Dissertationen zum Thema „Description à l’échelle atomique“
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Bouissonnie, Arnaud. „Les cinétiques de dissolution : de l'approche mécaniste à l'échelle atomique à la description macroscopique à l'échelle centrimétrique“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAH013.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDissolution kinetics represent a major challenge in the understanding of geological phenomena. During this thesis, several factors that could impact dissolution were studied in order to link different spatial scales. The dissolution of the model minerals of this thesis, enstatite and calcite, was studied from the atomic scale to the face scale for the first and from the face to the porous medium scale for the second. The dissolution anisotropy observed experimentally on enstatite could be reproduced using a probabilistic model. The interest of this type of model has been demonstrated and proposals for extending their use have been made. A surrogate model for the dissolution rate of enstatite linking the atomic scale to the face scale was also established. The study of calcite has demonstrated the importance of the selection of the rate law in dissolution rates upscaling studies. A column experiment and its simulation using a reactive-transport model demonstrated that the heterogeneity of the fluid flow around a mineral plays a major role in the dissolution of minerals
Ellezam, Laura. „Dopage (Co/Fe) de nanoparticules de RuO2 : synthèse, modélisation et caractérisation structurale“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS304.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this work is the full analysis of RuO2 nanoparticles (NPs) doped with Co or Fe. This is a big challenge because of the size of these systems (1.0 - 2.5 nm). Synthesis were conducted by three different aqueous pathways at low temperature: via sol-gel, hydrothermal and by co-precipitation methods. Fe atoms replaces easily Ru, whereas it is more difficult for Co. Several parameters had to be changed to obtain a successful doping. In order to characterize the local structure of Co or Fe-doped RuO2 nanoparticles, and understand the structural modifications, a coupling between modelling with DFT calculation and analysis by Pair Distribution Function (PDF) was set up. First a bulk model and after a NP model was built and optimized by DFT. It was seen that numerous doping atoms tend to be localized at the surface of the NPs whereas it is more thermodynamically stable to have a good dispersion when the number of doping atom is smaller. From these DFT model, PDF curves were calculated and compared with experimental PDF curves. These comparisons allow to identify the rutile structure, describe the local structure, and to validate DFT models. It also allows the attribution of distances in the structure and shows the need to consider specifically the surface modifications. This PDF/DFT conclusions were validated by high level STEM-HAADF-EELS analysis
Belabbas, Imad. „Simulation à l’échelle atomique des cœurs de dislocations dans le nitrure de gallium“. Caen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CAEN2009.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the state of art of atomistic simulations, we have investigated energetics, atomic and electronic structures of different core configurations of prismatic and basal dislocations in wurtzite GaN. For that purpose, we have used three different methods: ab-initio DFT, tight-binding (SCC-DFTB) and an empirical potential (Modified Stillinger-Weber). We have provided the first atomistic models for the mixed dislocation core, where the configuration with a double 5/6-atoms ring corresponds to the structure already observed by Z-contrast imaging. We have also proposed, for the screw dislocation, a new core configuration, with a double 6-atoms ring, which is more energetically favourable than the configuration, with a single 6-atoms ring, known up to now. For this dislocation, we have, moreover, shown the presence of extended channels running along the core that may be at the origin of leakage currents, usually observed in GaN based devices. In case of basal dislocations, we have demonstrated for screw dislocations that the most energetically favourable core configuration belongs to the shuffle set, while a complete reconstruction of dangling bonds at the core of glide configurations do not lead necessarily to a lowering in core energy. For the mixed 60° dislocation, we have shown that the most energetically favourable core belongs to the glide set and possesses nitrogen polarity. A shuffle configuration with a complex 5/8/5-atoms ring structure, that contains wrong bonds, was found to be energetically favourable for the edge dislocation. This configuration is expected to result from a 90° bending of a screw dislocation with a double 6-atoms ring core during an ELO growth. All the core configurations of the edge dislocation were found to exhibit a large stress field. This may be a driving force for contamination of GaN layers grown by ELO with Si and O atoms which form the mask
