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1
Walter, Brunner. Die Promotio sub auspiciis. 2. Aufl. Wien: Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung, 1990.
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2
Walter, Brunner. Die Promotio sub auspiciis. Wien: Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung, 1988.
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3
Ilorin, University of. Academic programmes: Undergraduate & sub-degree, 2003-2006. Ilorin, Nigeria]: Senate Committee on Review of Academic Programme, 2003.
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4
Okidi, John. The degree of socially sub-optimal individual behavior in collective resource management. Kampala, Uganda: Economic Policy Research Center, 1999.
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5
Two or three degrees off plumb: Sam Venable's unique look at life. Knoxville, Tenn: Knoxville News-Sentinel Co., 1988.
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6
Petersen, A. Willi. ICT practitioner skills and training: Solutions at sub-degree and vocational level in Europe : guidelines for ICT training and curriculum development. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2004.
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7
Sunder, S. XPS, XRD and SEM study of oxidation of UO2 by air in gamma radiation at 150 [degrees] C. Pinawa, Man: Whiteshell Laboratories, 1995.
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8
Technology), International Planning Conference on Establishing Sub-regional Centres for the Masters Degree in Insect Science in Africa (1991 Jomo Kenyatta University College of Agriculture and. Proceedings, International Planning Conference on Establishing Sub-regional Centres for the Masters Degree in Insect Science in Africa: Jomo Kenyatta University College of Agriculture and Technology, Juja Nairobi, 5-7 August 1991. Nairobi: ICIPE Science Press, 1991.
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9
Mishenin, Sergey. Information and analytical work. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/987953.
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In the textbook the basic concepts concerning the organization and technology of information work of the student-historian are considered. It includes four sections: the first determines the place of the course's problems in the process of historical knowledge; the second tracks the principal features of facts, sources and research, which can potentially be the sphere of historical research; the third introduces the reader to the principles, conceptual apparatus, laws, methods and judgments as means of knowledge.; the fourth introduces the experience of constructing the text of the study, which sums up a certain result of the work done and allows you to " translate the process of learning a new state of relative knowledge."
Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation.
It is intended for undergraduate students studying the discipline "Information and analytical work". It can be useful to persons preparing for admission to the master's degree in the areas of training "History" and "International relations", as well as all those interested in working with documents and other media.
10
Arnold, J. Douglas. Nintendo 64: Survival Guide Volume Two. Lahaina, Maui, HI: Sandwich Islands Publishing Company, 1998.
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11
Lassiter, Daniel. Measurement theory and the typology of scales. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701347.003.0002.
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Most previous work on graded modality has relied on qualitative orderings, rather than degree semantics. This chapter introduces Representational Theory of Measurement (RTM), a framework which makes it possible to translate between qualitative and degree-based scales. I describe a way of using RTM to extend the compositional degree semantics introduced in chapter 1 to qualitative scales. English data are used to motivate the application of the RTM discussion between ordinal, interval, and ratio scales to scalar adjectives, with special attention to the kinds of statements that are semantically interpretable relative to different scale types. I also propose and motivate empirically a distinction between ‘additive’ and ‘intermediate’ scales, which interact differently with the algebraic join operation (realizing sum formation or disjunction, depending on the domain). This distinction is reflected in inferential properties of non-modal adjectives in English, and is also important for the analysis of graded modality in later chapters.
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Rodenhäuser, Tilman. Organizing Rebellion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821946.001.0001.
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This book identifies the degree of organization required from non-state armed groups (i) to become party to an armed conflict and thereby bound by applicable international humanitarian law; (ii) to have possible human rights obligations; and (iii) to create a context in which international crimes can be committed. Part I identifies three principal criteria that any party to a non-international armed conflict—including decentrally organized armed groups, transnational groups, or cyber groups—must meet: it must be a collective entity with sufficient capabilities to engage in hostilities and the ability to ensure respect for basic humanitarian norms. Part II conceptualizes contemporary debate and international practice on the question of whether armed groups have human rights obligations. It suggests that the sources and scope of potential human rights obligations of armed groups are understood best on a spectrum, with consideration given to three categories: groups exercising quasi-governmental authority; groups exercising de facto control over territory and population; and groups exercising no territorial control. Part III examines the requisite degree of organization of armed groups to create contexts in which crimes against humanity or genocide can be committed. It argues that the degree of power and organization of groups behind these crimes depends on whether the group instigates or actually commits the crimes. In sum, this book shows that the requisite degree of organization of armed groups to have obligations under different fields of international law cannot be determined in the abstract. It depends on the specificities of each field of law and the circumstances of each case.
13
2018 Getting Uncle Sam to Pay for Your College Degree. Lulu Press, Inc., 2016.
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Anderson, Mac, und Sam Parker. 212 the Extra Degree by Sam Parker, Mac Anderson Hardcover. Simple, 2006.
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15
15 Million Degrees: A Journey to the Centre of the Sun. Penguin Books, Limited, 2017.
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15 Million Degrees: A Journey to the Centre of the Sun. Viking, 2016.
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Green, Lucie. 15 Million Degrees: A Journey to the Centre of the Sun. Penguin Books, Limited, 2016.
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15 Million Degrees: A Journey to the Centre of the Sun. Penguin Books, Limited, 2016.
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19
Ronen, Boaz, Joseph S. Pliskin und Shimeon Pass. Principles of Management in the Dynamic Healthcare Environment (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190843458.003.0002.
