabilité thermique et l’effet barrière physique du revêtement, ce qui a permis de classer les échantillons V-0 au test UL94. Ensuite, un autre type de barrière physique constituée d’une bicouche métal/diélectrique a été déposé sur des plaques de polyamide 6. L’action de ce revêtement repose sur la réflexion du rayonnement infrarouge, ce qui réduit l’absorption de chaleur par le substrat et augmente considérablement le temps d’ignition du polymère sous une contrainte thermique radiative. Ce concept s’est montré très efficace en combinaison avec des retardateurs de flamme (RF) dans la masse. Les deux approches ont un effet complémentaire. Le revêtement agit en premier en limitant l’absorption de chaleur et en retardant l’action des RF. Lorsqu’il perd son intégrité, les charges prennent le relais sans que leur efficacité ne soit diminuée, et réduisent le pic de débit calorifique et la quantité de chaleur dégagée totale du polyamide 6 grâce à l’action de mécanismes physiques et chimiques
The extensive use of highly flammable polymeric materials requires the development of innovative fire protective solutions to lower the threat on human lives and infrastructures integrity. Thin coatings especially act on the mass and heat transfer responsible for the combustion process directly at the interface between the substrate and the flame. They also have the advantage of concentrating the fire retardant system on one place, therefore using the smallest amount of material as possible, and with minimal impact on the bulk properties of the material. The aim of this Ph.D is to design innovative thin coatings adapted to various substrates, based on an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of action of effective systems. Layer-by-layer coatings are seen as a very efficient solution to lower the flammability of polymers and are particularly adapted to porous substrates. Though extensively studied, their mechanism of action remains unclear. Layer-by-layer coatings, composed either of chitosan and vermiculite or of polyethyleneimine and hexagonal boron nitride, were deposited on flexible polyurethane foam. Extensive analysis of the material before and after being exposed to various thermal constraints allowed to gather more insights on their mechanism of action. This knowledge was applied to develop new concepts. On the first hand, high-filler content composite coatings based on alginate/clay hydrogels were applied in a one pot process on polyamide 66 fabrics. The cross-linked network improved the thermal stability and physical barrier effect of the coating, and the approach was proven to be efficient as the samples were rated V-0 at UL94 test. On the other hand, another kind of thin physical barrier deposited by PVD and composed of protected metal was deposited on polyamide 6 plate. Relying on the reflection of infrared rays, this type of coating reduced the heat absorption by the substrate, and considerably increased the time to ignition in a radiative fire scenario. This concept was proven particularly efficient when combined with thermally triggered bulk fire retardant (FR) fillers. It was found that both approaches have a complementary effect. The coating acts first by reducing the heat absorption, delaying the activation of the FR systems. Once it fails, the fillers take over unhindered, allowing to reduce the peak of Heat Release Rate and Total Heat Release of polyamide 6 thanks to physical and chemical mechanisms

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Jonasson, Simon. „Phoenix. : PPE wildfire respirator“. Thesis, Umeå universitet, Designhögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-162081.

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Forest fires has become an increasing threat all over the world. Pollution and rising greenhouse gases has led to an ever increase in global temperatures. Sweden has previously been spared from larger fires, but in the past few year it has been been made clear that these climate changes will affect the number and intensity of forest fires. In this project I have investigated how forest fires work and how the process of extinguishing them looks today. With a focus on the personal equipment I have looked into how to improve the working environment and the safety for fire-fighters. Using the design process this problem is tackled from a holistic point of view, looking at both the users and context. The solutions presented in this project is a professional safety product called “Phoenix. PPe Wildfire respirator”. A lightweight portable oxygen harness with an attached emergency mask.

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Ivans, Jr William Jeffrey. „A Decision Support Framework for Assessing the Technical Adequacy of Performance-Based Design Approaches to Fire Safety Engineering“. Digital WPI, 2017. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/491.

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"This research effort addresses key challenges associated with the technical review and acceptance of performance-based design approaches to fire safety engineering through development of a decision support framework and associated tool. Such design approaches seek to confirm that the overall fire safety system, which includes the building and its protective features, meets a set of fire safety objectives established by relevant stakeholders, and this confirmation is achieved through fire safety analysis, or the application of analytical and computational tools and methods. While the current approach to performance-based fire safety analysis relies on guidelines and standards, these rather generic, process-oriented documents do not provide fire protection engineers (FPEs) sufficient guidance to address critical elements of the analysis process in a systematic, consistent and technically adequate manner. Should a fire safety analysis contain technical deficiencies, then it becomes less clear that the design solution being proposed truly achieves the desired fire safety objectives. Moreover, project stakeholders, including the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ), may lack the necessary qualifications, expertise, or design intimacy to, suitably and reliably, identify and challenge deficient analyses. As a result, the current approach to fire safety analysis and its quality assurance has led to large variations in analysis quality and consequently levels of delivered performance. With no existing equivalent, a decision support framework is proposed that will assist the AHJ and FPEs in determining whether a fire safety analysis is of sufficient technical adequacy to support decision-making, regulatory or otherwise. Additionally, a decision support tool is developed to provide measures of confidence regarding an analysis’s conclusions and assist in identifying those aspects of the analysis most requiring corrective action. Lastly, while developed to address performance-based design approaches to fire safety engineering, the framework may easily be adapted to similar approaches in other fields of engineering, or more generally, applications that make use of process-oriented, analysis-driven design."

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Van, der Klashorst Etienne. „The reliability based design of composite beams for the fire limit state“. Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/429.

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Geoffroy, Laura. „Design of new fire protective multi-materials“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R014.

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Le feu peut causer de graves dégâts matériels et humains. Par conséquent, il est important de mettre au point de nouvelles protections contre le feu. Pour concevoir de nouveaux systèmes toujours plus efficaces, une approche scientifique innovante a été envisagée au sein de cette thèse. Elle consiste à combiner différents concepts et matériaux, tout en jouant sur leur design plutôt que leur formulation pour atteindre de meilleures propriétés de protection thermique. Ainsi, deux nouveaux multi-matériaux de protection contre le feu ont été élaborés, visant dans un cas à limiter la réaction au feu, et dans l’autre cas à augmenter la résistance au feu d’un substrat. Dans une première partie, la fabrication additive s’est révélée être un procédé de choix pour concevoir le matériau ayant une faible réaction au feu. Un design à structure sandwich original inspiré du vivant (nid d’abeille) a été conçu, imprimé en 3D, et optimisé par la combinaison de nombreux concepts (système inhibiteur d’oxygène, barrière physique, revêtement basse émissivité). Grâce à cette association de design et concepts, le multi-matériau, exposé à un flux de chaleur radiatif externe de 50 kW/m2 basé sur la norme ISO 13927 du cône calorimètre, a montré une très faible réaction au feu avec notamment une rapide extinction de flamme et un faible dégagement de chaleur total (inférieur à 10 kW/m2), témoignant de son excellente efficacité. Dans une seconde partie, un système faisant office de barrière thermique a été développé afin de protéger un substrat face à une exposition au feu de 116 kW/m2 (test « burn-through » représentatif du standard aéronautique ISO2685). Cette barrière, combinant les phénomènes d’intumescence et de délamination au sein d’un même design, a permis de réduire considérablement la propagation de la chaleur au sein du système. Le substrat a ainsi été protégé, avec une température en face arrière restant inférieure à 250°C après plus de 15 minutes d’exposition au feu. L’efficacité de ce système optimisé a ensuite été validée sur d’autres substrats. Cette étude prouve que la modification du design de divers matériaux constitue une voie prometteuse pour améliorer la performance des systèmes de protection contre le feu
Fire can cause severe material damage as well as human casualties. The development of new fire protective systems is thus of prime importance. In order to conceive new and more efficient systems, an innovative scientific approach has been considered within this PhD work. It consists in combining various concepts and materials while changing their design rather than their chemistry to achieve superior fire protection. In this way, two novel fireproofing multi-materials were developed and aimed on the one hand to limit the reaction to fire, and on the other hand to increase the fire resistance of a substrate. In the first part, additive manufacturing was selected as a process of choice for designing a material with a low reaction to fire. An original bio-inspired sandwich design (honeycomb-like structure) was elaborated, 3D printed and optimized by the combination of numerous concepts (oxygen inhibitor system, physical barrier, low emissivity coating). Thanks to this association of design and concepts, the multi-material exposed to an external radiant heat flux of 50 kW/m2 based on the ISO 13927 standard of the mass loss cone calorimeter has shown a very low reaction to fire with a fast flame extinguishment and an extremely low total rate of heat release rate (less than 10 kW/m2) evidencing its outstanding efficiency. In a second part, a system acting as a fire barrier was developed to protect a substrate against a fire exposure of 116 kW/m2 (burn-through fire testing mimicking the aeronautical standard ISO2685). Intumescence and delamination phenomena were combined within the same design to elaborate this barrier. This new and optimized assembly dramatically reduces heat propagation and protects the substrate, its backside temperature remaining below 250°C after more than 15 minutes of fire exposure. The effectiveness of this fire barrier was finally tested on other substrates to extend its use. This study proves that modifying the design of various materials can be a promising way to design new and very effective fire protective systems

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Alvarez, Rodriguez Alberto. „An integrated framework for the next generation of Risk-Informed Performance-Based Design approach used in Fire Safety Engineering“. Digital WPI, 2013. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/5.