Ngayam, Happy Raoul. „Prévisions de l’évolution microstructurale sous irradiation d’alliages ferritiques par simulations numériques à l’échelle atomique“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10173/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this work, we have improved a diffusion model for point defects (vacancies and self-interstitials) by introducing hetero-interstitials. The model has been used to simulate by Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) the formation of solute rich clusters that are observed experimentally in irradiated ferritic model alloys of type Fe – CuMnNiSiP – C.Electronic structure calculations have been used to characterize the interactions between self-interstitials and all solute atoms, and also carbon. P interacts with vacancies and strongly with self-interstitials. Mn also interacts with self-interstitials to form mixed dumbbells. C, with occupies octahedral sites, interacts strongly with vacancies and less with self-interstitials. Binding and migration energies, as well as others atomic scale properties, obtained by ab initio calculations, have been used as parameters for the KMC code. Firstly, these parameters have been optimized over isochronal annealing experiments, in the literature, of binary alloys that have been electron-irradiated. Isochronal annealing simulations, by reproducing experimental results, have allowed us to link each mechanism to a single evolution of the resistivity during annealing. Moreover, solubility limits of all the elements have been determined by Metropolis Monte Carlo. Secondly, we have simulated the evolution at 300 °C of the microstructure under irradiation of different alloys of increasing complexity: pure Fe, binary alloys, ternaries, quaternaries, and finally complex alloys which compositions are close to those of pressure vessel steels. The results show that the model globally reproduces all the experimental tendencies, what has led us to propose mechanisms to explain the behaviours observed
Kraych, Antoine. „Modélisation à l’échelle atomique du rôle des dislocations dans la déformation de la bridgmanite“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10091/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHeat transfer through the mantle is carried by convection, which involves plastic flow of the mantle constituents. In this study, we model the mobility of dislocations, and their role in the plastic deformation of bridgmanite, the most abundant constituent of the lower mantle. The dislocation structures at the atomic scale control their mobility, and hence their influence on the material’s deformation. We determine the structure of dislocations at pressure relevant for the lower mantle, by modeling these defects at the atomic scale with molecular static calculations. The thermally-activated mechanism of dislocation glide in bridgmanite, the kink-pair nucleation, is assessed by coupling a continuous model to the fundamental properties of dislocations. These results allow to estimate the glide velocity of dislocations, as a function of pressure and temperature. The model is able to reproduce the yield stress measured in laboratory deformation experiments. The model is also able to estimate the stress level needed to deform bridgmanite by dislocation glide at mantle conditions, and allows us to discuss their role in the deformation of the Earth’s lower mantle
Goryaeva, Alexandra. „Modélisation à l’échelle atomique des dislocations et de la plasticité dans la post-perovskite MgSiO3“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10164/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe D’’ layer, located right above the core-mantle boundary, represents a very complex region with significant seismic anisotropy both at the global and local scale. Being a part of inaccessible deep Earth interior, characterized by extreme P-T conditions (>120 GPa, 2500 K), this region is very challenging for interpretation relying only on the direct geophysical observations and high-pressure experiments, leading often to contradictory results. Thus, the reasons of the pronounced anisotropy in D’’ are still debated. Among them, contribution of the crystal preferred orientation in anisotropic silicate post-perovskite (ppv) phase is commonly considered as substantial. Furthermore, the D’’ is a thermal boundary layer located at the interface between liquid iron alloy, constituting the outer core, and solid although viscous silicates of the lowermost mantle. As such, its physical properties are critical for our understanding of the heat transfer from the core, driving mantle convection. The latter is governed by plastic flow, controlled by the motion of defects in crystals. However, for the ppv, information about mechanical properties, easy slip systems, dislocations and their behavior under stress is still scarce. For high pressure phases, numerical modelling represents a powerful tool able to provide the intrinsic properties and the elementary deformation mechanisms, not available for direct observations during high-pressure experiments. The aim of this study is to access the structure and mobility of dislocations in MgSiO3 ppv, relying on the atomic-scale modeling, in order to infer the ability of this phase to plastically deform by dislocation glide at D’’ conditions
Quelennec, Xavier. „Nanostructuration d’un composite Cu-Fe par déformation intense : vers un mélange forcé à l’échelle atomique“. Rouen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ROUES047.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMaterials processed by severe plastic deformation (SPD), usually exhibit unusual mechanical properties because of their small grain size and the high density of dislocations. However these defects may give rise to phase transformations. The aim of this work was to obtain non equilibrium solid solution by high pressure torsion (HPT) in the Cu-Fe model system and to identify mechanisms involved in this phase transformation. The initial material was a filamentary nanocomposite fcc-Cu/bcc-Fe. Slices of this composite were processed by HPT for a full range of stain. The material has been investigated with XRD, Mössbauer spectroscopy, TEM and atom probe tomography. Initial bcc-Fe filaments are reduced by HPT until a critical size of about 5 nm. Then the solid solution formation occurs by diffusion in fcc-Cu. This phase is made of equiaxed grains of about 50 nm. Nor dislocations nor interfaces shearing could explained data whereas diffusion profiles give the evidence that enhanced diffusion rate can be attributed to excess vacancies
