Dissertationen zum Thema „Dépression – Physiologie“
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Desmidt, Thomas. „Physiologie cardiaque et cérébrovasculaire dans la dépression“. Thesis, Tours, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUR3320.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDepression and cardiovascular diseases are related but the physiopathology of this association is unclear. Heart rate variability (HRV) and endothelial dysfunction (ED) could account for this association but their involvement remains controversial and only some symptoms of depression, anhedonia and emotional hyporeactivity (EH), seem to be involved. In addition, some methodological obstacles have so far limited the assessment of cardiac and cerebrovascular reactivity in anhedonia and EH. In this work, we establish using two distinct protocols 1) that cerebrovascular changes in depression can be assessed using a new ultrasound technique (Tissue Pulsatility Imaging - TPI) and 2) that HRV and emotional anticipation, as a key process in EH, are associated. Our results suggest that anhedonia and EH in depression can be characterized by a blunted emotional anticipation which is associated with a decreased HRV and a cerebral ED
Rappeneau, Virginie. „Dépression et vulnérabilité aux conduites addictives : étude de leur relation dans un modèle animal de dépression“. Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10240.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAlthough an increasing number of clinical studies highlight a strong association of depression and addiction, the mechanisms underlying this co-occurrence are not well understood. The goal of our study is to shed light on the neurobiological mechanisms by which depression-like states enhance addictive behaviors. For this purpose, we employed a genetic model of depression, the Helpless mice (H/Rouen). These mice have been selected on their immobility behavior in the Tail Suspension Test, more prolonged than the Non Helpless mice (NH/Rouen) and the Intermediate mice (I/Rouen) which display an intermediate phenotype We first further characterized their phenotype regarding anxiety and demonstrated that H/Rouen mice displayed exacerbated anxiety-like behavior in a battery of classical behavioral paradigms in contrast to other mouse lines. We next tested the influence of this mixed anxiety- and depression-like phenotype on cocaine vulnerability. We demonstrated that H/ and I/Rouen mice were less sensitive to acute cocaine psychomotor stimulant effects compared to NH/Rouen mice; however, all mouse lines displayed a similar behavioral sensitization to cocaine, indicating that neuroadaptations induced by repeated exposure to this drug shade off initial reactivity differences. exhibited a stronger and durable cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) compared to I/ and NH/Rouen mice, indicating a higher sensitivity to cocaine-associated cues. This observation led us to explore the neural substrates mediating the increased sensitivity to cocaine reinforcing effects observed in female H/Rouen mice. Our neuroanatomical study, based on Fos expression during the cocaine-induced CPP, highlighted a higher activation of the cingulate prefrontal cortex, the nucleus accumbens shell, the basolateral amygdala and the ventral subiculum in female H/Rouen mice, compared to female I/ and NH/Rouen mice, that may reflect their higher propensity to conditioned drug-seeking. Finally, as the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor within the nucleus accumbens could be implicated in depression as well as in drug vulnerability, we started to assess its expression by western blotting in all the mouse lines, in basal conditions et after conditioning to cocaine
Mombereau, Cédric. „Etude du rôle des récepteurs GABA dans l'anxiété, la dépression et l'addiction : approche pharmacologique et génétique“. Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13139.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleZerimech, Sarah. „Dépression Corticale Envahissante : nouveau mécanisme d'initiation par hyperactivité des neurones GABAergiques, et stratégie pharmacologique pour la réduire“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2019AZUR4032.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCortical Spreading Depression is a wave of neuronal depolarization that spread slowly across cerebral cortex. It generates a rapid phase of neuronal hyperactivity, followed by a slower phase of electrical silence of cortical cells. It is possible to experimentally induce CSD on several animal models, in vivo or on neocortical slices, by focal application of Glutamate, Acetylcholine or highly concentrated KCl solution, or by electrical stimulation.CSD is widely studied as the pathophysiological mechanism of migraine with aura, but also ischemia. Studies of experimental CSD have shown involvement of numerous biological substances in the wave generation and propagation, including Potassium, Calcium, Glutamate, and other neurotransmitters. The pharmacological approach allows to identify actors of this electrical phenomenon: voltage gated channel, ionotropic glutamate receptors (NMDA & AMPRA-kainate), astrocytes and Na-K pumps.Familial Hemiplegic Migraine is a monogenic form of migraine with aura; the migraine attack is associated with variable motor disorders. Genetic mutations have been described leading to molecular dysfunctions. Nowadays three main forms of this pathology caused by three mutated genes, have been described and studied. FHM type 1 (Cav2.1 gain of function) and FH% type 2 (NaK ATPase pump loss of function) mouse models studies confirmed the important involvement of Glutamate and Potassium in CSD initiation.Type 3 of FHM is caused by Nav1.1 mutations, a voltage gated sodium channel that is widely expressed in GABAergic neurons in which they are essential for excitability. Our team showed on transfected neurons in culture that he mutation is a gain of function, leading to an increased neuronal excitability. However, the link between the mutation, cortical hyperexcitability and CSD facilitation or FHM phenotype, remains unknown.Our work hypothesis and the base of my research project, is that the increasing Nav1.1 channel or GABAergic neurons’ activity, triggers a cortical hyperexcitability and CSD. To confirm this hypothesis, my work required a ex vivo experimental approach, on acute neocortical slices of wild-type and transgenic mice, associated with extracellular