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Today’s healthcare environment is dynamic with constantly growing demands, high complexity, high degree of uncertainty, fierce competition and is coping with new technologies and facing challenges from demanding patients. To survive in such an environment, managers should view the system globally, focus on the essentials, and use simple tools. This chapter discusses how to avoid suboptimization of systems, as the sum of local optima is not the system optimum. Similarly, this chapter introduces the practical notion of the satisficer’s approach that advocates for “good enough” solutions rather than the optimizer’s approach that always looks for perfect solutions. Finally, the chapter introduces the focused management approach that integrates concepts and tools such as the Lean approach, TOC, and the complete kit concept.
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Zipfel, Peter. Fundamentals of Six Degrees of Freedom Aero Sim and Analysis in C++. Amer Inst of Aeronautics &, 2014.
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21
Marriott, Robert. A study of the provision of courses in robotics at sub-degree level (in the further education sector). Polytechnic of Huddersfield, 1990.
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22
Gallery of Best Resumes for People Without a Four-Year Degree: A Special Collection of Quality Resumes by Professional Resume Writers (Gallery of Best Resumes for People Without a Four-Year Degree). 2. Aufl. JIST Works, 2000.
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Blanchette, Jude. China's New Red Guards. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197577554.001.0001.
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Abstract China’s New Red Guards details two worrying trends in contemporary China that point to the revival of Maoism. First, an increasingly popular hard-edged form of nationalism that is reflexively anti-Western has taken root. The second is an unapologetic embrace of extreme authoritarianism that draws inspiration from the Maoist era. China’s assertive stance in the South China Sea and anti-Japanese rhetoric represents the former, and the massive crackdown on liberal thought since Xi Jinping assumed the presidency represents the latter. The result is plain to see: a more authoritarian and more militaristic China. The book goes further than this, though, arguing that what we’re seeing is a full-fledged Maoist revival. The book centers its story around a cast of nationalist intellectuals and activists who have helped unleash a wave of populist enthusiasm and nostalgia for the Great Helmsman’s policies. That, combined with Xi’s quick implementation of a range of authoritarian policies, suggests that the Maoist revival is neither epiphenomenal nor a passing fad. The ramifications, the book suggests, are clear: those in the West who have been predicting waves of democratization and liberalization are living in a dream world, blithely unaware of either the Communist Party’s commitment to authoritarianism or the degree of its residual veneration for the CCP’s founding leaders. In sum, this book demonstrates how ideologies can survive and prosper despite pervasive rumors of their demise.
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Alvesson, Mats. The Triumph of Emptiness. 2. Aufl. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192865274.001.0001.
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In this book, Mats Alvesson aims to demystify some popular and upbeat claims about a range of phenomena, including the knowledge society, consumption, branding, higher education, organizational change, professionalization, and leadership. He contends that a culture of grandiosity is leading to numerous inflated claims. We no longer talk about plans but ‘strategies’. Supervisors have been replaced by ‘managers’, managers are referred to as executives. Management is about ‘leadership’. Giving advice is ‘coaching’. Companies become ‘knowledge-intensive firms’. The book views the contemporary economy as an economy of persuasion, where firms and other institutions increasingly assign talent, energy, and resources to rhetoric, image, branding, reputation, and visibility. The book develops a framework for understanding the contemporary age and its institutions, critically examining some of these predominant ideas, considering how economic growth and higher consumption are, but should not necessarily be seen as key sources of increased satisfaction; why education is seen as something positive that leads to higher qualifications, and is assumed to be needed to an increasing extent by both individuals and society to the extent that many take for granted; how current and future working life is permeated by grandiose views of a knowledge economy and a knowledge-intensive society, and why a greater degree of professionalization, with an emphasis on leadership in the creation of effective organizations sounds fine, but also creates problems. Alvesson demonstrates that many conditions and developments in these three areas can be better understood in terms of grandiosity, illusion, and zero-sum games. This provocative and engaging book challenges established assumptions and contributes to a critical understanding of society as a whole.
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Ferreira, Daniela Filipa de Freitas. Os Deuses foram honrados : o contributo da epigrafia votiva para o entendimento das manifestações religiosas no contexto da ocupação romana da Beira Interior Portuguesa. Universidade do Porto. Faculdade de Letras, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/978-989-9082-09-0/deu.
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The understanding of religious manifestations is assumed as one of the most relevant studies in the dynamics inherent to the process of acculturation occurred between indigenous and Romans in the Portuguese territory. The primary source for this view lies with the votive epigraphy, understood as a provider of divine names, rituals of worship, models of worshiping and forms of thought organization. The Portuguese Beira Interior, possessor a large number of epigraphic testimonies and repository of a remarkable diversity of theonyms and unique words in the region, appears as a singular area for the study of indigenous religious expressions and, consequently, for the study of pre-Roman communities. Taking into account this singularity and based on the joint analysis of the sum of votive monuments dedicated to indigenous deities; we have formulated a proposal of organization of the pre-Roman religious pantheon based on the degree of exclusivity from the theonyms recorded in the region under study. The ultimate goal focused the understanding of regionalism and religious thought established between the different deities, and the organization, in consequence, of the apparent disorder subsequent to such a marked diversity of theonyms. The result of this interpretation has expressed in the individualization of theonyms only mentioning in Beira Interior, in the particularization of regional theonyms which confirm to the possibility of a votive pantheon extended to adjacent regions, and in the distinction of these specifications in relation to a wider geographical scope of theonyms, i.e., in relation to the designations of the divine, widely represented in the rest of Hispanic territory. The proposed organization allowed us to perceive specific geographical areas of each of these groups, thus contributing to the definition of the fields of action of each evoked deities and the consequent definition of their attributes
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Cao, Gang, und Lance DeLong. Physics of Spin-Orbit-Coupled Oxides. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199602025.001.0001.