Nowicki, Tadeusz. „Ségrégation intergranulaire de l'oxygène dans le molybdène : description atomique et mesures“. Grenoble INPG, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPG4201.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRibeiro, Thomas. „«Green coating» à l’échelle atomique : étude théorique et expérimentale de l’adsorption d’inhibiteurs de corrosion respectueux de l’environnement sur surfaces d’aluminium“. Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066650.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAluminium alloys are widely used in the automotive and aeronautic industries. Localized corrosion (such as pitting) stills an issue for these materials. The prohibition of chromate-based treatments requires the research for new environment-friendly corrosion inhibitors. The objective of the work presented herein is the study of gallic acid as an environment-friendly corrosion inhibitor for aluminium. First, a theoretical approach is proposed. This one consists in the elaboration, the characterisation and the study of the reactivity toward O2 of thin hydroxylated alumina on metallic aluminium models, with or without a gallic acid monolayer on top of it. An experimental study of these systems, which consists in the XPS and ToF-SIMS characterisation of the gallic acid layer adsorbed on aluminium samples, is proposed. The influence of this layer presence on top of aluminium on its corrosion behaviour in a chloride medium is then studied, using XPS spectroscopy end classical electrochemistry tools
Dequeker, Jérôme. „Modélisation à l’échelle atomique du système Fe-Al-Mn-C à l’aide de modèles de paires et de calculs thermodynamiques“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R009/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this work, lattice models have been developped to model the Fe-Al-Mn-C system, on Body Centered Cubic (BCC) and Face Centered Cubic (FCC) lattices. These models, fitted on ab initio data, allowed to calculate thermostatistic properties of the system (with mean field, CVM and Monte-Carlo methods), in order to produce phase diagrams. The system has been decomposed, on different lattices for methodology reasons, and on sub-systems to deal with modules that depend on the chemistry. The input set database has been studied, as well as the non configurational vibration contribution to the free energy. Studying the binary Fe-Al model on a BCC lattice allowed to highlight the influence of complementary structures in the input set, which are required to obtain good models. Vibration free energy has a significative effect on transition temperatures but is not sufficient to fully reproduce the experimental results. The ordering of carbon adopts a different behavior depending on the presence or on the absence of interactions between interstitial atoms. The models on an FCC network did not lead to satisfactory results, in particular because of the difficulty to find a valid approximation for the study of its magnetism
Grenier, Adeline. „Etude à l’échelle atomique de multicouches magnétostrictives TbFe/Co et TbFeCo/Fe : structure, propriétés et effet de l’irradiation aux ions lourds“. Rouen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ROUES045.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFor the first time, the tomographic atom probe allowed the chemical study at the atomic scale of magnetostrictives multilayers (TbFe2 5nm/Co3 ou 7 nm)x20 and the study of their modifications induced by swift heavy ion irradiation. It revealed the asymmetry of the interfaces. The cobalt diffusion, under irradiation, was interpreted by the inelastic thermal spike model. Depth magnetization profiles were deducted from the concentration profiles of allowed to understandthe increase of the magnetic properties under irradiation. The reversal of magnetization was studied according to various parameters by polarized neutron reflectometry. Tjis study showed that during a parallel configuration of magnetizations, the domain walls are mainly located in the TbFeCo layer. A exchange bias was put in evidence at 100K whose the sign depends on cooking field and then on the initial configuration of the TbFeCo layer
Mahendran, Srinivasan. „Modélisation numérique des propriétés de coeurs de dislocations dans l’Olivine (Mg2SiO4)“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R014/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIt is widely accepted that the dissipation of heat from the core to the surface of the Earth through a thermally insulating mantle is only possible by convection process. Mantle convection is responsible for a large number of geological activities that occur on the surface of the Earth such as plate tectonic, volcanism, etc. It involves plastic deformation of mantle minerals. In Earth’s interior, the outer most layer beneath the thin crust is the upper mantle. One of the most common mineral found in the upper mantle is the olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO4. Knowledge of the deformation mechanisms of olivine is important for the understanding of flow and seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle. The experimental studies on the plastic deformation of olivine highlighting the importance of dislocations of Burgers vector [100] and [001]. In this work, we report a numerical modelling at the atomic scale of dislocation core structures and slip system properties in forsterite, at pressures relevant to the upper mantle condition. Computations are performed using the THB1 empirical potential and molecular statics. The energy landscapes associated with the dislocation mobility are computed with the help of nudge elastic band calculations. Therefore, with this work, we were able to predict the different possible dislocation core structures and some of their intrinsic properties. In particular, we show that at ambient pressure [100](010) and [001]{110} correspond to the primary slip systems of forsterite. Moreover, we propose an explanation for the “pencil glide” mechanism based on the occurrence of several dislocation core configurations for the screw dislocation of [100] Burgers vector
