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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Decisions that align"
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Witteman, Holly O., Anne-Sophie Julien, Ruth Ndjaboue, Nicole L. Exe, Valerie C. Kahn, Angela (Angie) Fagerlin und Brian J. Zikmund-Fisher. „What Helps People Make Values-Congruent Medical Decisions? Eleven Strategies Tested across 6 Studies“. Medical Decision Making 40, Nr. 3 (April 2020): 266–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x20904955.
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Background. High-quality health decisions are often defined as those that are both evidence informed and values congruent. A values-congruent decision aligns with what matters to those most affected by the decision. Values clarification methods are intended to support values-congruent decisions, but their effects on values congruence are rarely evaluated. Methods. We tested 11 strategies, including the 3 most commonly used values clarification methods, across 6 between-subjects online randomized experiments in demographically diverse US populations ( n1 = 1346, n2 = 456, n3 = 840, n4 = 1178, n5 = 841, n6 = 2033) in the same hypothetical decision. Our primary outcome was values congruence. Decisional conflict was a secondary outcome in studies 3 to 6. Results. Two commonly used values clarification methods (pros and cons, rating scales) reduced decisional conflict but did not encourage values-congruent decisions. Strategies using mathematical models to show participants which option aligned with what mattered to them encouraged values-congruent decisions and reduced decisional conflict when assessed. Limitations. A hypothetical decision was necessary for ethical reasons, as we believed some strategies may harm decision quality. Later studies used more outcomes and covariates. Results may not generalize outside US-based adults with online access. We assumed validity and stability of values during the brief experiments. Conclusions. Failing to explicitly support the process of aligning options with values leads to increased proportions of values-incongruent decisions. Methods representing more than half of values clarification methods commonly in use failed to encourage values-congruent decisions. Methods that use models to explicitly show people how options align with their values offer more promise for helping people make decisions aligned with what matters to them. Decisional conflict, while arguably an important outcome in and of itself, is not an appropriate proxy for values congruence.
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Faradita, Putri Adriani, und Kesi Widjajanti. „PENGARUH ONLINE CUSTOMER REVIEW, HARGA DAN KUALITAS PRODUK TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN TOKOPEDIA“. Solusi 21, Nr. 2 (30.04.2023): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/slsi.v21i2.6333.
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<p><em>This study aims to determine how much influence online customer reviews, prices, product quality have on purchasing decisions through the Tokopedia marketplace for Tokopedia users in the city of Semarang, there is a problem in making online purchases in the marketplace, including that buyers face various risks when making a purchase decision, where consumers cannot see directly the goods to be purchased, consumers do not know that the goods to be purchased will meet the expected needs or expectations of the product to be purchased. The population in this study were Tokopedia users, with a sample of 96 respondents using purposive sampling and a Likert scale measurement. The analysis in this study was processed using SPSS software. The results in this study show that online customer reviews, prices, and product quality simultaneously influence purchasing decisions on the Tokopedia marketplace. Online customer reviews have a significant effect on purchasing decisions on the Tokopedia marketplace. Prices have a significant effect on purchasing decisions on the Tokopedia Marketplace. Product quality has a significant effect on purchasing decisions on the Tokopedia marketplace. The population defined in this study is Tokopedia users in the city of Semarang. Then through the F test shows that the online customer review variables, price and product quality are appropriate to test the purchasing decision variable. Adjusted R square of 0.719 indicates that 71.9% of the decision to stay variable can be explained through the three independent variables in the regression equation. While the remaining 28.1% is explained by other variables outside the three variables used in this study.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p align="left"><strong>Keywords :</strong></p><p align="left"> </p><p align="left"><em>Online Customer Review; Price; Product Quality; Purchase Decision</em><em></em></p>
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Laily, Nuri Ma'rifatul, und Vivin Maharani Ekowati. „PENGARUH HARGA DAN CITRA MEREK TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN MELALUI MARKETPLACE SHOPEE DENGAN RATING PENJUALAN TOKO SEBAGAI VARIABEL MODERASI“. JURNAL LENTERA BISNIS 12, Nr. 1 (31.01.2023): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.34127/jrlab.v12i1.690.
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<p align="justify">This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the effect of price and brand image on purchasing decisions at Shopee with store sales ratings as a moderating variable. This study uses purposive sampling with the criteria of using a shopee which has made a purchase with at least 2 transactions with 102 respondents. This type of research is quantitative research by collecting data by distributing questionnaires through Google Form. Data were analyzed using a simple regression analysis test and moderating regression analysis using the SPSS 16 program. The results indicate that purchase decision at Shopee is influenced by the price and brand image. Store sales ratings weaken the relationship between price, brand image, Shopee purchase decisions.</p><p align="left"><strong>Key words:</strong> Price, Brand Image, Store Sales Rating, Buying Decision</p>
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Parker, Camilla. „The Draft Mental Incapacity Bill“. International Journal of Mental Health and Capacity Law 1, Nr. 10 (04.09.2014): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19164/ijmhcl.v1i10.142.
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<p align="LEFT">Despite the general agreement with the Law Commission’s assessment of the failings of the current system for decision-making on behalf of people who lack the capacity to make decisions for themselves, the steps towards achieving comprehensive reform, as recommended in its report, Mental Incapacity, has been a protracted process. Mental Incapacity was followed, two years later, by a consultation paper – 'Who Decides? Making Decisions on Behalf of Mentally Incapacitated People' – in which the Government sought views on the Law Commission’s recommendations for reform. In October 1999, the Lord Chancellor’s Department published 'Making Decisions', which set out the Government’s proposal for reform, "in the light of the responses to the consultation paper Who Decides".</p><p align="LEFT">In June of last year the reform process moved to a significant stage with the publication of the Government’s draft Mental Incapacity Bill (‘the Draft Bill’). This set out proposals to reform the law: "in order to improve and clarify the decision making process for those aged 16 and over who are unable to make decisions for themselves." Thus provisions set out in the Draft Bill are based on the Law Commission’s recommendations.</p>
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Exworthy, Tim. „Psychiatric advance decisions – an opportunity missed“. International Journal of Mental Health and Capacity Law 1, Nr. 11 (04.09.2014): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.19164/ijmhcl.v1i11.155.
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<p align="LEFT">After a very long gestation the Mental Capacity Bill was published earlier this year. Among its proposals was the incorporation into statute of advance decisions. These are devices whereby a person, while retaining capacity, can make certain decisions regarding their future treatment for such a time as they have lost capacity and so are unable to make legally binding decisions about their own treatment. As the Bill is phrased, advance decisions only permit a person to refuse treatment. There is no provision for that person to use ADs to express a positive preference for particular forms of treatment. It will be argued this represents a missed opportunity to allow patients and clinicians to engage in a more constructive approach to treatment planning. Experience from the USA demonstrates psychiatric advance directives have a role to play in engaging psychiatric patients and promoting adherence to their treatment plans.</p><p align="LEFT">This paper will only address the use of AD in relation to mental health treatment, although it is recognised they have an application far wider than this, including decisions regarding life-sustaining treatment.</p>
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de Sousa, Willy. „Decision Making in Brazil and Emerging Technologies: The Case of 18F-FDG“. International Journal of Innovation Science 6, Nr. 4 (01.12.2014): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1757-2223.6.4.235.
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The article recalls the history of the development of Fluor FDG in Brazil. Important facts that impacted this development and how this technology evolved considering a time span of more than ten years, starting from 1996, are presented in this paper. Five decisions made between 2004 and 2005 were selected and analyzed from the perspective of knowledge that a key decision maker has developed around the main elements of a decision - problem, objectives, alternatives, consequences, risks approach, and linked decisions. In conclusion, this case shows that experienced decision makers can make quality decisions when they are equipped with the appropriate information, align the relevant decisions taken over time, know how to use the right tactics at the right time and with all participants in decision making. Experienced decision makers identify opportunities where there seem to be problems, review the current strategies and visualize new strategies, and prepare themselves adequately to deal with the uncertainties.
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Guerrero, Daniel, und Juan Rosellón. „PLANEACIÓN ÓPTIMA DE LA RED DE TRANSMISIÓN ELÉCTRICA DE BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR“. Investigación Económica 77, Nr. 305 (01.11.2018): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fe.01851667p.2018.305.67486.
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<p align="center"><strong>RESUMEN</strong></p><p>Analizamos los efectos sobre bienestar social de dos distintos procesos de planeación de expansión de la red de transmisión. Un primer modelo (<em>integrado</em>) considera las decisiones de generación y transmisión como actividades interdependientes. Un segundo modelo (<em>desintegrado</em>) supone dichas decisiones de expansión independientes, tal que la expansión de la red sigue un proceso exógeno. Esta dualidad de enfoques ha sido motivo de discusión académica y de política pública en diversos sistemas, como es el caso del sistema eléctrico de Alemania. Los dos modelos se simulan para la red de transmisión de Baja California Sur, el cual es un sistema autocontenido, con relativamente pocos nodos y líneas, y que permite desarrollar un estudio realista sobre las características de expansión eficiente de su red eléctrica. Demostramos que el enfoque integrado de expansión de la red resulta en mayores niveles de bienestar social para distintas topologías de red de este sistema.</p><p align="center"> </p><p align="center">OPTIMAL PLANNING OF THE ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION NETWORK OF BAJA CALIFORNIA SOUTH</p><p align="center"> <strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p>We analyze the effects on social welfare of two different planning processes for the expansion of the transmission network. A first (integrated) model considers generation and transmission decisions as interdependent activities. A second model (disintegrated) assumes such expansion decisions as independent, such that the expansion of the network follows an exogenous process. This duality of approaches has been the subject of academic and public-policy discussion in various systems, as is the case of the German electricity system. The two models are simulated for the transmission network of Baja California Sur, which is a self-contained system with relatively few nodes and lines allowing a realistic study on the characteristics of efficient expansion within its electricity network. We demonstrate that the integrated network expansion approach results in higher levels of social welfare for different network topologies in this system.<p align="center"> </p>
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Sutrisno, Nandang, Despan Heryansyah, Sahid Hadi und Christopher M. Cason. „The Regulation of Defendant’s Religious Identity in Court Decisions“. BESTUUR 10, Nr. 2 (06.12.2022): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v10i2.61409.