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Review of decades of worldwide experience using standards, codes and guidelines related to performance-based fire protection design for buildings has identified shortcomings in the interpretation, application and implementation of the performance-based design process, wide variation in the resulting levels of performance achieved by such designs, and several opportunities to enhance the process. While others have highlighted shortcomings in the past, as well as some ideas to enhance the process, it is proposed that a more fundamental change is needed. First, the political and technical components of the process need to be clearly delineated to facilitate better analysis and decision-making within each component. Second, the process needs to be changed from one which focuses only on fire safety systems to one which views buildings, their occupants and their contents as integrated systems. In doing so, the activities associated with the normal operation of a building and how they might be impacted by the occurrence of a fire event become clearer, as do mitigation options which account for the behaviors and activities associated with normal use. To support these changes, a new framework for a risk-informed performance-based process for fire protection design is proposed: one which is better integrated than current processes, that treats a fire event as a disruptive event of a larger and more complex "building-occupant" system, and that provides more specific guidance for engineering analysis with the aim to achieve more complete and consistent analysis. This Ph.D. Dissertation outlines the challenges with the existing approaches, presents the "building-occupant" system paradigm, illustrates how viewing fire (or any other hazard) as a disruptive event within an holistic "building-occupant" system can benefit the overall performance of this system over its lifespan, and outlines a framework for a risk-informed performance-based process for fire protection design. Case studies are used to illustrate shortcomings in the existing processes and how the proposed process will address these. This Dissertation also includes a plan of action needed to establish guidelines to conduct each of the technical steps of the process and briefly introduces the future work about how this plan could be practically facilitated via a web-platform as a collaborative environment.

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Loreto, Débora Rodrigues. „Proselitismo arquitetônico e plano de prevenção e proteção contra incêndio“. reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/173732.

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O objetivo deste trabalho é conscientizar o arquiteto acerca da importância do projeto arquitetônico como forma de proteção passiva na defesa e prevenção à vida e ao patrimônio desde sua concepção. Após o incêndio da Boate Kiss, em janeiro de 2013, em Santa Maria, no Rio Grande do Sul, que vitimou 242 pessoas, foram concebidas novas legislações contra incêndio e, mais tarde, alterações no intuito de reparar as falhas existentes nas legislações anteriores no RS. A análise das legislações vigentes no Rio Grande do Sul foram aplicadas ao estudo de caso do Edifício Copan, prédio de importância singular para a Arquitetura Moderna Brasileira, projetado na década de 50, pelo arquiteto Oscar Niemeyer, e escolhido pelo seu porte monumental. A partir das exigências, foi feita uma aproximação de avaliação da edificação, do ponto de vista do Plano de Prevenção Contra Incêndio (PPCI), como executado no RS. O Plano de Prevenção Contra Incêndio deve ser pensado desde o início do projeto arquitetônico e não como última etapa, preferencialmente, integrado com as demais partes constituintes de uma edificação, evitando assim, o retrabalho no projeto como: ajustes de layout, aumento de área construída, e, em alguns casos, descaracterização da forma e volume do edifício.
The objective of this work is to make the architect aware of the importance of architectural design from its elaboration as a form of passive protection in the defense and prevention of life and patrimony. After the fire at nightclub Kiss in January 2013, in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), which killed 242 people, it was created new fire safety legislation and later there were changes to repair the existing flaws in previous legislation in the RS. Current laws in Rio Grande do Sul were analysed and then applied to the case study of the Copan Building, which holds a unique role in Modern Brazilian Architecture. The building wasdesigned in the 1950’s by the architect Oscar Niemeyer and it was chosen for the case study because of its monumental size. Based on the requirements, it was carried out an assessment of the building, according to the Fire Prevention Plan, as executed in RS. The Fire Prevention Plan must be considered from the beginning of the architectural project and not as a last stage, and it must preferably be integrated with the other constituent parts of a building, thus avoiding rework in the project such as layout adjustments, increase of built area and, in some cases, decharacterization of the shape and volume of the building.

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Li, Haiyu. „Computer-aided design and simulation of fibre optic systems for power system protection“. Thesis, University of Bath, 1994. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359252.

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Hossein, Mohammad Ahmad, und Ahmad Milad Sharif. „Brandskyddsprojektering kopplad till BIM“. Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-67303.

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Brandskyddsprojekteringen i olika projekt sker i dagsläget i 2D-CAD där filerna sparas iPDF-format. Detta framgick från de olika intervjuerna som skedde i samband med rapporten.Detta sätt att projektera på kan göra så att det uppstår olika typer av problem i projektet bådeför brandskyddsprojekteringen och de övriga discipliner som är med och projekterar. Närbrandskyddsprojekteringen inte deltar i att använda 3D-BIM i de olika projekten så försvårassamordningen av modellerna som görs av arkitekten eller BIM-samordnaren. De problem somkan uppstå består även av de möjligheter som inte tas till vara på vid BIM-användning avbrandskyddsprojekteringen. Dessa möjligheter och fördelar kan t.ex. vara ökad förståelse förkoncept och färdig byggnad, minskad tidsåtgång i byggskedet, högre produktivitet ochkvalitet m.fl. [1]. Det finns även möjligheter inriktad till brandskyddsprojekteringen där BIMbland annat underlättar framtagningen av brandskyddsritningar ochlivssäkerhetsystemsritningar.Implementering av BIM i brandskyddsprojekteringen kan ske på olika sätt. Efter delitteraturstudier som gjorts har det kommit fram till att BIM kan implementeras på olika sättgenom att t.ex. ta till vara på de olika förutsättningar som finns i dagsläget. Dessaförutsättningar är olika BIM-programvaror och BIM-kurser som gör det lättare attimplementera BIM för brandskyddsprojekteringen. Det går även att vid upphandling av deolika entreprenadformerna ge förslag och ställa krav på att projekteringen ska ske i BIM iförfrågningsunderlag eller i CAD- och BIM-manualen. Krav och regler kan även ställas avregeringen där ett liknande exempel är i Storbritannien där regeringen krävt byggnads- ochinfrastrukturprojekt att jobba med BIM i nivå 2 sedan April 2016 [2, 3].Boverkets byggregler kan också ställa mer strikta krav när det gäller projekteringen utifrånPBL och PBF där de kan ställa krav på att det ska ske i BIM.Utifrån dessa problem, möjligheter och förutsättningar som finns idag med implementering avBIM i brandskyddsprojekteringen kommer övergången inte att vara lätt och kommer inte attske snarast. Men detta borde göras i och med att BIM utvecklas hela tiden och då kommerövergången från 2D-CAD att bli ännu svårare i framtiden. Därmed bordebrandskyddsprojekteringen och de övriga disciplinerna i byggprocessen sträva att jobba i 3DBIMeftersom att detta nyttjar för alla som är delaktiga i projektet.
Fire protection design in various projects is currently done in 2D-CAD where the files aresaved in PDF format. This was evident from the various interviews that took place inconnection with the report. This way of designing can cause various types of problems in theproject that occur for both the fire protection design and the others disciplines involved in thedesigning. When the fire protection design does not participate in using 3D-BIM in theprojects, collaboration of the models made by the architect or the BIM coordinator willcomplicate. The problems that may arise also consist of the possibilities not taken for BIMuse of the fire protection design. These opportunities and benefits can for example be a betterunderstanding of concepts and completed building, reduced time spent in the constructionphase, higher productivity and quality etc. [1]. There are also possibilities for the fireprotection design, where BIM facilitates the production of the fire protection plans and lifesecuritysystem drawings.Implementation of BIM in the fire protection design can be done in different ways. Followingthe literature studies, it has come to conclusion that BIM can be implemented in differentways for example by taking advantage of the various conditions that exist today. Theseconditions include different BIM software and BIM courses that makes it easier to implementBIM for the fire protection design. It is also possible to make proposals for the design of BIMin the specifications or in the CAD- and BIM manuals when procuring the various types ofcontractors. Requirements and rules can also be set by the government where a similarexample where made in the UK where the government demanded construction andinfrastructure projects to work with BIM at level 2 since April 2016 [2, 3].Boverkets byggregler can also make stricter requirements regarding the design by PBL andPBF, where they can demand that it should be done in BIM. Based on these problems,opportunities and conditions that exist today with the implementation of BIM in the fireprotection design, the transition will not be easy and will not be happening soon. But thisshould be done as BIM evolves all the time and then the transition from 2D CAD will be evenmore difficult in the future. Therefore, the fire protection design and the other disciplines inthe construction process should aim to work in 3D-BIM, as this is useful to all those who areinvolved in the project.

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Hallqvist, Stefan, und Cherif Berkal. „Branddimensionering av CLT-element i bärande väggkonstruktioner : en komparativ studie mellan gällande normer och senaste forskningen“. Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-230963.