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Prior to 2010, most research on the physics and chemistry of transition metal oxides was dominated by compounds of the 3d-transition elements such as Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu. These materials exhibited novel, important phenomena that include giant magnetoresistance in manganites, as well as high-temperature superconductivity in doped La2CuO4 and related cuprates. The discovery in 1994 of an exotic superconducting state in Sr2RuO4 shifted some interest toward ruthenates. Moreover, the realization in 2008 that a novel variant of the classic Mott metal-insulator transition was at play in Sr2IrO4 provided the impetus for a burgeoning group of studies of the influence of strong spin-orbit interactions in “heavy” (4d- and 5d-) transition-element oxides. This book reviews recent experimental and theoretical evidence that the physical and structural properties of 4d- and 5d-oxides are decisively influenced by strong spin-orbit interactions that compete or collaborate with comparable Coulomb, magnetic exchange, and crystalline electric field interactions. The combined effect leads to unusual ground states and magnetic frustration that are unique to this class of materials. Novel couplings between the orbital/lattice and spin degrees of freedom, which lead to unusual types of magnetic order and other exotic phenomena, challenge current theoretical models. Of particular interest are recent investigations of iridates and ruthenates focusing on strong spin-orbit interactions that couple the lattice and spin degrees of freedom.
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Coolen, A. C. C., A. Annibale und E. S. Roberts. Specific constructions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198709893.003.0009.
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This chapter presents network-generating models which cannot be neatly categorized as growing, nor as defined primarily through a target degree distribution. They are best understood as mechanistic constructions designed to elucidate a particular feature of the network. In the first sub-section, the Watts–Strogatz model is introduced and motivated as a construction to achieve both a high degree of clustering and a low average path length. Geometric graphs, in their Euclidian flavour, are shown to be a natural choice for broadcast networks. The Hyperbolic variant is informally described, because it is known to be a natural space in which to embed hierarchical graphs. Planar graphs have very specific real-world applications, but are extraordinarily challenging to analyze mathematically. Finally, weighted graphs allow for concepts such as traffic to be incorporated into the random graph model.
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Jirström, Magnus, Maria Archila Bustos und Sarah Alobo Loison. African Smallholder Farmers on the Move: Farm and Non-Farm Trends for Six Sub-Saharan African Countries, 2002–15. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799283.003.0002.
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This chapter provides a broad descriptive background of central aspects of smallholder agriculture in six countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It offers an up-to-date picture of the current trends of crop production, area productivity, levels of commercialization, and sources of cash incomes among 2,500 farming households. Structured around smallholder production, commercialization, and diversification in the period 2002–15, the chapter points on the one hand at persistent challenges such as low crop yields, low levels of output per farm, and a high degree of subsistence farming, and on the other hand at positive change over time in terms of growth in crop production and increasing levels of commercialization. It points at large variations not only between countries and time periods but also at the village levels, where gaps in crop productivity between farms remain large. Implicitly it points at the potential yet to be exploited in the SSA smallholder sector.
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Olsson, Gustaf. Water Interactions – A Systemic View. IWA Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789062908.
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Abstract During the last two decades, the interrelationship between water and energy has become recognized. Likewise, the couplings to food and agriculture are getting increasingly obvious and alarming. In the last year, a record number of extreme weather events have been reported from most parts of the world. This is a visible demonstration how consequences of climate change must be understood and alleviated. The impacts of economics, lifestyle, and alarming inequalities are becoming increasingly recognisable. If the wealthy part of the world is not willing not make radical changes it does not matter what the less wealthy half of the global population will do to meet the climate and resource crisis. The purpose of the book is to demonstrate and describe how climate change, water, energy, food, and lifestyle are closely depending on each other. It is not sufficient to handle one discipline isolated from the others. This is the traditional “component view”. The book defines and describes a systems view. The communications and relationships between the “components” have to be described and recognized. Consequently, the development of one discipline must be approached from a systems perspective. At the same time, the success of the systems perspective depends on the degree of knowledge of the individual parts or disciplines. The catchphrase of systems thinking has been caught in the phrase, “The whole is more than the sum of its parts”. The idea is not new: the origin of this phrase is to be found already in Aristotle's Metaphysics more than 2300 years ago. The text may serve as an academic text (in engineering, economics, and environmental science) to introduce senior undergraduate and graduate students into systems thinking. Too often education encourages a “silo” thinking. Current global challenges can't be solved in isolation; they depend on each other. For example, water professionals should have a basic understanding of energy issues. Energy professionals ought to understand the dependency on water. Economic students should learn more how economy depends on natural resources like energy and water. Economics must include the environmental impact and ecological ceiling of economic activities. ISBN: 9781789062892 (print) ISBN: 9781789062908 (eBook) ISBN: 9781789062915 (ePUB)
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Proceedings, International Planning Conference on Establishing Sub-regional Centres for the Masters Degree in Insect Science in Africa: Jomo Kenyatta University ... Technology, Juja Nairobi, 5-7 August 1991. ICIPE Science Press, 1991.
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Higher order Fourier analysis. 2012.
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32
Krupenye, Christopher, Evan L. MacLean und Brian Hare. Does the bonobo have a (chimpanzee-like) theory of mind? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198728511.003.0006.