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<div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p class="AbstractText">This study focuses on using religious attributes in the trial process of corruption cases in Indonesia, the judge’s consideration of the decency of a defendant, and the regulation of a defendant’s religious identity in the court decision. By identifying the judge’s perspective on a defendant's religious attributes and aspects of decency as an interpretative scheme and constructing their significance on it, this study also presents an analysis of the application of the principle of impartiality of judges and courts based on the Bangalore Principles. Impartiality itself is positioned as the bedrock of judicial integrity. With a field-based research method, this study reveals that religious identity has influenced judges and court decisions, especially considering mitigating factors in criminal sentencing. These findings indicate that the Bangalore Principles fall short of clear guidelines to counter such bias and a clear framework in Indonesia’s judiciary to restore its integrity.</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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Kivijärvi, Hannu. „Advancing Organizational Alignment Decisions“. International Journal of IT/Business Alignment and Governance 9, Nr. 1 (Januar 2018): 53–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitbag.2018010104.
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In this article, a theory-driven approach for managing the alignment process between business and IT by making high-quality IT investment decisions is developed. The aim is to increase the understanding of the dimensions of the alignment problem and to offer some support in solving it. The conceptualization of the alignment issue is searched from the structural alignment theory, arising from and applied in psychology. After the theoretical considerations, the article adopts a multidimensional and constructive approach to the alignment problem and looks for answers to the question: How should organizations align business and IT, or at least, how to support the business and IT alignment decisions? As a result, a theoretically sound framework originating from the alignment problem is proposed for the evaluation of IT investments, a methodology based on that framework, and a concrete investment support system to help decision makers. The applicability of the approach is evaluated in the context of an actual case in the finance sector.
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Patrick, Hilary. „Reflections from Scotland: Difficult Decisions Ahead“. International Journal of Mental Health and Capacity Law 1, Nr. 13 (05.09.2014): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.19164/ijmhcl.v1i13.179.
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<p align="LEFT">This article looks at recent developments in Scottish mental health and incapacity law. Whilst Scotland clearly leads the way in mental health and social care law reform in the UK, its incapacity legislation is under strain. Scotland is struggling with the implications of <em>HL v UK</em> which, because of problems with the Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act 2000, appear even more complex than in England and Wales. Scotland is consulting on new laws to protect vulnerable adults, but lags behind England and Wales in its use of appropriate adults when people with mental disorders are interviewed by the police.</p>
Dissertationen zum Thema "Decisions that align"
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Stenger, Rebecca, Tom Thomaes und Marius Westphal. „CRAFTS: A Compass to Refine and Align Factory Performance towards Sustainability“. Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för strategisk hållbar utveckling, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-14437.
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The manufacturing industry must align business values with sustainability to preserve a healthy socio-ecological environment, that ensures access for future generations to necessary resources. To better understand the interactions between business strategies and facility operations, this research aims to adopt a more holistic perspective of sustainable facility planning processes, applying the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development. By using relevant environmental and social principles, methods, knowledge, and industrial practices, a strategic decision support was developed as a foundation for the manufacturing industry to improve their sustainable performance. This research (1) collected and analysed existing concepts and processes for sustainability in the industry; (2) developed a practical decision support tool; (3) reviewed the design by experts in the field; and (4) redesigned the tool by implementing expert recommendations. Based on the findings, it is crucial for decision makers to embed a strategic and holistic approach when considering facility design options. Therefore, the strategic decision support tool (CRAFTS) enables opportunities for a broader scope of possible improvements within the confines of the manufacturing facility by guiding experts in the field to decide between retrofitting and new construction. CRAFTS supports the industry to refine and align their business strategies and facility operations with sustainability.
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Fishwick, Elaine. „When the stars align’: decision-making in the NSW juvenile justice system 1990-2005“. Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/13250.
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This thesis examines decision-making in the New South Wales juvenile justice system. It investigates what factors and which people influenced the setting of policy agendas and the choice of policy options during the period 1990 – 2005. Using data from in-depth interviews with key policy actors and from documentary analysis, it aims to identify the dynamic interplay of historical, institutional, legal, professional, pragmatic and political factors within wider economic, social and public policy contexts to explore how and why juvenile justice policy developed in the way that it did during this period. The time frame for the study begins with the publication of the report Kids In Justice: A Blueprint for the Nineties by the NSW Youth Justice Coalition, and continues to 2005, a year marked by the publication of the NSW Law Reform Commission’s Report on Young Offenders, public street disturbances in suburbs of Sydney and the resignation of the Labor Premier the Hon. Bob Carr on August 6th. This time frame is significant as it epitomizes what appears to be a gradual, although not complete shift in approaches to juvenile justice policy: from the promise of potentially progressive diversionary strategies envisaged in the Kids in Justice Report to an approach which increasingly appeared to be concerned with control and punishment and with appeasing media demands. The thesis is a trans disciplinary study. It draws on insights from law, policy studies, media studies and criminology, and pulls them together to develop a unique analytical approach to juvenile justice. It adopts a blended theoretical perspective by combining key elements of critical social sciences with complexity theory together, in an approach, which has been termed by Byrne (1998, 2011) as ‘complex realism’ and by Carroll (2009) as ‘critical complexity’. The thesis concludes that decision takes place within an historically contingent context of what can be termed ‘negotiated order’. There are elements of certainty in the decision-making process but it is also characterised by serendipity and change. Policy processes are dynamic and change can be at times minimal and incremental and at other times monumental. It is argued that people and their ambitions, emotions, skills and experiences are absolutely fundamental to any understanding of policy and this thesis emphasises their role in decision-making. It is anticipated that the insights gathered from looking at this moment in the history of juvenile justice and the influences on decision-making will not only contribute to a more detailed understanding of the policy process in criminology and related disciplines, but might also provide those engaged in advocacy and reform with some tools for even more effective action.
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Abidi, Samina Raza. „A Knowledge Management Framework to Develop, Model, ALign and Operationalize Clinical Pathways to Provide Decision Support for Comorbid Diseases“. 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/13009.
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The objective of this thesis is to formalize, model, align and operationalize the evidence-based clinical algorithms of co-morbid chronic heart failure (CHF) and atrial fibrillation (AF) in order to provide clinical recommendations, care coordination and decision support to general practitioners (GPs). This thesis addresses following healthcare knowledge modeling issues: (a) modeling of healthcare knowledge, especially in terms of clinical guidelines and clinical pathways, to develop an ontology-based knowledge model for handling co-morbid diseases; (b) computerization of clinical pathways to offer point-of-care decision support; (c) alignment of ontologically-modeled disease-specific clinical pathways to handle co-morbid diseases; and (d) the provision of computerized decision support to GPs, based on modeled clinical guidelines and pathways, to assist them in handling co-morbid diseases. An elaborate OWL CP ontology for co-morbid CHF and AF was developed that can be executed to support the diagnosis and management of co-morbid CHF and AF in a general practice setting.In this thesis we present an ontology based decision-support framework for handling co-morbidities by the alignment of ontologically modeled clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). The objective of this thesis is to formalize, model, align and operationalize the evidence-based clinical algorithms of co-morbid chronic heart failure (CHF) and atrial fibrillation (AF) in order to provide evidence-based clinical recommendations, care coordination and decision support to general practitioners (GPs) for effective management of CHF and AF. In this regard, the thesis addresses the following healthcare knowledge modeling issues: (a) modeling of healthcare knowledge, especially in terms of clinical guidelines and clinical pathways, to develop an ontology-based healthcare knowledge model for handling co-morbid diseases; (b) computerization of clinical pathways to offer point-of-care decision support; (c) alignment of ontologically-modeled disease-specific clinical pathways to handle co-morbid diseases; and (d) the provision of computerized decision support to general practitioners, based on modeled clinical guidelines and pathways, to assist them in handling chronic and co-morbid diseases. An elaborate OWL CP ontology for co-morbid CHF and AF—the CP ontology was developed that can be executed to support the diagnosis and management of co-morbid CHF and AF in a general practice setting. We have developed a decision support framework termed COMET (Co-morbidity Ontological Modeling & ExecuTion) that can handle three patient care scenarios, (i) patient has CHF; (ii) patient has AF; and (iii) patient develops a co-morbidity of both AF and CHF. COMET is accessible by web and is designed for GPs. COMET has been evaluated, both by simulated cases and by health professionals (GP and specialist), for its ability to handle single disease and comorbid care scenarios based on patient data and related constraints. The output at every phase is compared with the expected output as per single disease or comorbid management. Our results show that the resultant sequence of plans and their outcomes are comparable to the CP knowledge. Also, our ontology was able to handle any updates in the CP knowledge as advised by the domain experts
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Lien-Sung, Hau, und 侯聯松. „Supports for Decision Making Using Data Warehousing — By Example of Managing Criminal Data of Alien Workers“. Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06379120403156181762.
