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1
Khadr, Ali M. Nonrenewable resource allocation under intertemporally dependent demand. Oxford: Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, 1987.
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2
Mahajan, Siddharth. A revenue sharing contract with price dependent demand. Bangalore: [Supply Chain Management Centre], Indian Institute of Management, 2009.
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3
Borjas, George J. The sensitivity of labor demand functions to choice of dependent variable. [Madison]: University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1985.
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4
K, Kokula Krishna Hari, und K. Saravanan, Hrsg. A Novel Apporoach To Dependent Demand Response Management In The Smart Grid. Tiruppur, Tamil Nadu, India: Association of Scientists, Developers and Faculties, 2016.
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5
Mahajan, Siddharth. A quantity flexibility contract in a supply chain with price dependent demand. Bangalore: Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, 2010.
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6
Hoynes, Hilary Williamson. Local labor markets and welfare spells: Do demand conditions matter? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1996.
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7
Thompson, Gregory Lee. Understanding transit ridership demand for a multi-destination, multimodal transit network in an American metropolitan area: Lessons for increasing choice ridership while maintaining transit dependent ridership. San Jose, CA: Mineta Transportation Institute, College of Business, San José State University, 2011.
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8
Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng und Anne Bardsley. Iodine in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0019.
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Iodine is a key component of thyroid hormones. Development of the fetal brain and nervous system are dependent on thyroid hormones supplied by the mother via the placenta, increasing the maternal demand for iodine throughout pregnancy. Women with adequate iodine intake before conception (~150 #amp;#x03BC;g/day) can adapt to the increased demand for thyroid hormones during pregnancy, because the thyroid gland adjusts its hormonal output; but this depends on sufficient availability of dietary iodine and the integrity of the thyroid gland. Iodine deficiency causes congenital hypothyroidism, and in severe form, the irreversible brain damage associated with cretinism. Moderate iodine deficiency in pregnancy is associated with lower learning capacity, reduced IQ, hearing impairment, and increased risk of attention deficit disorder. Pregnant women should take a daily multivitamin that contains 150 #amp;#x00B5;g of iodine, unless they regularly consume concentrated food sources of iodine.
9
Finkel, Alvin. Workers’ Social-Wage Struggles during the Great Depression and the Era of Neoliberalism. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038174.003.0007.
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This chapter traces and compares workers' and especially workers' organizations' responses in North America, South America, Europe, and Australia during the Great Depression and the crisis of capital accumulation that has been more or less steady since 1975. It suggests that the extent to which the organized working class has been willing and able to defend prior social gains during times of crisis depends upon the degree of organization and militancy present within the working class before the crisis begins. In countries where class collaboration is deeply embedded in the ideology of the trade-union and labor political leadership, the response of the organized working class to economic crisis has paralleled that of capital: “national” sacrifice is required, and that means the workers giving up some social gains along with making wage sacrifices. In others, especially where workers'movements have been unable or unwilling to integrate closely with capital at a political level, or where labor has a political dominance to which capital has partly accommodated, the working-class movement has made improved social wages its central demand, and made the continued existence of private capital dependent on its accommodating that demand.
10
Rosenfeld, Bryn. Autocratic Middle Class: How State Dependency Reduces the Demand for Democracy. Princeton University Press, 2020.
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Autocratic Middle Class: How State Dependency Reduces the Demand for Democracy. Princeton University Press, 2020.
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12
Casper, Wendy J., Dennis J. Marquardt, Katherine J. Roberto und Carla Buss. The Hidden Family Lives of Single Adults Without Dependent Children. Herausgegeben von Tammy D. Allen und Lillian T. Eby. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199337538.013.15.
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This chapter reviews the literature on the family and personal demands of single workers without dependent children. Also discussed are findings from an interview study examining how singles without dependent children manage work and nonwork. Results of both the literature review and interviews suggest that singles without dependent children have a variety of family, relationship, and personal demands, which often compete with work, leading to interrole conflict. Moreover, most interview participants indicated that their role as family member is highly valued, and of greater importance than their work role. Taken together, findings refute the view of many work–family researchers that singles without dependent children “have no family” and argue for their inclusion in studies of the work–family interface.
13
Stephenson, Andrew. Imagination and Inner Intuition. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724957.003.0006.
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This chapter addresses the question of whether intuition is object-dependent. Kant’s account of the imagination appears to suggest that intuition is not object-dependent. On a recent proposal, however, the imagination is a faculty of merely inner intuition, the inner objects of which exist and are present in the way demanded by object-dependence views, such as Lucy Allais’s relational account. It is argued that this proposal is problematic on both textual and philosophical grounds. The proposal is inconsistent with what Kant says about how the imagination functions and it is ultimately incompatible with the relational account it is supposed to support. Kant’s account of the imagination remains a serious obstacle for the view that intuition is object-dependent.
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Sheppard, Charles R. C., Simon K. Davy, Graham M. Pilling und Nicholas A. J. Graham. The future, human population and management. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787341.003.0010.
