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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Design de synthèse“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Design de synthèse"
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Dessus, Philippe. „Quelles idées sur l’enseignement nous révèlent les modèles d’Instructional design ?“ Swiss Journal of Educational Research 28, Nr. 1 (01.06.2006): 137–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24452/sjer.28.1.4723.
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L’instructional design est un champ de recherche anglo-saxon s’intéressant aux aspects prescriptifs de la conception de l’enseignement, c’est-à-dire à la manière dont on peut organiser ce dernier pour qu’il soit le plus efficace possible. Cette note de synthèse, après avoir présenté les aspects terminologiques et historiques de ce champ, passe en revue les principaux modèles d’instructional design selon trois paradigmes: béhavioriste, cognitiviste et constructiviste. Son but est de rendre compte des principales évolutions de ces modèles en mettant en avant les principales idées sur l’enseignement qui leur sont sous-jacentes.
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Colas, Maxime, und Michel Deloizy. „Le Model Based Design pour l’apprentissage par conception guidée“. J3eA 22 (2023): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/j3ea/20231009.
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Cet article présente une démarche d’apprentissage par conception guidée reposant sur des techniques de prototypage rapide dans le domaine mécatronique. La pédagogie développée se veut intégrative et auto-contenue : elle ne nécessite pas de prérequis et apporte au fur et à mesure des besoins, l’ensemble des connaissances et compétences pluridisciplinaires nécessaires à la progression cohérente du projet de conception, tant d’un point de vue mécanique, programmation, qu’en termes de technique de contrôle-commande, le tout dans un volume horaire contraint. La ligne directrice employée vise à confronter de façon permanente, progressive et itérative, modèle simulé et système réel dans un objectif de dimensionnement de partie opérative, de validation de modèle et d’algorithmes de commande en tirant partie d’outils logiciels de contrôle/commande temps-réel, de synthèse de code et de simulation multiphysique.
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Kaine, Élisabeth. „Des expériences communautaires de mises en exposition en territoire inuit“. Anthropologie et Sociétés 28, Nr. 2 (14.03.2005): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/010612ar.
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Résumé Créer est le mot clé des ateliers Design et culture matérielle, puisque la synthèse créative est un principe intégrateur pour la formation de l’identité. Il est de toute première importance de permettre aux élèves de s’inscrire dans l’histoire de la culture matérielle inuit contemporaine par la réalisation de leur propre projet. Concevoir un nouvel objet en s’inspirant de données reliées au passé de sa propre culture permet de véritablement saisir les particularités inhérentes à cet autre temps ; il s’agit en fait de créer pour comprendre, pour mieux se comprendre et pouvoir se projeter.
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Chaachoua, Hamid. „T4TEL : Un cadre de référence pour la formalisation et l’extension du modèle praxéologiqueT4TEL: A frame of reference for the formalization and extension of the praxeological model“. Educação Matemática Pesquisa : Revista do Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Educação Matemática 22, Nr. 4 (15.09.2020): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/1983-3156.2020v22i4p103-118.
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RésuméCe texte propose une synthèse de développement d’un cadre de référence T4TEL qui, à l’origine, a été développé pour répondre à des besoins de conception d’environnements informatiques. Nous présentons ses fondements, son intérêt et ses apports dans des recherches en didactique des mathématiques hors du champ informatique.Mots clés : environnement informatique, TATEL, didactique des mathématiques. AbstractThis paper describes a theoretical framework T4TEL development, that was originally developed to meet the design needs of IT environments. We present its foundations, its interest, and its contributions in research in didactics of mathematics out of the computer field.Keywords: IT environments, T4TEL, didactics of mathematics.
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Gagnon, Roxane, Sonia Guillemin, Rosalie Bourdages und José Ticon. „Produire spontanément un récit oral aux trois cycles de l’école obligatoire en Suisse romande : synthèse d’un projet de recherche-design“. Repères, Nr. 68 (01.12.2023): 79–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/reperes.6048.
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Lombard, François. „Conception et analyse de dispositifs d’investigation en biologie: comment conjuguer autonomie dans la validation scientifique, approfondissement conceptuel dans le paradigme et couverture curriculaire ?“ Swiss Journal of Educational Research 35, Nr. 2 (26.09.2018): 295–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.24452/sjer.35.2.4913.
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L’investigation est un modèle pédagogique imposé en France et encouragé en Europe pour l’enseignement des sciences. Il est fondé sur la dévolution des questions aux élèves, mais cette exigence est souvent en tension avec la nécessité de couvrir le curriculum et de garantir que les élèves acquièrent des connaissances scientifiques approfondies. Nous avons conçu un dispositif d’investigation basé sur un espace d’écriture partagé en biologie au secondaire supérieur, développé durant 10 ans. Nous avons analysé quatre années pour en extraire une conceptualisation, une description abstraite et l’identification des variables pertinentes (complexité épistémique). Dans une approche méthodologique Design-Based-Research, nous avons analysé les traces des productions écrites des élèves, des questionnaires en fin d’année et un an après à l’université. Nous proposons notamment la distinction entre l’autorité pédagogique et l’autorité scientifique, ainsi que 27 recommandations de design éprouvées. Leur synthèse révèle l’interdépendance de trois variables: i) la responsabilité assumée par les élèves de produire chacun une part des savoirs, ii) le but commun d’approfondir les connaissances et iii) le rôle de ressources authentiques pour guider l’affinage conceptuel des questions.
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Rocque, Sylvie, Jacques Langevin, Hajer Chalghoumi und Abir Ghorayeb. „Accessibilité universelle et designs contributifs dans un processus évolutif“. Développement Humain, Handicap et Changement Social 19, Nr. 3 (28.02.2022): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1086810ar.
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L’accessibilité universelle est une préoccupation majeure des pays développés, particulièrement dans les villes. Cependant, on observe une grande confusion quant à la signification de ce concept dont la définition change d’un auteur à l’autre et dont aucune ne couvre toutes les dimensions identifiées par l’ensemble des textes. Il y a aussi de nombreuses propositions, plus ou moins articulées, de différents types de design visant son atteinte. Le Comité montréalais d’étude sur l’accessibilité universelle, qui comprend des chercheurs, des représentants de regroupements d’organismes communautaires, ainsi qu’une représentante de la Direction de la diversité sociale de la Ville de Montréal, a mené les travaux de clarification de ces concepts à la base de la présente synthèse. Ce texte propose une définition formelle de l’accessibilité universelle basée sur une méthode de sélection et d’analyse de contenu des références les plus pertinentes. Cette analyse cherchait à préciser au mieux la nature du concept, ses objets et contexte d’application, sa visée sociale, la population visée et un groupe ciblé en particulier, les conditions d’utilisation, ainsi que les critères généraux d’évaluation. La même démarche terminologique a été menée pour définir les types de design contributifs à l’accessibilité universelle et pour en proposer une classification dynamique dans un processus évolutif. Ces précisions terminologiques sont proposées comme fondement au développement d’une approche interdisciplinaire, multisectorielle et multidimensionnelle de l’accessibilité universelle. Enfin, les problèmes de son évaluation sont soulignés.
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Shi, Keyou, Yong Liu und Weizhang Liang. „An Extended ORESTE Approach for Evaluating Rockburst Risk under Uncertain Environments“. Mathematics 10, Nr. 10 (16.05.2022): 1699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10101699.
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Rockburst is a severe geological disaster accompanied with the violent ejection of rock debris, which greatly threatens the safety of underground workers and equipment. This study aims to propose a novel multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach for evaluating rockburst risk under uncertain environments. First, considering the heterogeneity of rock mass and complexity of geological environments, trapezoidal fuzzy numbers (TrFNs) are adopted to express initial indicator information. Thereafter, the superiority linguistic ratings of experts and a modified entropy weights model with TrFNs are used to calculate the subjective and objective weights, respectively. Then, comprehensive weights can be determined by integrating subjective and objective weights based on game theory. After that, the organísation, rangement et synthèse de données relarionnelles (ORESTE) approach is extended to obtain evaluation results in a trapezoidal fuzzy circumstance. Finally, the proposed approach is applied to assess rockburst risk in the Kaiyang phosphate mine. In addition, the evaluation results are compared with empirical methods and other trapezoidal fuzzy MCDM approaches. Results show that the proposed extended ORESTE approach is reliable for evaluating rockburst risk, and provides an effective reference for the design of prevention techniques.