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I takt med en ökad miljömedvetenhet har träbyggnation börjat premieras allt mer och sedan lagändringen 1994 som innebar att det blev tillåtet att uppföra höga hus med trästomme har utvecklingen snabbt gått framåt. Att korsvis bygga upp skikt av brädor och sammanfoga dessa till element har visat sig skapa en produkt med hög hållfasthet och låg vikt som är idealisk som stommaterial vid byggnation av stora och höga hus i trä. Dessa element har många namn men kallas ofta korslimmat trä och kommer i arbetet benämnas CLT, cross-laminated timber. Dess användning har ökat markant i Sverige och Europa de senaste decennierna och än ses ingen stagnation på efterfrågan. Denna rapport behandlar relevanta teoretiska områden som måste tas i beaktning vid branddimensionering som exempelvis brandförloppet i en brandcell samt hur brandsäkerhetsklasser och brandtekniska byggnadsklasser bestäms och fastställs. Dimensioneringsmetoder av laster och hållfasthet i både brottgräns och i brandfallet förklaras genomgående för skapa en tydlig bild av hela branddimensioneringsprocessen. Brist på direkt information om hur hållfastheten av resttvärsnitten ska behandlas och beräknas har gjort arbetet utmanande men med hjälp från Maija Tiainen från Sweco structures Helsingforskontor har arbetet kunnat färdigställas och bli fullständigt. Den viktigaste delen i rapporten är dock själva inbränningen och förkolningen av elementen som beräknas med hjälp av två olika metoder. Den ena återfinns i den europeiska standarden Eurokod 5: del 1-2 och den andra, som baseras på den absolut senaste forskningen gällande träkonstruktioner och brand, är hämtad från handboken Brandsäkra trähus version 3. Den senare metoden kommer ligga till grund för en uppdatering av Eurokod 5 i framtiden. För att kunna jämföra de två metoderna och ge en nyanserad bild av dessa valdes fyra väggtyper ut som beräknades med samma förutsättningar. Det vill säga skyddade med två lager gips och utsatta för en 90 minuters ensidig standardbrand. Resultatet visade på skillnader mellan metoderna där en tydlig och definitiv sådan var storleken på resttvärsnittet då det icke lastupptagande skiktet, , visade sig vara mycket större i beräkningarna enligt metoden i Brandsäkra trähus version 3. På grund av elementens uppbyggnad, korsvis lagda skikt där endast vartannat skikt är lastbärande, betyder detta inte nödvändigtvis att det resulterar i en skillnad gällande bärförmåga i brandfallet mellan de två metoderna. Trots att metoden i Brandsäkra trähus version 3 är mer konservativ gällande bärförmåga och leder till ett mindre resttvärsnitt efter brand anser författarna att denna metod bör användas i väntan på en inarbetning av metoden i Eurokoden. Detta då den till skillnad från Eurokoden är utformad och framtagen för att kunna behandla CLT och då säkerheten är viktigast i sammanhanget måste brandens ökade påverkan på materialet enligt den senaste forskningen tas på allvar och tvärsnittet dimensioneras därefter.
In recent years, a growing environmental awareness have led to an increase in timber buildings and since the 1994 amendment that made it possible to build tall houses with timber structures the progress in the field have seen an substantial increase. To build an element of perpendicularly placed layers of solid-sawn lumber have proven to be an effective way to obtain a product with good strength-to-weight ratio that is ideal for use in tall timber buildings. These elements go under a lot of different names but are often referred to as cross-laminated timber and will be called CLT in this report. The use of this product have these past decades increased substantially both in Sweden and in Europe and the demand does not seem to stagnate nor decrease in the near future. The report is comprised of relevant theoretical sections that must be taken into account when designing a structures fire protection such as the development of a fire in fire compartment, how to define and determine a structures class of fire resistance and hence required fire protection time for said structure. The basis of design in regards to loads and compressive/flexural strength of the material is thoroughly explained in order to account for the whole fire protection design processes. The lack of information regarding compressive and flexural strength of the residual cross-section was challenging but with the help from Maija Tiainen from Sweco structures Helsinki office the report could be completed. The most important part of the report is the theory and calculation with regards to the charring depth which is calculated by two different methods. The first one is presented in the European standard Eurocode 5: part 1-2 and the other one, that is based on the latest scientific knowledge with regards to timber structures and fire, is found in the technical guide Brandsäkra trähus version 3. The aforementioned method will form the basis for the upcoming update of Eurocode 5. In order to be able to compare the two methods four wall types was chosen and designed based on the same conditions. Namely protected by two layers of gypsum plasterboards as fire protection and exposed to a 90 minutes one-sided standard fire. The result showed differences between the methods where a clear difference was the size of the residual cross-section due to the fact that the zero-strength layer, , was notably larger when calculating with the method presented in Brandsäkra trähus version 3. This does not necessarily affect the elements bearing capacity when calculating with the two different methods due to the elements perpendicularly placed layers where only every other layer is load bearing. Although the method presented in Brandsäkra trähus version 3 are more conservative with regards to bearing capacity and will lead to a smaller residual cross-section the authors of this report recommend the use of said method pending incorporation into the Eurocode. The motivation for this suggestion is that the method is designed to explicitly handle CLT and since safety is the most important aspect in this context it is vital to acknowledge the apparent increased affect from a fire on the material according to the latest scientific knowledge and design the cross-section accordingly.

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Högås, Gabriel, und Rami Kuhail. „Brandteknisk dimensionering av limträkonstruktioner : En jämförelse mellan förenklad och analytisk dimensionering med avseende på materialåtgång“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Tillämpad mekanik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446682.

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This thesis examines the possibility of saving material by using analytical design of fire protection of glued laminated timber structures instead of the standard simplified design approach. The thesis is based on an existing store building (building class Br2 and occupancy class 2B) where Tyréns AB has determined a fire exposure specific for the store building, which is used to simulate 30 minutes of fire. The result from the simulation is then used in this thesis to evaluate the effects of said fire on a glued laminated timber structure. The analysis results in the assumption of a laterignition, since the temperature development varies from the standard fire curve used in thesimplified design approach. The thesis consists of several steps. First a glued laminated timber structure consisting of a column and beam system is designed for load bearing capacity in the ultimate and service limit state according to Eurocode. The structure is then verified for accidental actions with fire as the main action according to Eurocode using simplified design. Subsequently the same verification is carried out using the analytical design approach with the specific fire exposure. The columns are not verified since they are assumed to be exposed to direct flame impact and immediate ignition. The columns are also required to be covered with ignition retardant protection according to BBR. The result shows that no saving in material can be obtained for lower fire classes. The main reason for this is the fact that the structure design for load bearing capacity in the ultimate and service limit state is large enough to resist fire for up to 90 minutes without structural failure. For higher fire classes than R90, a potential saving in material can be achieved by using the analytical design approach. This is however deemed irrelevant, since fire classes above R30 are uncommon for these types of buildings.
I detta examensarbete undersöks möjligheten att minska materialåtgången för limträkonstruktioner genom att utföra en analytisk i stället för en förenklad brandteknisk dimensionering. Arbetet baseras på en existerande butikslokal (byggnadsklass Br2 och verksamhetsklass 2B) där Tyréns AB har tagit fram ett troligt brandförlopp i byggnaden som sedan simuleras i 30 minuter. Resultatet används i detta arbete för att utvärdera hur en limträstomme skulle påverkas vid brand i byggnaden. Analysen medför att en senare antändning för limträet kan antas, då temperaturutvecklingen ser annorlunda ut jämfört med standardbrandkurvan som används vid förenklad brandteknisk dimensionering. Arbetet består av flera steg. Först dimensioneras en limträstomme bestående av ett pelar-balksystem för butikslokalen för bärighet i brott- och bruksgränstillståndet enligt Eurokod. Sedan kontrolleras konstruktionen för ett brandlastfall med ett standardiserat brandförlopp, varpå samma kontroll utförs för balkarna enligt analytisk dimensionering med det specifika brandförloppet. Pelarna kontrolleras inte enligt det specifika brandförloppet eftersom dessa antas utsättas för direkt flampåverkan med momentan antändning. Dessutom innefattas de av ytskiktskrav enligt BBR, som kräver att de skyddas med tändskyddande beklädnad. Resultatet visar att materialåtgången inte kan minskas för lägre brandklasser. Detta beror på att dimensionerna som krävs i brott- och bruksgränstillståndet är tillräckligt stora för att konstruktionen ska klara över 90 minuters brandpåverkan utan brott. För högre brandklasser än R90 finns potential för minskning av materialåtgången genom analytisk dimensionering med ett specifikt brandförlopp. Detta anses dock inte relevant då högre brandklasser än R30 sällan förekommer i denna typ av byggnad.

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Samuelsson, Alexander, und Peter Gårdefors. „Betongfyllda HSQ-balkar : Ett alternativ till traditionellt brandskydd“. Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231454.

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Den brandskyddsmetod av bjälklagsbalkar som används mest idag är brandskyddsfärg och brandskyddsskivor. Dessa metoder kräver ett extra arbetsmoment efter att balken är monterad. Genom att fylla balken med betong samtidigt som hålbjälklagskarvarna fylls och på så sätt integrera brandskyddet i balken kan ett extra arbetsmoment undvikas. Byggnadstekniska Byrån har märkt ett intresse från beställare att i ett tidigt skede få in brandskyddet i projekteringen. Målet är att undersöka om betong, ingjuten i en HSQ-balk kan få balken att uppfylla de brandskyddskrav som idag ställs enligt Boverkets byggregler. Målet är även att ta reda på om det är kostnadseffektivt jämfört med brandskyddsfärg. Referensobjektet som används är en skola på tre våningar och balken som undersöks är den som tar upp de största lasterna i projektet. Balken ska enligt Boverkets byggregler klara av en standardbrand i 60 min. Temperaturanalysen av balktvärsnitten har gjorts i Ansys Aim 18.2 och dimensioneringsmetoder av balken sker enligt Eurokoder. Balken som idag finns på plats skulle inte i oskyddat tillstånd klara av en standardbrand i 60min. De utförda beräkningarna visar att balken i samverkan med betong och armering i tvärsnittet skulle klara momenten och tvärkrafterna i referensobjektet. Fenomen så som spjälkning av betong, dess inverkan på betongens hållfasthet samt armeringens vidhäftning har inte kunnat tas i beaktning. Därför rekommenderas att balkens underfläns dimensioneras upp från 20mm till 30mm och enbart betraktar den ingjutna betongen som kylande medium.

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LaMalva, Kevin Joseph. „Failure Analysis of the World Trade Center 5 Building“. Digital WPI, 2007. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/1178.

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This project involves a failure analysis of the internal structural collapse that occurred in World Trade Center 5 (WTC 5) due to fire exposure alone on September 11, 2001. It is hypothesized that the steel column-tree assembly failed during the heating phase of the fire. The results of this research have serious and far-reaching implications, for this method of construction is utilized in approximately 20,000 existing buildings and continues to be very popular. Catastrophic failure during the heating phase of a fire would endanger the lives of firefighters and building occupants undergoing extended egress times (e.g., high-rise buildings), or relying upon defend-in-place strategies (e.g., hospitals). Computer software was used to reconstruct the fire event and predict the structural performance of the assembly when exposed to the fire. Results from a finite element, thermal-stress model confirms this hypothesis, for it is concluded that the catastrophic, progressive structural collapse occurred approximately 2 hours into the fire exposure.

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Rhodes, Jennifer. „Fire protection of surface coatings“. Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2012. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/3738/.