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Theory of mind—the ability to reason about the thoughts and emotions of others—is central to what makes us human. Chimpanzees too appear to understand some psychological states. While less is known about bonobos, several lines of evidence suggest that the social-cognitive abilities of the two sister taxa may differ in key respects. This chapter outlines a framework to guide future research on bonobo social cognition based on the predictions of two potentially complementary hypotheses. The self-domestication hypothesis suggests that selection against aggression and for prosociality in bonobos may have impacted the ontogeny of their social-cognitive skills relative to chimpanzees. The empathizing–systemizing hypothesis links degree of prenatal brain masculinization, a potential result of self-domestication, to adult cognition. Specifically, relative feminization may yield more flexible theory of mind skills in bonobos than chimpanzees. Finally, directions for future study, including development of new paradigms that maximize ecological validity for bonobos, are discussed. La théorie de l’esprit—le pouvoir de raisonner les pensées et émotions des autres—est centrale à notre nature humaine. Il parait que les chimpanzés peuvent comprendre quelques états psychologiques. Tandis que nous savons moins des bonobos, plusieurs témoignages suggèrent que les capacités socio-cognitives des deux taxons soeur peuvent différer dans des aspects clefs. Nous traçons un cadre pour guider les prochaines recherches sur la cognition sociale des bonobos, basé sur les prédictions de deux hypothèses potentiellement complémentaires. L’hypothèse d’auto-domestication suggère que l’anti-agression et la prosocialité des bonobos a influé leur ontogenèse et leur capacités socio-cognitives relativement aux chimpanzés. L’hypothèse d’empathie systématique (Empathizing–Systemizing) forme un lien entre le degré de masculinisation prénatale du cerveau, le résultat potentiel d’auto-domestication, et la cognition adulte. Spécifiquement, la féminisation relative génère des théories de l’esprit plus flexibles chez les bonobos que chez les chimpanzés. Enfin, nous discutons le directions pour les prochaines études, inclut le développement de nouveaux paradigmes qui maximisent la validité écologique des bonobos.
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Mattes, Robert, und Alejandro Moreno. Social and Political Trust in Developing Countries. Herausgegeben von Eric M. Uslaner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274801.013.10.
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From a modernization perspective, sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America—two of the poorest regions in the world—conform to one another in that citizens of both regions express very low levels of horizontal, generalized interpersonal trust. Indeed, these two regions are among the least trusting societies in the world. Both are low in terms of “bridging” trust, and both also have high degrees of particularized “bonding” trust. However, these regions differ sharply with respect to vertical, institutional trust. People in sub-Saharan Africa express relatively high levels of trust in national institutions; and Latin Americans offer very low levels of trust, with many expressing sheer cynicism. Finally, the data at hand reveal few important linkages between levels of trust in government or the state and various facets of democratic citizenship.
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Gajewski, Zbigniew. Prognozowanie wystąpień faz fenologicznych pierwiosnki omączonej Primula farinosa L. (Primulaceae) – krytycznie zagrożonego gatunku - w odniesieniu do fenologii innych składników lokalnej flory i panujących warunków termicznych. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-32-8.
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In Poland, the bird’s-eye primrose (P. farinosa) is a rare and critically endangered species. Currently, it occurs only in one location in the area of the Jaworki village in Radziejowa Range (of Beskid Sądecki mountains). This is the last of the nine previously existing locations, and the only one occurring in the mountains. To maintain the species, as well as the moutain fen on which it grows, a multiannual conservation program has been implemented, including, among other measures, conducting environmental monitoring and performing active protection procedures. In 2012–2014, studies were carried out, aiming to identify the phenology of P. farinosa in its natural location amid other elements of local flora, and to elaborate reasonably accurate forecast methods of its phenological phases, in relation to the performed procedures. One of the methods was based on comparing subsequent phenological phases of P. farinosa, mainly the dates of flowering and opening of the fruits, with the dates of flowering of other species that commonly occur in the vicinity. On the basis of temperature data from the IMGW meteorological station in Krościenko nad Dunajcem, available via the Internet, an attempt to forecast the phenophases of P. farinosa has also been made, based on the developed network of nearby meteorological stations. A degree-days method was used. Prior to that, a value of base temperature (Tb) characteristic for P. farinosa was assessed, as necessary for further calculations, and the values of SAT (Sum of Active Temperatures, using the formula for GDD values) have been determined for the dates of occurrence of subsequent phenological phases of P. farinosa. These parameters were calculated using temperature data recorded at the location. During the observations, it was established that the dates of flowering for P. farinosa were dependent on the air temperatures during spring. The flowering period of the population in Jaworki took place in the months of April through to June, and it did not exceed 7.5 weeks. P. farinosa is one of the earliest blooming species in that location. Other species, also flourishing during the blooming thereof, included Eriophorum angustifolium, Caltha laeta, Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Oxalis acetosella, and Primula elatior. The full bloom of P. farinosa lasted for about 2 weeks, and it took place between the end of April and the end of the second decade of May. During its full bloom, in that same location, Cardamine pratensis, Geum rivale, and Valeriana simplicifolia also flourished. Trees and bushes from the rose (Rosaceae) family proved to be especially useful in the forecasting of P. farinosa flowering period. During the flowering of P. farinosa, in lower locations, species from the Prunus and Cerasus genera subsequently flourished, followed by the Malus, Sorbus, and Crataegus genera. The opening of P. farinosa fruits was observed in the last days of June or at the beginning of July. The date of commencement and duration of this phase is probably subject also to the degree of air humidity. Although in this period numerous species flourish such as Ononis arvensis, Valeriana sambucifolia, Cichorium intybus, Melilotus alba, Achillea millefolium, Daucus carota, Geranium pratense, and Agrimonia eupatoria, the forecasts