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Dowierciał, Anna, Piotr Wilk, Wojciech Rypniewski, Tomasz Frączyk, Adam Jarmuła, Katarzyna Banaszak, Magdalena Dąbrowska, Joanna Cieśla und Wojciech Rode. „Crystal structures of thymidylate synthase from nematodes, Trichinella spiralis and Caenorhabditis elegans, as a potential template for species-specific drug design“. Pteridines 24, Nr. 1 (01.06.2013): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pterid-2013-0011.
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AbstractCrystal structures were solved of the binary complexes Trichinella spiralis and Caenorhabditis elegans thymidylate synthases with deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP), with crystals obtained by the vapor diffusion method in hanging drops. For the T. spiralis thymidylate synthase-dUMP complex, the diffraction data were collected at the BESSY Synchrotron to 1.9 Å resolution. The crystal belongs to the space group P1 with two dimers in the asymmetric unit (ASU). For the C. elegans TS-dUMP complex crystal, the diffraction data were collected at the BESSY Synchrotron to 2.48 Å resolution, and the crystal belongs to the space group P 32 2 1, with two monomers (one dimer) in the ASU. Structural comparisons were made of both structures and each of them with the corresponding mouse thymidylate synthase complex.
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Squires, Vicki. „Using the 3E Framework in Promoting Adult Learners’ Success in Online Environments“. Alberta Journal of Educational Research 64, Nr. 2 (22.06.2018): 126–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.55016/ojs/ajer.v64i2.56381.
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The growth of technology has facilitated a rapid expansion of online learning opportunities in postsecondary education, where adult learners are availing themselves of these classes and programs. To facilitate the success of adult learners in online environments, instructors must consider the learning characteristics of adult learners and intentionally design courses that leverage their strengths while addressing their challenges. The purpose of this paper is to utilize the 3E framework to analyze the implementation of e-learning technologies in order to achieve those goals. In this conceptual paper, first the 3E framework is described, and then the literature on adult learning in online environments is presented using a qualitative meta-synthesis approach. The 3E framework is then applied to examine e-learning technologies to highlight the implications this lens may have in the design and implementation of these technologies. La croissance de la technologie a facilité l’expansion rapide des occasions d’apprentissage en ligne dans le monde de l’éducation postsecondaire, où les adultes se prévalent de ces cours et ces programmes. Afin de promouvoir la réussite des apprenants adultes dans ces environnements en ligne, les instructeurs doivent tenir compte des caractéristiques d’apprentissage des apprenants adultes et ensuite concevoir des cours qui exploitent leurs forces tout en abordant leurs points faibles. À cette fin, la présente recherche emploie le cadre 3E (en anglais enhance, extend, empower: améliorer, accroitre, autonomiser) pour analyser la mise en œuvre de l’apprentissage électronique. Cet article conceptuel commence par décrire le cadre 3E pour ensuite présenter, par une synthèse méta-analytique et qualitative, la recherche portant sur l’apprentissage par les adultes dans les environnements en ligne. Par la suite, le cadre 3E est appliqué à l’étude des technologies en ligne pour mettre en valeur les incidences que pourraient avoir cette perspective sur la conception et la mise en œuvre de ces technologies. Mots clés : apprentissage en ligne, apprenants adultes, éducation postsecondaire
Dissertationen zum Thema "Design de synthèse"
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Côté, Simon. „Design, synthèse et caractérisation de molécules peptidiques fonctionnelles“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ38055.pdf.
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Paquet-Côté, Pierre-Alexandre. „Design, synthèse et caractérisation de nanostructures peptidiques bioactives“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30750/30750.pdf.
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L’augmentation des bactéries résistantes aux antibiotiques et la diminution du nombre de nouveaux antimicrobiens ont créé un besoin de développer de nouveaux agents antimicrobiens ayant un mode d’action diminuant le risque de développement d’une résistance. L’une des familles ayant un tel potentiel est celle des peptides antimicrobiens. Pour étudier les facteurs agissant sur l’activité biologique des peptides antimicrobiens, un peptide développé dans notre laboratoire, qui comprend des acides aminés 21-couronne-7-L-phénylalanine, est utilisé comme modèle pour la synthèse de plusieurs analogues. Les modifications comprennent : l’ajout à différentes positions d’acides aminés cationiques, différentes longueurs de peptides, différentes grosseurs d’éthers-couronnes et une modification avec un complexe de Zn2+. Chaque analogue est caractérisé par des études de dichroïsme circulaire, des études fluorimétriques et des tests d’activité antimicrobienne et d’activité hémolytique. Les résultats ont permis d’identifier plusieurs tendances quant à la position de charges cationiques, la structure secondaire et l’activité des peptides.
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Parent, Manuel. „Nanosondes pour l'imagerie multiphotonique : design, synthèse et caractérisation“. Rennes 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008REN1S056.
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Les techniques d’excitation multiphotonique connaissent aujourd’hui un engouement accru dû aux nombreux avantages qu’elles offrent pour de nombreuses applications, notamment en termes de sélectivité, de localisation et de profondeur de pénétration. C’est le cas des techniques de microscopie non-linéaires qui ouvrent la voie à une imagerie du vivant plus "douce" et plus performante, à condition toutefois que soient développés les marqueurs et les sondes adaptés. Après une première partie consacrée aux différents types de sondes déjà existantes et aux généralités concernant la fluorescence induite par absorption à deux photons et la génération de seconde harmonique, ce travail décrit la stratégie mise en place pour accéder à de nouveaux outils moléculaires permettant de sonder, en temps réel, trois paramètres locaux d’importance biologique : le pH, le potentiel de membrane et le microenvironnement. L’ingénierie développée a permis la synthèse et l’étude de plusieurs familles de sondes présentant, en plus d'une réponse non-linéaire élevée, une dépendance marquée de leurs caractéristiques photophysiques vis-à-vis du paramètre à sonderMultiphotonic excitation methods have attracted increased attention in relation to their convenient advantages regarding selectivity, 3‑D localisation and penetration depth. Non‑linear microscopies are one of the most promising techniques which allow a softer and higher‑performance biological imaging, only if high-performance adequate markers and probes are developed. In the first part of this work we present different existing probes and general concepts about two‑photon absorption induced fluorescence and second harmonic generation. Secondly, we present our work about the strategy used to create new molecular tools in order to probe, in real time, three important biological local parameters: pH, membrane potential, and microenvironment. The molecular engineering which has been developed allowed synthesis and study of several families of probes that show, besides a large non linear response, a great dependence of their photophysical characteristics to the probed parameter
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Chappuit, Lucrezia. „Design, synthèse et évaluation biochimique d’inhibiteurs des ADN Méthyltransférases“. Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS372.