electrophysiology, IOS imaging, pharmacology and/or optogenetics. Nav1.1 channel activation by a selective activator (spider toxin), or GABAergic neurons stimulation by optogenetics, can trigger CSD, validating our initial hypothesis and identify a new model of CSD.My work allow us to highlight and characterised a new model of CSD by GABAergic neuron hyperexcitability leading to an initial build up of extracellular potassium, that depolarizes and activates more and more excitatory neurons. This leads to a sustained potassium release until a critical threshold of CSD triggering.In a second time, my thesis work explored a pharmacologic modulation of network excitability, to find new elements that could decrease the CSD susceptibility. To do so, with the same experimental approach, I used a cholinergic agonist, Carbachol, known for modulation the network activity. The results showed that even if Carbachol increases network excitability, it inhibits CSD induction, likely through the muscarinic pathway.In conclusion, during my thesis I identified a new mechanism of CSD induction, and a une inhibitory pathway of CSD by cholinergic modulation
Fafouri, Assia. „La physiologie et le trafic intracellulaire du récepteur somatostatinergique sst2A“. Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077253.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePelloux, Yann. „Prédispositions aux toxicomanies : influence de la recherche de nouveauté, de l'anxiété et de la dépression sur la vulnérabilité à différents agents toxicomanogènes“. Rouen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ROUES043.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIt is the commonly accepted that a wide variability exists in susceptibility to drug of abuse, both in human and non-human animals. Some personality trait and pathological behaviours are frequently associated with drug addiction. For example, novelty seeking is often observed in drug abuser, and anxious and depressive individuals also frequently abuse drugs. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the respective influence of these factors on the vulnerability to drug addiction. In the first phase, we compared the influence of responses to both forced and free-choice novelty within a population of Wistar rats. The reactivity to forced novelty was associated with a higher sensitivity to the rewarding effects of a low dose of amphetamine and with a lower oral consumption of amphetamine, morphine and sucrose. . In the second phase, we compared the influences of anxiety and helplessness on vulnerability to drug of abuse. In Wistar rats, anxiety was associated with greater conditioned place preference induced by high, but not low, doses of cocaine and amphetamine. In addition, anxiety was not associated with a greater consumption of a low concentration of amphetamine solutions, but anxious animals consumed less of a higher concentration of amphetamine solution than non-anxious animals Similar to anxiety, helplessness was not associated to any difference in drug sensitivity Taken together these results suggest that responses to novelty, anxiety and helplessness are associated with different aspects of vulnerability to drugs of abuse
Hein, Matthieu. „Contribution à l’étude de la physiologie et de la physiopathologie du sommeil chez l’individu normal et chez les patients souffrant de dépression majeure et d’insomnie primaire“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2019. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/287421/3/These.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDoctorat en Sciences médicales (Médecine)
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Becker, Léa J. „Contribution of the amygdalo-cingulate pathway in depression and its comorbidity with chronic pain“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021STRAJ055.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a chronic and debilitating disease, often worsened by the presence of comorbidities such as chronic pain. There is an urgent need to uncover the mechanisms underlying MDD. Recent work suggests a crucial role of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) in this disorder. Using optogenetics and a battery of behavioral testings, we highlighted the crucial role of the BLA-ACC pathway in the establishment of depressive-type behaviors. Indeed, the activation of this pathway induces depressive-like behaviors in naïve animals while its inhibition alleviates the depression induced by chronic neuropathic pain. At the molecular level, we have shown that depression induced by stimulation of the BLA-ACC pathway recapitulate similar transcriptomic alterations to those observed in depressed patients. Thus this project brings an extensive behavioral and molecular characterization of the role of the BLA-ACC pathway in emotional processing
Zayed, Abdallah. „The role of chromatin remodelers in dopaminoceptive neurons“. Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS437.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGlucocorticoid (GC) hormone release is a key physiological response to stress exposure enabling the organism to cope with environmental challenges. Beneficial when working, a dysfunction of this adaptive response is associated to multiples pathologies including psychiatric disorders. GC act through the binding to their receptor, glucocorticoid receptor (GR). It has been shown that GR gene inactivation in dopaminoceptive neurons (GRD1Cre mice) reduces dopamine neurons activity, decreases responses to cocaine and blocks social aversion induced by repeated social defeat. GR can control genes expression through different mechanisms. Among others, it can interact with SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes either Brahma (Brm) or Brahma-related gene 1 (Brg1) as an ATP catalytic core subunit, which can move the DNA along the nucleosomes thereby opening the chromatin and favoring gene transcription. We found that both Brg1D1Cre and Brm-/- mice showed a complete resilience to repeated social defeat. Moreover, both Brg1D1Cre and Brm-/- mice showed decreased responses to cocaine in behavioral sensitization. Brg1D1Cre mice on the contrary to GRD1Cre showed a normal increase of dopamine neuron firing after social defeat despite their behavioral resilience. We therefore examined cell-signaling and immediate early genes induction in the mutated brain areas of our models and showed that while ERK signaling pathway is normally induced by an acute defeat, the induction of c-Fos and Egr1 genes expression are reduced in the dorsal striatum and the NAc. Altogether, these results lead to further evidences for an involvement of chromatin remodelers in stress-related behaviors