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Climate change and direct, local impacts are reducing the ability of reefs to support rich ecosystems, including those of people dependent upon them. Reef adaptation has been suggested as being possible, but is unlikely to be sufficient to ensure their survival after a few decades. Human population increase is remorseless and with it comes increasing demand on reef resources. Protected area management and better management of key species holds promise as one method for ensuring reef survival, as does a need to obtain proper ecosystem values of reefs and their species and of the cost incurred in their loss. Reefs are connected in terms of larval and species flows, so broadscale management of networks of marine protected areas is also needed to ensure the survival of reefs, as is a more intelligent selection of areas for protection, favouring those which show greatest resilience and ability to recover from impacts.
15
Colaresi, Michael, und Jude C. Hays. Spatial and Temporal Interdependence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.301.
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Time and space are two dimensions that are likely to provide the paths—either singly or in tandem—by which international policy decisions are interdependent. There are several reasons to expect international relations processes to be interdependent across space, time, or both dimensions. Theoretical approaches such as rational expectations models, bureaucratic models of decision-making, and psychological explanations of international phenomena at least implicitly assume—and in many cases explicitly predict—dependence structures within data. One approach that researchers can use to test whether their international processes of interest are marked by dependence across time, space, or both time and space, is to explicitly model and interpret the hypothesized underlying dependence structures. There are two areas of spatial modeling at the research frontier: spatial models with qualitative and limited dependent variables, an co-evolution models of structure and behavior. These models have theoretical implications that are likely to be useful for international relations research. However, a gap remains between the kinds of empirical models demanded by international relations data and theory and the supply of time series and spatial econometric models that are available to those doing applied research. There is a need to develop appropriate models of temporal and spatial interdependence for qualitative and limited dependent variables, and for better models in which outcomes and structures of interdependence are jointly endogenous.
16
International Council on Alcohol and Addictions., Hrsg. Demand reduction in practice: A worldwide review of innovative approaches related to the reduction of demand for dependence producing drugs : project report. Lausanne, Switzerland: International Council on Alcohol and Addictions, 1988.
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17
Ansell, Ben, und Jane Gingrich. Skills in Demand? Higher Education and Social Investment in Europe. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807971.003.0009.
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The chapter analyzes how welfare democracies expanded higher education systems. It argues that the “massification” of higher education across the OECD has had starkly different impacts on occupational structure and returns depending on countries’ institutional environment. The chapter identifies four ideal types in terms of the employment prospects and wage premia associated with higher education: credentialism, mismatch, social investment, and “winner takes all,” which correspond closely to the four types of welfare democracies. Employment and wage data drawn from the European Community Household Panel and Social Inclusion and Living Condition datasets is used to demonstrate these patterns. The chapter also uses individual survey data drawn from the European Social Survey to show the effects of graduate skill mismatch on policy attitudes.
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Hollifield, James F. The Politics of Controlling Immigration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.343.
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Migration is linked to various dimensions of politics: the procedural or distributional dimension (who gets what, when, and how), the legal or statist dimension (which involves issues of sovereignty and legitimacy), and the ethical or normative dimension (which deals with questions of citizenship, civil society, justice, and participation). The key concept surrounding migration and politics is one of interest. According to Gary Freeman, the demand for immigration policy is heavily dependent on the play of organized interests. An alternative to Freeman’s explanation is the historical-institutional approach, also known as the “liberal state” thesis, which contends that, irrespective of economic cycles, the play of interests, and shifts in public opinion, immigrants and foreigners have acquired rights. Therefore, the capacity of liberal states to control immigration is constrained by laws and institutions. The extension of rights to non-nationals has been an extremely important part of the story of international migration in the post-World War II period. In an age of increasing globalization, the pace of migration accelerated and created the so-called liberal paradox, perfectly illustrated by the difficulty of using guest workers for managing labor markets in Western Europe. International migration is likely to intensify in coming decades. There are several challenges that immigration scholars need to address, such as devising a framework that will allow us to understand the relationship between the politics of immigration control and the politics of integration.
19
Prassl, Jeremias. Lost in the Crowd. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797012.003.0004.
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This chapter explores the gig economy’s entrepreneurship narrative, juxtaposing platforms’ promises of autonomy, freedom, and self-determination with the sobering reality of algorithmic control. Life as a ‘micro-entrepreneur’, it turns out, is heavily conditioned by ever-watchful rating algorithms, which aggregate customer feedback and compliance with platform guidelines to exercise close control. Failure to comply can have drastic results. Moreover, depending on consumer demand, the promised flexibility of on-demand work can quickly turn into economic insecurity, as gig income is highly unpredictable from week to week. The promise of freedom similarly rings hollow for many—not least because of carefully constructed contractual agreements that ban some gig workers from taking platforms to court. Instead of enjoying the spoils of successful entrepreneurship, a significant proportion of on-demand workers find themselves trapped in precarious, low-paid work.