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Multilayer paint is a significant fire hazard particularly concerning rapid spread of flame,smoke and toxic species production. Fire protective coatings are often employed to protect this unpredictably flammable substrate from ignition (for example resulting from arson attacks in the communal areas of multi- occupancy buildings). Literature shows a gap in the understanding of this problem,a lack of suitable flammability tests,and methods for screening new fire protective coatings required to address this problem. This work investigates the factors affecting coating performance and develops screening test methods to estimate protection performance in standard fire tests. The dependence of these tests has been investigated with regard to substrate, coating thickness,composition of coating, thermal conductivity and rheological properties, to inform the development of modified coating formulations with enhanced fire safety.Coating materials have been investigated using thermogravimetric ana lysis (TGA) in both air and inert atmospheres and their burning behaviour using the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660). Novel screening test methods also include a test adapted from BS EN 367 for measurement of thermal conductivity, a thermocouple embedded in cone samples to assess the temperature profile at the substrate-coating interface and BS 476: Part 6 (adapted) as a scaled down version of the standard fire test. The chemical changes occurring during burning of current coatings formulations were investigated using CHN analysis, pyrolysis gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (pyGC-MS),inductively coupled plasma coupled with mass spectrometry (ICP-MS),diamond attenuated total reflectance coupled with fourier transform infra-red (dATR-FTIR),nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR} and scanning electron microscopy coupled with electron dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDAX} to inform the development of novel formulations. Generally,intumescent formulations tend to exhibit lower fire propagation indexes when assessed in the BS 476: Part 6,longer time to ignition and lower peak heat release rates in the cone calorimeter, as well as reduced thermal conductivity recorded in the BS EN 367. Results report mixed performance,suggesting that it is not only char residue formation that ensures a pass in the standard fire tests. Rheological properties of the coatings are crucial to performance,with softening temperature and reduction in viscosity coinciding with gas release of the fire retardant additive. Each screening test method assesses one particular aspect of flammability, they are dependent on the controlled conditions under which results are collected,and the limited correlation observed with the performance in the standard fire tests, do not conclusively predict performance in a real fire situation.

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Lantz, Renee Vaillancourt. „Model Validation in Fire Protection Engineering“. Digital WPI, 2001. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/363.

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"In the prediction of phenomenon behavior there is a presupposition that a similarity exists between model and phenomenon. Success of application is derived from that similarity. An example of this approach is the use of similarity conditions such as Reynolds number in flow problems or Fourier number in heat transfer problems. The advent of performance-based codes has opened up opportunities for many diverse avenues of fire model implementation. The reliability of models depends upon model correspondence uncertainty. Model correspondence uncertainty is incomplete and distorted information introduced into a simulation by a modeling scheme. It manifests itself as 1) the uncertainty associated with the mathematical relationships hypothesized for a particular model, and 2) the uncertainty of the predictions obtained from the model. Improving model implementation by providing a method for rank-ordering models is the goal of the Model Validity Criterion (MVC) method. MVC values can be useful as a tool to objectively and quantitatively choose a model for an application or as part of a model improvement program. The MVC method calculates the amount of model correspondence uncertainty introduced by a modeling scheme. Model choice is based upon the strategy of minimizing correspondence uncertainty and therefore provides the model that best corresponds to the phenomenon. The MVC value for a model is quantified as the sum of the length of two files. These files are individual measures of model structure correspondence uncertainty and model behavior correspondence uncertainty. The combination of the two uncertainty components gives an objective and structured evaluation of the relative validity of each model from a set of likely candidate models. The model with the smallest uncertainty files has the lowest MVC value and is the model with the most validity. Ultimately the value of such a method is only realized from its utility. Example applications of the MVC method are demonstrated. Examples evaluate the rank-ordering of plume physics options used within the computer zone model WPI-Fire when validated against upper layer temperature data from compartment-fire test scenarios. The results show how candidate models of a set may be discriminated against based on validity. These results are powerful in that they allow the user to establish a quantitative measure for level of model performance and/or choose the most valid model for an application."

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Ciret, Jérémy. „Investigation of intumescent coatings for fire protection : application to jet-fire“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10187/document.

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Cette étude s’intéresse aux comportements de 4 peintures intumescentes développées pour protéger des plateformes offshores et susceptibles de résister aux « jet-fires ». Un jet-fire peut intervenir sur un site pétrochimique suite à une fuite d’hydrocarbures sous pression et causer de sérieux dommages de part la chaleur dégagées et surtout la quantité de mouvement générées. Les aspects physiques et chimiques de ces formulations ont été développés permettant de mettre en avant les effets du pentaérythritol sur le comportement viscoélastiques et le processus d’intumescence. Par diffraction des rayons X et par RMN à l’état solide, nous avons montré les interactions entre ammonium et polyphosphate et différentes sources de carbones (pentaérythritol, dipentaérythritol, réseau époxyde) permettant la formation d’un char. Les résidus phosphorés réagissent ensuite avec TiO2 pour former une structure cristalline TiP2O7 suspectées d’améliorer la résistance au feu et la résistance mécanique du char. Des tests feu ont confirmés ces améliorations. Dans un dernier chapitre nous avons développé un test permettant de reproduire à l’échelle laboratoire les phénomènes radiatifs et convectifs du jet-fire. Les premiers résultats ont montré de bonnes corrélations entre les observations faites à grande échelle et celles réalisées au laboratoire
The aim of this study is to understand and to explain behaviours exhibited by four epoxy based intumescent formulations used on offshore platforms facing to jet-fire. A jet-fire is a turbulent diffusion flame resulting from the combustion of a fuel continuously released with some significant momentum. It represents a significant element of the risk on offshore installations. Regarding the formulation studied, we have developed three approaches. Firstly, the visco-elastic behaviour and mechanical resistance of the formulations have been investigated. The results show that pentaerythritol causes a viscosity decrease at lower temperature that appears as prejudicial to maintain efficient char on steel substrate. In a second part, chemical evolutions of the intumescent formulation have been determined thanks to solid-state NMR and X-Ray diffraction. Interactions between ammonium polyphosphate and respective carbon sources present in formulations have been assumed, yielding to the formation of char and production of phosphorus residues. Then these phosphorus residues react at high temperature with TiO2 to form a crystalline structure TiP2O7 suspected to enhance mechanical properties and flame retardant performance. In a last part, furnace fire tests confirm this enhancement. Furthermore a new small-scale experimental setup is developed mimicking large scale jet-fire resistance test in order to obtain rapidly and at low cost reliable behaviours of a large number of formulations facing to high load mixing radiative heat and flame impact. First results have been correlated with the large-scale ones and different geometries have been considered

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Song, Guowen. „Modeling Thermal Protection Outfits for Fire Exposures“. NCSU, 2002. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-10012002-131129/.

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A numerical model has been developed that successfully predicts heat transfer through thermally protective clothing materials and garments exposed to intense heat. The model considers the effect of fire exposure to the thermophysical properties of materials as well as the air layers between the clothing material and skin surface. These experiments involved characterizing the flash fire surrounding the manikin by measuring the temperature of the flame above each thermal sensor in the manikin surface. An estimation method is used to calculate the heat transfer coefficient for each thermal sensor in a 4 second exposure to an average heat flux of 2.00cal/cm2sec. A parameter estimation method was used to estimate fabrics dynamic thermophysical properties. The skin-clothe air gap distribution of different garments was determined using three-dimensional body scanning technology. Multi-layer skin heat transfer and a burn prediction models are used to predict second and third degree burns. The integrated generalized model developed will validated using the "Pyroman" Thermal Protective Clothing Analysis System with Kevlar/PBI® and Nomex®?A coverall garments. A parametric study conducted using this numerical model indicated the influencing parameters on garment thermal protective performance in terms of burn damage subjected to 4 second flash fire exposure. The importance of these parameters is analyzed and distinguished. These parameters includes fabric thermophysical properties, Pyroman® chamber generated flash fire characterizes, garment shrinkage and fit factors, as well as garment initial and test ambient temperature. Different skin models are also investigated using this model.

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Garcia, Lucas Aaron. „Fire Training Fatalities and Firefighter Adherence to National fire Protection Association Standards“. ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6204.

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Sudden cardiac arrest continues to be a major cause of firefighter deaths during training due to a lack of individual firefighter adherence to National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards. These standards identify requirements for fire departments to create and maintain fitness programs. Existing research has not identified any relationships between training fatalities and individual firefighter adherence to NFPA 1583, Standard on Health-Related Fitness Programs for Fire Department Members. Using self-determination theory as the foundation, the purpose of this cross-sectional correlation study was to investigate whether individual firefighter adherence to NFPA 1583 has a measurable effect on training fatalities. Survey data were collected from 441 paid firefighters from 7 fire departments located in a rural county in a southern U.S. state. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression. Results indicated that adherence to NFPA 1583 has a statistically significant relationship with reduced firefighter training fatalities (p = .000). Recommendations include examining adherence policies to all elements of the NFPA 1583 standard, not just chapters 5 through 8 in the publication. These include chapter 1 administration, chapter 2 referenced publications, chapter 3 definitions, and chapter 4 program organization specifications. The study results may be used by fire department training divisions to improve the health and safety of firefighters.

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Gardelle, Bastien. „Development and resistance to fire of intumescent silicone based coating : fire protection of steel in simulated fire“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10079/document.