MacKain, Olivier. „Modélisation du maclage à l’échelle atomique dans les métaux hexagonaux : germination et migration de disconnections dans le zirconium, le titane et le magnésium“. Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1134/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this thesis is to identify and quantify the parameters of importance when dealing with twin thickening in three hcp metals (Zr, Ti, Mg). The mechanism we study is the glide of twinning dislocations, i. e. the disconnection, along the perfect twin boundaries. We first focus on the nucleation of disconnection before addressing their migration. A study using an EAM potential allows us to validate an original coupling between our atomistic simulations and linear elasticity in order to extract the core energy of disconnection.We then show how this coupling permits to divide the formation energy in two terms: the core contribution, intrinsec to the disconnections, and an elastic one, which depends on the disconnection's environment. Thanks to this partition, we model the formation of isolated disconnection that may appear along the different twin planes. We select the dipoles of lowest formation energies in order to perform ab initio calculations and compare the behavior observed the three different metals. We then model the migration of disconnections along the perfect twin planes. To do so, we use the Nudged Elastic Band method, and find out that the migration energy of disconnections is one order of magnitude lower than their formation energies. We therefor conclude that the disconnection nucleation is the rate limiting factor to explain twin thickening thanks to the creation and motion of disconnection
Popoff, Michka. „Étude à l’échelle du nanomètre des propriétés mécaniques et électriques de systèmes biologiques“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10220/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe atomic force microscope (AFM) is a powerful tool for the study of biological systems. In this work, I was interested in the correlation of four types of microscopies: the atomic force microscopy, the high resolution fluorescence microscopy, the electron microscopy and the kelvin force microscopy (KFM). The correlation of the three first types of microscopies gave birth to the CLAFEM approach (Correlative Light Atomic Force Electron Microscopies). This technique allowed me to detect intracellular organelles, like the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria. Actin tails due to the infection of cells by the Shigella flexneri bacterium, and the entry site of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis bacteria were imaged with this approach. In parallel to this experimental part, I developed a software, called pyAF, for the analysis of force curves and the correlation of the different types of microscopies. In a second part, I measured electrical properties by KFM and explored the possibility to use KFM in liquid. Electrical properties of tobacco mosaic viruses were studied in air, using conventional cantilevers. I also used a new type of probe, called Kolibri, which is a quartz resonator oscillating at 1 MHz, in air and in liquid
Boloma, Ghislain. „Développement de composants photovoltaïques organiques et études de la morphologie des couches à l’échelle nanométrique“. Limoges, 2013. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/4963de81-d246-4c3a-9402-6c0434e940ac/blobholder:0/2013LIMO4050.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this piece of work, we are comparing the performances of solar cells based on a blend P3HT: PCBM elaborated from four commercial polymers displaying different physicochemical properties and coming from various suppliers. The links between the performances, the parameters of elaboration and the physicochemical parameters of the P3HT were established. The characterization of layers by advanced techniques, by using an extension of the near-field microscopy called Resiscope, allowed to put emphasize on the evolution of the morphology of P3HT: PCBM heterojunction in bulk and layers in bilayers structures of types P3HT: C60. The use of the image representing the deflection lever enabled the coupling of the layers’ morphology to their current and photocurent mappings
Koutsawa, Yao. „Modélisation et conception multi-échelles des matériaux : de la description atomique discrète aux modèles du continu. Application aux propriétés amortissantes des pare-brises“. Thesis, Metz, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008METZ030S/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis focuses on multiscale approaches to model and design multifunctional composite materials for damping applications. The main objective is to develop a multiscale modeling framework that implements hierarchical models from atomistic level modeling to structural level modeling in order to include material creation in the design of the system as a whole. Since damping applications are of interest in this study, we explore some avenues for the design of high loss materials. So, the mean-field micromechanical model introduced by Lipinski et al. [Philosophical Magazine 86 (10), 1305-1326, 2006] is extended to include frequency dependence through the viscoelastic (VE) correspondence principle. The results indicate that