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侯聯松. „Supports for Decision Making Using Data Warehousing -- By Example of Managing Criminal Data of Alien Workers“. Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/a8jesm.
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Ferraz, Wendy. „Using GIS as a means of modelling work rates and as a decision support tool in alien plant control management : the case study of the eMpofana river, KwaZulu-Natal Midlands“. 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4954.
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The problems posed by alien invasive plants to our environment and the need for
clearing and control has been highlighted by the Working for Water (WFW)
programme. Alien plant control requires careful planning, including budgeting. To
date, costing and budgeting in alien plant control has largely been a combination of
experience on the part of weed 'experts', coupled with much guess work. Weed
controllers have through experience calculated the amount of time (or the work rate),
recorded as labour days, required for different control actions of different weed
habits. These work rates are for weed clearance under ideal conditions and do not
take into account the effect of factors such as gradient, access and distance to the
weed infestation.
Factors affecting the work rate has been researched and modelled by researchers
in both alien plant control and the timber industry. While the existing work rate
model is useful in its present theoretical state, the model may be improved upon to
make it more practical and applicable to the varying conditions of different areas.
This research built on existing theoretical research on alien control work rates, and
concentrated on two main areas: the adaption and incorporation of the existing
research on work rates into a Geographical Information System (GIS), and the
creation and demonstration of a Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) for the
management of alien plant control. The eMpofana river in the KwaZulu-Natal
midlands was selected as the study area, as there was an existing alien plant control
programme.
Initially all factors, such as slope, access to weed infestations, terrain and
penetrability of infestations, affecting the work rate in the research area were
identified. An existing work rate model was then modified to account for the
conditions of the research area. Regression analysis was used to derive the
relationship between the various factors affecting work rate, creating a work rate
model applicable to the study area. Using the results of the regression analysis together with work rate figures adapted
from an existing alien plant control programme, a SDSS for alien plant control along
the eMpofana River was created. The use of the work rate model and the SDSS in
the development of weed control programmes was demonstrated by examining four
different management approaches, each having a different management objective .
The SDSS provides a spatial component to weed control planning and costing that
has thus far not existed.
What this research has achieved is the advancement of an alien control work rate
model from a theoretical to a more realistic costing process. While some factors
affecting work rate may not have been accounted for, the model does address the
present inaccuracies in labour costing, and ultimately alien plant control costing. The
research has highlighted the disadvantages of GIS in terms of affordability and
expertise.
The model has wider uses than the eMpofana River, and is the ground work for the
further development of a user friendly model applicable throughout South Africa.
More effective project budgeting will decrease the likelihood of project failure and this
will directly benefit long-term weed control efforts.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2000.
Bücher zum Thema "Decisions that align"
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J, Coutinho Martha, und Educational Resources Information Center (U.S.), Hrsg. Project ALIGN: Supporting data-based decision making to align the intent and implementation of IDEA with the goals of national education reform. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Educational Resources Information Center, 1997.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Immigration and Claims. Immigration and Naturalization Service decisions impacting the agency's ability to control criminal and illegal aliens: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Immigration and Claims of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, first session, February 25, 1999. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.
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Office, General Accounting. Immigration enforcement: Better data and controls are needed to assure consistency with the Supreme Court decision on long-term alien detention : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, 2004.
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Office, General Accounting. Social Security Administration: More effort needed to assess consistency of disability decisions : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Social Security, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: GAO, 2004.
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Michael A, Newton. Part IV The ICC and its Applicable Law, 29 Charging War Crimes: Policy and Prognosis from a Military Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198705161.003.0029.
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The Rome Statute was designed to largely align criminal norms with actual state practice based on the realities of warfare. Article 8 embodied notable new refinements (e.g. in relation to disproportionate attack under Article 8(2)(b)(iv)), but did so against a backdrop of pragmatic military practice. This chapter dissects the structure of war crimes under Rome Statute to demonstrate this deliberate intention of Article 8 and then describes the correlative considerations related to charging practices for the maturing institution, including command responsibility. When properly understood and applied in light of the Elements of Crimes, the Court’s charging decisions with respect to war crimes ought to reflect the paradox that its operative provisions are at once revolutionary yet broadly reflective of the actual practice of warfare.
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Barnhart, Michael A. Can You Beat Churchill? Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501755644.001.0001.
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How do you get students to engage in a historical episode or era? How do you bring the immediacy and contingency of history to life? This book shares the secret to award-winning success in the classroom, which encourages role-playing for immersive teaching and learning. Combating the declining enrollment in humanities classes, this innovative approach reminds us how critical learning skills are transmitted to students: by reactivating their curiosity and problem-solving abilities. The book provides advice and procedures, both for the use of off-the-shelf commercial simulations and for the instructor who wishes to custom design a simulation from scratch. These reenactments allow students to step into the past, requiring them to think and act in ways historical figures might have. Students must make crucial or dramatic decisions, though these decisions need not align with the historical record. In doing so, they learn, through action and strategic consideration, the impact of real individuals and groups of people on the course of history. There is a quiet revolution underway in how history is taught to undergraduates. This book hopes to make it a noisy one.
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Rushton, Cynda Hylton. Integrity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190619268.003.0005.
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Integrity or moral wholeness is the foundation of moral resilience. Integrity arises when intentions, words, thoughts, and actions align and there is fidelity in adherence to ethical commitments, norms, and conscience. It includes a robust notion of moral agency that includes considerations of the congruence of intentions, character, choices, behavior, and actions as well as responsibility for them. It requires a well-honed conscience; moral sensitivity, perception, and imagination; self-regulatory capacities; ongoing reflection to evaluate one’s intentions, motivations, and actions; cognitive judgment; the ability to devise reasonable solutions to internal conflicts; and steadfast commitment to responsibly enact considered decisions. Clinicians have dual obligations to those they serve and to themselves. Personal and relational integrity are fundamental considerations for clinicians. This dynamic interplay requires attunement to the issues of personal and relational integrity that are at play in clinical practice, including relationships with patients, families, colleagues, leaders, organizations, and the broader society.
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Kay, William K., und Stephen J. Hunt. Pentecostal Churches and Homosexuality. Herausgegeben von Adrian Thatcher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199664153.013.39.
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Historically, the majority of Pentecostal churches stem from holiness and revivalistic streams of Christianity, while neo-Pentecostal churches are often indigenous plantings that broke away from congregations established by earlier Protestant mission. Given their stress on religious experience and their belief in the indwelling power of the Holy Spirit, Pentecostal churches have always stressed individual holiness, and this holiness is understood in terms of abstinence from drugs, alcohol, gambling, immodest dress, and sexual immorality as traditionally defined. This chapter describes adjustments and initiatives that indicate how new norms may emerge. The issue is essentially concerned with the interpretation of Scripture and variations in church government. Where these interpretations align with an LBGT-friendly hermeneutic, LBGT-friendly Pentecostal churches will and have emerged. Such changes tend to occur in new or split-off groups rather than in traditional Pentecostal denominations, especially when denominations are governed by large ministerial conferences where decisions are by secret ballot.
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Selby, Christine L. B. Who Am I? ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216035374.
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This book explores what identity is, what factors contribute to it, how it develops, and the impacts that a strong or weak sense of self can have on a person's health, happiness, and future. Many teens grapple with the seemingly simple question, "Who am I?" and struggle to integrate their experiences at school, at home, and with friends into their burgeoning sense of identity. How teens see themselves can influence the friends they choose, the decisions they make, and their mental and physical well-being. Having a strong sense of self can help them resist peer pressure, avoid risky behaviors, and make choices and plans that align with their values and interests. Yet research shows that such factors as heavy social media use can have a strongly negative effect on healthy identity formation for today's teens. Who Am I? Understanding Identity and the Many Ways We Define Ourselves examines the subjects of identity and identity formation across the lifespan, with special emphasis on the teenage years. Beyond simply discussing relevant psychological theories, the book focuses on how identity formation happens in the real world and how it affects the daily lives of teens. It also includes a collection of fictional case studies that provide concrete, relatable illustrations of concepts discussed in the book.
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Lichtman, Robert M. The Coming of the Warren Court, the Emspak Trilogy, and Brown’s Consequences. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037009.003.0005.
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This chapter discusses the U.S. Supreme Court’s decisions during its October 1953 and 1954 terms. In the 1953 term, the Court issued signed decisions in only two “Communist” cases. Both were decided in the government’s favor by a divided Court, and the new chief justice voted with the majority each time. In Barsky v. Board of Regents the Court considered New York’s suspension of a medical doctor’s license solely because of his contempt-of-Congress conviction for refusing to produce to the House Un-American Activities Committee the records of an alleged Communist “front.” The term’s other “Communist” decision, Galvan v. Press, was a deportation case wherein a long-time resident alien was deported for having once been a Communist Party member. In 1954, the Court issued decisions in Emspak v. United States and in Brown.