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L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de développer des revêtements intumescents à base de résines de silicone pour la protection de l'acier en cas d’incendie. Les revêtements intumescents ont pour fonction d'assurer l'intégrité des structures en acier exposées au feu, ce métal perdant une grande partie de ses propriétés mécaniques au-dessus de 550°C. Les revêtements intumescents classiquement utilisés sont formulés à partir de résines organiques ce qui conduit à certaines limitations. Dans ce travail, des revêtements intumescents hybrides organiques-inorganiques à base de résines de silicone ont donc été développés. Dans un premier temps, il est montré que les résines silicones de types RTV (room temperature vulcanized) présentent les meilleures propriétés de barrière thermique. Par la suite, du graphite expansible a été incorporé en tant qu’agent gonflant à la résine silicone, pour permettre l'expansion du revêtement à haute température. Grâce à des interactions spécifiques entre le silicone et le graphite expansé, le revêtement obtenu présente d'excellentes propriétés de protection thermique. Ces résultats ont été attribués à ses propriétés de gonflement, à sa faible conductivité thermique à haute température et à la bonne cohésion du char développé. Des charges minérales supplémentaires ont ensuite été incorporées dans la formulation afin d'augmenter les propriétés mécaniques du char. Enfin, les paramètres essentiels régissant les propriétés de barrières thermiques des revêtements siliconés ont été mises en évidence. En jouant sur ces paramètres, il est possible de formuler des revêtements performants pour la protection de l'acier au cours d'un incendie
The purpose of this Ph.D work is to develop intumescent coatings for the protection of steel against fire. The aim of this coating is to ensure the integrity of steel structure exposed to fire since steel loses more than 50% of its load capacity above 550°C. Intumescent coatings expand in case of fire leading to the formation of an insulative barrier limiting the heat transfer from the heat source to the substrate. Most of these coatings are organic based and thus exhibit some limitations. Thus, in this work, hybrid organic-inorganic coatings based on silicone resins were developed. In a first step, it is shown that room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber is the silicone matrix exhibiting the best insulative properties in fire scenarios. Expandable graphite is then used as blowing agent to make the silicone swell when exposed to fire. Due to several interactions between silicone and expandable graphite at high temperature, the coating exhibits excellent fire performance. This performance was attributed to the swelling properties, the low thermal conductivity at high temperature and the good cohesion of the developed char. Additional fillers such as calcium carbonate and organoclay are incorporated in the formulation to increase the mechanical properties of the char. Finally, the critical parameters governing the insulative properties of intumescent silicone coatings have been determined. Moreover, it was pointed out that it is possible to develop silicone coatings exhibiting better fire performance than commercial intumescent paint for the protection of steel against fire in both hydrocarbon and cellulosic fire scenarios

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Murray, John William 1972. „Simulation to assess plumbing and fire protection innovations“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79988.

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Jackman, L. A. „Sprinkler spray interactions with fire gases“. Thesis, London South Bank University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.482025.

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Davidson, Michael. „Assessment of Passive Fire Protection on Steel-Girder Bridges“. TopSCHOLAR®, 2012. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1213.

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Bridges in the US are severely damaged or suffer collapse from fires at significant rates, even when compared to other hazards such as earthquakes. Fire-induced bridge collapses are perpetuated by the general lack of installed fire protection systems. Therefore, new materials and applications are needed to mitigate structural damage that can be caused to civil infrastructure by severe fires. Accordingly, the objective of this study is to further the development of new fire protection applications in transportation structures. Specifically, the investigation centers on the development of new applications in passive fire protection materials, within the context of shielding steel-girder bridges against severe fire effects. A steel-girder bridge has been selected for study, and a high-resolution finite element model has been formed based on the corresponding bridge structural drawings. Temperature-dependent structural material properties and thermal properties have been synthesized and incorporated into the model. Additionally, a representative fire scenario has been formed (in part) based on a recent fire incident that occurred at the selected bridge site. The fire scenario also incorporates the characteristics of a fully loaded gasoline tank truck fire, where a means of incorporating the severe fire into the finite element model (as thermal loading) has been identified and enacted. Coupled thermal-mechanical finite element analyses have been carried out using the (unprotected) steel-girder bridge model. An additional finite element simulation has been carried out, where the steel-girder bridge model has been fitted with a refractory cement material that insulates the underside of the bridge spans. Also, a finite element simulation has been carried out where the steel-girder bridge model has been fitted with intumescent coating material as insulation against fire effects. Both the refractory cement and the intumescent coating materials have been found to possess robust insulation characteristics from the simulation results. Namely, the finite element analysis results indicate that, in the event of a bridge fire, both materials are capable of preventing the buildup of damaging temperatures in underlying structural members. Accordingly, the refractory cement and intumescent coating materials have been identified as successful passive fire protection materials for the fire scenario and bridge case considered.

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Taraldsson, Peter, und Ted Sunesson. „Alternative Fire Protection for CL - Timber : A Pilot Study“. Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-296544.

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This essay is a feasibility study on alternative fire protection materials for CLT elements. The purpose isto investigate and compile reasonable alternatives to gypsum board and mineral wool which theproject can then continue to work on and to test and evaluate its fire engineering properties.The fire protection standards that exists today in Sweden and the EU for CLT elements are described inoverview as well as the process of material testing at a facility like RISE.The thesis concludes that clay in plaster and board format is a material with great potential from a firetechnical and environmental point of view and is the most suitable material to proceed with forfurther tests and evaluation.The report “Material properties of clay and lime plastics for structural fire design” by Johanna L, JudithK, Alar J, Birgit M, Siim P, 2019, reports good results for the clay's fire-technical properties and shouldbe used as guidance in the project for further studies.This essay also provides suggestions on cross sections to investigate further before testing it’s fireprotection properties.It is also clear that there is a great lack of harmonizing product standards when it comes to clay as abuilding material and that the environmental documentation is deficient compared to traditionalbuilding materials such as plasterboard. The same applies to building boards that are magnesiumoxide-based, these have also had problems with moisture and the quality assurance is uncertain.
Denna uppsats är en förstudie om alternativa brandskyddsmaterial för KL-träelement, korslimmadeträelement. Syftet är att undersöka och sammanställa rimliga alternativ till gipsskivor och mineralullsom ett framtida projekt sedan kan arbeta vidare med för att testa och utvärdera dess brandtekniskaegenskaper. Krav som ställs på KL-trä ur brandskyddssynpunkt samt även hur ett materialsbrandtekniska egenskaper testas hos, till exempel, RISE beskrivs övergripligt.Uppsatsen drar slutsatsen att lera i puts- och skivformat är ett material med stor potential urbrandteknisk och miljömässig synpunkt och är det lämpligaste materialet att gå vidare med förutförligare tester och utvärdering.Rapporten ”Material properties of clay and lime plaster for structural fire design” av Johanna L, JudithK, Alar J, Birgit M, Siim P, 2019, redovisar goda resultat för lerans brandtekniska egenskaper och böranvändas vägledande i projektet för vidare studier.Denna uppsats ger även förslag på tvärsnitt att undersöka vidare för att sedan testa dessbrandtekniska egenskaper.Det är även tydligt att det finns en stor brist på harmoniserande produktstandarder när det kommertill lera som ett byggnadsmaterial samt att miljödokumentationen är bristande jämfört medtraditionella byggnadsmaterial som gipsskivor. Det samma gäller för byggskivor som ärmagnesiumoxidbaserade, dessa har även haft problem med fukt och kvalitetssäkringen är osäker.

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Cirpici, Burak Kaan. „Simulating the expansion process of intumescent coating fire protection“. Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/simulating-the-expansion-process-of-intumescent-coating-fire-protection(6de4a5f5-0fb7-4d28-a083-9c783c692e4c).html.

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The expansion ratio (defined as the ratio of the expanded thickness to the original thickness) of intumescent coatings is the most important quantity that determines their fire protection performance. This thesis explores two possible methods of predicting intumescent coating expansion: an analytical method, and a detailed numerical simulation method using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH).The analytical method is based on a cell-model and predicts bubble growth due to pressure increase in viscous liquid with constant viscosity. It has been extended to non-uniform temperature field and temperature-dependent viscosity of intumescent melt. Accuracy of this extended analytical method is assessed by comparison against the cone calorimeter and furnace fire tests on intumescent coating protected steel plates with different intumescent coating thicknesses, steel plate thicknesses, and heating conditions. The extended analytical method is then used to investigate how intumescent coating expansion and intumescent coating effective thermal conductivity are affected by changing the coating thickness, the steel thickness and the fire condition (including smouldering fire). The main conclusion is that the expansion ratio decreases as the rate of heating increases. Therefore, the intumescent coating properties obtained from the Standard fire exposure may be safely used for slower realistic fires, but would produce unsafe results for faster fires. The second method explores the potential of a meshless numerical simulation: Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). SPH modelling of intumescent coating expansion has been implemented using the SPHysics FORTRAN open-source code as a platform. To check the validity of this modelling method, the modelling results are compared against theoretical solutions for surface tension (Young-Laplace theorem), and available numerical and analytical solutions for bubble expansion. A new algorithm for representing the mass transfer of gas into the bubble using SPH particle insertion and particle shifting scheme is presented to simulate the bubble expansion process. Close agreement with an analytical solution for the initial bubble expansion rate computed by SPH is obtained. Whilst this research has demonstrated the potential of using SPH to numerically simulate intumescent coating expansion, it has also revealed significant challenges that should be overcome to make SPH a feasible method to simulate intumescent coating expansion. The main challenges include:• Simulating gas-polymer flows when expansion is occurring where there are vastly different properties of these two fluids with a density ratio of about 1000. This high density ratio may easily cause numerical pressure noise, especially at the liquid-gas interface.• Extremely high computational cost necessary to achieve sufficient accuracy by using a large number of particles (higher resolution), especially for the multi-phase SPH program, and very small time step for the lighter fluid (air). • The behaviour of intumescent coatings involves expansion ratios on the order of 10-100 with thousands of bubbles which grow, merge and burst. Based on the results of this exploratory research, future improvements are outlined to further develop the SPH simulation method.

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Gunderson, John David. „Nitrogen foam fire suppression sytem [i.e. system] for automobile under-hood post-collision fire protection“. College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/1845.

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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Fire Protection Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Ferreira, Michael J. „Barrier Performance Utilizing Normalized Heat Load as Part of an Engineering Based Building Fire Protection Analysis Method“. Digital WPI, 2004. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/1074.

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"The objective of this thesis is to examine the methods of barrier analysis used in the Building Fire Safety Engineering Method (BFSEM), and to develop the areas of the analysis which currently rely almost exclusively on subjective judgment rather than quantitative measures. The use of the Normalized Heat Load to quantify heat energy impact on a barrier is examined in detail. Procedures are developed which apply the properties of a normal statistical distribution to barrier failures times, for use in simplifying the construction of barrier catalog curves. A framework is also developed to help standardize the selection of barrier effectiveness factors. Finally, this thesis outlines the procedure for developing barrier performance curves to allow easy implementation of the barrier analysis into the general framework of the BFSEM. A design example is presented to illustrate the analysis procedures."

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MENEZES, DAIVID ALMEIDA. „WATER MIST TECHNOLOGY: AN ALTERNATIVE FOR PROTECTION AGAINST BUILDING FIRE“. PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=30481@1.