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Ce manuscrit présente le développement de nouveaux inhibiteurs de la DNMT1 (DNA Methyl- transferase), enzyme impliquée dans les modifications épigénétiques de l’ADN et dont la dérégulation participe à l’évolution des cancers épigénétiques. La première partie de ces travaux a porté sur le design par modélisation moléculaire de nouveaux composés prolino-homo-tryptophanes capables d’interagir avec les deux sites de liaisons de la DNMT1. Dans une seconde partie, la modélisation moléculaire nous a permis de dessiner plusieurs composés pyrazoles comme nouveaux inhibiteurs potentiels de la DNMT1. A la suite de ces études, l’ensemble des composés dessinés ont été synthétisés puis évalués sur une DNMT1 humaine recombinante grâce à un test d’inhibition biochimique. L’évaluation biochimique a permis de mettre en évidence deux composés lead capables d’inhiber totalement la DNMT1 à forte concentration (500 μM)This manuscript presents the development of novel DNMT1 (DNA Methyltransferase) inhibi- tors. This enzyme is involved in epigenetic modification of DNA and its deregulation may lead to epigenetic cancers. The first part of this work focused on the design by molecular modeling of new prolino-homo-tryptophan compounds which can interact with both pockets of DNMT1. In a second time, molecular modeling allows us to design several pyrazole compounds as po- tential new DNMT1 inhibitors. Following these studies, all designed compounds were synthe- tized and tested on a recombinant human DNMT1enzyme thanks to a biochemical inhibition test. Biological evaluation bright to light two lead compounds which totally inhibit DNMT1 at high concentration (500 μM)
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Bogdan, Niculina Daniela. „Design, synthèse, analyse structurale et réactivité de nouveaux cyclophanes“. Rouen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ROUES030.
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Nous avons réalisé la synthèse et l'analyse structurale de [7. 7]pyridinophanes, [4. 4]cyclophanes diéthers et [4. 4]cyclophanes diesters possédant des cycles 1. 3-dioxaniques et quelques mono et dicétones dérivées. L'analyse structurale a été élaborée par diffraction des rayons X, RMN, spectométrie de masse et modélisation moléculaire. Nous avons étudié le comportement conformationnel de ces molécules. La rotation des cycles aromatiques, des [7. 7]cyclophanes et de certains [4. 4]cyclophanes, a permis d'assimiler ces composés à des rotors moléculaires. Nous avons mis en évidence la formation d'agrégats supramoléculaires comportant des macrocycles et des molécules de solvant, des interactions (π-stacking, CH-π and C=O-π) intra et intermoléculaires et la formation de canaux qui incluent (ou non) des molécules de solvantWe reported here the synthesis and the structural analysis of [7. 7]pyridinophanes, [4. 4]cyclophanes diethers and [4. 4]cyclophanes diesters which exhibit 1. 3-dioxanes rings and mono and di ketones. The structural analysis was carried out using X-ray diffractometry, NMR and mass spectrometry. These investigations revealed the conformational behaviour of the molecules. Due to their dynamics the [7. 7]cyclophanes and some of the [4. 4]cyclophanes were considered molecular rotors. The formation of supramolecular aggregates for some of the macrocycle compounds with molecules of solvent, the intra and intermolecular interactions (π-stacking, CH-π and C=O-π) and the formation of the channels which embed (or not) molecules of solvents was also revealed
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Aupic, Clara. „Design, synthèse et réactivité de nouvelles plateformes borocationiques chirales“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0633.
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Dans le contexte actuel, la recherche de nouveaux systèmes éco-compatibles est devenue une nécessité en synthèse organique. Notamment, de nombreuses réactions chimiques requièrent encore l’emploi de complexes métalliques. Bien que leur efficacité n’est plus à prouver, ces métaux sont pour les plus intéressants coûteux et faiblement abondants. Le design de systèmes catalytiques innovants et non métalliques permettrait ainsi de répondre au développement d’une chimie plus respectueuse de l'environnement. Récemment, les borénium, des composés borocationiques se sont montrés performants en tant que catalyseur dans de multiples réactions. Néanmoins, peu de plateformes chirales ont été développées montrant la nécessité d’améliorer ces systèmes. Dans notre étude nous nous sommes intéressés à l’élaboration de nouvelles familles de borocations chiraux à partir de boranes cycliques stabilisés par un carbène N-hétérocyclique dans le but de créer une librairie de catalyseurs aux propriétés stéréo-électroniques modulables. La première partie de ces travaux porte sur la mono-fonctionnalisation de NHC-boranes cycliques chiraux. Divers composés contenant un atome de bore stéréogène ont pu être synthétisés de manière diastéréosélective. Dans un deuxième temps, la synthèse de NHC-boréniums chiraux a été réalisée via des méthodes d’abstraction d’hydrure ou d’halogénure à partir des NHC-boranes cycliques formés précédemment. Enfin, les propriétés stéréoélectroniques des NHC-boréniums ont été étudiées en déterminant leur acidité de Lewis. La réactivité de ces borocations a également été explorée au travers de réactions de cycloaddition ou via l’activation de sources d’hydrureIn a context of sustainable development, research on new eco-compatible systems has become a necessity in organic synthesis. Nowadays, lots of chemical reactions still require the use of metal complexes. Despite being efficient lots of transition metals are costly and not abundant. Thus, the design of innovating metal-free catalytic systems would permit the development of an economical and environmentally-friendly chemistry. Recently a new class of cationic boron-derived compounds called borenium have been the subject of intensive research. Due to their high lewis acidity, boreniums have proved to perform as catalysts in various reactions. Nevertheless, the lack of stereoselective applications show the need to improve those platforms. In this study, we developped a new class of chiral borocationic compounds starting from chiral cyclic boranes stabilized by N-heterocyclic carbenes. This work aims to synthesize series of catalysts of which the stereoelectronical properties can be modulated and to study their reactivity through several stereoselective transformations. In the first part, the diastereoselective mono-functionalization of chiral and cyclic NHC-boranes have been achieved, leading to the formation of B-stereogenic compounds. Then, new chiral NHC-boreniums have been synthesized using hydride or halide abstraction strategies. As part of this work, the electrophilic properties of the NHC-borenium have been evaluated by mesuring their lewis acidity. Finally, reactivity of borocations have been explored as catalysts in cycloaddition reactions and hydride-source activation
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Aupic, Clara. „Design, synthèse et réactivité de nouvelles plateformes borocationiques chirales“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0633.
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Dans le contexte actuel, la recherche de nouveaux systèmes éco-compatibles est devenue une nécessité en synthèse organique. Notamment, de nombreuses réactions chimiques requièrent encore l’emploi de complexes métalliques. Bien que leur efficacité n’est plus à prouver, ces métaux sont pour les plus intéressants coûteux et faiblement abondants. Le design de systèmes catalytiques innovants et non métalliques permettrait ainsi de répondre au développement d’une chimie plus respectueuse de l'environnement. Récemment, les borénium, des composés borocationiques se sont montrés performants en tant que catalyseur dans de multiples réactions. Néanmoins, peu de plateformes chirales ont été développées montrant la nécessité d’améliorer ces systèmes. Dans notre étude nous nous sommes intéressés à l’élaboration de nouvelles familles de borocations chiraux à partir de boranes cycliques stabilisés par un carbène N-hétérocyclique dans le but de créer une librairie de catalyseurs aux propriétés stéréo-électroniques modulables. La première partie de ces travaux porte sur la mono-fonctionnalisation de NHC-boranes cycliques chiraux. Divers composés contenant un atome de bore stéréogène ont pu être synthétisés de manière diastéréosélective. Dans un deuxième temps, la synthèse de NHC-boréniums chiraux a été réalisée via des méthodes d’abstraction d’hydrure ou d’halogénure à partir des NHC-boranes cycliques formés précédemment. Enfin, les propriétés stéréoélectroniques des NHC-boréniums ont été étudiées en déterminant leur acidité de Lewis. La réactivité de ces borocations a également été explorée au travers de réactions de cycloaddition ou via l’activation de sources d’hydrureIn a context of sustainable development, research on new eco-compatible systems has become a necessity in organic synthesis. Nowadays, lots of chemical reactions still require the use of metal complexes. Despite being efficient lots of transition metals are costly and not abundant. Thus, the design of innovating metal-free catalytic systems would permit the development of an economical and environmentally-friendly chemistry. Recently a new class of cationic boron-derived compounds called borenium have been the subject of intensive research. Due to their high lewis acidity, boreniums have proved to perform as catalysts in various reactions. Nevertheless, the lack of stereoselective applications show the need to improve those platforms. In this study, we developped a new class of chiral borocationic compounds starting from chiral cyclic boranes stabilized by N-heterocyclic carbenes. This work aims to synthesize series of catalysts of which the stereoelectronical properties can be modulated and to study their reactivity through several stereoselective transformations. In the first part, the diastereoselective mono-functionalization of chiral and cyclic NHC-boranes have been achieved, leading to the formation of B-stereogenic compounds. Then, new chiral NHC-boreniums have been synthesized using hydride or halide abstraction strategies. As part of this work, the electrophilic properties of the NHC-borenium have been evaluated by mesuring their lewis acidity. Finally, reactivity of borocations have been explored as catalysts in cycloaddition reactions and hydride-source activation
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Girard, Anick. „Design et synthèse d'une chimiothèque de cyclopeptides et d'analogues de la Shepherdine pour l'inhibition de l'interaction HSP90-Survivine“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29940/29940.pdf.