Buchteile zum Thema "Decisions that align"
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Frimpong Boamah, Emmanuel. „A Polycentric Vision for Governing the Urban Food Commons“. In Urban Agriculture, 121–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32076-7_7.
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AbstractThis chapter uses polycentric governance as a lens for examining alternative governance visions for urban agriculture, or what I refer to as the urban food commons (UFCs). I draw ideas from the political and institutional economics of Vincent and Elinor Ostrom to discuss why UFCs cannot be governed through a one-size-fits-all institutional arrangement. I interlace my conceptual arguments with empirical examples, including examples from Kaufman and Bailkey’s classic work. Governing UFCs effectively, I argue, requires a mix of institutional arrangements involving centralized, decentralized, competitive market, cooperative, and command-and-control governance models. A polycentric governance vision moves us closer to building such diverse institutional arrangements to manage undesired outcomes, including the capacity to effectively internalize spillover effects from UFCs. I delineate four institutional design parameters (IDPs) to guide the design and evaluation of a polycentric governance vision for UFCs: (1) multiple decision centers (or actors) that can make decisions about UFCs, (2) opportunities for cross-scale and cross-sector interactions among UFC actors, (3) an overarching system of rules to guide decisions and interactions, and (4) adaptability of the rules to align with actors’ incentives and decisions emanating from the rules. I use Chicago’s nonprofit urban land trust NeighborSpace to illustrate how these IDPs manifest empirically.
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Dinu, Marius-Constantin, Markus Hofmarcher, Vihang P. Patil, Matthias Dorfer, Patrick M. Blies, Johannes Brandstetter, Jose A. Arjona-Medina und Sepp Hochreiter. „XAI and Strategy Extraction via Reward Redistribution“. In xxAI - Beyond Explainable AI, 177–205. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04083-2_10.
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AbstractIn reinforcement learning, an agent interacts with an environment from which it receives rewards, that are then used to learn a task. However, it is often unclear what strategies or concepts the agent has learned to solve the task. Thus, interpretability of the agent’s behavior is an important aspect in practical applications, next to the agent’s performance at the task itself. However, with the increasing complexity of both tasks and agents, interpreting the agent’s behavior becomes much more difficult. Therefore, developing new interpretable RL agents is of high importance. To this end, we propose to use Align-RUDDER as an interpretability method for reinforcement learning. Align-RUDDER is a method based on the recently introduced RUDDER framework, which relies on contribution analysis of an LSTM model, to redistribute rewards to key events. From these key events a strategy can be derived, guiding the agent’s decisions in order to solve a certain task. More importantly, the key events are in general interpretable by humans, and are often sub-tasks; where solving these sub-tasks is crucial for solving the main task. Align-RUDDER enhances the RUDDER framework with methods from multiple sequence alignment (MSA) to identify key events from demonstration trajectories. MSA needs only a few trajectories in order to perform well, and is much better understood than deep learning models such as LSTMs. Consequently, strategies and concepts can be learned from a few expert demonstrations, where the expert can be a human or an agent trained by reinforcement learning. By substituting RUDDER’s LSTM with a profile model that is obtained from MSA of demonstration trajectories, we are able to interpret an agent at three stages: First, by extracting common strategies from demonstration trajectories with MSA. Second, by encoding the most prevalent strategy via the MSA profile model and therefore explaining the expert’s behavior. And third, by allowing the interpretation of an arbitrary agent’s behavior based on its demonstration trajectories.
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Grote, Gudela. „Uncertainty Regulation in High-Risk Organizations: Harnessing the Benefits of Flexible Rules“. In Compliance and Initiative in the Production of Safety, 13–20. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45055-6_2.
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AbstractThere is increasing awareness that uncertainty cannot be “managed away” to ensure safety. However, how uncertainties can be handled more effectively is still a debated question. In this chapter, I offer a new approach to uncertainty regulation in organizations, which includes opening and closing behaviors aimed at reducing and increasing uncertainty respectively in an attempt to align stability and flexibility requirements for effective and safe performance. I then apply this approach to decisions on rules and operating standards as one of the most fundamental tasks of risk and safety management. By proposing the use of flexible rules and participatory processes for writing, implementing, and monitoring rules, I aim to answer two fundamental questions that have plagued effective rule management: How can rules successfully guide behavior even if substantial amounts of uncertainty about the right course of action in any given situation remain? How can rules instigate autonomous motivation for rule compliance? I close by suggesting steps that organizations can take to explore and implement the proposed new approach to uncertainty.
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Fisher, William P., und A. Jackson Stenner. „A Technology Roadmap for Intangible Assets Metrology“. In Explanatory Models, Unit Standards, and Personalized Learning in Educational Measurement, 179–98. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3747-7_14.
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AbstractMeasurement plays a vital role in the creation of markets, one that hinges on efficiencies gained via universal availability of precise and accurate information on product quantity and quality. Fulfilling the potential of these ideals requires close attention to measurement and the role of technology in science and the economy. The practical value of a strong theory of instrument calibration and metrological traceability stems from the capacity to mediate relationships in ways that align, coordinate, and integrate different firms’ expectations, investments, and capital budgeting decisions over the long term. Improvements in the measurement of reading ability exhibit patterns analogous to Moore’s Law, which has guided expectations in the micro-processor industry for almost 50 years. The state of the art in reading measurement serves as a model for generalizing the mediating role of instruments in making markets for other forms of intangible assets. These remarks provide only a preliminary sketch of the kinds of information that are both available and needed for making more efficient markets for human, social, and natural capital. Nevertheless, these initial steps project new horizons in the arts and sciences of measuring and managing intangible assets.
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Kerr, James M. „Always align decision rights with responsibilities“. In The Indispensable Leader's Handbook, 203–4. New York: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003422754-103.
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Rinscheid, Adrian, und Linards Udris. „Referendum Campaigns in Swiss Energy Policy“. In Swiss Energy Governance, 283–312. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80787-0_12.
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AbstractWhat are the patterns in media coverage in Swiss energy policy-making, and to what extent do the media influence voters’ decisions at the ballot? In a first step, this chapter provides a comparative investigation of media coverage in the run-up to three recent energy-related referenda (2015 initiative “Energy tax instead of VAT”; 2016 nuclear phase-out initiative; 2017 referendum on the federal Energy Strategy 2050), with 31 other referenda between 2014 and 2018 as a benchmark. Based on a content analysis of articles published in 21 Swiss newspapers, our analysis demonstrates that the three energy-policy referenda are characterized by patterns similar to non-energy votes but also have distinct features. In a second step, we specifically focus on the 2016 nuclear phase-out initiative, which was characterized by balanced newspaper reporting, and explain voting behavior by linking data on media coverage and individual-level data from a panel survey (n = 1014). The analysis relies on “linkage analysis”, a method that takes media contents as quasi-experimental stimuli to explain individual-level outcomes. We find that the failure of the phase-out initiative can be partly explained by exposure to newspaper coverage: one in four left-wing voters who had initially been in favor of the popular initiative but were exposed to strongly negative coverage about it during the “hot” campaign phase changed their initial voting intention. The analysis also suggests that the media coverage may have helped center/right-wing voters to learn about their preferred party’s position so as to align their vote choice with their political predisposition.
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Cardona, Pablo, und Carlos Rey. „The Values of a Balanced Culture“. In Management by Missions, 81–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83780-8_6.
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AbstractOrganizational values, as the criteria that guide decision-making, play a central role in the implementation of management by missions (MBM). Most social organizations today develop a set of values. These sets of values are normally treated as fixed and even as untouchable. However, over time, some values change and evolve both in the organizational environment and within the organizations themselves. Some values may fall into the background, while others should come to the forefront. As a result, leaders need to adapt to these changes and create corporate cultures that best align with their corporate purpose over time. In this chapter, we propose a framework to help organizations create balanced sets of values in four categories: business, relational, development and contribution values.
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Lan, Roy, und Tulio Sulbaran. „A Review of Computer Vision-Based Progress Monitoring for Effective Decision Making“. In CONVR 2023 - Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Construction Applications of Virtual Reality, 856–64. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/10.36253/979-12-215-0289-3.85.
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Construction Progress Monitoring (CPM) is a significant aspect of project management aimed to align planned design with the actual construction on site, the process ensures that the project is well within the control of the stakeholders involved and ensures the project is completed complying with the construction documents, on time, and within budget. Despite how central progress monitoring is to attaining project success and advances in technology, the progress monitoring is majorly implemented manually, which requires manual retrieving and processing of site data to compare with the planned design. This manual process is both time-consuming and prone to errors. Automating the task of progress monitoring involving real-time data acquisition and timely information retrieval can assist the project managers for effective decision making to the successful delivery of the project. Thus, the objective of this research was to assess the impact of computer vision (CV) – based progress monitoring as a driver for effective decision-making in project management. A qualitative methodology was implemented for this research using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) to review and analyze studies on the application of computer vision (CV). The study reviews studies of CV based CPM process, highlighting its benefits against the traditional method of progress and the limitation to its adoption. Research findings from this paper provide an increased understanding and have a broader scope on the application of computer vision-based progress monitoring
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Lan, Roy, und Tulio Sulbaran. „A Review of Computer Vision-Based Progress Monitoring for Effective Decision Making“. In CONVR 2023 - Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Construction Applications of Virtual Reality, 856–64. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0289-3.85.