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O presente trabalho detém como proposta apresentar uma alternativa de proteção ativa contra incêndio ao sistema convencional de chuveiros automáticos que pode ser concebido nos projetos construtivos nas edificações brasileiras que é a tecnologia de Água Nebulizada (Water Mist). A tecnologia de Water Mist apresenta-se como uma proposta alternativa já que ambos possuem utilização em comum do agente extintor Água. Nesse contexto, essa dissertação fará um estudo de caso, em um edifício comercial na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, que compara o volume destinado a reserva de água para o combate a incêndio entre o Sistema de Chuveiros Automáticos (Sprinklers) e o tecnologia de Água Nebulizada (Water Mist), sendo este fator um dos aspectos de vantagens preconizados pelos fabricantes de Water Mist ao redor do mundo. O sistema de combate a incêndio existente (Sprinklers) foi projetado, admitindo-se os requisitos da legislação/código estadual vigente. A tecnologia Água Nebulizada (Water Mist) será dimensionada utilizando a Norma Americana NFPA 750 (2015), com apoio de normas técnicas e listas de especificações pelo fato da inexistência de regulamento nacional específico ou legislação/código estadual. A presente dissertação propõe divulgar a tecnologia de água nebulizada (Water Mist), discorrendo sobre as suas formas de atuação, mecanismos de extinção, apresentando-se suas peculiaridades e aplicações específicas bem como as similaridades em relação ao tradicional sistema de chuveiros automáticos e sua aplicabilidade em edificações.
This work has the proposal to present an alternative to active fire protection, which can be designed in construction projects in Brazilian buildings that are fire-fighting technology with nebulized water (Water Mist). The Water Mist technology presents itself as an alternative proposal since both have joint use of water extinguishing agent. In this context, this dissertation will make a case study in a commercial building in the city of Rio de Janeiro, which compares the volume for the water reserve for fire fighting between the Sprinkler System (Sprinklers) and Water Technology nebulized (Water Mist), and this factor one aspect of advantages recommended by manufacturers of Water Mist around the world. The Fighting existing fire system (Sprinklers) was designed, assuming the requirements of the legislation / current state code. The technology water spray (Water Mist) is scaled using the American Standard NFPA 750 (2015), with the support of technical standards and specification lists because of the absence of specific national regulation or legislation / state code.

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Richards, Paul Leonard Edward. „Characterising a Design Fire for a Deliberately Lit Fire Scenario“. Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1779.

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Deliberately lit fires make up over 15% of all fires in New Zealand buildings yet they are typically omitted from the design brief for fire engineering purposes. This report examines where deliberately lit fires should be included as part of the fire engineering design by examination of all deliberately lit fires recorded in the New Zealand Fire Incident Reporting System (NZ FIRS) between the years 1996 and 2006. The main types of buildings identified where consideration of deliberately lit fires within the design would provide benefits are: · Prisons · Psychiatric institutions · Schools · Crowd activities · Attached accommodation The report also examined what is required to include deliberately lit fires as part of the design process. Based on an analysis of the fire incident statistics, the majority of deliberately lit fires are the result of unplanned activities and existing design fires will be adequate. Two critical fire scenarios were identified as exceeding these requirements, the ignition of multiple fires and the use of accelerants. Greater life safety benefits are obtained by considering accelerants. In the case of multiple fires, each fire is likely to be within the capabilities of a fire engineered building however a number of such fires may overwhelm the fire protection features of a building. A number of issues for the fire engineer to consider are briefly discussed. In the case of accelerants, a number of experiments were completed to characterise the heat release rate and species production of a Molotov cocktail based on the fuel volume used. A second round of experiments extended this work by examining the scenario where a Molotov cocktail containing 1000 milliliters of petrol was deployed within a stairwell.

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Setser, Katherine. „Fighting Fire with Fire: Redefining the Interior Design Value Proposition“. University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1377873629.

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Garrett, Ian J. „Design for Escape from Fire“. University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8269.

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Providing safe means of escape from fire requires more than just having a designated route out of a building. It is shown that the conditions relating to the fire, the building characteristics and the number, distribution and activities of the occupants all have a bearing on the requirements for escape. Safe escape from fire in buildings is required by the New Zealand Building Act. The Building Industry Authority (BIA) Handbook of Acceptable Solutions provides a set of prescriptive design rules for the means of escape from buildings. Compliance with these rules is deemed to comply with the legal requirements of the Building Act. The necessity of considering the BIA Acceptable Solutions as an integrated solution is discussed. The Building Act allows for the specific design of means of escape where the Acceptable Solutions are inappropriate or where an alternative solution is desired. Alternative solutions must show, to the approval of the Territorial Authority, that compliance with the requirements of the Building Act for safe escape is provided. The action of the occupants in the act of escape from an evolving fire requires consideration of both time and space; the solution becomes an exercise in four dimensions. These aspects are discussed in some detail, and design criteria. The necessity of relating the development of a fire and the products of combustion with the progression of occupants escaping to a place of safety is demonstrated. It is shown that design for safe means of escape may be effected by a variety of inter-related factors. Variation from the BIA Acceptable Solutions requires consideration of all aspects of the design process. The design is a specific solution and must be at least as effective and efficient as the requirements of the Building Act. The design of safe means of escape requires construction of 'time lines' for the fire, including tenability conditions, and the egress movement of occupants. The necessity to include margins for safety and the reliability of systems is briefly discussed. This report shows the steps necessary to provide safe means of escape for compliance with the Building Act. Comparison is made of occupancy densities as found in NZ, as noted in design guides and overseas reference literature.

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Lewis, Kathryn R. „Fire Design of Steel Members“. University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8279.

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The New Zealand Steel Code consists of few practical design tools other than finding the time and temperature that a simply supported steel member will fail. Many other design methods that consistently give accurate estimations of the behaviour of steel members have been published, and computer programmes developed to assist in the prediction of the temperature rise of steel when subjected to elevated temperatures environments. This report describes the origins of the fire design methods used in the New Zealand Steel Code, NZS 3404:1997. The New Zealand Steel Code is reviewed and the design features are compared with the equivalent method found in the Eurocode, ENV 1993-1-2, which is the most advanced international steel fire code. The methods of evaluating the temperature rise of protected and unprotected steel beams are also investigated. Results from the simple formulas included in the New Zealand Code, and those developed by the European Convention for Constructional Steelwork, ECCS, are compared with results from the time step 'spreadsheet' method and from the finite element computer programme, SAFIR, for the ISO 834 standard fire. The comparisons show that the spreadsheet method gives temperatures very close to the average temperatures calculated by SAFIR for all cross sections and protection layouts. The equations from ECCS and NZS 3404 give good results for unprotected steel, and for protected steel the ECCS equations appear to represent the thermal response of the steel quite accurately while the New Zealand Steel Code has no simple method of estimating the temperatures for protected steel. The methods used for comparing the results with the ISO fire are then repeated with Eurocode Parametric fires, and with results from a real fire test. Suggested improvements are made for the New Zealand Steel Code, to improve the concepts and information available to engineers designing for fire safety.

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Wong, John Kee Sing. „Reliability of Structural Fire Design“. University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8302.

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In general, because of the unpredictable nature of fire and the various uncertainties related, for example, to material properties at elevated temperature, the reliability of structural fire design can be justifiably questioned. In this project, a typical structural steel design for fire condition is assessed for its reliability. The assessment consists of estimating the probability of failure of structural steel elements exposed to a wide range of fully developed fires. A number of scenarios to account for different passive protection systems and the variability in properties of related parameters are modelled. The main tool of analysis is Monte Carlo simulation using a software named @RISK. The estimated probabilities of failure or reliability indices are measured against acceptable or target values so that definite conclusion with regards to safe or unsafe design can be made. The target probability of failure and the reliability index are also worked out in this project. The overall results show that applying reliability assessment to structural fire design is of great value in pointing out shortcomings in the design and in enhancing the performance assessment of real structures.

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Yau, Wai-keung. „A study on fire protection policy in Hong Kong devolution from bureaucracy /“. Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36443311.

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Hansupo, Nittaya. „Fundamental aspects of intumescent systems for fire protection of steel structures“. Thesis, Lille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R005.

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Le but de ce travail de thèse est d’obtenir une compréhension des mécanisme d’action des revêtements intumescents à base d’époxy afin de fournir des perspectives pour le développement de nouveaux systèmes de protection contre le feu. La formulation intumescente est un système très complexe. Ce travail se concentre en particulier sur les composants clés dont la compréhension des mécanismes d’action était absente. Tout d’abord, les mécanismes d’action des borates ont été étudiés en incluant des modifications chimiques et thermo-physiques; la combinaison des résultats obtenus sous différents aspects permet de comprendre son mode d’action. D’un côté, les borates en particulier l’acide borique ont été mentionnés comme Cancérogènes, Mutagènes, Reprotoxiques (CMR); la substitution de ces composants est nécessaire. Les résultats soulignent le rôle important et la réactivité élevée du zinc (de borate de zinc), ce qui suggère le développement de nouveaux systèmes en incorporant un composé à base de zinc au lieu du borate du zinc. Deuxièmement, l’effet du CaCO3 sur les propriétés de protection contre le feu et son mécanisme d’action dans le revêtement intumescent ont été examinés. L’ajout de CaCO3 améliore les propriétés de protection au feu et d’adhérence/cohérence du revêtement et son mécanisme d’action était justifié. De plus, plusieurs carbonates (MgCO3, ZnCO3, Na2CO3, K2CO3) en tant qu’ingrédient intumescent ont également été examinés. L’utilisation de MgCO3 comme ingrédient intumescent est favorable pour les propriétés de protection contre le feu du revêtement ainsi que pour l’utilisation de CaCO3. Dans ce travail, les mécanismes d’action des borates et des carbonates ont été étudies. Les résultats suggèrent le développement de nouveaux systèmes utilisant des ingrédients alternatifs tels que le composé à base de zinc ou MgCO3
The goal of this PhD work is to get an insight into the mechanisms of action of epoxy based intumescent coating to be able to provide the outlooks for the development of novel systems of higher protection against fire. The intumescent formulation is highly complex system. This work focuses particularly on the key components of which the understanding of the mechanisms of action is still lacking. Firstly, the mechanisms of action of borates were investigated in both chemical and thermo-physical modifications; the combination of the results obtained from different aspects allows drawing its mode of action. On the one hand, borates in particular boric acid have been mentioned to be Carcinogenic, Mutagenic, Reprotoxic (CMR); the substitution of these important intumescent components are necessary. The results point out the important role and high reactivity of zinc (i.e. from zinc borate), this suggests the development of novel systems by incorporating zinc based compound instead of zinc borate. Secondly, the effect of CaCO3 on fire protective properties and its mechanism of action in intumescent coating were examined. The addition of CaCO3 improves the fire protective properties and adhesion/cohesion of the coating and its mechanism of action was fully justified. Additionally, various carbonates (i.e. MgCO3, ZnCO3, Na2CO3, K2CO3) as intumescent ingredient were also examined. The use of MgCO3 as intumescent ingredient is beneficial for the fire protective properties of the coating as well as the use of CaCO3. In this work, the mechanisms of action of borates and carbonates were fully examined. The results suggest the development of novel systems with using the alternative ingredients such as zinc-based compound or MgCO3

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Lin, Han. „Computational study of smoke suppression by using water mist and sprinkler fire protection system in high rise building fire“. Thesis, University of Macau, 2017. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3691674.