Lemelin, Sophie. „Ralentissement cognitif dans la dépression majeure“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60730.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGasselin, Célia. „Plasticités hebbienne et homéostatique de l'excitabilité intrinsèque des neurones de la région CA1 de l'hippocampe=hebbian and homeostatic plasticity of intrinsic excitability in hippocampal CA1 neurons“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5047.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSynaptic plasticity has been considered for decades as the main substrate of functional plasticity in the brain. Recently, experimental evidences suggest that long-lasting regulation of intrinsic neuronal excitability may also account for activity-dependent plasticity. Indeed, voltage-dependent ionic channels strongly regulate intrinsic excitability and inputs integration and their regulation was found to be essential in learning process. However, activity-dependent regulation of the hyperpolarization-activated ionic current (Ih) and its consequences for future plasticity remain unclear, so as the presence of any voltage-dependent conductances regulation in inhibitory neurons. In the first part of this thesis, we report the characterization of the induction and expression mechanisms of Long-Term Potentiation of Intrinsic Excitability (LTP-IE) in CA1 parvalbumin-positive basket interneurons. In a second part, the role of Ih in the homeostatic regulation of intrinsic neuronal excitability induced by global manipulations of neuronal activity was reported. In the third experimental study, we showed that the magnitude of Long-term Depression (LTD) determines the sign of Ih regulation in CA1 pyramidal neurons. In conclusion, this thesis shows that in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons, activity-dependent regulations of voltage-dependent conductances help to maintain a relative stability in the network activity
Bronsard, Anne. „Modifications biochimiques dans la dépression endogène“. Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05P050.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePedron, Solène. „Traiter les troubles psychiatriques à l'aide de la stimulation transcrânienne par courant continu : approches comportementale et neurobiologique chez la souris“. Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA3007/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulatory technique in which a low current is delivered via electrodes on the scalp to modulate cortical excitability. lt is a promising tool in the treatment of various neurological and psychiatrie illnesses, yet the mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects remain unknown. The goal of my thesis was to describe the effects of repeated tDCS on behavior in mice, and to offer preliminary insights regarding the neurobiological mechanisms involved. Our data indicate that repeated tDCS over the frontal lobe (0.2 mA, 2x20 min/day, 5 consecutive days) has antidepressant prope11ies and improves memory. Interestingly, tDCS increased precursor cell proliferation in the hippocampus, suggesting that tDCS may increase neurogenesis levels in this brain area. Lastly, tDCS decreased the behavioral and/or the molecular effects of nicotine, alcohol and cocaïne. For example, tDCS attenuated cocaine-induced Zif268 expression in specific corticostriatal circuits. Altogether, our findings provide pre-clinical evidence that tDCS cou Id be a beneficial adjunct treatment for several psychiatrie disorders. Our animal mode! will be useful to further investigate the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of tDCS on behavior
Serres, Florence. „Etude du transport membranaire érythrocytaire du tryptophane dans les troubles dépressifs et schizophréniques, et des récepteurs 5HT2 plaquettaires dans les troubles dépressifs“. Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX30019.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBlugeot, Aurélie. „De la vulnérabilité à la physiopathologie dépressive chez le rat“. Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066713.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCastor, Naomie. „Les déterminants de la récupération chez des patients traumatisés crâniens“. Thesis, Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080139/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNeurological pathologies are frequently considered as serious and generate cognitive disabilities irreversible. However some diseases as traumatic brain injury and stroke have a recovery potential. These pathologies are different concerning etiology and people who are suffer but similar about medical care and sequelae. The different researches related to the recovery of language disorders and prognostic variables exposure, led us to realize a longitudinal study on recovery variables on traumatic brain injury. Considering the potential recovery of stroke, we have effected a comparative research between both pathologies. Correlational analyses between depression, anxiety, self-esteem, resilience, coping, abilities cognitive, medical care and anosognosia have exposed the determinants of recovery in traumatic brain injury and stroke. The results of this study show identical cognitive performances between patients and also a recovery for both disease. Recovery was similar for patients, which means regardless pathologies, patients recover in same way
Nollet, Mathieu. „Etude de l'implication fonctionnelle du système orexinergique dans les mécanismes physiopathogéniques de la dépression majeure“. Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR4046/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNeuropeptides, especially orexins, could be involved in the neurobiological mechanisms underlying maj or depression. We used a mouse mode! of depression, the unpredictable chronic mild stress, to specifically study the role ofthe orexinergic system in depression. Stressed mice showed an increase of orexinergic neuronal activation in the dorsomedial and perifornical hypothalamus, as well as change in orexin receptor-2 expression, reversed by chronic treatment with an antidepressant. In addition, pharmacological blockade ofthe orexinergic system in stressed mice induced antidepressant-like effects, underpinned by the restoration ofthe HPA axis negative feedback, independently of an increase of hippocampal neurogenesis. These results show that the orexinergic system could be involved in the pathophysiology of depressive disorders