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Construction Progress Monitoring (CPM) is a significant aspect of project management aimed to align planned design with the actual construction on site, the process ensures that the project is well within the control of the stakeholders involved and ensures the project is completed complying with the construction documents, on time, and within budget. Despite how central progress monitoring is to attaining project success and advances in technology, the progress monitoring is majorly implemented manually, which requires manual retrieving and processing of site data to compare with the planned design. This manual process is both time-consuming and prone to errors. Automating the task of progress monitoring involving real-time data acquisition and timely information retrieval can assist the project managers for effective decision making to the successful delivery of the project. Thus, the objective of this research was to assess the impact of computer vision (CV) – based progress monitoring as a driver for effective decision-making in project management. A qualitative methodology was implemented for this research using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) to review and analyze studies on the application of computer vision (CV). The study reviews studies of CV based CPM process, highlighting its benefits against the traditional method of progress and the limitation to its adoption. Research findings from this paper provide an increased understanding and have a broader scope on the application of computer vision-based progress monitoring
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Van Duyn, Emily. „Negotiating Identity and Secrecy“. In Democracy Lives in Darkness, 107–42. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197557013.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 emphasizes the group’s internal fissures and negotiations over time, including their decision to remain only women as well as their choice to align themselves with the Democratic Party, avoid discussions with conservatives, and remain confidential. This chapter highlights the unique characteristics and decisions of secret organizations whose private nature can create turmoil and insulate members, and that face unique challenges and decisions about how to exist and take political action. This chapter also addresses the confluence of identities such as partisanship, gender, and race/ethnicity, and how people negotiate these identities with one another.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Decisions that align"
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Li, Wanru, und George Hazelrigg. „The Potential for Incentive Structures to Prevent Significant Engineering Failures“. In ASME 2023 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2023-116706.
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Abstract All complex designs emerge as the result of the decisions made by the design engineers. It can be shown that the designs are best when the preferences guiding the engineering decisions align with the overall system or corporate preference. But we know that all people make decisions based on their own personal preferences, which are unlikely to align well with the corporate preference. This research addresses the question, what mechanisms can be used to better align engineers’ decisions to the system or corporate preference, but particularly such that major catastrophes might be prevented? Inspiration for this work comes from a number of very substantial losses that likely would have been prevented by the systems engineers had they the incentive to come forth with knowledge they certainly had. Examples include Boeing’s experience with the 737MAX, which appears to be costing Boeing more than $100 billion, and Volkswagen’s experience with the falsified emission testing of their diesel-engine vehicles, which resulted in over 31 billion euros in fines, penalties and other direct costs. We believe that incentive mechanisms could have been in place that would have prevented these very significant losses. Thus, we believe that there exist potential mechanisms that would benefit both the corporation and the engineers. We further believe that these mechanisms would not only improve corporate profitability but they have the potential to save many lives as well.
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Khan, Osama Hasan, Omer Gurpinar, Raj Banerjee, Daniel Pupim Kano, Camillo Tellez, Gabriel Gil Suarez, Ricardo Grijalva und Samad Ali. „Subsurface-Guided Production Surveillance for High-Confidence Operational Decisions“. In ADIPEC. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/215984-ms.
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Abstract The surveillance team in an oilfield has the difficult task of maximizing hydrocarbon production while delaying water production to achieve optimum profitability. For instance, in a waterflooded asset, it needs to intelligently allocate the available injection water to achieve a balanced sweep of oil across the reservoir. A sound understanding of the subsurface flow and inter-well communication is essential here, but the team rarely has access to high-fidelity tools that can help them understand the reservoir behavior. Reservoir simulation models encapsulate all the acquired data along with the interpretations of the subsurface teams and are thus ideal tools to base such decisions on but are seldom used in operations as the associated workflows do not conform to the fast decision-making timeframe. This paper presents a system that leverages cloud scalability, automation, and data analytics to extract insights from subsurface models and generate timely operational advice. The solution connects subsurface models with real-time production data through a cloud-based data platform to automate the update of models with the latest production data. An optimizer is employed that uses streamline-based properties to determine the optimum operating settings for the injection and production wells. The optimization objective can be tailored to align with the asset management goals, such as reducing water recycling and balancing recovery or voidage across the field. The outputs from the subsurface model are translated into actionable insights through a dashboard of fit-for-purpose analytics that presents operational recommendations along with the forecasted outcomes. The system also performs a series of domain-derived confidence checks on the model to quantify the reliability of the recommendations generated. A virtual field management framework is used that captures all the field operating constraints. The entire workflow is automated and can be scheduled to run at a defined frequency so that the surveillance team always has access to proposed actions based on the latest production conditions. To further accelerate the time to decision, machine learning-based avatars of the full subsurface model and reduced-order representations can be integrated into the framework. A case study is presented that describes the application of this subsurface model-driven operational optimization system to a field in the Amazon basin, South America. Using the solution, the subsurface modeling, production surveillance, and operations teams were able to work together to identify opportunities for reducing water recycling and increasing oil production while considerably accelerating the decision-making process due to automation and focused analytics. The paper demonstrates how the latest digital technologies have removed the barriers to the use of detailed subsurface models in guiding operations. The framework described can be used to improve the operational decision-making in any hydrocarbon asset regardless of the recovery mechanism.
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Kioskli, Kitty, Laura Bishop, Nineta Polemi und Antonis Ramfos. „Towards a Human-Centric AI Trustworthiness Risk Management Framework“. In 15th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2024). AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004766.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) aims to replicate human behavior in socio-technical systems, with a strong focus on AI engineering to replace human decision-making. However, an overemphasis on AI system autonomy can lead to bias, unfair, non-ethical decisions, and thus a lack of trust, resulting in decreased performance, motivation, and competitiveness. To mitigate these AI threats, developers are incorporating ethical considerations, often with input from ethicists, and using technical tools like IBM's Fairness 360 and Google's What-If tool to assess and improve fairness in AI systems. These efforts aim to create more trustworthy and equitable AI technologies. Building trustworthiness in AI technology does not necessarily imply that the human user will fundamentally trust it. For humans to use technology trust must be present, something challenging when AI lacks a permanent/stable physical embodiment. It is also important to ensure humans do not over-trust resulting in AI misuse. Trustworthiness should be assessed in relation to human acceptance, performance, satisfaction, and empowerment to make design choices that grant them ultimate control over AI systems, and the extent to which the technology meets the business context of the socio-technical system where it's used. For AI to be perceived as trustworthy, it must also align with the legal, moral, ethical principles, and behavioral patterns of its human users, whilst also considering the organizational responsibility and liability associated with the socio-technical system's business objectives. Commitment to incorporating these principles to create secure and effective decision support AI systems will offer a competitive advantage to organizations that integrate them.Based on this need, the proposed framework is a synthesis of research from diverse disciplines (cybersecurity, social and behavioral sciences, ethics) designed to ensure the trustworthiness of AI-driven hybrid decision support while accommodating the specific decision support needs and trust of human users. Additionally, it aims to align with the key performance indicators of the socio-technical environment where it operates. This framework serves to empower AI system developers, business leaders offering AI-based services, as well as AI system users, such as educators, professionals, and policymakers, in achieving a more absolute form of human-AI trustworthiness. It can also be used by security defenders to make fair decisions during AI incident handling. Our framework extends the proposed NIST AI Risk Management Framework (AI-RFM) since at all stages of the trustworthiness risk management dynamic cycle (threat assessment, impact assessment, risk assessment, risk mitigation), human users are considered (e.g., their morals, ethics, behavior, IT maturity) as well as the primary business objectives of the AI socio-technical system under assessment. Co-creation and human experiment processes must accompany all stages of system management and are therefore part of the proposed framework. This interaction facilitates the execution of continuous trustworthiness improvement processes. During each cycle of trustworthiness risk mitigation, human user assessment will take place, leading to the identification of corrective actions and additional mitigation activities to be implemented before the next improvement cycle. Thus, the main objective of this framework is to help build ‘trustworthy’ AI systems that are ultimately trusted by their users.
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Fani, Virginia, Bianca Bindi und Romeo Bandinelli. „Designing And Optimizing Production In A High Variety / Low Volume Environment Through Data-Driven Simulation“. In 35th ECMS International Conference on Modelling and Simulation. ECMS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7148/2021-0010.
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HVLV environments are characterized by high product variety and small lot production, pushing companies to recursively design and optimize their production systems in a very short time to reach high-level performance. To increase their competitiveness, companies belonging to these industries, often SMEs working as third parties, ask for decision-making tools to support them in a quick and reactive reconfiguration of their production lines. Traditional discrete event simulation models, widely studied in the literature to solve production-related issues, do not allow real-time support to business decisions in dynamic contexts, due to the time-consuming activities needed to re-align parameters to changing environments. Data-driven approach overcomes these limitations, giving the possibility to easily update input and quickly rebuild the model itself without any changes in the modeling code. The proposed data-driven simulation model has also been interfaced with a commonly-used BI tool to support companies in the iterative comparison of different scenarios to define the optimal resource allocation for the requested production plan. The simulation model has been implemented into a SME operating in the footwear industry, showing how this approach can be used by companies to increase their performance even without a specific knowledge in building and validating simulation models.
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POPESCU, Mirona Ana Maria, Petronela Cristina SIMION und Ioanis PUFLEANU. „EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN ROMANIA. A CASE STUDY OF ROMANIAN IT COMPANIES“. In International Conference of Management and Industrial Engineering. Editura Niculescu, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56177/11icmie2023.38.