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Malgré les progrès réalisés dans les différentes stratégies thérapeutiques, l’efficacité des principales approches antitumorales a atteint un plateau critique dans le traitement de plusieurs cancers. Il y a donc un besoin urgent de découvrir de nouveaux composés anticancéreux innovateurs et efficaces. Surexprimée dans la plupart des cancers et indétectable dans la majorité des tissus normaux, la Survivine est une protéine multifonctionnelle qui joue un rôle clé dans le contrôle de la division cellulaire et de l’apoptose. Malgré son immense potentiel thérapeutique dans le traitement des cancers, le portfolio de la Survivine est très mince. Dans le but de développer des inhibiteurs sélectifs de la Survivine deux approches différentes ont été utilisées dans ce projet : 1) une approche par design rationnel à partir d’un ligand et 2) une approche combinatoire. Un point critique dans les fonctions de la Survivine dans les cancers est son association avec la protéine du choc thermique 90kDa (Hsp90). La Shepherdine est un peptide inhibiteur de l’interaction entre la Survivine et la Hsp90. Malheureusement, elle est dégradée rapidement et possède une perméabilité cellulaire très faible. Pour contourner ce problème, la Shepherdine a été utilisée comme référence dans une approche de design rationnel pour réaliser des études de relation structure-activité et ultimement développer des analogues synthétiques possédant des propriétés pharmacologiques améliorées. L’approche combinatoire «one-bead-one-compound» (OBOC) possède un grand potentiel pour découvrir de nouveaux ligands de la Survivine, car elle permet d’exploiter de manière optimale la diversité moléculaire accessible avec les peptides cycliques. Par contre, leur utilisation dans cette approche est limitée par les problèmes associés avec la détermination de la séquence peptidique des composés après le criblage. Pour contourner ce problème, une nouvelle approche par réouverture de cycle a été mise au point pour la synthèse et le décodage de chimiothèques OBOC de peptides cycliques. Cette nouvelle méthode servira pour la préparation d’une chimiothèque OBOC de peptides cycliques qui seront criblés pour découvrir des ligands de la Survivine et de potentiels inhibiteurs.
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Chénard, Sylvain. „Design et synthèse de nouveaux modèles de canaux anioniques artificiels“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0001/MQ43800.pdf.
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Provencher, Marie-Eve. „Design, synthèse et caractérisation de nanostructures peptidiques à visée antimicrobienne“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26792/26792.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBücher zum Thema "Design de synthèse"
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Drug synthesis. Milton Keynes: Open University, 2009.
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International Commission on Large Dams. Committee on Mine and Industrial Tailings Dams., Hrsg. Tailings dams: Design of drainage : review and recommendations = Barrages de stérile : conception du drainage : synthèse et recommandations. Paris: Commission internationale des grands barrages, 1994.
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The algebra of organic synthesis: Green metrics, design strategy, route selection, and optimization. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2012.
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Eschermann, B. Testfreundliche Synthese hochintegrierter Schaltungen. Berlin: Springer, 1992.
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The organic chemistry of drug design and drug action. San Diego: Academic Press, 1992.
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Lauria, Massimo, Hrsg. Produzione dell'Architettura tra tecniche e progetto / Architectural Planning between build and design techniques. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-988-5.
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The V Seminar OsDotta, that took place in Reggio Calabria, at the Department DASTEC, in September 2009, focused the debate on what type of contribution the Technology of the Architecture can offer, today, to the education of an architect, designer and researcher. The themes proposed for the three working tables – Techniques Materials Design - Techniques Processes Design - Techniques Morphologies Design – have been set out through reference frameworks, syntheses of the preliminary activities, results and products elaborated during the workshop. From these works some disciplinary criticalities and potentiality come out, interfacing themselves with checks on outside spendable aspects of the acquired competences and with the analysis introduced by the international referees.
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Symmetry: A basis for synthesis design. New York: Wiley, 1995.
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Baugniet, Marcel-Louis. Vers une synthèse esthétique et sociale. Bruxelles: Editions Labor, 1986.
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Meyer, J. J. 3 D et vrai relief: Images de synthèse. Paris: Editions Radio, 1986.
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Freitag, Anne. Subtyp-spezifische Inhibitoren der Phosphoinositid-3-Kinase: Design, Synthese und biologische Testung. [S.l: s.n.], 2014.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Design de synthèse"
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Osann, Isabell, Lena Mayer und Inga Wiele. „Phase Drei - Synthese“. In Design Thinking Schnellstart, 46–61. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446462687.006.
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Kuipers, Theo A. F. „The Logic of Qualitative Progress in Nomic, Design, and Explicative Research“. In Synthese Library, 207–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01315-7_10.
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Stroud, Robert M. „Exploring Drug Design Methods with Thymidylate Synthase“. In Structure-Based Drug Design, 233–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9028-0_20.
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Martínez-Gómez, Pedro. „Scientific Prediction and Prescription in Plant Genetic Improvement as Applied Science of Design: The Natural and the Artificial“. In Synthese Library, 167–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52500-2_9.
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Heng, Kevin. „Reflections by a Theoretical Astrophysicist“. In Synthese Library, 297–303. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26618-8_16.
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AbstractA theoretical astrophysicist discusses the principles and rules-of-thumb underlying the construction of models and simulations from the perspective of an active practitioner, where it is emphasised that they are designed to address specific scientific questions. That models are valid only within a restricted space of parameters and degenerate combinations of parameter values produce the same observable outcome are features, and not bugs, of competent practice that fit naturally within a Bayesian framework of inference. Idealisations within a model or simulation are strongly tied to the questions they are designed to address and the precision at which they are confronted by data. If the practitioner visualises a hierarchy of models of varying sophistication (which is standard practice in astrophysics and climate science), then de-idealisation becomes an irrelevant concept. Opportunities for future collaborations between astrophysicists and philosophers of science are suggested.
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Nyrup, Rune. „Mortar and Pestle or Cooking Vessel? When Archaeology Makes Progress Through Failed Analogies“. In Synthese Library, 25–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61052-4_3.
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AbstractMost optimistic accounts of analogies in archaeology focus on cases where analogies lead to accurate or well-supported interpretations of the past. This chapter offers a complementary argument: analogies can also provide a valuable form of understanding of cultural and social phenomena when they fail, in the sense of either being shown inaccurate or the evidence being insufficient to determine their accuracy. This type of situation is illustrated through a case study involving the mortarium, a characteristic type of Roman pottery, and its relation to the so-called Romanization debate in Romano-British archaeology. I develop an account of comparative understanding, based on the idea that humans have a natural desire to understand ourselves comparatively, i.e., in terms of how we resemble and differ from societies at other times and places. Pursuing analogies can provide this type of understanding regardless of whether they turn out to be accurate. Furthermore, analogies can provide a similar form of understanding even when the evidence turns out to be insufficient to determine their accuracy.
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Biller, Scott A., Michael J. Sofia, Jeffrey W. Abt, Barbara DeLange, John K. Dickson, Cornelia Forster, Eric M. Gordon et al. „Potent, Rationally Designed Inhibitors of Squalene Synthase“. In ACS Symposium Series, 65–80. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1992-0497.ch007.