20
Wood, David. Reoccupy Earth. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823283545.001.0001.
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Habit rules our lives. And yet climate change and the catastrophic future it portends, makes it clear that we cannot go on like this. Our habits are integral to narratives of the good life, to social norms and expectations, as well as to economic reality. Such shared shapes are vital. Yet while many of our individual habits seem perfectly reasonable, when aggregated together they spell disaster. Beyond consumerism, other forms of life and patterns of dwelling are clearly possible. But how can we get there from here? This book shows how an approach to philosophy attuned to our ecological existence can suspend the taken-for-granted and open up alternative forms of earthly dwelling. Sharing the earth, as we do, raises fundamental questions. Deconstruction exposes all manner of exclusion, violence to the other, and silent subordination. Phenomenology and Whitehead's process philosophy offer further resources for an ecological imagination. The book plots experiential pathways that disrupt our habitual existence and challenge our everyday complacency. It shows how living responsibly with the earth means affirming the ways in which we are vulnerable, receptive, and dependent, and the need for solidarity all round. If we take seriously values like truth, justice, and compassion we must be willing to contemplate that the threat we pose to the earth might demand our own species' demise. Yet we have the capacity to live responsibly. In an unfashionable but spirited defense of an enlightened anthropocentrism, the book argues that to deserve the privileges of Reason we must demonstrably deploy it through collective sustainable agency. Only in this way can we reinhabit the earth.
21
Wolf, E. L. Prospects for Sustainable Power and Moderate Climate. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198769804.003.0012.
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A summary of the ongoing conversion from fossil fuel energy economy to sustainable energy is offered. A large fraction of the energy-related work force in the US has shifted to renewables, typified by the high demand for wind turbine technicians. A plan for full conversion to sustainable energy has been offered by Jacobson and collaborators, depending upon increased energy storage using underground thermal storage (UTES), thermal salt application in solar thermal installations, and pumped hydro. Hothouse earth events, extinguishing nearly all life, in climatic history are mentioned. The chance for triggering a future global hyperthermal event appears to be small from the excess carbon emissions of the past two centuries, with the present rate of emission.
22
Krueger, Joachim I., Anthony M. Evans und Patrick R. Heck. Let Me Help You Help Me. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190630782.003.0007.
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This chapter develops the view that interpersonal trust cannot be fully understood by the lights of rational decision theory or social norms and preferences. Trust is a dilemma because the person deciding whether to trust must reconcile the conflicting demands of own well-being with the demands of prosociality. This chapter considers three types of social situation of (inter)dependence: the dictator game, which is played unilaterally, the assurance game, which is played bilaterally and simultaneously, and the trust game proper, which is played bilaterally and sequentially. Findings show that the dictator game, which models the situation of the person being trusted, is ill-suited to isolate social preferences. Empirical results may over- or underestimate the willingness to share. A simulation shows that individuals’ social preferences rarely predict the distribution of wealth. Analysis of the assurance game (or “stag hunt”) and the trust game proper yield similar results.
23
Smith, Jolene. “Freedom Just Might be Possible”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037900.003.0007.
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This chapter focuses on Suraj Kali's story of liberation. Unlike in the past, there are now social movements of sufficient strength in at least some parts of the world that are making more and more liberation stories possible, encouraging more and more leaders of resistance like Suraj Kali to demand freedom for themselves and others, despite great risk. Thus, in stark contrast with Margaret Garner's, Suraj Kali's story best illustrates how similar acts of personal struggle can have strikingly different consequences, depending on whether they happen within the context of a wider movement that is demanding change and whether that movement is successful at a given time. This contrast illuminates additional reasons to stand in awe of the risks and sacrifices made by individuals who preceded or built the foundation for movements that followed them.
24
Buchanan, Allen. Institutional Legitimacy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813972.003.0003.
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This chapter offers a general theory of institutional legitimacy, the Metacoordination view, according to which legitimacy assessments are best understood as being part of a social practice aimed at achieving consensus on whether an institution is worthy of our moral reason-based support—support not dependent solely on the fear of coercion or on a perfect fit between our own interests and what the institution demands of us. The Metacoordination view’s account of the practical function of legitimacy assessments is used to identify criteria of legitimacy that apply to a wide range of institutions and to show that, for institutions that back their rules with coercion, conformity to the requirements of the rule of law is a presumptive necessary condition of legitimacy. The Metacoordination view is shown to be superior to consent theories of legitimacy and attempts to use Raz’s “service” conception of authority as an account of institutional legitimacy.
25
Zürn, Michael. The Rise of the Global Governance System: A Historical-Institutionalist Account. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819974.003.0006.