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Stern-Gottfried, Jamie. „Travelling fires for structural design“. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5244.

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Traditional methods for specifying thermal inputs for the structural fire analysis of buildings assume uniform burning and homogeneous temperature conditions throughout a compartment, regardless of its size. This is in contrast to the observation that accidental fires in large, open-plan compartments tend to travel across floor plates, burning over a limited area at any one time. This thesis reviews the assumptions inherent in the traditional methods and addresses their limitations by proposing a methodology that considers travelling fires for structural design. Central to this work is the need for strong collaboration between fire safety engineers to define the fire environment and structural fire engineers to assess the subsequent structural behaviour. The traditional hypothesis of homogeneous temperature conditions in postflashover fires is reviewed by analysis of existing experimental data from wellinstrumented fire tests. It is found that this assumption does not hold well and that a rational statistical approach to fire behaviour could be used instead. The methodology developed in this thesis utilises travelling fires to produce more realistic fire scenarios in large, open-plan compartments than the conventional methods that assume uniform burning and homogeneous gas phase temperatures which are only applicable to small compartments. The methodology considers a family of travelling fires that includes the full range of physically possible fire sizes iv within a given compartment. The thermal environment is split into two regions: the near field (flames) and the far field (smoke away from the flames). Smaller fires travel across a floor plate for long periods of time with relatively cool far field temperatures, while larger fires have hotter far field temperatures but burn for shorter durations. The methodology is applied to case studies showing the impact of travelling fires on generic concrete and steel structures. It is found that travelling fires have a considerable impact on the performance of these structures and that conventional design approaches cannot automatically be assumed to be conservative. The results indicate that medium sized fires between 10% and 25% of the floor area are the most onerous for a structure. Detailed sensitivity analyses are presented, showing that the structural design and fuel load have a larger impact on structural behaviour than any numerical or physical parameter required for the methodology. This thesis represents a foundation for using travelling fires for structural analysis and design. The impact of travelling fires is critical for understanding true structural response to fire in modern, open-plan buildings. It is recommended that travelling fires be considered more widely for structural design and the structural mechanics associated with them be studied in more detail. The methodology presented in this thesis provides a key framework for collaboration between fire safety engineers and structural fire engineers to achieve these aims.

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Gorbett, Gregory Edward. „Development and Assessment of a Decision Support Framework for Enhancing the Forensic Analysis and Interpretation of Fire Patterns“. Digital WPI, 2015. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/462.

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"Fire investigators have historically relied upon fire damage as a means to conclude where a fire originated despite the lack of formal processes. The historical and current literature on the topic was evaluated with a specific emphasis toward the research conducted over the past eighty years related to fire patterns and their creation in the context of the fire environment. A seven step reasoning process for evaluating damage for determining the area of origin, along with a new definition for the term fire pattern, was developed. The aim was to develop and implement into practice a decision support framework that assists forensic fire investigators in assessing the efficacy of fire burn patterns as reliable indicators of the area of fire origin. This was facilitated by the development of a prototype method for determining the area of origin based on fire patterns analysis, named the Process for Origin Determination (POD). This dissertation describes the application of the POD with test subjects and presents an analysis of the outcomes showing its benefits. It has been shown through the use of reliability and validity tests that the POD assisted novices in more consistently and more accurately determining the area of origin over a variety of scenarios."

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Salter, Chris. „Economics of fire : exploring fire incident data for a design tool methodology“. Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13199.

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Fires within the built environment are a fact of life and through design and the application of the building regulations and design codes, the risk of fire to the building occupants can be minimised. However, the building regulations within the UK do not deal with property protection and focus solely on the safety of the building occupants. This research details the statistical analysis of the UK Fire and Rescue Service and the Fire Protection Association's fire incident databases to create a loss model framework, allowing the designers of a buildings fire safety systems to conduct a cost benefit analysis on installing additional fire protection solely for property protection. It finds that statistical analysis of the FDR 1 incident database highlights the data collection methods of the Fire and Rescue Service ideally need to be changed to allow further risk analysis on the UK building stock, that the statistics highlight that the incidents affecting the size of a fire are the time from ignition to discovery and the presence of dangerous materials, that sprinkler activations may not be as high as made out by sprinkler groups and that the activation of an alarm system gives a smaller size fire. The original contribution to knowledge that this PhD makes is to analyse the FDR 1 database to try and create a loss model, using data from both the Fire Protection Association and the Fire and Rescue Service.

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Myburgh, Erena. „Evaluating methods for fire protection and related fire risk categories in rural towns of the Western Cape, South Africa“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20066.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Water flows required for fire protection (fire flows) from water distribution systems (WDS) in rural towns in the Western Cape Province, South Africa, were evaluated as part of this research project. The fire flow requirements specified in different South African guidelines, as well as a number of international standards, were compared. Various guidelines and codes used in South Africa, including the South African National Standards, specify fire flow requirements according to the risk category of the area concerned. Alternative methods of firefighting and new firefighting technologies that can reduce the reliance on potable water resources for firefighting were evaluated. The traditional method of designing a WDS to provide potable water for firefighting, commonly employed in South African municipal areas formed the focus of the study. The potential fire risk costs (potential costs of damages if a fire was to occur) should also be considered, in addition to the network construction costs, when designing a WDS, in order to determine the most economically feasible option. Data obtained from the fire departments of three municipalities in rural towns of the Western Cape, was analysed to determine the actual flow rates that were required to extinguish fires in these towns. The records considered covered approximately one year in each case and included a total of 564 fire incident reports suitable for this study. According to the data, a small fraction (11%) of the fires was extinguished using water from the WDS by connecting firefighting equipment directly to a fire hydrant. The majority of the fires were extinguished by means of water ejected from a firefighting vehicle. This method implies the use of water drawn from the potable network at a certain location; the water is shuttled by firefighting vehicles, from either the fire station or from a central abstraction point in the WDS. The location of the said abstraction point was found to have a notable impact on the WDS and this received attention in this study. The data showed that 99.8% of the flows required in rural towns were lower than the flows recommended for moderate risk areas in typical South African guidelines. Hydraulic modelling of a hypothetical WDS model was conducted to illustrate that the provision of fire flows according to commonly used South African fire flow standards leads to higher costs. The latter hypothetical case study illustrates that designing a network to provide fire flows according to the referred standards resulted in 15% higher costs, compared to designing a network that would have provided for the actual recorded fire flows according to the data set obtained from the selected rural towns compiled for this study. The hypothetical case study also showed that the cost for a WDS, where sufficient pressure is required at all hydrants during peak fire flows, is 2.4% higher than the cost for a distribution system where water is supplied via predetermined hydrants for refilling firefighting vehicles. A WDS with central, predetermined abstraction points for refilling firefighting vehicles offers a solution to providing fire flows in areas where the distribution systems may be inadequate. The revision of the current fire flow standards of South Africa would, therefore, be a logical next step along with the reassessment of methods used for supplying fire flows.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Water vloei vir brandbestryding (brandvloei) uit waterverspreidingstelsels (WVS) in plattelandse dorpe in die Wes-Kaap, Suid Afrika, is as deel van hierdie navorsingsprojek geëvalueer. Die brandvloei soos gespesifiseer in verskillende Suid-Afrikaanse riglyne, asook ŉ aantal internasionale standaarde is vergelyk. Verskeie riglyne en kodes wat in Suid-Afrika gebruik word, insluitende die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Standaarde, spesifiseer brandvloei-vereistes op grond van die risiko-kategorie van ŉ spesifieke gebied. ŉ Verskeidenheid alternatiewe metodes vir brandbestryding en nuwe brandbestrydings-tegnologieë is ondersoek, om sodoende die afhanklikheid van ons beperkte drinkbare waterbronne vir brandbestryding te verminder. Die tradisionele metode om water aan munisipale areas te voorsien, die gebruik van ŉ WVS, is ook geassesseer. Hierdie metodes dui daarop dat die potensiële brandgevaar-kostes (potensiële koste van skade indien ŉ brand sou plaas vind) ook in ag geneem moet word, tesame met die konstruksie kostes van ŉ WVS, om sodoende die mees ekonomies haalbare netwerk te bepaal. Data wat verkry is vanaf die brandweer departement van drie plattelandse munisipaliteite in die Wes-Kaap is ontleed om die werklike vloei-tempos vas te stel wat nodig was om brande te blus in hierdie dorpe. Die data is verkry vir ŉ tydperk van een jaar en 564 brandverslae was bruikbaar vir die doeleindes van hierdie studie. Volgens die data was ŉ lae aantal (11%) van die brande geblus vanuit die WVS deur die koppeling van brandbestrydingstoerusting direk aan ŉ brandkraan. Die meeste van die brande is geblus met behulp van water wat voorsien is deur ŉ brandbestrydingsvoertuig. Met hierdie metode word water deur die brandbestrydings-voertuie aangery vanaf die brandweerstasie of onttrek vanuit ŉ sentrale ontrekkingspunt in die WVS. Daar is gevind dat die ligging van laasgenoemde ontrekkingspunt ŉ beduidende impak op die WVS het – hierdie aspek is daarom verder ondersoek. Die data het getoon dat 99.8% van die vloei-tempo’s wat nodig is om brande te blus in plattelandse dorpe, laer is as die brandvloei riglyne vir matige risiko-areas volgens tipes Suid-Afrikaanse standaarde. Hidrouliese modellering van ŉ hipotetiese WVS is uitgevoer om te illustreer dat die verskaffing van brandvloei volgens die standaarde wat algemeen gebruik word, hoër kostes tot gevolg het. Die laasgenoemde hipotetiese gevallestudie illustreer dat ŉ netwerk ontwerp om brandvloei te verskaf volgens die huidige standaarde 15% duurder is as vir netwerke wat ontwerp is om die werklike aangetekende brandvloei te voorsien soos getoon deur die veld-data wat vir hierdie studie verkry is. Die hipotetiese gevallestudie het ook getoon dat die koste vir ŉ WVS, waar voldoende drukke gehandhaaf moet word by alle brandkrane terwyl piek brand vloeie voorsien word, 2.4% duurder is as vir ŉ WVS waar die brandvloei verskaf word by voorafbepaalde brandkrane vir die hervulling van brandbestrydingsvoertuie. ŉ WVS met sentrale onttrekkingspunte vir die hervulling van brandbestrydingsvoertuie, bied ŉ metode om brandvloei te voorsien in gebiede waar die WVS onvoldoende is, bv. informele nedersettings. Die hersiening van die huidige brandvloei standaarde van Suid Afrika sou dus ŉ logiese volgende stap wees, tesame met die herevaluering van die metodes wat gebruik word vir die verskaffing van brandvloei.