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Schlücker, Eberhard, und Anna-Carina Luise Kimmel. „Technological Challenges of Autoclave Design for Ammonothermal Syntheses“. In Ammonothermal Synthesis and Crystal Growth of Nitrides, 27–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56305-9_3.
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Delius, Katharina. „Pilotstudie: Design, Erprobung und Evaluation eines Prototyps“. In Förderung der Sprechkompetenz durch Synthese von generischem Lernen und Dramapädagogik, 271–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62738-9_7.
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Farris, Carol A., Harold E. Podall und Paul T. Anastas. „Alternative Syntheses and Other Source Reduction Opportunities for Premanufacture Notification Substances at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency“. In Benign by Design, 156–65. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1994-0577.ch013.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKonferenzberichte zum Thema "Design de synthèse"
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Rodrigues dos Santos, Cecilia. „Le Corbusier et le Brésil : une Synthèse des Arts Majeurs, et aussi des Arts Mineurs“. In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.880.
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Resumé: Ce travail examine les discours des architectes Lucio Costa et Le Corbusier sur la Synthèse des Arts, et les analyses faites à partir de l’application de ces idées dans les projets d’Architecture Moderne Brésilienne des années 1940, en particulier le projet du siège du Ministère de l’Éducation et de la Santé à Rio de Janeiro. L’objectif du présent travail est alors de révéler et de mettre l’accent sur la collaboration entre Le Corbusier et les architectes brésiliens ainsi que sur les Arts mineurs, représentés ici par l’art de l’azulejo, dans le processus de Synthèse des arts, comme supports et véhicules des expressions artistiques des Arts majeurs ou Beaux-arts. Abstract: The objective of this work is, mainly through the speeches of Lucio Costa and of Le Corbusier on the "Synthèse des Arts" and the analysis of the application of these ideas to the works of the Modern Architecture in the years 1940 in Brazil, to reveal and to emphasize the important role of the Arts Mineurs and the Industrial Design in the process of the Synthesis of the Arts, as "vehicles" of the biggest expressions of the art intended to be integrated to the architecture, considering elements like ceramic tiles. Mots-clés: Synthèse des Arts; Arts Majeurs et Arts Mineurs; Architecture Moderne Brésilienne. Keywords: Synthesis of the Arts; Major Arts and Mineurs Arts; Modern Brazilian Architecture. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.880
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Chacón, José Luis. „El lugar del arte en arquitectura. Los “lieux porte-voix, porte-paroles, haut-parleurs” de Le Corbusier en su discurso del Convegno Volta, 1936“. In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.810.
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Resumen: En 1936 se celebró en Roma el Convegno Volta dedicado a la relación entre arquitectura y las artes figurativas. Entre los participantes estaba Le Corbusier quien presentó una ponencia donde claramente explica los fundamentos del lugar del arte en arquitectura, aspecto clave de su posterior Synthèse des arts. Luego de un manifiesto sobre la Arquitectura Moderna, Le Corbusier afirma que en ocasiones excepcionales puede darse la “colaboración” entre arquitectura y arte con el fin de “aumentar el placer de los hombres”. Dirige su atención a la pintura, la escultura y el diseño; y plantea como respuesta la policromía y los puntos “precisos y matemáticos” donde el artista “fuerte y digno” puede hablar y hacer sentir su discurso. Estos lugares del arte son comunicantes: “lieux porte-voix, porteparoles, haut-parleurs”; aun inexistentes entonces pero que se verán realizados años después, en la idea de la Synthèse des arts. Abstract: In 1936 the Convegno Volta took place in Rome and it was dedicated to discuss the relationship between architecture and the figurative arts. Among the participants there was Le Corbusier, who presented a speech where he clearly establishes the fundamentals of the place of art in architecture, a key point in his later Synthèse des arts. After a manifesto of Modern Architecture, Le Corbusier states that in certain exceptional cases there can be “collaboration” between architecture and art, with the scope of “increasing human pleasure”. His attention is placed upon painting, sculpture and design; and as a response he proposes polychromy and “precise and mathematic points” where a “strong and worthy” artist can speak and let his discourse be felt. These places are communicative: “lieux porte-voix, porte-paroles, haut-parleurs”. Although inexistent then, they will be materialized years later in the way of the idea of the Synthèse des arts. Palabras clave: Arte, Arquitectura, Convegno Volta, Le Corbusier, Síntesis de las artes. Keywords: Art, architecture, Convego Volta, Le Corbusier, Synthesis of the arts. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.810
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Ciblak, Namik, und Harvey Lipkin. „Application of Stiffness Decompositions to Synthesis by Springs“. In ASME 1998 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc98/mech-5880.
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Abstract Stiffness decompositions originating from two distinct eigenvalue problems are applied to stiffness synthesis by springs. The resulting free-vector and line-vector syntheses provide a clear geometric explanation of the methods. Numerical examples and algorithms are also provided to verify the results.
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Yao, Jin, Liju Xu und Shou-wen Fan. „Kinematic Synthesis of an RS-SRR-SS Adjustable Spatial Motion Generator for Three Alternate Tasks“. In ASME 1993 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1993-0381.
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Abstract A method is presented for kinematical synthesis of an RS-SRR-SS adjustable spatial motion generator for three alternate tasks. Three separate systems of synthesis equations to exactly generate the first and the last positions for each task are obtained for the R-S by co-plane and constant distance conditions, for the S-R-R by co-plane, constant distance conditions and inversion theory, and for S-S by constant distance condition. Based on these equations, mathematical model for approximately generating the intermediate positions for each task is formulated. This method is characterized by reduction of the unknowns and equations in both exact and approximate syntheses. As a result, computing work is to be decreased obviously.
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Taher, Murad Ahmed Ali. „Design an algorithm to syntheses DC-DC converters“. In 2013 IEEE XXXIII International Scientific Conference on Electronics and Nanotechnology (ELNANO 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/elnano.2013.6552015.
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Amiryan, Ara K. „The Angle of Pressure in the Chain-Wave Transmission and the Optimum Number of Teeth of its Sprockets“. In ASME 1998 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc98/mech-5833.
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Abstract This paper is about the chain-wave transmission (CWT), that is a new kind of harmonic drives. The objective of this work is the determination of the angle of pressure in chain-wave mechanisms and the investigation to find the constraint between the angle of pressure and geometrical parameters of the CWT. In the first part are described also objectives for the creation of the chain-wave transmission and main advantages of its construction. It is determined the angle of pressure on the basis of dynamic syntheses of the chain-wave mechanism. The compression factor of the form of the wave generator is taken as a geometric parameter, which is influence upon the angle of pressure. It is determined also that the compression factor depends on number of teeth of the interacting sprocket and on factor of multiplicity of the CWT and it is necessary to limit their values at designing of chain-wave mechanisms.
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Liu, An-Xin, und Ting-Li Yang. „Finding All Solutions to Approximate Synthesis of Planar Linkages for Function Generation, Rigid-Body Guidance and Path Generation“. In ASME 1996 Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-detc/mech-1031.
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Abstract Generally, approximate kinematic synthesis of planar linkage is studied using optimization method. But this method has two defects: i) the initial guesses are hard to determine and ii) the global optimum solution is difficult to find. In this paper, a new method which can find all solutions to approximate kinematic synthesis of planar linkage is proposed. Firstly, we reduce the approximate synthesis problem to finding all solutions to polynomial equations. Polynomial continuation method is then used to find all solutions. Finally, all possible linkages can be obtained. Approximate syntheses of planar four-bar linkage for function generation, rigid-body guidance and path generation are studied in detail and 3 examples are given to illustrate the advantages of the proposed method.
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Mladenov, Valeri, und Stoyan Kirilov. „Syntheses of a PSPICE model of a titanium-dioxide memristor and Wien memristor generator“. In 2013 European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design (ECCTD). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecctd.2013.6662302.
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Fix, Mathijs E., Dannis M. Brouwer und Ronald G. K. M. Aarts. „Building Block Based Topology Synthesis Algorithm to Optimize the Natural Frequency in Large Stroke Flexure Mechanisms“. In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22393.