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The global governance system developed in the 1990s as a result of a path-dependent sequence that started with the choice of embedded liberalism in the 1940s. The post-Second World War constellation provided a critical juncture that led to institutionalized embedded liberalism and collective security under American leadership. Afterwards, self-reinforcing mechanisms strengthened this institutional design. This whole dynamic was accelerated by an external push when the Soviet empire faltered and functional differentiation could develop its full potential. Together, these developments created a new critical juncture. As a result of the decisions taken in this situation, a global governance system emerged. It consists of loosely coupled spheres of both political and epistemic authority. Overall, the authority of IOs has increased remarkably. As a consequence, this global governance system co-produces reactive sequences. It contains serious deficits undermining its acceptance and sustainability leading to resistance and demands for change.
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Schellenberg, Susanna. In Defense of Perceptual Content. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827702.003.0006.
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Chapter 5 takes a step back and traces the way in which excessive demands on the notion of perceptual content invite an austere relationalist account of perception. It argues that any account that acknowledges the role of discriminatory, selective capacities in perception must acknowledge that perceptual states have representational content. The chapter shows that on a relational understanding of perceptual content, the fundamental insights of austere relationalism do not compete with representationalism. Most objections to the thesis that perceptual experience has representational content apply only to austere representationalist accounts, that is, accounts on which perceptual relations to the environment play no explanatory role. By arguing that perceptual relations and perceptual content are mutually dependent the chapter shows how Fregean particularism can avoid the pitfalls of both austere representationalism and austere relationalism. With relationalists, Fregean particularism argues that perception is constitutively relational, but with representationalists it argues that it is constitutively representational.
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Kirkpatrick, Ian, und Mirko Noordegraaf. Organizations and Occupations. Herausgegeben von Laura Empson, Daniel Muzio, Joseph Broschak und Bob Hinings. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199682393.013.6.
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This chapter poses a challenge to deep-rooted assumptions about the mutual exclusive nature of professions and organizations. It argues that while different traditions of research, from the sociology of professions and theories of professional organization, have frequently emphasized conflict, much of it also highlights the inter-dependency and co-evolution of occupations and organizations. In the second half of the chapter, the authors illustrate this perspective and explore how, in recent years, professionalism itself has become increasingly hybridized. This is due not only to the encroaching demands of organizations on professionals, but also to the way professionals themselves have sought to reorganize to ensure continued legitimacy and sustainability.
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De Neubourg, Diane, und Sarah Devroe. Fertility treatment in the modern age: possibilities and anaesthesia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0009.
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As up to 4% of all pregnancies and deliveries are the result of assisted reproductive technology treatment in developed countries, fertility treatment in general has become an important activity for gynaecologists. Particularly in in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles, the oocyte aspiration procedure can be painful and requires analgesia. The method used should be safe and comfortable for the woman with minimal side effects, easy to administer and monitor, short acting, easily reversible, and with minimal to no effect on oocytes and embryos. Most fertility clinics have chosen their method depending on patients’ demands, staffing, and available facilities in the hospital or centre.
29
Alexander, Gregory S. Ownership and Obligations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190860745.003.0002.
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This chapter is the theoretical heart of the book. It develops the argument that inherent in the concept of ownership itself is an obligation that property owners owe to members of their communities to enable them to flourish. More specifically, the state may legitimately make certain demands on owners to contribute to the maintenance of the matrices and services that nurture the capabilities that are necessary for human flourishing. The chapter considers, and rejects, alternative possible bases for the obligations that property owners owe to others, particularly contract and reciprocity. Instead, the argument here is that the social obligation inherent in ownership is based on human dependency.
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Holt, Thomas J., Kristie R. Blevins und Sarah Fitzgerald. Examining the Economics of Prostitution Using Online Data. Herausgegeben von Scott Cunningham und Manisha Shah. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199915248.013.18.
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The exchanges between sex workers and their clients are often hidden from view, making it difficult to understand how the prices paid to sex workers vary depending on city, time of the year, where they solicit, and the demographics and attitudes of the sex worker. The Internet and computer-mediated communications, however, enable an investigation of prostitution as the customers of various sex workers discuss their sexual exploits and share tips and information with others online. This research uses data collected from 10 city-specific Web forums to examine the price structures of prostitution and the attitudinal, behavioral, and demographic factors affecting the prices paid to sex workers. The implications of this study for our understanding of the various environmental, individual, and situational factors that affect the supply and demand of the sex trade from the client’s perspective will be explored in detail.
31
William A, Schabas. Part 9 International Cooperation and Judicial Assistance: Coopération Internationale Et Assistance Judiciaire, Art.95 Postponement of execution of a request in respect of an admissibility challenge/Sursis à exécution d’une demande en raison d’une exception d’irrecevabilité. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0100.
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This chapter comments on Article 95 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 95 is part of an ensemble of provisions addressing the modalities of compliance with a request from the Court. It concerns challenges to admissibility, and allows a State to postpone compliance pending resolution of an admissibility challenge. The operation of article 95 is not dependent upon an initial determination by the Court. It is a prerogative that a State may exercise provided the necessary pre-requisites are in place. Thus, ‘the postponement of the execution of a surrender request while an admissibility challenge is pending falls within the prerogatives of the requested State and does not require a Chamber's prior authorization’.