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Yau, Wai-keung, und 邱偉強. „A study on fire protection policy in Hong Kong: devolution from bureaucracy“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36443311.

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43

Stevens, Staci R. „The impact of a mandatory wellness program in a fire protection district“. Scholarly Commons, 1997. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2316.

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A mandatory two year fitness, health screening and education program was conducted in a fire protection district to assess the impact on selected fitness, medical and absenteeism variables. The study evaluated the archival data from a program that had already been conducted. Absenteeism measured as occupational injury and personal illness were reviewed two years prior to the program and during the two year program period. Medical evaluation and fitness testing were also conducted during the program. Individualized exercise prescriptions were developed for each participant from the fitness profiles derived from testing. The firefighters were given two hours each work shift to complete their prescribed physical training. Wellness education topics were provided during training sessions at the fire stations. A quasi-experimental factorial design was used to evaluate the program. All fitness measures showed improvement. Total cholesterol, triglycerides and diastolic blood pressure declined as well. A repeated measures MANOVA showed a significant multivariate effect for the linear combination of variables consisting of physical fitness, health screening and absenteeism. A reduction in injury-related absenteeism resulted in a decline in the workers' compensation premium and saved this fire district an estimated $68,741 over two years. It appears that this mandatory health promotion program improved physical fitness and reduced absenteeism due to occupational injury.

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Christke, Sandra. „Multi-layer polymer-metal laminate as fire protection for lightweight transport structures“. Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3348.

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This study describes the development both of a new surface thermal insulation system, the experimental investigations into its fire protection mechanism and efficacy and a new thermal response modelling program. The use of multi-layer polymer metal laminates (PML) draws on the general principle common in conventional insulation methods, such as mineral-fibre and intumescent coatings, of immobilising high fractions of gas within the material and using the gas’ low thermal conductivity, harnessing the insulating effect. PMLs have the advantage over these systems in that they also form an integral part of the structure thereby contributing to the structural performance. With the view of taking this concept from laboratory scale to manufacture, material characterisation experiments were carried out to determine thermal and expansion characteristics of the PML material as these properties significantly influence fire performance. The PML FIRE model predicts the thermal response of PML-insulated substrates and was developed to take account of PML-specific effects such as expansion and foil melting. A series of small-scale fire tests were performed over wide heat flux ranges and on various PML designs, which included variations of PML ply numbers, foil thicknesses as well as the front face appearance, in order to gain insights into the PML fire protection mechanism and to validate the PML FIRE model. Fire-structural experiments on non-reactive and combustible PML-protected substrates commonly used in lightweight structures demonstrated the lower temperature transfer and the greatly improved structural resilience of the underlying substrate achieved. Good correlation of experimental and modelled temperature curves using PML FIRE has been obtained. The thermal state of specimens during heat exposure experiments up to structural failure can now be accurately predicted. Comparison of PML against other insulation methods illustrated the PML’s equivalent or superior behaviour in reducing underlying substrate temperatures and prolonging structural life during fire-structural testing.

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Russell, Stephanie. „Enterprise unleashed? : exercising power through isomorphism in the passive fire protection industry“. Thesis, Keele University, 2011. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/3811/.

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This thesis focuses on the passive fire protection industry which is a sector of construction that has previously been neglected by researchers. I use insights from ethnographic research to present the challenges and daily struggles individuals experience as they contend with working in a deregulated environment. My analysis contributes to the scholarship on Institutional Theory (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983), which has been traditionally used to discuss how organizations become homogenised (similar) through isomorphic pressures (coercive, normative, mimetic) as they seek to enhance their legitimacy and reduce uncertainty. In contrast to previous accounts of Institutional Theory which have ignored a critical understanding of power, I draw on Foucault (1977) to argue that isomorphic pressures exercise disciplinary power by spreading an 'enterprise discourse' (du Gay and Salaman, 1992). Enterprise endeavours to reinvent employees as autonomous, responsible and self-regulating subjects. Although the enterprise discourse encourages self-regulation, in the passive fire industry, it became a counter-discourse as individuals call for more government regulation. In a 'lighter touch' environment (UKAS, 2004: 1), the principles of enterprise (choice, autonomy) were both endorsed and turned back on to the government as employees used it to engage in non-conformance. Consideration of these issues enables a contribution to be made by highlighting the limitations of conventional accounts of Institutional Theory. I suggest that gaps in scholarship can be filled by critically examining the role of isomorphic pressures in homogenising and normalising conduct; this also points to the impact such regimes can have on an industry whose main objective is to enhance life and building safety.

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Metlický, Martin. „Design hasičského zásahového vozidla“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231115.

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The topic of this master’s thesis is design of fire fighting and rescue vehicle, more specifically wildland fire apparatus primarily intended for difficult terrain. The main aim of this design is to create functional object fulfilling ergonomic, technical, and aesthetic demands.

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Tasi, Ching-Hsiung, und 蔡清雄. „Case Study for Fire Modeling Application in Nuclear Power Plane Fire Protection System Design“. Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47993685884433244114.

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碩士
國立交通大學
產業安全與防災學程碩士班
92
This dissertation addresses the investigation of Fire Modeling on the safety related switchgear room in the nuclear power plant. The field model Fire Dynamics Simulators (FDS) is applied to simulate the characteristics of temperature variation in the area of switchgear room A and room B. The design criteria for the safety of property is founded on that whether the temperature in the vicinity of two meter above the floor is higher than 40℃. The result reveals that under the safety design basis of nuclear plant specifying the three hours fire resistive rating for walls, floors, and ceilings and sufficient ceiling space for accumulating high temperature smoke.Provided that the smoke removal system and the sprinkler system in the roomA are failure simultaneously, the smoke removal system in the room B will be employed to remove the smoke coming from the room A, which will keep the temperature near the .region of two meter height lower than 40℃ to assure the equipment normal operation in the room B. Summarizing the results above, it indicates that the function of the sprinkler system and the smoke removal system definitely have sound effects on the fire suppression, and it also provides the developing track of the fire in the scene of a fire, which gives a lot of aids in the related aspects of drafting an emergency operating procedure for fire accident to bring the reactor to a safety shutdown.

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Yu, Tsung-Ta, und 于宗達. „A study of Fire Protection Design Criteria for Substations in Taiwan“. Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9gjwbg.

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碩士
吳鳳科技大學
消防研究所
100
To accommodate overall economic development in Taiwan by providing sufficient and steady power, Taiwan Power Company (Taipower) started to plan and build a large number of substations in the past few years for a strengthened power grid. However, in light of the unique power equipment and spatial design in substations and the fact that fire laws and regulations for substations in the region of Taiwan are relatively lacking, it is necessary to refer to the practice in advanced countries overseas and establish the fire protection desidn criteria suitable for substations in the region of Taiwan. This study investigated applicable domestic and international laws and regulations and analyzed 51 fire cases occurred to Taipower in the past 12 years to obtain major reasons and their ratios for possible fires at substations. In addition, we actually inspected on site at substations to understand the status of fire safety equipment and safety requirements at substations before submitting the proposed fire protection design criteria suitable for substations in the region of Taiwan. Besides serving as reference for fire regulating authorities when they stipulate related regulations and laws and for designers during fire safety design, this study can also be referred to by Taipower when it tries to improve old and outdated fire safety equipment so as to enhance its ability to ensure fire safety and reduce potential crises as a result of power failure caused by fires, accordingly improving the business image of the company.

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Chang, Chu-Pang, und 張初滂. „Seismic Design for Fire Protection Pipings and Support of High Tech Building“. Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29t879.

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碩士
國立交通大學
工學院工程技術與管理學程
106
This study is in accordance with the content of local and foreign codes and regulations to discuss the seismic design of the local fire protection regulations. The design flow charts of the fire protection piping and seismic piping support are developed to reduce the design duration and increase the engineering efficiency. The seismic design of fire protection piping includes the installation of flexible coupling and vibration isolator, the increase of the penetration opening clearance etc. For seismic support design, the Lateral Bracing, Longitudinal Bracing, Four-Way Swing Bracing need to be considered especially.

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Richards, P. L. E. „Characterising a design fire for a deliberately lit fire scenario : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Fire Engineering at the University of Canterbury /“. 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1779.

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Dissertationen zum Thema „Design of fire protection“

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