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Abstract Flexure based compliant mechanisms suited for a large range of motion can be designed by handling the challenges arising from combining low compliance in the desired directions, high support stiffness, low stresses and high unwanted natural frequencies. Current topology optimization tools typically can’t model large deflections of flexures, are too conceptual or are case specific. In this research, a new spatial topological synthesis algorithm based on building blocks is proposed to optimize the performance of an initial design. The algorithm consists of successive shape optimizations and layout syntheses. In each shape optimization the dimensions for some layout are optimized. The layout synthesis strategically replaces the most “critical” building block with a better option. To maximize the first unwanted natural frequency the replacement strategy depends the strain energy distribution of the accompanying mode shape. The algorithm is tested for the design of a 1-DOF flexure hinge. The obtained final layout agrees with results known from literature.
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DiAngelo, Denis J., Kevin T. Foley, Brian Morrow, Peter Wong, Brian P. Kelly, Kelly Kiehm, Anthony Sin und Rudolf Bertagnoli. „Biomechanical Comparison of Lumber Disc Prostheses: ProDisc-L, Charité, and Maverick Disc Implant Systems“. In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-204489.
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Interest in lumbar disc arthroplasty as an alternative to fusion surgery continues to grow. The goal of disc arthroplasty is to replace the diseased disc while preserving and/or restoring motion at the operated spinal level. Different paradigms exist in the design of total disc arthroplasty devices. The purpose of this study was to compare the in vitro biomechanics of a more constrained ball-and-socket design (Prodisc-L, Synthes Spine and Maverick, Medtronic) and a less constrained mobile-bearing design (Charité, DePuy). The biomechanical performances of the disc prostheses were compared to the fused and harvested spine conditions.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Design de synthèse"
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Lefebvre, Carol, und Julie Glanville. Searching for Systematic Reviews: Advanced Design Methods. Instats Inc., 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.61700/zuu055z7jf8ki740.
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This training event looks at advanced methods for search strategy design for systematic reviews and other evidence syntheses. Participants will learn how to structure and build search strategies using a range of techniques and for a range of review questions, as well as the principles of peer reviewing search strategies. An official Instats certificate of completion and 1 ECTS equivalent point are provided at the conclusion of the training.
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Grzybowski, Bartosz A. Engines of discovery: Computers in advanced synthesis planning and identification of drug candidates. AsiaChem Magazine, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51167/acm00010.
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After over five decades of efforts, computers have recently begun to plan chemical syntheses of complex targets at a level comparable to human experts. With this milestone achieved, it is now time to ponder not only how the machines will accelerate and multiplex synthetic design, but also how they will guide the discovery of new targets having desired properties.
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Yedidia, I., H. Senderowitz und A. O. Charkowski. Small molecule cocktails designed to impair virulence targets in soft rot Erwinias. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.8134165.bard.
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Chemical signaling between beneficial or pathogenic bacteria and plants is a central factor in determining the outcome of plant-microbe interactions. Pectobacterium and Dickeya (soft rot Erwinias) are the major cause of soft rot, stem rot, and blackleg formed on potato and ornamentals, currently with no effective control. Our major aim was to establish and study specific bacterial genes/proteins as targets for anti-virulence compounds, by combining drug design tools and bioinformatics with experimental work. The approach allowed us to identify and test compounds (small molecules) that specifically interfere with the activities of these targets, by this impairing bacterial virulence. Two main targets were selected within the frame of the BARD project. The first is the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCP) that have been characterized here for the first time in Pectobacteriaceae, and the second is the quorum sensing (QS) machinery of Pectobacterium with its major proteins and in particular, the AHL synthase ExpI that was identified as the preferred target for inhibition. Both systems are strongly associated with bacterial virulence and survival in planta. We found that Pectobacteriaceae, namely Dickeya and Pectobacterium, encode more ABC transporters and MCP in their genomes, compared to other bacteria in the order. For MCP, soft rot Pectobacteriaceae not only contain more than 30 MCP genes per strain, but also have more diverse ligand binding domains than other species in the Enterobacteriales. These findings suggest that both ABC transporters and MCP are important for soft rot Pectobacteriaceae pathogenicity. We now have a selection of mutants in these proteins that may be further explored to understand their direct involvement in virulence. In parallel, we studied the QS central proteins in pectobacteria, the signaling molecule N-acyl-homoserine lactone synthase, ExpI, and the response regulator ExpR, and established their phylogenetic relations within plant pathogenic Gram negative bacteria. Next, these proteins were used for virtual screening of millions of compounds in order to discover new compounds with potential to interfere with the QS machinery. Several natural compounds were tested for their interference with virulence related traits in Pectobacterium and their capability to minimize soft rot infections. Our findings using microcalorimetric binding studies have established for the first time direct interaction between the protein ExpI and two natural ligands, the plant hormone salicylic acid and the volatile compound carvacrol. These results supported a model by which plants interfere with bacterial communication through interkingdom signaling. The collaborative project yielded two research papers and a comprehensive review, which included new computational and bioinformatics data, in Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., the highest ranked journal in phytopathology. Additional two papers are in preparation. In order to transform the fundamental knowledge that have been gained during this collaborative BARD project into agricultural practice, to control soft rot bacteria, we have submitted a continual project.
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Huntington, Dale. Advances and challenges in postabortion care operations research: Summary report of a global meeting. Population Council, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1998.1005.
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The Global Meeting on Postabortion Care: Advances and Challenges in Operations Research was held at the Population Council’s New York office on January 19–21, 1998, to review progress made by three regional operations research (OR) projects in improving delivery of postabortion care. The resources of the three OR contracts were pooled, and, in collaboration with Ipas and the Ebert Program, approximately 65 researchers, senior program managers, and government officials from Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia were convened. Three objectives guided the planning of the meeting: review progress in the development of OR methodologies pertaining to postabortion care, identify elements in the design of new postabortion care services, and suggest future areas for postabortion care OR. The meeting was organized around the presentation of 20 papers distributed to all participants several weeks earlier. Discussants presented critical syntheses of the papers and indicated directions for future OR studies. This report presents a summary overview of the principal themes and key points drawn from the papers and discussions, organized according to the theme of each session.
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Roldan de Jong, Tamara. Rapid Review: Perceptions of COVID-19 Vaccines in South Africa. SSHAP, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.021.
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As of April 19, 2021, South Africa has recorded 1.56 million COVID-19 cases and almost 54,000 deaths - more than any other country on the African continent. The country has begun the national rollout of the Johnson & Johnson (J&J) COVID-19 vaccine, with over 292 thousand doses administered it aims to achieve herd immunity by vaccinating at least 67 percent of its population (around 40 million people) by the end of 2021. The government suspended its initial rollout of the AstraZeneca (AZ) vaccine due to concerns over its effectiveness, particularly against the new B.1.351 variant, which accounts for 90% of the infections in South Africa. The J&J vaccine was put on temporary hold in April due to concerns about rare clotting disorders. Although data show that expected acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines is relatively high, the suspension of two vaccines in South Africa, where fear of infection is decreasing, will likely influence public reactions. Understanding how individuals and population groups perceive and make sense of COVID-19 vaccines is critical to inform the design and implementation of risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) strategies, and guide interventions aiming to promote and sustain acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines, while encouraging compliance with other COVID-19 preventive measures. This review syntheses community perceptions of COVID-19 vaccines in South Africa to inform RCCE strategies and policies and provides examples of successful practice. It draws on multiple secondary data sources: scientific literature, qualitative and quantitative studies, grey literature, and mainstream and social media. The review was supported by consultation with four local expert key informants from different fields. It is part of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) series on social science considerations relating to COVID-19 vaccines. It was written for SSHAP by Tamara Roldan de Jong and Anthrologica on request of the UNICEF South Africa Country Office. Contributions were made from the RCCE Collective Service East and Southern Africa (ESAR) Region. The brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Marsteller, Jill A., Vadim Dukhanin, So-Yeon Kang, Lauren E. Russell, Montrell Vass, Allen Zhang, Ritu Sharma, Eric B. Bass und Claire Snyder. Measuring Healthcare Organization Characteristics in Cancer Care Delivery Research. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Juni 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepctb43.