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Catherine A, Rogers. Part II Staking Out Theoretical Boundaries and Building the Regime, 7 Ariadne’s Thread and the Functional Thesis. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198713203.003.0008.
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This chapter discusses the ‘Functional Thesis’ posited as the underlying theory uniting the concepts discussed in previous chapters regarding the implementation of ethical self-regulation. The Functional Thesis labours under the presumption that acting upon ethical obligations are dependent upon the role of the agent; it assigns ‘functional roles’ to these agents that can create more flexible distinctions between identities presented in titles such as ‘lawyer’, ‘judge’, and so on. The ethical obligations presented in each role are subject to constant change as demanded by the procedural rules of international arbitration, yet a better understanding of these roles can lay the foundations for a code of conduct. And while these roles may shift to the whims of procedure, ethical expectations are, at least, constant over time.
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Sahay, Sundeep, T. Sundararaman und Jørn Braa. Decentralized Information Use. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758778.003.0005.
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This chapter seeks to explore the challenge and opportunities that cloud computing and big data offer to strengthen public health informatics in LMICs. Cloud computing is slowly becoming a norm, almost representing a technical and social order which we do not fully understand, but need to accept. While there is a multiplicity of understandings associated with the cloud, we often focus only on its technical elements, while ignoring the business model that underlies it. This incomplete understanding may lead to LMICs making investments in solutions which are unsustainable, while also creating new challenges and demands for capacity. The cloud also raises key dilemmas around participation, decentralization, and ownership of data. Developments in big data, necessarily dependent on the cloud, are another source of challenges and opportunities for LMICs. Whether we like it or not, cloud computing and big data are integral elements to develop the Expanded PHI perspective, and we need to find appropriate approaches to do so.
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Wood, Jim, und Alec Marantz. The interpretation of external arguments. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767886.003.0011.
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This chapter examines the syntactic and semantic properties of heads, e.g. Voice, Appl, and little p, that add participants to events. Instead of assuming that such heads exist as distinct primitives in the functional lexicon, it is proposed that there is one such head, which can get different interpretations depending on how it is merged into the structure. The chapter’s approach attributes the relative uniformity of the expression of argument structure to the principles that interpret syntactic structure semantically; thus, syntax is truly autonomous, with the atoms of syntactic representations carrying no inherent semantic values. Once syntactic heads are absolved from the necessity of explicitly carrying certain features relevant to their interpretation, a sparse inventory of functional heads can be developed. The system is applied to a set of constructions that present distinct challenges to theories that demand a kind of transparent reflection of argument structure in underlying syntactic representations.
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Ocampo, José Antonio. The Provision of Global Liquidity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198718116.003.0002.
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This chapter starts by analysing three major problems of the current international monetary system: the asymmetric-adjustment problem, dependence on the monetary policy of the main reserve-issuing country, and the large demand for self-insurance by developing countries. It then explores two basic alternatives to reform the system: one route would involve a fully-fledged multi-currency reserve system; the alternative route would be to design an architecture based on the IMF’s Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), the world’s only truly global reserve asset. These two alternative routes could be mixed in a number of ways, and in fact their complementary use may be the only possible way forward. Under such a mixed system, SDRs would become a major global reserve asset and the source of financing for IMF lending, but national/regional currencies would continue to be used as international means of payment and stores of value.
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Addison, Tony, und Atanu Ghoshray. Pandemics and their impact on oil and metal prices. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/914-3.
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We examine the effect of pandemics on selected commodity prices—in particular, those of zinc, copper, lead, and oil. We set up a vector autoregressive model and analyse data since the mid-nineteenth century to determine how prices reacted to pandemics such as the 1918 Spanish Flu, 1957 Asian Flu, and 1968 Hong Kong Flu. We control for demand and supply fundamentals to generate forecasts from the point of outbreak, and we consider whether any pattern can be deduced in reactions to adverse global shocks. Results are varied, depending on choice of commodity and magnitude and type of response. No clear conclusions are possible from past pandemics, and we conclude that at the time of writing, forecasts are difficult to make in the ongoing current pandemic too. We conclude by estimating impulse response functions to assess likely impact and the subsequent response of commodity prices to the shock.
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Rizzo, Matteo. Public Transport in Dar es Salaam. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794240.003.0002.
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This chapter analyses the changing face of public transport in Dar es Salaam from independence (1961) to the present. It focuses on the structural forces that influenced the demand for, and supply of, public transport over time. The chapter will also show the way in which the trajectory of change and policymaking in public transport in Dar es Salaam mirrors the broader picture of Tanzania, and much of Africa as a whole, in its transition from developmentalism to neoliberalism. The chapter reviews a number of initiatives on urban public transport adopted by the state since the very late 1990s, as they reveal the contradictory stance of the government towards economic deregulation, the tensions that it generated, and the winding down of the socialist agenda that it entailed. As such, they enable appreciation of the politics, tensions, and path dependency of one instance of ‘actually existing neoliberalism’.