Duclot, Florian. „Rôle de l'acétyltransférase PCAF dans la plasticité cérébrale physiologique et pathologique : analyse de souris PCAF knock-out“. Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20244.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMoreau, Maïté. „Altérations du métabolisme du tryptophane et développement de symptômes dépressifs induits par l'activation immune : rôle de l'indoléamine2,3-Dioxygénase cérébrale chez la souris“. Bordeaux 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR21392.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe broad goal of my research is to better understand how cytokines produced by the immune syqtem induce depressive disorders as reported in patients treated by cytokine immunotherapy. The hypothesis is based on activation of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) a tryptophan-catabolism enzyme upregulated by cytokines mainly IFN-gamma. Because tryptophan (Trp) is the precursor of the biosythesis of serotonin (5-HT), a neurotransmiter which plays a role in depression occurence, we suggested that IDO-induced depletion may cause depressive symptoms. In mice, we developed txo models of acute and chronic brain IDO activation based on either administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or inoculation of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Our data show that LPS and BCG induce depressive-like symptoms in mice and affect Trp and 5-HT metabolism. Our results reveal that IDO activation in the brain by cytokines induce depressive-like responses such as observed following cytokine immunotherapy
Jablonski, Béatrice. „Neuroimmunomodulation : mise en évidence du phénomène , mécanismes envisagés, exemple physiopathologique : les syndromes dépressifs“. Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P043.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleČulig, Luka. „Effets de l'augmentation de la neurogénèse adulte dans un modèle murin écologique de dépression“. Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4021.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex and heterogeneous disorder hypothesized to be associated with alterations in brain circuitry, dysregulations of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and impairments in adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN). Multiple lines of evidence point to the involvement of AHN in mood and anxiety disorders, leading to the formation of the “neurogenesis hypothesis”, which postulates that adult-born hippocampal neurons are involved in the etiology and treatment efficacy of MDD. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of adult-born neurons after the onset of stress exposure and the mechanism that underlies the observed results. Our results suggest that increasing neurogenesis is sufficient to buffer against the effects of chronic stress on certain behavioral and endocrine levels and thus to display antidepressant-like effects, both behaviorally and physiologically. Adult-born neurons might have exerted some of their effects via the anteromedial division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTMA)
Briand, Sophie. „Rôle du stress et de la détresse psychologique dans les anomalies endocrino-métaboliques de l'obésité androïde“. Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR2M015.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBlandin, Elise. „Rôle des sous-types cliniques versus un effet cumulatif dans l'explication des anomalies de la mémoire et de l'hippocampe chez le sujet déprimé“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066729/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThrough its cerebral localization, its anatomical and functional connectivity, the hippocampus is involved in memory (coding and storing) and in emotion regulation. Cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus, new synaptic connections and the modulation of the efficiency of existing synaptic connections by the Long Term Potentiation and Long Term Depression, participate in memory function. Negative retro feedback that the hippocampus has on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis allows a regulation of the reaction of the organism to stress it undergoes. Depression can in fact be considered as a state of stress for the organism.Neuron progenitor proliferation and neuronal plasticity are essential characteristics of the hippocampus ‘functioning. The effect of antidepressant therapeutics, medicinal ones as well as electro convulsive therapy, underlies the importance of this characteristic.Concerning more precisely an endogenous subtype of depression, melancholia, numerous genetic factors have been found as being vulnerability factors. Traumatic events, especially during childhood, are at the origin of the expression of this vulnerability.Memory impairments are found inconstantly in relation to depression. The repetitive character of depression, which is pathology with a high rate of recurrence, could explain that these impairments are only found after several depressive episodes. This is a cumulative or quantitative hypothesis. Or, specificities linked to melancholia could make this subtype more neurotoxic and could explain that memory impairments would be linked to melancholia. This is a qualitative hypothesis.Willing to explore the influence of each of these hypotheses, but one of them requiring studying subjects with different lifetimes being depressed and different ages, we first studied the impact of age on memory impairment. Age is not an independent factor explaining worse memory recovery after a depressive episode once remaining symptoms and memory at baseline are controlled for.Studying the respective influence of the quantitative hypothesis and the qualitative hypothesis we found that the lifetime being depressed is correlated to delayed verbal memory impairment and size of the right hippocampus, whereas the score at scale of melancholia is not. However, lifetime being depressed and the rate of melancholia are correlated.Depression appears to be neurotoxic through a cumulative mechanism, each depressive episode being a stress for the organism with a hyper activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and a hyper secretion of cortisol. But taking into account the genetic vulnerability factors, which are linked to endogenous subtype of depression, and the kindling hypothesis with smaller and smaller stressful life events preceding a depressive episode, it could be the same subjects that both have depressive episodes with melancholic characteristics and depression with a high rate of recurrence. This is only a statistic correlation between lifetime being depressed and hippocampal atrophy, biological mechanisms explaining causality for this correlation are not yet known. Only a part of the subjects could be exposed to genetic vulnerability and high recurrence of the depressive episodes or depressive episodes could become melancholic after several recurrences. Further research on this topic is needed. Moreover, looking at the high cost of depression and the high influence of life conditions during childhood, maternal care and traumas, special attention must be payed to them