with proper choice of VE material properties, it is possible to have a multiphase VE composite with a high loss modulus (good energy dissipation characteristics) for a wide range of frequencies without substantially degrading the stiffness of the composite (storage modulus). Then the slightly weakened interface micromechanical model of Qu [Mechanics of Materials, 14:269-281, 1993] is also extended to investigate imperfect interface effect on damping behavior of viscoelastic composite materials. In order to investigate the nanosize effect on damping caracteristics of nanocomposite materials, we develop and validate an atomistic-continuum interface model for effective properties of elastic composite materials containing ellipsoidal nano-inhomogeneities. This approach bridges the gap between discrete systems (atomic level interactions) and continuum mechanics. An advantage of this approach is that it is developed from earlier models that consider inhomogeneities shape, thereby enabling both the nano-inhomogeneities shape and the nano-interphase shape to be simultaneously accounted for in computing the overall composite stiffness with any case of material and surface/interface anisotropies. On structural level modeling, we developed an analytical tool to study the static behavior of laminated glass beams with silicone material at ends. Then two sandwich finite elements have been developed to study static and modal behavior of viscoelastic sandwich beams and plates with complex boundaries conditions. Based on automatic differentiation and asymptotic numerical method, we developed the Diamant MATLAB toolbox which is a powerful tool to investigate many nonlinear problems namely complex non linear eigenvalue problem. Using all theses numerical tools, we investigate the effects of the materials microstructures on the modal and acoustic properties of the automotives windshields. To finish, this work shows a simple example to conceive the windshield materials microstructures to fulfill four design requirements of the whole windshield structure in service by solving a multi-objectives
Koutsawa, Yao Daya El Mostafa. „Modélisation et conception multi-échelles des matériaux : de la description atomique discrète aux modèles du continu Application aux propriétés amortissantes des pare-brises /“. Metz : Université Metz, 2008. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/2008/Koutsawa.Yao.SMZ0830.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleServanton, Germain. „Analyse quantitative de la distribution de l’arsenic dans les composants silicium nanométriques par spectroscopie de perte d’énergie des électrons, et contribution à l’étude de son incorporation par différentes techniques résolues à l’échelle atomique“. Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENY048.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNowadays, the developments of new technological nodes (CMOS 40-45 nm) require to improve physical characterization techniques in order to quantitatively map silicon dopant distribution, such as arsenic. Moreover, the dopant electrical deactivation process needs to be understood to optimize semiconductor component performances. We used Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) in Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) modes in order to quantitatively map at the nanometric scale the arsenic dopant distribution. We showed the necessity the lowered the primary beam energy down to 120 keV in order to significantly reduce the silicon radiation damages. The comparison between the two spectroscopic modes demonstrates that the EDX detector shows a fast saturation, while it is possible using EELS technique to map the As distribution in semiconductor components. Several applications from STMicroelectronics devices (CMOS, BiCMOS) are shown. Results demonstrate sensitivity down to 1. 10! cm° (0. 02%) with a spatial resolution close to 2 nm. In a second part of the thesis, we focused on the arsenic dopant deactivation process from epitaxially grown samples (As:Si and Ge:Si). It is known that As,;V, (V, vacancy) clusters tend to inactivate arsenic. Using Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS), we show the progressive arsenic clustering tendancy when the As concentrations increase. Atom Probe Tomography (APT) experiments performed at the Groupe de Physique des Matériaux (GPM) from the University of Rouen evidenced on the same layers a difference between the As-As and the Ge-Ge inter atomic distances. To conclude, on the contrary to the germanium, the arsenic atoms incorporates frequently in complex sites (not substitutional), which explains the low electrical activity from the studied layers
Petuya-Poublan, Rémi. „Contribution à la description théorique de la dynamique des processus élémentaires hétérogènes : collisions de l'azote moléculaire et de l'hydrogène atomique avec des surfaces de tungstène“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0134/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHeterogeneous elementary processes at the gas-solid interface are ofgreat interest in many domains such as heterogeneous catalysis, atmospheric and interstellar media chemistry, spacecraft atmospheric re-entry and plasma-wall interactions description. This thesis focus on the dynamics of nitrogen, N2, non reactive scattering on a tungsten W(100) surface and hydrogen, H2, recombination processes on tungsten surfaces W(100) and W(110). The quasiclassical dynamics of these processes is simulated using potential energy surfaces based on density functional theory calculations. In particular, a multi-adsorbate potential is developed to include surface coverage in the dynamics simulation in order to scrutinize the interplay between both direct abstraction, the so-called Eley-Rideal recombination,and the Hot-Atom recombination process after hyperthermal diffusion on the surface