based on those are not accurate. When forecasting this phase, as well as the majority of other phases, the SAT value calculation based on the degree-days method works well. The Tb base temperature (threshold temperature) for P. farinosa from Jaworki, determined for its calculation, is 0.75°C. However, for the calculation purposes, the rounded value of Tb = 1.0°C can also be used. When adopting the value of Tb = 0.75°C for calculations, the full bloom of P. farinosa falls within the period in which the SAT values remain between 310°C and 469°C, the optimum (culmination) of the full bloom occurs at about 408°C, and the beginning of capsules opening and release of P. farinosa seeds occur when the SAT values reach 1049°C. For Tb = 1.0°C the full bloom falls within the period in which the SAT values are between 295°C and 449°C, the optimum of full bloom occurs at 390°C, and the capsules begin opening at 1018°C. When using this method, the differences between the forecasted and the observed dates of P. farinose blooming were between –4 and +3 days, and the beginning of opening of its fruits, between –1 and 0 days. In case of no temperature data available from the given location, the forecasting can be also performed based on the data from the IMGW meteorological station in Krościenko. The accuracy of calculations is increased through the implementation of appropriate temperature data adjustments, resulting from the difference of location and height. The temperatures in Jaworki are 2°C lower compared to the station in Krościenko. The dates determined in this way are less accurate than those determined directly at the location, and they differ from the actual dates: in case of full bloom, the difference is in the range of –6 to +2 days, and in case of the beginning of capsules’ opening, it is –2 to –1 days. Probably, it is also possible to implement forecasting based on the data from new automated meteorological stations situated closer to the location, but this can be done only after the adjustment appropriate for every station has been determined and implemented. As demonstrated, the elaborated forecasting methods of P. farinosa phenological phases at the location in Jaworki (Beskid Sądecki) are sufficiently accurate and they may be used in the future as a tool supporting the implementation of measures related to active protection of the species.
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Cronk, Nicholas. 5. The courtier. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199688357.003.0006.
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Voltaire worked hard throughout his life to establish and defend his status as an author within the social hierarchy of the ancien régime, with varying degrees of success, but with unflagging determination. ‘The courtier’ charts his time at the French court in 1725 and 1745–6, at the Prussian court of Frederick 1750–3, and his extensive correspondence with Catherine the Great. It describes Voltaire’s role as the Royal Historiographer in 1745 and some of his key works including the opera collaboration with Rameau, Le Temple de la gloire (1745), his historical masterpiece Siècle de Louis XIV (1751), and his world history, Essai sur les mœurs (1756).
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Alger, Justin. Conserving the Oceans. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197540534.001.0001.
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Conserving the Oceans: The Politics of Large Marine Protected Areas documents the efforts of activists and states to increase the pace and scale of global ocean protections, leading to a new global norm in ocean conservation of large marine protected areas (MPAs) exceeding 200,000 km2. Through an analysis of domestic political economies, the book explains how states have protected millions of square kilometers of ocean space while remaining highly responsive to the interests of businesses. It argues that states design environmental policies above all around two key features of a given space: (1) the composition of extractive versus non-extractive industry interests; and (2) the salience of various industry interests, defined as the degree to which businesses would suffer tangible and significant costs in response to new environmental regulations. Through an analysis of large MPA advocacy campaigns in Australia, Palau, and the US, this book demonstrates how the political economy of a given marine space shapes how governments align their environmental and economic goals, sometimes strengthening conservation but more often than not undermining it. While recognizing important global progress and growing ambition to conserve ocean ecosystems, Conserving the Oceans demonstrates that even ambitious large MPAs have so far not fundamentally challenged a neoliberal paradigm of environmentalism that has caused considerable ecological harm.
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Lambin, Xavier. The population dynamics of bite-sized predators: prey dependence, territoriality, and mobility. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0004.
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The dependency of mustelid demographic rates on prey abundance has the potential to cause a strong coupling between predator-prey populations. Data on mustelid dynamics show that such strong reciprocal interactions only materialise in some restricted conditions. Bite-size mustelid predators searching for scarce, depleted prey expose themselves to increased risk of predation by larger predators of small mammal that are themselves searching for similar prey species. As voles or muskrats become scarcer, weasels and mink searching for prey over larger areas become increasingly exposed to intra-guild predation, unless they operate in a habitat refuge such as the sub-nivean space. Where larger predators are sufficiently abundant or exert year-round predation pressure on small mustelids, their impact on mustelids may impose biological barrier to dispersal that are sufficient to weaken the coupling between small mustelids and their rodent prey, and thus impose a degree of top down limitation on mustelids.
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Temperley, David. Melody. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190653774.003.0005.
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Like melody in general, rock melody is understood to have a hierarchical “grouping structure,” with sub-phrases combining into phrases and then into larger units. A fundamental issue in rock melody is the alignment of melodic groups with meter; while “beginning-accented” groups are the norm, “end-accented” patterns and more irregular patterns also occur. Patterns of repetition—pitch and rhythmic repetition, as well as rhyme—are also important aspects of rock melody. Rock melody sometimes shows independence from the underlying harmony, a phenomenon known as “melodic-harmonic divorce.” Of particular interest is the use of the 3 and flat-3 scale degrees, which are sometimes used in rock melodies in close proximity; related to this is the issue of “blue notes,” notes which fall between the cracks of conventional chromatic-scale categories.