Gasselin, Maxime. „Signatures épigénétiques associées à l’état physiologique, nutritionnel et pathologique chez la vache laitière en postpartum“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLA020.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn dairy breeding, the health and fertility of cows are the main concern with the aims to maintain milk quantity and quality and to reduce the interval between calving in a high competitive economical context. Postpartum period is marked by major hormonal and metabolic changes that affect productivity, immune responses and fertility. The consequences of immune response deterioration are an increasing susceptibility to diseases (mastitis, metritis, endometritis…). Genomic selection in livestock improves the performance of the population but does not exclude phenotypic variability at the level of livestock and the individual. It is proposed that DNA methylation could contribute to this individual phenotype variability. Indeed, DNA methylation is an epigenetic process involved in transcriptional regulation of genes displaying certain plasticity in front of environmental constraints.We assumed the epigenetic signatures carried by blood cells, could reflect overall health and could be modified in response to intrinsic factors (parity, stages …) and to environmental changes. These signatures were researched in a particular blood cells subpopulation: the monocytes. These cells, obtained by blood sampling and purification with a specific antibody, are the first line of defense against acute infections participating in health status deterioration of postpartum cows.To test the monocyte epigenetic signatures hypothesis, monocyte methylome were analyzed by « Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing » (RRBS), in various breeding conditions. Using genomic DNA form cows included in several protocols, 22 libraries were constructed and sequenced. Their analyses were accomplished using a « homemade » pipeline which integrates bioinformatics and biostatistics analyses. On average, 1 250 000 CpGs were analyzed in order to identify differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs): i) 27143 DMC by comparison between different cells types (monocytes versus fibroblasts and PBMC) ii) 4788 DMCs in response to nutritional challenge based on the dietary supplement, GENIAL®, produced and distributed in breeding by our partner PILARDIERE and XR-Repro (in collaboration with Marion Boutinaud, INRA, Rennes). iii) 2615 and 4616 DMCs in response to infectious challenge with LipoPolySaccharide injection for control cows group fed normal diet and for dietary restriction cows group, respectively (collaboration with Christine Leroux and José Pires, RUMINFLAME, INRA, Theix; and Gilles Foucras (ENVT, Toulouse)). iv) 4420 DMCs from the comparison between constant genomic cow (Somatic cell nuclear transfer, clones) and variable genomic cows but with the same age and raised in the same conditions than clones.From DMCs, we identified differentially methylated regions (DMRs) defined as region with at least 3 DMCs inside 100 bp. For some DMRs targeting gene promoter, the methylation status was validated by bisulfite conversion and pyrosequencing. Gene associated expression were also investigated. A significant negative correlation has been observed between methylation and expression, highlighting the functional relevance of these DMRs in gene transcription control.By comparing the 11 monocyte methylomes, 21% of CpGs present a remarkable constant methylation level with weak variability between samples (20%).Taking together, these data can provide a list of relevant DMCs for an epigenetic tool conception. In the future, it would be possible to use this tool for a routine analysis in order to grasp monocyte methylome variations in different breeding management
Sakkour, Sam. „Etude comparative et expérimentale de l'expression de la douleur chez les patients cancéreux français et syriens“. Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN1637.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTchenio, Anna. „Reversal strategies within the lateral habenula to ameliorate depressive-like behaviors“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066301/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleProlonged exposure to aversive stimuli leads to cellular and circuit adaptations that contribute to the emergence of neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression. Interactions between the dopaminergic (DA) and the serotoninergic (5HT) systems have been implicated in these pathological adaptations ultimately influencing motivated behaviors. Interestingly, the lateral habenula (LHb), an ethologically well-conserved epithalamic region, directly and indirectly controls DA and 5HT systems, and its activity is modulated by aversive events in both humans and animals. Moreover, the activity of the LHb increases in animal models of depression and depressed human patients. Conversely, strategies that locally target the LHb have been shown to reverse depressive-like symptoms both in animal models and in humans. Altogether, this led to the hypothesis that LHb dysregulation could play a role in the emergence of depressive like symptoms. However, little is known about the early cellular and molecular adaptations that occur within the LHb after exposure to aversive events. Moreover, most of the animal models employed to interrogate the LHb role in depressive states used acute painful stimuli; whether LHb function becomes aberrant after chronic exposure