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Employee retention is a critical aspect of organizational success in today's competitive business environment. This study presents a quantitative research methodology aimed at investigating employee retention, focusing on two primary objectives. Firstly, it seeks to identify the root causes of high turnover rates within an organization, including factors such as dissatisfaction with compensation, limited opportunities for growth, work-life balance issues, management challenges, and other potential contributors. Secondly, the research aims to gain a comprehensive understanding of employee expectations concerning the workplace and the organization. The study's findings contribute to the development of evidence-based strategies for employee retention, tailored to address the identified root causes and align with employee expectations. By quantitatively analyzing these crucial aspects, organizations can make informed decisions and implement practices that foster a more engaged and satisfied workforce, ultimately reducing turnover rates and enhancing overall productivity and success.
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Takahashi, Natsumi, Takashi Hashimoto, Amna Javed und Youji Kohda. „Visualising Transformation Strategies for Navigating Organisational Change Dynamics: A Case Study of Resource Management in a Japanese Corporation“. In 15th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2024). AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1005107.
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Diversity management is an important topic in today’s business world perspective of human resource management; however, it is difficult to align diversity management with the bottom line because it requires investments, contributions, and resources that do not return to the bottom line in the short term. In addition, the lack of a clear method for evaluating effectiveness makes it difficult to make preliminary estimates and decisions regarding strategy implementation. Currently, diversity, quality, and inclusion (DEI) research is being conducted worldwide, and a few drastic solutions have been proposed. This study focuses on the implementation of DEI promotion strategies in companies and explores methods to explain the impact of such strategies in the field. This study provides a way to explain the value of strategies such as DEI, for which quantitative evaluation methods have not yet been established to activate organizational transformation projects in the workplace. It also provides tools to support middle managers who implement strategies in their organisations.
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Beitelmal, Wesam, Wael Alruqi und Mohamed Zoubi. „Strategies foImproving Construction Safety Performance in Developing Context“. In The 2nd International Conference on Civil Infrastructure and Construction. Qatar University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/cic.2023.0016.
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Inexperience and lack of awareness of workplace appropriate actions are the common reasons behind accidents and injuries. Researchers and industry practitioners in developed countries identified more than 12 strategies that might lead to preventing worksite injuries. However, these strategies are specific to the developed context. Developing countries still fail to identify safety strategies that might align with their safety policies and procedures. This paper aims to take the first step towards identifying the best safety strategies in the developing context. Thus, the main research question is how can companies start to implement safety strategies with consideration of their context? This study applied a mixed method to meet the objectives of the study. The Delphi method was used to obtain the needed data. The descriptive analysis shows that four important strategies are identified out of the 12 strategies: Upper Management Support, Safety and Health Committees, Record Keeping and Accident Analysis, and Job Hazard Analyses. The findings of this paper can be used by managers to make defendable decisions to start implementing safety strategies in their organizations. Also, they will illuminate the developing countries' safety culture perspective and the implementation processes.
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Lick, Jonas, Benedict Wohlers, Philipp Sahrhage, Felix Schreckenberg, Susanne Klöckner, Sebastian Von Enzberg, Arno Kühn und Roman Dumitrescu. „Integrating Domain Expertise and Artificial Intelligence for Effective Supply Chain Management Planning Tasks: A Collaborative Approach“. In AHFE 2023 Hawaii Edition. AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004185.
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The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques into various domains has revolutionized numerous industries, and Supply Chain Management (SCM) is no exception. This paper addresses the challenges encountered in SCM and the development of AI solutions within this context. Specifically, we focus on the application of AI in optimizing supply chain planning tasks. This includes forecasting demand, availability and feasibility checks for customer orders, supply chain network design and information flow inside the supply chain planning processes. However, the successful implementation of AI in SCM requires a deep understanding of both the domain-specific challenges and the capabilities and limitations of AI technologies. Thus, this paper proposes an overarching approach that facilitates collaboration between domain experts in SCM and AI experts, enabling them to jointly develop effective solutions.The paper begins by outlining the key challenges faced by SCM professionals, including demand volatility, complexities in inventory management, and dynamic market conditions. Subsequently, it delves into the challenges associated with developing AI solutions for SCM, including data quality, interpretability, and model transparency. To address these challenges, the proposed approach promotes close collaboration and knowledge exchange between SCM and AI experts. By leveraging the domain knowledge and experience of SCM experts, AI experts can better understand the special issues of SCM processes and tailor AI techniques to suit specific needs. In turn, SCM experts can gain insights into the capabilities and limitations of AI, allowing them to make informed decisions regarding the adoption and integration of AI in their supply chain planning operations. Furthermore, the paper discusses the importance of establishing a multidisciplinary team comprising experts from the fields of SCM, AI, and IT. This team-based approach fosters a holistic understanding of SCM challenges and ensures the development of AI solutions that align with business goals and practical constraints.In conclusion, this paper highlights the challenges in combining SCM and AI and proposes a collaborative approach to address these challenges effectively. By leveraging the expertise of both domain and AI experts, organizations can develop tailored AI solutions that enhance supply chain planning, improve decision-making processes, and drive competitive advantage. The proposed approach contributes to the successful integration of AI in SCM, ultimately leading to more efficient and resilient supply chains in the era of artificial intelligence.
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Nemeth, Christopher, Adam Amos-Binks, Gregory Rule, Dawn Laufersweiler, Natalie Keeney, Yuliya Pinevich und Vitaly Herasevich. „Real Time Battlefield Casualty Care Decision Support“. In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002112.
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Tactical combat casualty care (TCCC) involves care for casualties in armed conflict from one’s own service (e.g., U.S. Marine Corps), other services (i.e., U.S. Army, Air Force,), allied forces, adversaries, and civilians. To minimize injury and preserve life, medics perform TCCC which includes casualty retrieval, stabilization and documentation, transport, triage, and treatment. In future scenarios, delays in evacuation are expected to require extended care including prolonged field care (PFC) over hours to days, increasing the potential for complications such as bloodstream infection (sepsis). Most medics have only simple equipment and essential medications and will need assistance at point of care to make decisions on how to treat more complex cases and perform procedures in an austere setting.We describe a project for the Defense Health Agency (DHA) over 3 years to develop and evaluate the Trauma Triage Treatment and Training Decision Support (4TDS), a real-time decision support system (DSS) to monitor casualty health. The operating 4TDS prototype uses the Samsung smart phone and tablet certified for use in the Department of Defense (DoD) Nett Warrior program. Connection to a simple VitalTag (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA) vital signs monitor placed on a casualty at point of injury (PoI) will stream patient data including heart rate, respiration rate, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), and diastolic and systolic blood pressure. Nurses, technicians, and physicians can use the tablet to display an expanded data set including lab values while providing care at a Battalion Aid Station (BAS) and Field Hospital (FH).4TDS includes a Machine Learning (ML) model to indicate shock probability, risk of internal hemorrhage, and probability of the need for a massive transfusion. The shock model was trained on Mayo Clinic Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patient data, then evaluated in a 6-month “silent test” comparing shock prediction with actual clinician diagnoses. The model only uses 6 vital signs, which is suited to battlefield care, while other published results include lab tests (e.g., lactate), and produces a Receiver Operator Characteristic Curve (ROC) of 0.83 for shock detection. The model only decreases by 0.05 90 minutes, identifying shock probability well before its onset. Medic reviews indicate a 30-minute advanced warning would be more than sufficient to initiate treatment.Medics who provide PFC may need to perform life-critical procedures such as shock management, cricothyroidotomy intubation, and transfusion that may not have been used for an extended period. 4TDS includes refresher training in how to perform such a procedure, as well as whether to perform the procedure. Usability assessments with healthcare providers from the Army, Navy, and Air Force at Joint Base San Antonio, TX have demonstrated 4TDS and its capabilities align with TCCC practice. This work is supported by the US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command under Contract No. W81XWH‐15‐9‐0001.
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Geri, Mohammed Ba, Ahmed Amer und Lucio Bussaglia. „How Superior Water-Based Fluids Can Reduce CO2 Emissions and Drilling's Environmental Impact?“ In SPE Europe Energy Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/220022-ms.