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Peppin, John, Joseph V. Pergolizzi, Robert B. Raffa und Steven L. Wright, Hrsg. The Benzodiazepines Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197517277.001.0001.
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When properly prescribed, benzodiazepines and related “Z” drugs, are usually safe and effective. However, some patients experience lack of efficacy, severe adverse effects, and/or protracted withdrawal symptoms. Unfortunately, there is no reliable way to predict outcome prior to treatment. Use has dramatically expanded, to the point where some experts suggest a disconnect with actual medical need. With increased and longer prescribing there has been a corresponding increase in the “down-side” of these drugs. Benzodiazepines, as all drugs, produce some degree of normal physiologic tolerance and physical dependence. But for some patients withdrawal can result in a bewildering array of symptoms, that can persist for protracted time periods, difficult to understand and live with. Although there is currently no clear mechanistic explanation, some potentials include alterations of receptor number, promoters of receptor protein synthesis or degradation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination, GABAA-receptor function or subtype-distribution, or involvement of peripheral benzodiazepine binding/receptor sites. This book attempts to bring benzodiazepine use under a more rational paradigm and reduce the incidence of side-effects and drug–drug interactions (DDI). It is the first devoted to take on this responsibility. Use, overuse/misuse, side-effects, DDI, physiology, and withdrawal are reviewed by expert clinicians and basic scientists in-depth. The book challenges the medical community to take seriously the use of this class of drug and to ameliorate prescribing behavior. The case is made for limiting initiation and duration (2–4 weeks) of use, and careful, supported discontinuation. We laud and suggest increased research into this class of drug and it’s “down-side.”
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Coelho Junior, Leconte de Lisle. Psicologia: sobre o conservadorismo, o liberalismo e o neoliberalismo. Editora Amplla, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51859/amplla.psc627.1121-0.
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O livro tem este objetivo, a exposição apurada sobre as ideologias de direita, mas que permite ao leitor suas considerações pessoais como aquelas que realmente são as que importam. Portanto, estes escritos se referem às origens, ascensões, predominâncias e consequências das ideologias de espectro político à direita, sem se posicionar contra uma ou favorecendo outras. É a capacidade de permitir a discussão que viabiliza a diversidade das argumentações, os muitos olhares sobre um determinado tema ou problemática. Embora propositalmente a exposição aqui não esgote o assunto, esta análise teórica é um degrau para que o leitor avance posteriormente de forma extensiva até a exaustão em outros materiais para que assim se possa assumir posicionamentos pungentes e firmes.
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Clarke, Andrew. Temperature regulation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199551668.003.0009.
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For many organisms there is a fitness advantage to being warm. Many organisms use behavioural thermoregulation to maintain a high body temperature during the day, basking in the sun to warm up and retreating to the shade to avoid overheating. This option is not open to most aquatic organisms, or those living in soil or sediment. It is also generally not possible for small or nocturnal organisms. A small number of active predatory fish utilise a counter-current heat exchanger (rete mirabile) to retain metabolic heat and warm their muscles, brain or eyes. A few have modified optical muscles as heater organs, and a range of plants generate heat to aid dispersal of scent and attract pollinators. A wide range of larger insects use rapid but unsynchronised muscle contraction to elevate their body temperature prior to flight, or other activity. In hot climates organisms may need to dissipate heat to avoid overheating. The major behavioural mechanism is shade-seeking, or for small organisms stilting or climbing onto objects such as plants to move out of the hottest air net to the ground. Larger mammals may tolerate a limited degree of warming during the day, releasing this in the cool of the night. Evaporative cooling is very effective at losing heat, but because it loses valuable water it can only be used sparingly in arid areas.
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Marshall, Tim. The Politics and Ideology of Planning. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447337201.001.0001.
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The present time is one of considerable political and ideological turmoil. This affects urban planning, like all areas of public policy. This book sets out to analyse the political and ideological dimensions of planning, focusing on the UK and particularly on England. These have been underplayed or obscured in the past, partly because professional planners have wished to present themselves as apolitical and non-ideological actors. The book proposes that good planning practice will be helped by a more explicit engagement with how planning is affected by political activity and by ideological thinking. The book therefore takes a series of cuts into the subject, starting with a survey of recent planning literature and proceeding to a historical overview of the relationship of planning to ideological currents, including a brief study of one recent UK government. There is then a survey of the main ideological composites active in Britain. There follows a chapter on the relationships between technical work, law and planning, to establish to what degree the political forces allow autonomy for technical skill and the force of legal thinking. Three chapters deal with dimensions of politics and ideology as they operate within government, pressure politics and the media, as well as the place of public deliberation in planning. Two chapters examine different facets and fields of planning, to identify variation across sub-fields of planning work. The final chapter explores some paths to improving the relationship between politics and planning, in current circumstances.
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Williams, Dana A. Contemporary African American Female Playwrights. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400631115.