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Mares, David. Energy Markets and Trading. Herausgegeben von Debra J. Davidson und Matthias Gross. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190633851.013.5.
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This chapter discusses the role of energy in economic development, the transformation of energy markets, trade in energy resources themselves, and the geopolitical dynamics that result. The transformation of energy markets and their expansion via trade can help or hinder development, depending on the processes behind them and how stakeholders interact. The availability of renewable, climate-friendly sources of energy, domestically and internationally, means that there is no inherent trade-off between economic growth and the use of fossil fuels. The existence of economic, political, social, and geopolitical adjustment costs means that the expansion of international energy markets to incorporate alternatives to oil and coal is a complex balance of environmental trade-offs with no solutions completely free of negative impact risk. An understanding of the supply of and demand for energy must incorporate the institutional context within which they occur, as well as the social and political dynamics of their setting.
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Crouch, Dora P. Geology and Settlement. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195083248.001.0001.
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This study explains the Greco-Roman urban form as it relates to the geological basis at selected sites in the Mediterranean basin. Each of the sites--Argos, Delphi, Ephesus, and Syracuse among them--has manifested in its physical form the geology on which it stood and from which it was made. "By demonstrating the dependence of a group of cities on its geological base," the author writes, "the study forces us to examine more closely the ecology of human settlement, not as a set of theories but as a set of practical constraints..." Exacting attention will be given to local geology (types of building stones, natural springs, effect of earthquakes, silting, etc.) The findings are based on site publications, visits to the sites, and the most recent archaeological plans. The book is illustrated with original photographs and geological maps indicating the known Greco-Roman features--the first such maps published for any of the sites. Sequel to Water Management in Ancient Greek Cities, now available by Publication on Demand
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Serences, John T., und Sabine Kastner. A Multi-level Account of Selective Attention. Herausgegeben von Anna C. (Kia) Nobre und Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.022.
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To achieve behavioural goals, relevant sensory stimuli must be processed more quickly and reliably than irrelevant distracters. The ability to prioritize relevant over irrelevant stimuli is usually referred to as selective information processing, or selective attention. Over the last 50–60 years, there has been an ongoing debate about the point along the sensory–response processing stream at which selective attention operates: are relevant and irrelevant inputs segregated early in processing based on low-level featural differences, or does this segregation occur late in processing after the meaning of each stimulus has been computed? As with nearly all dichotomies in psychology, the emerging consensus is that neither extreme is correct. Instead, depending on task demands, the mechanisms of selective attention can flexibly operate on the quality of low-level sensory representations as well as on later stages of semantic analysis and decision-making.
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van Holsteyn, Joop J. M. The Radical Right in Belgium and the Netherlands. Herausgegeben von Jens Rydgren. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.24.
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Belgium and the Netherlands are fertile ground for radical right parties, including the Flemish Bloc and its successor Flemish Interest (VB), and the List Pim Fortuyn (LPF) and the later Party for Freedom (PVV) in the Netherlands. The LPF presented a mix of anti-immigrant and anti-elitist positions; the PVV was strict on immigration and against European integration; the VB was a nationalist/regionalist party that became successful only after adopting the anti-immigration issue. The LPF showed how a successful but badly organized party can both rise and fall quickly. The PVV shows that a strong leader can establish an electorally successful party that is less effective politically, with an uncertain future because of its dependency on the leader. The VB shows that a party that connects with the electorate’s “demands” can have a series of good election results without having direct policy effects and can be vulnerable to more effective competitors.
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Gosetti-Ferencei, Jennifer Anna. On Being and Becoming. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190913656.001.0001.
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On Being and Becoming offers a new approach to existentialist philosophy and literature, as responding to competing demands for universal truth and the defense of the irreducible singularity of the individual. On Being and Becoming traces the heterogeneity of existentialist thinking beyond the popular wartime philosophers of the Parisian Left Bank, demonstrating their critical dependence on sources from the nineteenth century and their complements in modernist works across the European continent and beyond. While quintessentially modern, existentialism inherits ideas of the past and anticipates challenges of the present. Despite its individualism, existentialist attention to the human self is related to conceptions of world, others, the earth, and the more encompassing concept of being. The predominance of ideas of authenticity, individuality, and self-determination makes any existentialist manifesto self-contradictory, while existentialist thinkers above all wanted to make their philosophy relevant to concrete human existence as it is lived. Prevailing models of existential authenticity life tend to overlook the rich diversity of its prospects, which, as this volume shows, involve not only anxiety, absurdity, awareness of death and of the loss of religious reassurances, but also hope, the striving for happiness, and a sense of the transcendent—all of these grounded our human capacity to create meaning. In spite of the diversity of existentialism, all of its thinkers recognize the self as becoming, and recognize the courage and creativity human individuality demands. On Being and Becoming elaborates pragmatic and philosophical relevance of existentialism for being human in the contemporary world.