to painless stressors remain elusive. In my thesis work, I explored the precise cellular and molecular adaptations of LHb neurons following exposure to different kind of unpredictable aversive experiences, and their importance for the expression of depressive like symptoms.More precisely, I will present the results of an initial work aiming to identify early cellular and molecular adaptations within the LHb following unpredictable stimuli and their importance for the emergence of depressive symptoms. This study shows that unpredictable foot-shocks lead to decreased surface expression and function of the gamma-aminobutyrate receptor (GABABR), a metabotropic receptor that hyperpolarizes LHb neurons through the activation of the G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channels (GIRKs). This decrease of GABABR-GIRK signaling went along with an upregulation of the activity of the protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A), which is a well-known down-regulator of GABAB-GIRK complex surface expression. GABABR-GIRK signaling tightly controls LHb activity, and its downregulation consequently leads to aberrant hyperexcitability of LHb neurons. Using specific strategies to restore the GABABR-GIRK signaling within the LHb, such as GIRK overexpression, or local pharmacological inhibition of PP2A activity, we were able to ameliorate depressive like states following unpredictable foot-shocks. The second study allowed instead to establish the cellular adaptations within the LHb following a chronic non-painful aversive experience and during a critical developmental period. I showed that exposure to maternal separation in childhood (MS mice) also leads to depressive like symptoms together with a hyperexcitability of LHb neurons. This stress-driven increase in LHb activity was causally linked to a decrease of the GABABR-GIRK signaling. Moreover, using diverse reversal strategies such as chemogenetics or a therapeutically-relevant intervention such as Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), we could selectively decrease LHb neuronal activity and consequently ameliorate the depressive like symptoms, suggesting a causal link between these two phenotypes.Altogether, the work presented in this thesis suggests that LHb neuronal hyperexcitability could represent a common substrate necessary for the expression of certain aspects of the depressive like state and further supports its relevance as a potential target in the treatment of this disorder
Couroussé, Thomas. „Rôle du transporteur de cations organiques 2 dans la réponse et la vulnérabilité au stress“. Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05P625.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleInteractions between genetic and environmental factors like exposure to stress play an important role in the pathogenesis of mood-related psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder. The polyspecific organic cation transporters (OCTs) were shown previously to be sensitive to the stress hormone corticosterone in vitro, suggesting these transporters might play a physiological role in the response to stress. During my PhD thesis I investigated the role of organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) during stress and vulnerability to depression. OCT2 is expressed in several stress-related circuits in the brain and along the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. Genetic deletion of OCT2 in mice enhanced hormonal response to acute stress (156%) without altering adrenal sensitivity to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). As a consequence, OCT2-/- mice were potently more sensitive to the action of unpredictable chronic mild stress and developed a transient aggravation of depression-related behaviors involving spatial memory and social interaction. We showed that the functional state of the glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) signaling pathway, highly responsive to acute stress, was altered in the hippocampus of OCT2-/- mice. In vivo pharmacology and Western blot experiments argue for increased serotonin tonus as a main mechanism for impaired GSK3β signaling in OCT2-/- mice brain during acute response to stress. Our findings identify OCT2 as an important determinant of the response to stress in the brain, suggesting that in man OCT2 mutations or blockade by certain therapeutic drugs could interfere with HPA axis function and enhance vulnerability to repeated adverse events leading to stress-related disorders
Tanti, Arnaud. „Régulation différentielle de la neurogenèse le long de l'axe septo-temporal de l'hippocampe : implications pour la contribution fonctionnelle des nouveaux neurones dans pathophysiologie de la dépression“. Thesis, Tours, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUR4032/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHippocampal newborn neurons contribute to some extent to the therapeutic effects of antidepressants. Mechanisms involved in this contribution remain however elusive. By increasing the recruitment of newborn neurons antidepressants could improve several hippocampal functions and thus allow remission. Here we demonstrate that newborn neurons may contribute to the therapeutic effects of antidepressants by allowing the recovery of a proper hippocampal inhibitory feedback over the HPA axis, possibly by normalizing the communication between the hippocampus and stress integrative structures mediating its inhibitory influence, such as the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Hippocampal functions are however topographically segregated along its septo-temporal axis. Here we show that different mood-improving manipulations differentially regulate neurogenesis along this septo-temporal axis. This suggest different region-specific mechanisms involved in the regulation of neurogenesis and that newborn neurons may contribute to the therapeutic effects of antidepressants by modulating different aspects of hippocampal functions