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Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun (1959) was a major dramatic success and brought to the world's attention the potential talent of African American women playwrights. But in spite of Hansberry's landmark contribution, both the theater and the literary world have often failed to include contemporary African American female playwrights within the circle of production, publication, and criticism. In African American drama anthologies, female playwrights are seldom given the degree of attention that is accorded their male counterparts. And because of space constraints, anthologies of works by women playwrights are forced to exclude numerous female dramatists, including African Americans. Meanwhile, some scholars have argued that the works of African American female playwrights are seldom produced in the mainstream theater because these plays frequently challenge the views of white America. But as A Raisin in the Sun demonstrates, plays by African American women dramatists can have a powerful message and are worthy of attention. A comprehensive research tool, this annotated bibliography sheds light on the often neglected works of contemporary African American female playwrights. Included within its scope are those dramatists who have had at least one work published since 1959, the year of Hansberry's monumental achievement. The first section provides a listing of anthologies that include one or more plays written by an African American female dramatist. The second gives entries for reference works and for scholarly and critical studies of the dramatists and their plays. The third presents a listing of published plays by individual dramatists, along with a summary of each drama; the works of each playwright that are related to drama; and secondary sources that treat the dramatists and their plays. Entries are accompanied by concise but informative annotations, and the volume closes with a list of periodicals that frequently publish criticism of African American female playwrights, a section of brief biographical sketches of the dramatists, and extensive indexes.
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Wild, Jonathan, Emma Nofal, Imeshi Wijetunga und Antonia Durham Hall. Emergency surgery (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749813.003.0007.
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Emergency general surgery comprises patients with surgical problems requiring surgical intervention or post-operative surgical patients who require further surgical intervention or symptom palliation at any time of the day or night. Beyond the cases discussed below, this will include also emergency presentations from all of the sub-specialty chapters covered so far. Over 600,000 emergency hospital admissions are made to general surgery. Of these patients, they comprise the sickest patient cohort relative to the majority of elective patients, which results from sepsis, shock, or organ dysfunction from the underlying causative pathology, as well as the impact of any pre-existant comorbid states. This often has a significant impact on patient outcome, with high rates of morbidity and mortality relative to elective surgery. With this in mind, a lot of work has been channelled into improving outcomes for these patients. Furthermore, emergency and trauma surgery is beginning to establish itself as a subspecialty in itself. This chapter starts by making applied discussion of the assessment and initial investigation of acute abdominal pain, a complaint that comprises half of the annual 600,000 emergency general surgical admissions. It covers the pertinent features of diagnosis, investigation, and management of a range of common or serious emergency surgical and trauma cases that will be encountered on the acute surgical take. Kidney transplantation is not in itself an emergency operation when you consider the degree of pre-operative preparation of recipient donors, but is included in this chapter as it is commonly encountered by junior trainees on the emergency theatre list when donors are found at short notice.
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Weidmann, Nils B., und Espen Geelmuyden Rød. The Internet and Political Protest in Autocracies. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190918309.001.0001.
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In the aftermath of recent popular uprisings in dictatorships, many observers argued that information and communication technologies, notably the Internet, played a key role in the mobilization of political protest. This book unpacks when and under which circumstances Internet technology can benefit opposition activists aiming to mobilize protests, and when the technology plays into the hands of autocratic governments. Since autocratic governments enjoy a high degree of control over the introduction and expansion of Internet technology and over digital communication ows, the book argues that it should help them keep levels of protest low in the long-term. However, once protest has started, short-term government intervention becomes more difficult, which is why Internet technology can catalyze ongoing episodes of unrest. The book presents detailed empirical analyses of the relationship between the use of Internet technology and protest in autocracies. By leveraging new sub-national data on political protest and Internet penetration, these analysis cover more than sixty autocratic countries at the level of cities. The results show that higher levels of Internet penetration in cities reduce the overall occurrence of protest in dictatorships, but once protest has started, the Internet contributes to the continuation of protest in the same city as well as its diffusion to other locations. By examining the use of the Internet by governments in relation to other means of autocratic repression, the book also demonstrates the technological modernization of autocratic politics, where digital repression via the Internet partly substitutes traditional forms of political control.
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Powell, Emilia Justyna. Islamic Law and International Law. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190064631.001.0001.
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Islamic Law and International Law is a comprehensive examination of differences and similarities between the Islamic legal tradition and international law, especially in the context of dispute settlement. Sharia embraces a unique logic and culture of justice—based on nonconfrontational dispute resolution—as taught by the Quran and the Prophet Muhammad. This book explains how the creeds of Islamic dispute resolution shape the Islamic milieu’s views of international law. Is the Islamic legal tradition ab initio incompatible with international law, and how do states of the Islamic milieu view international courts, mediation, and arbitration? Islamic law constitutes an important part of the domestic legal system in many states of the Islamic milieu—Islamic law states—displacing secular law in state governance and affecting these states’ contemporary international dealings. The book analyzes constitutional and sub-constitutional laws in Islamic law states. The answer to the “Islamic law–international law nexus puzzle” lies in the diversity of how secular laws and religious laws fuse in domestic legal systems across the Islamic milieu. These states are not Islamic to the same degree or in the same way. Thus, different international conflict management methods appeal to different states, depending on each one’s domestic legal system. The main claim of the book is that in many instances the Islamic legal tradition points in one direction while Western-based, secularized international law points in another direction. This conflict is partially softened by the reality that the Islamic legal tradition itself has elements fundamentally compatible with modern international law.
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Majid Cooke, Fadzilah, Ejria Saleh und Lee Hock Ann, Hrsg. Fisheries and Aquaculture Development in Sabah. UMS Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/fisheriesandaquacultureumspress2017-978-967-0521-85-5.