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Rosenfeld, Bryn. The Autocratic Middle Class. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691192185.001.0001.
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Conventional wisdom holds that the rising middle-classes are a force for democracy. Yet in post-Soviet countries like Russia, where the middle-class has grown rapidly, authoritarianism is deepening. Challenging a basic tenet of democratization theory, this book shows how the middle-classes can actually be a source of support for autocracy and authoritarian resilience, and reveals why development and economic growth do not necessarily lead to greater democracy. In pursuit of development, authoritarian states often employ large swaths of the middle-class in state administration, the government budget sector, and state enterprises. Drawing on attitudinal surveys, unique data on protest behavior, and extensive fieldwork in the post-Soviet region, the book documents how the failure of the middle-class to gain economic autonomy from the state stymies support for political change, and how state economic engagement reduces middle-class demands for democracy and weakens prodemocratic coalitions. This book makes a vital contribution to the study of democratization, showing how dependence on the state weakens the incentives of key societal actors to prefer and pursue democracy.
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Koch, Susanne, und Peter Weingart. The Delusion of Knowledge Transfer: The Impact of Foreign Aid Experts on Policy-making in South Africa and Tanzania. African Minds, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/9781928331391.
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With the rise of the knowledge for development paradigm, expert advice has become a prime instrument of foreign aid. At the same time, it has been object of repeated criticism: the chronic failure of technical assistance a notion under which advice is commonly subsumed has been documented in a host of studies. Nonetheless, international organisations continue to send advisors, promising to increase the effectiveness of expert support if their technocratic recommendations are taken up. This book reveals fundamental problems of expert advice in the context of aid that concern issues of power and legitimacy rather than merely flaws of implementation. Based on empirical evidence from South Africa and Tanzania, the authors show that aid-related advisory processes are inevitably obstructed by colliding interests, political pressures and hierarchical relations that impede knowledge transfer and mutual learning. As a result, recipient governments find themselves caught in a perpetual cycle of dependency, continuously advised by experts who convey the shifting paradigms and agendas of their respective donor governments. For young democracies, the persistent presence of external actors is hazardous: ultimately, it poses a threat to the legitimacy of their governments if their policy-making becomes more responsive to foreign demands than to the preferences and needs of their citizens.
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Thompson, William R., und Leila Zakhirova. Comparing the Four Main Cases. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699680.003.0009.
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No two system leaders were identical in their claims to being the most innovative states in their respective zones, eras, and periods of leadership. Nonetheless, three general categories emerge: maritime commercial leadership, a pushing of agrarian boundaries, and sustained industrial economic growth. Those that made breakthroughs in the latter category, of course, redefined the modern world. Frontiers were critically important in all four cases of system leadership (China, the Netherlands, Britain, and the United States), but not exactly in the same way. Major improvements in transportation/communication facilitated economic growth by making interactions more feasible and less expensive, although the importance of trade varied considerably. Expanding populations were a hallmark of all four cases, even if the scale of increase varied. Population growth and urbanization forced agriculture to become more efficient and provided labor for nonagricultural pursuits. Urban demands stimulated regional specialization, technological innovation, and energy intensification, expanding the size of domestic markets and contributing to scalar increases in production. Just how large those scalar increases were depended on the interactions among technological innovation, power-driven machinery, and energy transition. Yet no single change led automatically to technological leadership. While lead status was never gained by default, it helped to have few rivals. As more serious rivals emerged, technological leaderships became harder to maintain.
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Rushing, Sara. The Virtues of Vulnerability. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197516645.001.0001.
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There are many locations, relationships, and experiences through which we learn what it means to be a citizen. Contemporary healthcare—or “the clinic”—is one of those sites. Being drawn into the complex “medical-legal-policy-insurance nexus” as a patient entails all sorts of learning, including, it is argued here, political learning. When we are subjected as a patient, frequently through a discourse of “choice and control,” or “patient autonomy,” what do we learn? What happens when the promise of a certain kind of autonomy is accompanied by demands for a certain kind of humility? What do we learn about agency and self-determination, as well as trust, self-knowledge, dependence, and resistance under such conditions of acute vulnerability? This book explores these questions on a journey through medicalized encounters with giving birth, navigating death and dying, and seeking treatment for life-altering mental illness (here post-traumatic stress disorder among veterans). While the body has always posed a problem for Western thought, and has been treated as an obstacle to freedom and independence and something our rational capacity must master and control, this book aims to counter that intellectual-historical and political tendency by asking how we might reimagine the political potential of embodiment, or make space for considering “the virtues of vulnerability.” In particular, the book offers a novel conception of democratic citizen-subjectivity, grounded in an ethical disposition of humility-informed-relational-autonomy.
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Singha, Radhika. The Coolie's Great War. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197525586.001.0001.