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Objectives. This Technical Brief aims to identify: 1) frameworks that describe organizational context and process characteristics relevant to cancer care delivery research, and compare these frameworks to the Integrated Framework recently developed by National Cancer Institute staff Weaver, Breslau, and colleagues; 2) approaches used to improve understanding of how organizational characteristics are described, measured, and analyzed in the context of cancer screening, diagnosis, or treatment; and 3) organizational context and process characteristics examined in studies assessing cancer care; and 4) evidence gaps and future research needs to advance the science of assessing the effects of organizational characteristics on cancer care. Review methods. We integrated discussions with Key Informants and syntheses of evidence from searches of literature published from 2010 to 2023, using PubMed, CINAHL, SCOPUS, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, as well as select grey literature. Findings. We identified 17 frameworks that were developed or applied to examine the effects of organizational characteristics (including structures, context, and processes) on cancer care delivery. Our analysis of these frameworks supported the comprehensiveness of the Integrated Framework, though a few identified characteristics were not explicitly included in the Integrated Framework. We found 90 studies that take various approaches to describe, measure, and analyze organizational characteristics in the context of cancer care research. Of these, we identified 25 that tested associations between organization characteristics and screening, diagnosis, or treatment outcomes, and described measurement in detail. Cancer-related studies that include organizational measures have used a wide range of study designs and focused mostly on structural characteristics (e.g., type, size), total care models such as the patient-centered medical home, and processes of improvement project implementation and barrier assessment (such as guideline implementation). We identified specific organizational measures examined in the cancer care literature, noting little standardization of measures across studies and a need for multilevel inquiry. Our discussions with Key Informants and review of the literature indicated that many characteristics of healthcare organizations are relevant to cancer care delivery and useful to assess when precisely defined. Studies with stronger designs and more rigorous organizational measurement are needed to better determine the effects of organizational characteristics on the outcomes of cancer care. Conclusion. Our findings suggest that the Integrated Framework generally covers relevant organizational context and process characteristics. The literature has a wide array of studies examining organizational characteristics, but few studies directly associate organizational factors with clinical outcomes. Research and collaboration are needed to improve measurement of organizational factors, to clarify our understanding of multilevel aspects of organizational context and process and how they affect care, and to standardize terminology and measures.
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Paynter, Robin A., Celia Fiordalisi, Elizabeth Stoeger, Eileen Erinoff, Robin Featherstone, Christiane Voisin und Gaelen P. Adam. A Prospective Comparison of Evidence Synthesis Search Strategies Developed With and Without Text-Mining Tools. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), März 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcmethodsprospectivecomparison.
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Background: In an era of explosive growth in biomedical evidence, improving systematic review (SR) search processes is increasingly critical. Text-mining tools (TMTs) are a potentially powerful resource to improve and streamline search strategy development. Two types of TMTs are especially of interest to searchers: word frequency (useful for identifying most used keyword terms, e.g., PubReminer) and clustering (visualizing common themes, e.g., Carrot2). Objectives: The objectives of this study were to compare the benefits and trade-offs of searches with and without the use of TMTs for evidence synthesis products in real world settings. Specific questions included: (1) Do TMTs decrease the time spent developing search strategies? (2) How do TMTs affect the sensitivity and yield of searches? (3) Do TMTs identify groups of records that can be safely excluded in the search evaluation step? (4) Does the complexity of a systematic review topic affect TMT performance? In addition to quantitative data, we collected librarians' comments on their experiences using TMTs to explore when and how these new tools may be useful in systematic review search¬¬ creation. Methods: In this prospective comparative study, we included seven SR projects, and classified them into simple or complex topics. The project librarian used conventional “usual practice” (UP) methods to create the MEDLINE search strategy, while a paired TMT librarian simultaneously and independently created a search strategy using a variety of TMTs. TMT librarians could choose one or more freely available TMTs per category from a pre-selected list in each of three categories: (1) keyword/phrase tools: AntConc, PubReMiner; (2) subject term tools: MeSH on Demand, PubReMiner, Yale MeSH Analyzer; and (3) strategy evaluation tools: Carrot2, VOSviewer. We collected results from both MEDLINE searches (with and without TMTs), coded every citation’s origin (UP or TMT respectively), deduplicated them, and then sent the citation library to the review team for screening. When the draft report was submitted, we used the final list of included citations to calculate the sensitivity, precision, and number-needed-to-read for each search (with and without TMTs). Separately, we tracked the time spent on various aspects of search creation by each librarian. Simple and complex topics were analyzed separately to provide insight into whether TMTs could be more useful for one type of topic or another. Results: Across all reviews, UP searches seemed to perform better than TMT, but because of the small sample size, none of these differences was statistically significant. UP searches were slightly more sensitive (92% [95% confidence intervals (CI) 85–99%]) than TMT searches (84.9% [95% CI 74.4–95.4%]). The mean number-needed-to-read was 83 (SD 34) for UP and 90 (SD 68) for TMT. Keyword and subject term development using TMTs generally took less time than those developed using UP alone. The average total time was 12 hours (SD 8) to create a complete search strategy by UP librarians, and 5 hours (SD 2) for the TMT librarians. TMTs neither affected search evaluation time nor improved identification of exclusion concepts (irrelevant records) that can be safely removed from the search set. Conclusion: Across all reviews but one, TMT searches were less sensitive than UP searches. For simple SR topics (i.e., single indication–single drug), TMT searches were slightly less sensitive, but reduced time spent in search design. For complex SR topics (e.g., multicomponent interventions), TMT searches were less sensitive than UP searches; nevertheless, in complex reviews, they identified unique eligible citations not found by the UP searches. TMT searches also reduced time spent in search strategy development. For all evidence synthesis types, TMT searches may be more efficient in reviews where comprehensiveness is not paramount, or as an adjunct to UP for evidence syntheses, because they can identify unique includable citations. If TMTs were easier to learn and use, their utility would be increased.
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Carpita, Nicholas C., Ruth Ben-Arie und Amnon Lers. Pectin Cross-Linking Dynamics and Wall Softening during Fruit Ripening. United States Department of Agriculture, Juli 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585197.bard.