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Fisheries and Aquaculture Development in Sabah: implications for Society, Culture and Ecology builds on a trend in studies of social change of taking the environment seriously. Coming from the disciplines of sociology, economics and marine science the authors deal with issues of sustainability in economic, social and ecological terms. The overall political ecology approach of the book diversifies into sub themes as the chapters engage with frameworks on the ecological limits of economic development, entitlements and well-being, participatory development, gender and knowledge production, science and citizenship as well as the symbolic and material value of national and international borders. Ecological aquaculture introduces new livelihood opportunities as well as losses. And it has a degree of ecological costs depending on environmental conditions and power relations that affect local production. We argue in this book that social and environmental justice issues are connected so that effective solutions to environmental problems can only be devised if the social justice issues are paid attention to. This general thrust in placing centre stage social and environmental justice issues is not unique to Sabah since these are issues experienced by developing countries similarly positioned in their dependence on natural resources for economic development. Fisheries and Aquaculture Development in Sabah: implications for Society, Culture and Ecology should, therefore, be of interest to development practitioners (those involved in management and policy implementation) and researchers alike. For managers and policy implementers, the book confirms how, implementation at the local level are not smooth but are in fact, unruly practices. For researchers, the book provides an example of viewing social and environmental justice issues together.
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Munro, James. Emissions Trading Schemes under International Economic Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828709.001.0001.
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This book assesses whether—and how—emissions trading schemes are subject to international economic law. Through an analysis of trade and investment treaties and related jurisprudence, it argues that the objects of trade in these schemes, namely carbon units (also known as emissions permits or carbon credits), are capable of being legally characterized as ‘goods’, ‘services’, ‘financial services’, and ‘investments’ under international economic law. The sui generis properties of carbon units—such as their intangibility, their degree of permanence, their relationship to an economic activity performed, and their use as a regulatory instrument—make this a particularly complex question. Having ascertained whether and how carbon units are regulated in this regard, this book undertakes a comparative analysis of numerous emissions trading schemes and uncovers a raft of design elements affecting trade and investment in carbon units that could be impugned under international economic law. In particular, it demonstrates how all of the major schemes—from the nascent schemes in China, South Korea, and Ontario to the more established schemes in the European Union, Switzerland, New Zealand, Norway, California, and Quebec—engage in violations of international economic law that are, in many cases, unlikely to be justified under environmental or other exceptions or exemptions. Not only do these conclusions have implications for the relationship between the international economic and international climate regimes but, more broadly, these conclusions interrogate the efficacy of international economic law for covering market-based mechanisms designed to manage environmental problems. They also provide guidance to policy-makers seeking to inoculate their emissions trading schemes from legal challenges under international trade and investment treaties.
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Miller, Sue. Improvising Sabor. University Press of Mississippi, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496832153.001.0001.
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The term ‘salsa’ has come to stand for a particular standardized set of performance practices and the dominant narrative of its origins, particularly through the lens of the Fania Records story, has tended to over-simplify Latin music history in the USA. This book documents an understudied period of Latin music history across the divide of the Cuban Revolution of 1959 to demonstrate a wider narrative which includes the history of the influential charanga orquestas of 1960s New York. A típico aesthetic is shown to be an important one with the combination of charanga and conjunto stylings giving rise to a plurality of ensemble types, each with a distinctive sabor and varying degrees of cubanía. In this book Miller thus examines the New York contexts for Cuban dance music performance in the first part of the twentieth century before considering the mid twentieth-century developments. The text makes its argument for a distinctive New York sabor through interviews with performers and through the sensitive transcription and analysis of recordings by Orquesta Broadway, Pacheco y su Charanga, Charlie Palmieri’s Charanga Duboney, Eddie Palmieri’s La Perfecta, and Ray Barretto’s Charanga Moderna, amongst others. Analytical transcriptions of improvisations, in dialogue with musicians’ own perspectives, highlight a specific Latin music performance aesthetic or sabor that is rooted in both Cuban dance music forms and the rich performance culture of Latin New York.
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Harlow, Luke E. Social Reform in America. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199683710.003.0019.
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Any discussion of nineteenth-century religious Dissent must look carefully at gender. Although distinct from one another in important respects, Nonconformist congregations were patterned on the household as the first unit of God-given society, a model which fostered questions about the relationship between male and female. Ideas of gender coalesced with theology and praxis to shape expectations central to the cultural ethos of Nonconformity. Existing historiographical interpretations of gender and religion that use the separate spheres model have argued that evangelical piety was identified with women who were carefully separated from the world, while men needed to be reclaimed for religion. Despite their virtues, these interpretations suppose that evangelicalism was a hegemonic movement about which it is possible to generalize. Yet the unique history and structures of Nonconformity ensured a high degree of particularity. Gender styles were subtly interpreted and negotiated in Dissenting culture over and against the perceived practices and norms of the mainstream, creating what one Methodist called a ‘whole sub-society’ differentiated from worldly patterns in the culture at large. Dissenting men, for instance, deliberately sought to effect coherence between public and private arenas and took inspiration from the published lives of ‘businessmen “saints”’. Feminine piety in Dissent likewise rested on integration, not separation, with women credited with forming godly communities. The insistence on inherent spiritual equality was important to Dissenters and was imaged most clearly in marriage, which transcended the public/private divide and supplied a model for domestic and foreign mission. Missionary work also allowed for the valorization and mobilization of distinctive feminine and masculine types, such as the single woman missionary who bore ‘spiritual offspring’ and the manly adventurer. Over the century, religious revivals in Dissent might shift these patterns somewhat: female roles were notably renegotiated in the Salvation Army, while Holiness revivals stimulated demands for female preaching and women’s religious writing, making bestsellers of writers such as Hannah Whitall Smith. Thus Dissent was characterized throughout the Anglophone world by an emphasis on spiritual equality combined with a sharpened perception of sexual difference, albeit one which was subject to dynamic reformulation throughout the century.