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Abstract The oil and gas industry faces mounting pressure to reduce its environmental footprint, particularly concerning greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions contributing to climate change. Drilling operations represent a significant source, accounting for an estimated 11.6% of emissions within the industry's upstream activities. This study investigates quantifying the potential reduction in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and overall environmental impact by transitioning from nonaqueous (oil/synthetic-based) to aqueous (water-based) drilling fluids. A multi-phase analysis was conducted to develop a comprehensive carbon emissions calculator for the entire lifecycle of nonaqueous fluids used in deep-water drilling operations in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. Across six lifecycle stages, from raw material transportation to disposal/reuse, the calculator quantifies CO2 emissions based on activity data and emission factors. Preliminary findings indicate rig operations (62%) and solids control/cuttings management (29%) contribute 91% of total calculated emissions. Case studies are presented demonstrating the emissions reduction potential of aqueous fluids. In the Gulf of Mexico, sustainable water-based mud eliminated operational steps like pit cleaning compared to nonaqueous fluids, reducing associated emissions. For a 12-well campaign in the Permian Basin, aqueous fluids reduced drilling days per well from 20 to 13 on average versus nonaqueous, resulting in a 37% reduction in CO2 emissions. The study proposes adapting this calculator framework to model representative aqueous fluid systems, enabling direct comparison of emissions profiles across all stages. Aqueous fluids’ inherent nature suggests reducible impacts through lower transportation volumes, less energy-intensive preparation, enhanced drilling performance, minimized rig time, and more straightforward waste management. However comprehensive comparative data is ongoing, aqueous fluids demonstrate compelling potential to lower the substantial carbon footprint associated with drilling activities. This rigorous methodology enables evidence-based decisions on drilling fluid selection to align with sustainability initiatives and improve environmental stewardship. The study proposes adapting this calculator framework to model a representative aqueous fluid system for the same drilling application. The potential environmental benefit achieved by using an aqueous fluid can be quantified by directly comparing the emissions profiles across all lifecycle stages. Aqueous fluids are expected to reduce impacts through lower transportation volumes, less energy-intensive preparation, enhanced drilling performance, minimized rig time, and more straightforward waste management. While comprehensive data is still needed for the complete comparative analysis, the inherent nature of aqueous fluids strongly suggests they offer a viable pathway to lowering the carbon footprint associated with drilling activities. This study establishes the foundational methodology to evaluate such environmental impacts rigorously, enabling operators to make informed decisions when selecting drilling fluid systems to improve sustainability practices.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Decisions that align"
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Monasterolo, Irene, und Ulrich Volz. Addressing climate-related financial risks and overcoming barriers to scaling-up sustainable investment. Vienna University of Economics and Business, Dezember 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc007.
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Climate change represents a material risk for individual financial institutions and systemic financial stability. Moreover, there is increasing awareness that finance plays a crucial role in achieving the global climate targets. However, to date, climate risks are not sufficiently accounted for, hindering sustainable investments. To align finance with sustainability and safeguard macro-financial stability, it is crucial to adequately assess forward-looking climate risks for lending and investment decisions. The Group of Twenty should support efforts by central banks, financial supervisors, international financial organizations, and the financial sector to integrate climate and sustainability factors into risk management and advance the mainstreaming of sustainable finance.
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Conery, Ian, Nicholas Olsen, Shannon Brown und Katherine Brodie. Quantifying coastal evolution and project performance at beaches by using satellite imagery. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), Juni 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48671.
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Accurately delineating the shoreline is crucial for tracking coastal evolution, community vulnerability, storm impacts, and for coastal management decision-making. However, existing shoreline measurement methods are often time-consuming and expensive and therefore, USACE Districts are often forced to narrow areas of interest or monitoring frequency, decreasing the likelihood of making data-driven management decisions, especially over regional scales. In the last decade, space-borne earth observations have captured images subweekly, and can potentially be used for shoreline monitoring. This work investigated the Python-based CoastSat toolkit and compared the shorelines derived from publicly available satellite imagery to ground truth surveys at 37 sites across the nation chosen in coordination with Districts. Mean horizontal errors ranged from 4.21 to 20.58 m with an overall mean of 11.32 m. Tidal corrections improved accuracies at 82% of sites. The CoastSat slope function was tested and there were negligible differences in shoreline accuracy when compared with user-defined slopes. Twenty-year satellite-derived trends generally align well with ground truth trends. The satellite approach identified quantifying storm impacts and recovery, beach nourishment equilibration, diffusion and decay, shoreline response to nearshore berm placements and decadal shoreline evolution at the evaluated district sites. Work is ongoing to transition to a user-friendly software tool.
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Spano, Christian, Paolo Natali, Charles Cannon, Suzanne Greene, Osvaldo Urzúa, Carlos Sucre und Adriana Unzueta. Latin America and the Caribbean 2050: Becoming a Global Low-Carbon Metals and Solutions Hub. Inter-American Development Bank, Juli 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003412.
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This report evaluates scope 3 emissions along the copper and iron ore value chains and the opportunities that Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) has to become a low carbon metals and solutions hub. The report presents four carbon emission scenarios that represent different sets of decisions for policy-makers and investors. Two scenarios fall short of aligning with Paris targets: (1) the business as usual (BaU) scenario with no further abatement action; and (2) a BaU scenario with the current level of emission reduction potential from players in the value chain (BaU Possible). The other two scenarios deliver the required carbon reductions to be compliant with the Paris Agreement by 2060, but through different strategies: (3) the BaU Paris scenario. where alignment with Paris targets is achieved by keeping BaU volumes and reducing carbon intensity per tonne of metal; and (4) the Decoupled scenario, where carbon intensity reductions are relaxed and compensated by a reduction in primary supply to align the value chain emissions to a Paris trajectory. All scenarios require LACs leaders to consider investments in low-carbon technology in different degrees. The report argues that, given its competitive position in the cost curve for copper and iron ore and an abundance of enabling factors for low carbon strategies, the region could become a key source of low carbon metals and solutions as long as it is proactive in adopting all the necessary measures from public sector and industry perspectives. Finally, the report concludes that myriad opportunities exist for LAC, including new business models, technologies and products, and that these could yield a greater economic and social contribution to the region than the BaU trajectories.
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Reynolds, Christian, Libby Oakden, Sarah West, Rachel Pateman und Chris Elliott. Citizen Science and Food: A Review. Food Standards Agency, März 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.nao903.
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Citizen science and food is part of a new programme of work to explore how we can involve the communities we serve when building the evidence-base on which policy decisions are made. Citizen science is an approach that can provide high volumes of data with a wide geographic spread. It is relatively quick to deploy and allows access to evidence we would ordinarily have difficulty collating. This methodology has been endorsed by the European Commission for Research, Science and Innovation. There is no one size fits all definition, but citizen science projects involves engaging with communities and asking them to be part of the project, either through engaging them in data collection or through other ways of co-creation. For participants, citizen science offers learning opportunities, the satisfaction of contributing to scientific evidence and the potential to influence policy. It can also give us data which is high in volume, has wide geographical spread, is relatively quick to deploy and that we couldn’t access any other way. Projects using these methods often involve engaging with communities and asking them to be part of the project. This can be either through working with them in data collection, or through co-creation. This report demonstrates that the research community are already undertaking numerous pieces of research that align with FSA’s evidence needs. This includes examples from the UK and other global communities. Participants in such research have collected data on topics ranging from food preparation in the home to levels of chemical contaminant in foods. The findings of this report outline that citizen science could allow the FSA to target and facilitate more systematic engagement with UK and global research communities, to help address key research priorities of the FSA.
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Huynh, Diana, Louise Ormstrup Vestergård, Lisa Rohrer, Åsa Ström Hildestrand, Nora Sánchez Gassen und Henrietta Nyström. The missing multiplier: How to use public procurement for more sustainable municipalities. Nordregio, Mai 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/pb2022:3.2001-3876.
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This policy brief is based on the final instalment of Nordregio’s three Localising Agenda 2030 webinars held in March 2022. It aims to highlight the lessons learned from front-runner municipalities, as well as inspire local and national decision-makers to invest in and build capacity for sustainable procurement processes. In this webinar, the municipalities of Gladsaxe, Denmark, and Vantaa, Finland, shared how they have altered local procurement processes to align with sustainability goals. Together with panellists from the National Agency for Public Procurement in Sweden, the Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise (NHO) in Norway, and KEINO in Finland, the discussion addressed how other municipalities can use public procurement to strengthen sustainability practices and SDG mainstreaming across the Nordic Region.
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Suarez, David, Juan Manuel Puerta, Thomas Reichmann, Juan Carlos Di Tata und Cheryl Gray. IDB-9: Macroeconomic Sustainability Assessments. Inter-American Development Bank, März 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009099.
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One of the most debated parts of the IDB-9 Agreement was the requirement that the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB or Bank) enhance its macroeconomic analysis and link it to its country programming to avoid lending in unsustainable macroeconomic situations. The IDB-9 Agreement mandated that the Chief Economist prepare annual Macroeconomic Sustainability Assessments for each borrowing country and that a positive judgment on sustainability is one of the prerequisites, among others, for maintaining the Bank's aggregate exposure with the country including both sovereign and non-sovereign operations. OVE finds that the MSA requirement has been substantially implemented but faces many difficulties that seriously impede its likely effectiveness. The quality of the MSAs, though reasonable given the resources allocated, lacks depth in many areas, particularly financial sustainability and inflation. More generally, there is no methodology that could reliably do what is expected: predict macroeconomic crises in the near term. There are few checks and balances in the system, and none relating to the Chief Economist's conclusion and determination of sustainability. The MSA process entails significant costs for the Bank, including in country relations and IDB Board cohesion and collaboration. Though the MSA process has the potential to further the underlying IDB-9 goal of preventing lending in unsustainable macroeconomic situations, the process will not achieve the broader objective of stopping increases in Bank exposure for the foreseeable future: existing IDB disbursement and repayment schedules will lead to increasing exposure in almost all borrowing countries in the coming 5-10 years. OVE suggests that the Governors, the Board, and Management reconsider the design of the MSA process to align benefits and costs more closely. A useful way to think about changes is to "unbundle" the two rationales for MSAs -limiting IDB's credit risk and promoting development effectiveness. The credit risk rationale argues for the type of short-term focus and yes-no decision-making used in the MSAs, and Management may wish to strengthen the ability of its risk management group to perform independent credit risk assessment of the sovereign portfolio. The development rationale argues for a more medium-term instrument with a broader focus, as macroeconomic policies are not the only ones that matter for development. One option would be to strengthen the Bank's Independent Macroeconomic Assessments for policy-based lending, with clear guidelines to ensure their effective coverage and implementation. IDB could also strengthen its macroeconomic and policy analysis through its regular program of economic and sector work. It is clearly feasible for the IDB to have a stronger role than it now has in policy analysis and advice to its borrowing countries.