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Our study was designed to elucidate the chemical determinants of pectin cross-linking in developing fruits of apple and peach and to evaluate the role of breakage cross-linkages in swelling, softening, and cell separation during the ripening. Peaches cell walls soften and swell considerably during the ripening, whereas apples fruit cells maintain wall firmness but cells separate during late stages of ripening. We used a "double-reduction" technique to show that levels of non-methyl esters of polyuronic acid molecules were constant during the development and ripening and decreased only in overripe fruit. In peach, methyl and non-methyl esters increased during the development and decreased markedly during the ripening. Non-methyl ester linkages in both fruit decreased accompanied fruit softening. The identity of the second component of the linkage and its definitive role in the fruit softening remain elusive. In preliminary examination of isolated apples cell walls, we found that phenolic compounds accumulate early in wall development but decrease markedly during ripening. Quantitative texture analysis was used to correlate with changes to wall chemistry from the fresh-picked ripe stage to the stage during storage when the cell separation occurs. Cell wall composition is similar in all cultivars, with arabinose as the principal neutral sugar. Extensive de-branching of these highly branched arabinans pre-stages softening and cell-cell separation during over-ripening of apple. The longer 5-arabinans remain attached to the major pectic polymer rhamnogalacturonan I (RG I) backbone. The degree of RG I branching, as judged from the ratios of 2-Rha:2,4-Rha, also decreases, specially after an extensive arabinan de-branching. Loss of the 4-Rham linkages correlated strongly with the softening of the fruit. Loss of the monomer or polymer linked to the RG I produce directly or indirectly the softening of the fruit. This result will help to understand the fruit softening and to have better control of the textural changes in fruit during the ripening and especially during the storage. 'Wooliness', an undesirable mealy texture that is induced during chilling of some peach cultivars, greatly reduces the fruit storage possibilities. In order to examine the hypothesis that the basis for this disorder is related to abnormality in the cell wall softening process we have carried out a comparative analysis using the resistant cultivar, Sunsnow, and a sensitive one, Hermosa. We investigated the activity of several pectin- and glycan-modifying enzymes and the expression of their genes during ripening, chilling, and subsequent shelf-life. The changes in carbohydrate status and in methyl vs. non-methyl uronate ester levels in the walls of these cultivars were examined as well to provide a basis for comparison of the relevant gene expression that may impact appearance of the wooly character. The activities of the specific polygalacturonase (PGase) and a CMC-cellulase activities are significantly elevated in walls of peaches that have become wooly. Cellulase activities correlated well with increased level of the transcript, but differential expression of PGase did not correspond with the observed pattern of mRNA accumulation. When expression of ethylene biosynthesis related genes was followed no significant differences in ACC synthase gene expression was observed in the wooly fruit while the normal activation of the ACC oxidase was partially repressed in the Hermosa wooly fruits. Normal ripening-related loss of the uronic acid-rich polymers was stalled in the wooly Hermosa inconsistent with the observed elevation in a specific PGase activity but consistent with PG gene expression. In general, analysis of the level of total esterification, degree of methyl esterification and level of non-methyl esters did not reveal any major alterations between the different fruit varieties or between normal and abnormal ripening. Some decrease in the level of uronic acids methyl esterification was observed for both Hermosa and Sunsnow undergoing ripening following storage at low temperature but not in fruits ripening after harvest. Our results support a role for imbalanced cell wall degradation as a basis for the chilling disorder. While these results do not support a role for the imbalance between PG and pectin methyl esterase (PME) activities as the basis for the disorder they suggest a possible role for imbalance between cellulose and other cell wall polymer degradation during the softening process.
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Smit, Amelia, Kate Dunlop, Nehal Singh, Diona Damian, Kylie Vuong und Anne Cust. Primary prevention of skin cancer in primary care settings. The Sax Institute, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/qpsm1481.
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Overview Skin cancer prevention is a component of the new Cancer Plan 2022–27, which guides the work of the Cancer Institute NSW. To lessen the impact of skin cancer on the community, the Cancer Institute NSW works closely with the NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Advisory Committee, comprising governmental and non-governmental organisation representatives, to develop and implement the NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Strategy. Primary Health Networks and primary care providers are seen as important stakeholders in this work. To guide improvements in skin cancer prevention and inform the development of the next NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Strategy, an up-to-date review of the evidence on the effectiveness and feasibility of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care is required. A research team led by the Daffodil Centre, a joint venture between the University of Sydney and Cancer Council NSW, was contracted to undertake an Evidence Check review to address the questions below. Evidence Check questions This Evidence Check aimed to address the following questions: Question 1: What skin cancer primary prevention activities can be effectively administered in primary care settings? As part of this, identify the key components of such messages, strategies, programs or initiatives that have been effectively implemented and their feasibility in the NSW/Australian context. Question 2: What are the main barriers and enablers for primary care providers in delivering skin cancer primary prevention activities within their setting? Summary of methods The research team conducted a detailed analysis of the published and grey literature, based on a comprehensive search. We developed the search strategy in consultation with a medical librarian at the University of Sydney and the Cancer Institute NSW team, and implemented it across the databases Embase, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Scopus, Cochrane Central and CINAHL. Results were exported and uploaded to Covidence for screening and further selection. The search strategy was designed according to the SPIDER tool for Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Evidence Synthesis, which is a systematic strategy for searching qualitative and mixed-methods research studies. The SPIDER tool facilitates rigour in research by defining key elements of non-quantitative research questions. We included peer-reviewed and grey literature that included skin cancer primary prevention strategies/ interventions/ techniques/ programs within primary care settings, e.g. involving general practitioners and primary care nurses. The literature was limited to publications since 2014, and for studies or programs conducted in Australia, the UK, New Zealand, Canada, Ireland, Western Europe and Scandinavia. We also included relevant systematic reviews and evidence syntheses based on a range of international evidence where also relevant to the Australian context. To address Question 1, about the effectiveness of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings, we summarised findings from the Evidence Check according to different skin cancer prevention activities. To address Question 2, about the barriers and enablers of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings, we summarised findings according to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). The CFIR is a framework for identifying important implementation considerations for novel interventions in healthcare settings and provides a practical guide for systematically assessing potential barriers and facilitators in preparation for implementing a new activity or program. We assessed study quality using the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) levels of evidence. Key findings We identified 25 peer-reviewed journal articles that met the eligibility criteria and we included these in the Evidence Check. Eight of the studies were conducted in Australia, six in the UK, and the others elsewhere (mainly other European countries). In addition, the grey literature search identified four relevant guidelines, 12 education/training resources, two Cancer Care pathways, two position statements, three reports and five other resources that we included in the Evidence Check. Question 1 (related to effectiveness) We categorised the studies into different types of skin cancer prevention activities: behavioural counselling (n=3); risk assessment and delivering risk-tailored information (n=10); new technologies for early detection and accompanying prevention advice (n=4); and education and training programs for general practitioners (GPs) and primary care nurses regarding skin cancer prevention (n=3). There was good evidence that behavioural counselling interventions can result in a small improvement in sun protection behaviours among adults with fair skin types (defined as ivory or pale skin, light hair and eye colour, freckles, or those who sunburn easily), which would include the majority of Australians. It was found that clinicians play an important role in counselling patients about sun-protective behaviours, and recommended tailoring messages to the age and demographics of target groups (e.g. high-risk groups) to have maximal influence on behaviours. Several web-based melanoma risk prediction tools are now available in Australia, mainly designed for health professionals to identify patients’ risk of a new or subsequent primary melanoma and guide discussions with patients about primary prevention and early detection. Intervention studies have demonstrated that use of these melanoma risk prediction tools is feasible and acceptable to participants in primary care settings, and there is some evidence, including from Australian studies, that using these risk prediction tools to tailor primary prevention and early detection messages can improve sun-related behaviours. Some studies examined novel technologies, such as apps, to support early detection through skin examinations, including a very limited focus on the provision of preventive advice. These novel technologies are still largely in the research domain rather than recommended for routine use but provide a potential future opportunity to incorporate more primary prevention tailored advice. There are a number of online short courses available for primary healthcare professionals specifically focusing on skin cancer prevention. Most education and training programs for GPs and primary care nurses in the field of skin cancer focus on treatment and early detection, though some programs have specifically incorporated primary prevention education and training. A notable example is the Dermoscopy for Victorian General Practice Program, in which 93% of participating GPs reported that they had increased preventive information provided to high-risk patients and during skin examinations. Question 2 (related to barriers and enablers) Key enablers of performing skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings included: • Easy access and availability of guidelines and point-of-care tools and resources • A fit with existing workflows and systems, so there is minimal disruption to flow of care • Easy-to-understand patient information • Using the waiting room for collection of risk assessment information on an electronic device such as an iPad/tablet where possible • Pairing with early detection activities • Sharing of successful programs across jurisdictions. Key barriers to performing skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings included: • Unclear requirements and lack of confidence (self-efficacy) about prevention counselling • Limited availability of GP services especially in regional and remote areas • Competing demands, low priority, lack of time • Lack of incentives.
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Research Review: Longitudinal studies of child mental disorders in the general population: A systematic review of study characteristics. ACAMH, Dezember 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.13056/acamh.25766.
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Open Access JCPP Advances paper - 'These results summarize characteristics of existing longitudinal studies of child mental disorders in the general population, provide an understanding of studies conducted to date, encourage comprehensive and consistent reporting of study methodology to facilitate meta-analytic syntheses of longitudinal evidence, and offer recommendations and suggestions for the design of future studies.' Theodora Bogdan et al.