Silva, Moura Daniela. „Manifestations psychologiques de la mastocytose : identification, description, rôle des mécanismes de régulation émotionnelle et des facteurs biologiques“. Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05H111/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMastocytosis is defined as an excessive accumulation of mast cells in one or more organs or tissues. While in most cases the disease does not reduce life expectancy, it is associated with a disability often poorly known and poorly understood relate to the symptoms due to the release of mast cell mediators. Despite the importance of these neuropsychiatric manifestations, efforts focused on their understanding and their relationship to the disease has been put into the background. The aim of this thesis was to better know these neuropsychological disorders present in mastocytosis, including depression and attention deficit disorder and to investigate the relationship between these disorders and biological and emotional aspects as effect of an inhibitor of tyrosine kinase locking mast cells, the relationship between perceived stress, depression, and telomere length, and the links between depression and emotional regulation skills. Our results show that depression and memory disorders are common symptoms in mastocytosis. Attention impairment do not seem related to depression. Furthermore, depression is improved by masitinib treatment. Perceived stress in these patients is related to telomere length and tryptophan metabolism; in particular the activity of IDO is associated with neuropsychological disorders. These results open new perspectives in understanding the psychological symptoms associated with mastocytosis
Braud, Emmanuelle. „Trois-azolylméthyleneindolin-2-ones, 3-imidazolylindoles et analogues structuraux a potentialités antitumorales“. Nantes, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NANT16VS.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGiovine, Angela. „Prenatal stress in rat, an animal model of depression : brain plasticity, circadian disorders and new antidepressants“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10027/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIt is recognized that exposure to an adverse environment during foetal period may have lifelong programming effects on different body functions with a considerable impact on disease susceptibility. The stressors occurring during pregnancy can impair biological and behavioural response to stress during adulthood. Prenatal restraint stress (PRS) in rat is a well-documented model of early stress known to induce long-term neurobiological and behavioural alterations and it is a validated model to study anxiety and depression like-behaviours. This work tries both to better characterise the phenotype of PRS rats in regard to circadian rhythms (locomotor activity and sleep/wake cycle) and hippocampal neuroplasticity and to test the capability of two antidepressants to reverse the alterations induced by PRS.Significant phase advances in circadian rhythms of locomotor activity were observed in PRS rats compared to controls, also after an abrupt shift of L/D cycle. The sleep/wake cycle of PRS was significantly more erratic and fragmented compared to controls. Brain plasticity (hippocampal neurogenesis, mGlu receptors expression, protein expression) was reduced by PRS. However antidepressants treatment was able to reverse the PRS abnormalities and to back to the level of the control group the parameters considered. Those observations both reinforce the idea of a general homeostatic dysfunction in animals exposed to prenatal stressful events that might partially explain some of their abnormal hormonal/behavioural response to stress and could increase the comprehension of the mechanisms underlying the long-term effects of early life manipulations
Meunier, Claire. „Etude de la neuromodulation des réseaux neuronaux du cortex“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA11T089/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe cortex is crucial for processes such as sensory perception, cognition and memory. Cortical organization is based on neuronal networks composed of excitatory (E) and inhibitory (I) neurons which target layer 5 pyramidal neurons. Dysfunctions of such networks result in psychiatric pathologies including major depression and schizophrenia. Regulations of cortical activity also involve neuromodulators such as serotonin, dopamine, D-serine and glycine. The current body of work decipher the interactions of the effects of 5-HT1A-, D1-, D2-, NMDA- and Glycine-receptors activation on the E-I balance and synaptic plasticity. The electrophysiological data that I have generated in the prefrontal cortex show that concomitant activation of 5-HT1A- and D1-receptors downregulates the induction of LTD whilst 5-HT1A coupled to D2-receptors activation promotes LTD induction, via a common modulation of GSK3β. I also collected data from the visual cortex, showing that D-serine is the co-agonist NMDA-receptor in this brain region and is, as such, required for LTP-induction. Glycine was instead found to act on dendritic Glycine-receptors, resulting in a shunt, which altered dendritic integration and thus turned LTP to a LTD-like effect at the somatic level
Morin-Major, Julie-Katia. „Association entre l'utilisation de Facebook et les marqueurs de stress psychologiques et physiologiques chez les adolescents“. Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13452.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe creation of Facebook can change the way people interact, but we know little about the impact of Facebook on health and well-being. As of today, 90 % of adolescents are active on Facebook and most of them connect everyday. Adolescence is a critical period in childrens’ development and during this period they are particularly vulnerable to stress hormones. It is therefore important to understand factors that may cause an increase in stress hormones in adolescents. The goal of this Masters thesis was to determine the relation between Facebook utilization in adolescents and psychological and physiological markers of stress. In order to do so, we measured stress hormones in 88 adolescents (41 boys, 47 girls) aged between 12 and 17 years old. Adolescents where asked to fill out the Social Network Survey, a questionnaire measuring different factors related to Facebook utilization and the Child depression Inventory, measuring symptoms of depression. Results suggest that it is not the time spent on Facebook that is related to psychological and physiological stress but the nature of Facebook utilization. For adolescent girls, it is the number of Facebook friends that is associated with high levels of cortisol, whereas in adolescent boys it is the fact of exposing one-self on Facebook that is associated with high levels of cortisol. This study is the first to show an association between Facebook utilization and stress hormones in adolescents.