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Though largely invisible in histories of World War one, over 550,000 men in the ranks of the Indian Army were followers or non-combatants. From porters and construction workers in the ‘Coolie Corps’, to ‘menial’ servants and those who maintained supply lines and removed the wounded from the battlefield, Radhika Singha draws upon their story to give the sub-continent an integral rather than ‘external’ place in this world –wide conflict. The labor regimes built on the backs of these 'coolies' had long sustained imperial militarism. This was particularly visible in the border infrastructures put in place by combinations of waged work, corvee, and, tributary labor.These work regimes, and the political arrangements which sustained them, would be bent to the demands of global war. This amplified trans-border ambitions and anxieties and pulled war zones closer home. Manpower hunger unsettled the institutional divide between Indian combatants and non-combatants. The ‘higher’ followers benefitted, less so the ‘menial’ followers, whose position recalled the dependency of domestic service and who included in their ranks the ‘untouchables’ consigned to stigmatised work. The book explores the experiences of the Indian Labor Corps in Mesopotamia and France and concludes with an exploration of the prolonged, complicated nature of the ‘end of the war’ for the sub-continent. The Coolie's Great War views the conflict unfolding over the world through the lens of Indian labor, bringing new social, spatial, temporal and sensory dimensions to the narrative.
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Burbano González, David Armando, Antonio di Campli, Gabriel Michel Estrada, Holger Patricio Cuadrado Torres, María de los Ángeles Cuenca Rosillo, Rodrigo Flores Elizondo, Alejandro Mendo Gutiérrez et al. Experiencias y aproximaciones en el territorio: indagaciones y hallazgos. Editorial Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.9789587814866.
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La territorialidad latinoamericana reciente, fundamentada por la demanda de nuevas lógicas de recomposición de los territorios rurales y urbanos, y dependiente de alteraciones y cambios concretos, ha determinado la generación de nuevas perspectivas y maneras de analizar y proyectar el territorio contemporáneo. Desde una postura transdisciplinar, este segundo volumen de la colección Transiciones Territoriales comienza a estructurar un nuevo discurso que surge desde el estudio de relaciones establecidas entre la sociedad y su entorno y las prácticas que lo transforman. Por ello, es presentado en dos grandes campos de investigación: el primero aborda la relación entre diseño territorial, sociedad y ambiente; el segundo se detiene en la relación entre territorio, cultura, patrimonio y sociedades locales. Desde el punto de vista espacial, las experiencias y posturas presentadas por los autores se explican a través de la articulación entre paisaje, cultura y pensamiento, pero también desde la cosmovisión, la historia, el patrimonio y la propia explotación productiva del territorio. En ese sentido, la territorialidad es también una realidad que difiere de acuerdo al sujeto y, por ende, a la relación entre sus formas de organización. Es por esto que la variedad de contextos presentados en este libro y la diversidad de los sujetos relacionados con organizaciones culturales y económicas diversas reafirman esta realidad y, ante esto, es válido preguntarse si, desde una lectura transversal de sus capítulos, la tercera década del siglo XXI nos está conduciendo a nuevas territorialidades ya construidas o si estamos entrando en un proceso de reconocimiento de una transición.
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Cruickshank, Steven. Mathematical models and anaesthesia. Herausgegeben von Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0027.
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The use of mathematics in medicine is not as widespread as it might be. While professional engineers are instructed in a wide variety of mathematical techniques during their training in preparation for their daily practice, tradition and the demands of other subjects mean that doctors give little attention to numerical matters in their education. A smattering of statistical concepts is typically the main mathematical field that we apply to medicine. The concept of the mathematical model is important and indeed familiar; personal finance, route planning, home decorating, and domestic projects all require the application of the basic mathematical tools we acquire at school. This utility is why we learn them. The insight that can be gained by applying mathematics to physiological and other problems within medical practice is, however, underexploited. The undoubted complexity of human biology and pathology perhaps leads us to give up too soon. There are useful and practical lessons that can be learned from the use of elementary mathematics in medicine. Anaesthetic training in particular lends itself to such learning with its emphasis on physics and clinical measurement. Much can be achieved with simple linear functions and hyperbolas. Further exploration into exponential and sinusoidal functions, although a little more challenging, is well within our scope and enables us to cope with many time-dependent and oscillatory phenomena that are important in clinical anaesthetic practice. Some fundamental physiological relationships are explained in this chapter using elementary mathematical functions. Building further on the foundation of simple models to cope with more complexity enables us to see the process, examine the predictions, and, most importantly, assess the plausibility of these models in practice. Understanding the structure of the model enables intelligent interpretation of its output. Some may be inspired to investigate some of the mathematical concepts and their applications further. The rewards can be intellectually, aesthetically, and practically fruitful. The subtle, revelatory, and quite beautiful connection between exponential and trigonometric functions through the concept of complex numbers is one example. That this connection has widespread practical importance too is most pleasing.
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Office, General Accounting. VA health care: Persian Gulf dependents' medical exam program ineffectively carried out : report to the Chairman and Ranking Minority Member, Committee on Veterans' Affairs, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1998.
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