Craciun, Andra. „AFM force spectroscopies of surfaces and supported plasmonic nanoparticules“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAE039/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis work the atomic force microscope (AFM) was employed first as a high precision manipulation tool for building plasmonic nanostructures with defined geometries and precise tuning of interparticle distance and second as an absorption spectroscopy technique. Different studies regarding phenomena emerging at sample nanoparticle interface relevant for nanoparticle manipulation were performed. Friction experiments conducted on various oxide surfaces revealed a novel nanoscale stick slip friction mechanism, explained by a modified Lennard-Jones-like interaction potential model. Frictional and adhesion properties of CTAB adsorbed on silica are also reported. CTAB functionalized gold nanorods were used for building specific plasmonic particulate nanostructures. The final part of the thesis presents experimental and theoretical efforts to demonstrate the feasibility of using an AFM as a force-based optoelectronic spectroscopy technique
Symeonidou, Danai. „Automatic key discovery for Data Linking“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112265/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the recent years, the Web of Data has increased significantly, containing a huge number of RDF triples. Integrating data described in different RDF datasets and creating semantic links among them, has become one of the most important goals of RDF applications. These links express semantic correspondences between ontology entities or data. Among the different kinds of semantic links that can be established, identity links express that different resources refer to the same real world entity. By comparing the number of resources published on the Web with the number of identity links, one can observe that the goal of building a Web of data is still not accomplished. Several data linking approaches infer identity links using keys. Nevertheless, in most datasets published on the Web, the keys are not available and it can be difficult, even for an expert, to declare them.The aim of this thesis is to study the problem of automatic key discovery in RDF data and to propose new efficient approaches to tackle this problem. Data published on the Web are usually created automatically, thus may contain erroneous information, duplicates or may be incomplete. Therefore, we focus on developing key discovery approaches that can handle datasets with numerous, incomplete or erroneous information. Our objective is to discover as many keys as possible, even ones that are valid in subparts of the data.We first introduce KD2R, an approach that allows the automatic discovery of composite keys in RDF datasets that may conform to different schemas. KD2R is able to treat datasets that may be incomplete and for which the Unique Name Assumption is fulfilled. To deal with the incompleteness of data, KD2R proposes two heuristics that offer different interpretations for the absence of data. KD2R uses pruning techniques to reduce the search space. However, this approach is overwhelmed by the huge amount of data found on the Web. Thus, we present our second approach, SAKey, which is able to scale in very large datasets by using effective filtering and pruning techniques. Moreover, SAKey is capable of discovering keys in datasets where erroneous data or duplicates may exist. More precisely, the notion of almost keys is proposed to describe sets of properties that are not keys due to few exceptions
Lemarchand, Alex. „Synthèse par chimie douce et étude structurale de nanocristaux d'oxydes métalliques“. Thesis, Limoges, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIMO0110/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this work was to synthesize small size (~1-3 nm) metal oxide nanocrystals namely titanium dioxide (TiO2), tin dioxide (SnO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO), and to study their structure. Syntheses were conducted via non-aqueous or even strictly non-hydrolytic sol-gel methods under kinetic control. The structural characterization was mainly carried out by X-Ray diffraction methods, transmission electronic microscopy and the study of pair distribution functions, obtained by X Ray total scattering, coupled with atomic scale modelling methods. In the case of TiO2, anatase nanocrystals were obtained with sizes ranging between 4 nm and 8 nm. The molar ratio of the oxygen donor with respect to titanium was shown to be an important parameter to control the nanoparticle size. In peculiar conditions we have been able to isolate an intermediate phase characterized by very small sized and poorly crystallized nanoparticles which the structure can be assimilated to a disordered brookite structure. Concerning SnO2, rutile-type nanocrystals were synthesized with sizes ranging between 2 nm and 4 nm. The use of an ether as oxygen donor led to the simultaneous formation of an organic polymeric phase and of primary nanoparticles characterized by an intermediate structure close but still different from the rutile-type structure. Moreover, the use of benzyl-type solvents in the presence of tin tetrachloride led to the formation of water in the system. Lastly, for ZnO, we have shown that using an organic base to induce the formation of the metal oxide network in a methanolic solution of zinc acetate in the presence of a strong complexing agent of the zinc allowed us to obtain wurtzite nanocrystals of ultrasmall sizes around 1 nm. Even for the smallest sizes, the nanoparticles exhibit a structure very close to that of wurtzite with an increasing disorder of the cationic network