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Walz, Yvonne, Florence Nick, Oscar Higuera Roa, Udo Nehren und Zita Sebesvari. Coherence and Alignment among Sustainable Land Management, Ecosystem-based Adaptation, Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction and Nature-based Solutions. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/mwgp9896.
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Approaches integrating environmental management practices have been gaining importance in recent years. Sustainable Land Management (SLM), Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA), Ecosystem-based disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR) and Nature-based Solutions (NbS) are widely applied approaches that tackle certain drivers of challenges such as food insecurity, water scarcity, decline in biodiversity and threats to livelihoods, while also considering both human well-being and ecosystem functions and services. Better understanding the similarities, differences and relationships between these approaches helps to improve efficiency in implementation and leverage synergies. By shedding more light on where these approaches align, investments in land-based solutions in response to different types of environmental challenges can be more effectively designed to achieve multiple targets. In response to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) decision 19/COP.14 paragraph 4, the main objective of this report is to understand and elaborate upon the characteristics of SLM, EbA, Eco-DRR and NbS. The report begins with an overview of the historical backgrounds and origins of SLM, EbA, Eco-DRR and NbS. Despite differences in their specific goals and targeted benefits, all approaches aim for the support of biodiversity, land-based ecosystems and ecosystem services and functions, and employ measures to conserve, restore and sustainably use land to support ecosystem services and functions, including SLM technologies. Furthermore, irrespective of their different goals, the projects developed under any approach can generate comparable co-benefits, especially due to their support of biodiversity. The capacity for all these approaches to deliver multiple co-benefits means that projects of each approach can directly contribute to implementing the specific goals of the other approaches as well. Thus, multiple global and national targets, frameworks, strategies and conventions which call for the implementation of one or more of these approaches, can benefit from this report by avoiding duplication and reducing the overall investments necessary to achieve the set targets and goals. This is critical for achieving the ambitious Agenda 2030, including voluntary land degradation neutrality (LDN) targets and climate action under the Paris Agreement. It will also be the case for the post-2020 global biodiversity framework currently under development. The added value that will come from optimizing the links among these approaches extends from national policymakers to the practitioners of SLM, EbA and Eco-DRR projects, which all share the ultimate goal of sustainable development. To capture the coherence and alignment among these approaches, their similarities and differences have been summarized in a conceptual framework. The framework has been designed to help practitioners understand the specific goals of each approach, and to link these to the relevant global and national targets, frameworks, strategies and conventions, which can support monitoring and evaluation as well as reporting processes. The synergies among these approaches are further illustrated based on three case studies in order to demonstrate opportunities for leveraging multiple co-benefits and targets at implementation level irrespective of the different objectives under each. The results of this assessment demonstrate that activities under one approach can be beneficial to achieve the specific goals of other approaches with little additional effort. It is essential for policymakers, project developers and practitioners to recognize that. This is key to the achievement of sustainable development.
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Monitoring Long-Term Cardiovascular Risk from Estrogen Use in Transgender Women - Evidence Update for Clinicians. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), Februar 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.25302/eu11.2020.2.
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A PCORI-funded study provides new information for primary care clinicians about the need to monitor long-term cardiovascular risks in transgender women receiving hormone therapy. Approximately 1.4 million transgender people live in the United States. Many transgender women pursue medical transition with hormone therapy including estrogen to align their bodies with their female gender identity. Evidence suggests that medical transition confers significant psychological benefits including reduced depression, anxiety, and suicidality and improved quality of life. However, the risks of using estrogen, including cardiovascular risks, are not well understood. Recent evidence on these risks can help inform decisions and improve care for transgender women who are currently using or formerly used estrogen.
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Understanding the international provision of allergen information picture in the non-prepacked sector. Food Standards Agency, Juli 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.jsi798.
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Our rapid evidence assessment aimed to develop an understanding of the international provision of allergen information in the non-prepacked food sector. A mixed-methods approach was used, including a rapid literature and data review, stakeholder interviews, as well as co-production panel review with our advisor (Dr Audrey DunnGalvin) and members of Allergy UK and the FSA. We found legislation on nine of the 18 countries within the scope for this project. These included three EU countries who have also brought in additional national requirements to EU legislation (Lithuania, Republic of Ireland, and Netherlands); two non-EU countries that align to EU legislation and have additional legislation in place (Switzerland, and Norway); three non-European countries (US, Philippines, and Canada) have legislation in place or draft form; and the UK. While legislation was not found in English for the other countries, all 27 EU member states follow the EU legislation as a minimum requirement. The UK follows EU legislation as we were a member state at the time of implementation. The UK has since left the EU; however the legislation has been retained. The UK has additional legislation for food that is prepacked for direct sale (PPDS), but not other types of non-prepacked food. There is considerable variation across countries and regions, in terms of type of allergens and foods covered, the required format of provision of allergen information (e.g., verbal or written) and the food establishments included within the legislation. Across all countries included within the review, the use of precautionary allergen labelling was voluntary. The overall objective of this rapid evidence assessment was to develop recommendations for the FSA to inform future policy and regulation decisions based on evidence of ‘what works’. However, the reviewed literature provided no evidence of whether approaches are associated with improved safety, compliance, unintended consequences, or feasibility. We were also unable to infer effectiveness via data on reported trends in deaths or incidents pre and post implementation of legislation, as these data was not found for any country. Similarly, there was not enough evidence to allow a systematic analysis of incidents associated with different types or categories of food business operators (FBOs) selling non-prepacked foods. We are therefore unable to provide clear recommendations of ‘what works’ from the evidence. We have instead gathered information on the ideas or potential solutions suggested in the literature.
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Monetary Policy Report, October 2023. Banco de la República, Dezember 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr4-2023.
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Inflation has decreased since April, and it is projected to continue to reduce significantly throughout 2024 as it converges toward 3%. In September 2023, the headline annual inflation rate was 10.99% and completed six consecutive months of declines. Core inflation, excluding food and regulated items, has experienced three consecutive months of reductions and currently stands at 9.5%. The reduction in inflation has been slower than the projected by the Central Bank and market analysts, primarily due to: More persistent price increases in services and regulated baskets, which are affected by indexation mechanisms of past inflation and minimum wage. Increases in some prices of perishable food items. Going forward, monetary policy actions will continue contributing to inflation reduction in 2024 and its convergence toward the 3% target during 2025. Projections for 2024 consider the impact of the El Niño with moderate effects on food and energy prices, the implementation of healthy taxes, and necessary adjustments in fuel prices. Economic activity and employment continue to grow, with a projected GDP growth of 1.2% for 2023. The economic slowdown this year allows economic activity and consumption and investment expenditures to align with the long-term productive capacity of the economy, contributing to inflation reduction. For the third quarter, available economic indicators suggest an annual GDP growth of 0.4%. Despite the low growth rate, economic activity would maintain the high levels achieved in the first half of the year. Employment continues to grow in most economic sectors, and the unemployment rate remains historically low. The economic slowdown has been milder than the projected by the Central Bank, resulting in an upward revision of the 2023 growth rate from 0.9% to 1.2%. For 2024, the economy is expected to maintain a slow growth pace (0.8%), contributing to the inflation convergence to the target. Private consumption will adjust, while investment levels will remain lower than before the pandemic. In 2025, the economy is expected to return to growth rates close to those sustainable in the long-term. These adjustments in the economy are reflected in a reduction of the current account deficit and less vulnerability to external conditions changes. The policy interest rate remains at 13.25%, currently appropriate level to consolidate inflation reduction toward the 3% target and to foster sustainable economic growth. In the September and October meetings of 2023, the Board of Directors, by majority, decided to keep the interest rate unchanged at 13.25%. The current monetary policy stance is driven by persistent high inflation, forecasts and expectations of inflation exceeding the 3% target, and with levels of economic activity close to its productive capacity. The Bank will continue to monitor the economy and its key risks to make decisions that are in the best interest of the country. Some important risk factors to watch in the coming months include: El Niño phenomenon evolution, which may result in additional impacts on inflation. Wage adjustments that will be determined in the coming months. The persistence of higher price increases, particularly, in the services sub-basket. The behavior of global short and long-term interest rates that may affect the exchange rate. The economic slowdown. Reducing inflation brings multiple benefits to the economy: Reducing inflation toward the target supports the preservation of wage purchasing power. Low and stable inflation prevents regressive income and wealth redistributions. In particular, low-income individuals and the unemployed have fewer mechanisms to shield themselves from the eroding impact of inflation on their income and savings. When inflation is low, it becomes more predictable and facilitates the development and continuity of long-term financing markets (such as TES and mortgages), enabling the financing of government, corporate, and household investment projects. Additionally, when inflation is low, real interest rates are lower, making it more affordable to finance these projects. When inflation is low and stable, price movements of goods and services are more informative about the sectors in which it is most valuable to increase production. This leads to a better sectoral allocation of capital and labor and, therefore, to raising the total productivity of the economy.