Dritsa, Maria. „Essai clinique randomisé sur les effets de l'exercice dans la réduction de la fatigue chez les femmes atteintes de dépression post-partum“. Thèse, 2007. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/697/1/D1616.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDesforges, Manon. „Mécanismes neuronaux de la stimulation thêta-burst intermittente du cortex dorsolatéral préfrontal“. Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25140.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a neuromodulation technique used as a treatment of major depressive disorder. Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), a specific kind of rTMS, offers a reduced stimulation duration. Yet, its mechanism of action and optimal duration are still largely unknown. In clinical settings, standard duration is often increased with the expectation of increasing therapeutic effects. However, this hypothesis has never been tested. This master thesis aims to provide better understanding of neuronal mechanism associated with iTBS on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of healthy participants and to determine the optimal stimulation duration over the three more commonly used durations in clinical practice: 600 (standard), 1,200 and 1,800 pulses. This was explored in 14 neurotypical participants who experienced each of the three conditions during three different sessions. The induced brain activity was measured combining transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography, via TMS evoked potentials (TEP) and event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP). These measures were compared before and after each condition using a mixed linear model. For the three durations, no significant difference was found in all cortical activity measures. Specifically, after iTBS, the amplitude of most of the TEPs, as well as of the ERSP of theta band, are reduced. Therefore, the iTBS standard protocol induces a modification of cortical activity which is similar to longer durations, showing the importance of replicating this study on a clinical population.
Alamian, Golnoush. „Investigation of neural activity in Schizophrenia during resting-state MEG : using non-linear dynamics and machine-learning to shed light on information disruption in the brain“. Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25254.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePsychiatric disorders affect nearly a quarter of the world’s population. These typically bring about debilitating behavioural, functional and/or cognitive problems, for which the underlying neural mechanisms are poorly understood. These symptoms can significantly reduce the quality of life of affected individuals, impact those close to them, and bring on an economic burden on society. Hence, targeting the baseline neurophysiology associated with psychopathologies, by identifying more robust biomarkers, would improve the development of effective treatments. The first goal of this thesis is thus to contribute to a better characterization of neural dynamic alterations in mental health illnesses, specifically in schizophrenia and mood disorders. Accordingly, the first chapter of this thesis presents two systematic literature reviews, which investigate the resting-state changes in brain connectivity in schizophrenia, depression and bipolar disorder patients. Great strides have been made in neuroimaging research in identifying alterations in functional connectivity. However, these two reviews reveal a gap in the knowledge about the temporal basis of the neural mechanisms involved in the disruption of information integration in these pathologies, particularly in schizophrenia. Therefore, the second goal of this thesis is to characterize the baseline temporal neural alterations of schizophrenia. We present two studies for which we hypothesize that the resting temporal dysconnectivity could serve as a key biomarker in schizophrenia. These studies explore temporal integration deficits in schizophrenia by quantifying neural alterations of scale-free dynamics using resting-state magnetoencephalography (MEG) data. Specifically, we use (1) long-range temporal correlation (LRTC) analysis on oscillatory activity and (2) multifractal analysis on arrhythmic brain activity. In addition, we develop classification models (based on supervised machine-learning) to detect the cortical and sub-cortical features that allow for a robust division of patients and healthy controls. Given that these studies are based on MEG spontaneous brain activity, recorded at rest with either eyes-open or eyes-closed, we then explored the possibility of finding a distinctive feature that would combine both types of resting-state recordings. Thus, the third study investigates whether alterations in spectral amplitude between eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions can be used as a possible marker for schizophrenia. Overall, the three studies show changes in the scale-free dynamics of schizophrenia patients at rest that suggest a deterioration of the temporal processing of information in patients, which might relate to their cognitive and behavioural symptoms. The multimodal approach of this thesis, combining MEG, non-linear analyses and machine-learning, improves the characterization of the resting spatiotemporal neural organization of schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Our findings provide new evidence for the temporal dysconnectivity hypothesis in schizophrenia. The results extend on previous studies by characterizing scale-free properties of deep brain structures and applying advanced non-linear metrics that are underused in the field of psychiatry. The results of this thesis contribute significantly to the identification of novel biomarkers in schizophrenia and show the importance of clarifying the temporal properties of altered intrinsic neural dynamics. Moreover, the presented studies offer a methodological framework that can be extended to other psychopathologies, such as depression.