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1
Nystrom, Ingemar, und Tim Gatton. „RANGE UPGRADE FOR DATA RECORDING AND REPRODUCTION“. International Foundation for Telemetering, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/608296.
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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 23-26, 2000 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, CaliforniaFlexible data multiplexing that supports both low-speed (4 Mbps) to very high-speed output devices (networks and recording systems up to 480 Mbps), along with data network formatting, can greatly enhance the results of range upgrading.
2
Heiss, Detlef Guntram. „Calibrating the photographic reproduction of colour digital images“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24680.
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Colour images can be formed by the combination of stimuli in three primary colours. As a result, digital colour images are typically represented as a triplet of values, each value corresponding to the stimulus of a primary colour. The precise stimulus that the eye receives as a result of any particular triplet of values depends on the display device or medium used. Photographic film is one such medium for the display of colour images.
This work implements a software system to calibrate the response given to a triplet of values by an arbitrary combination of film recorder and film, in terms of a measurable film property. The implemented system determines the inverse of the film process numerically. It is applied to calibrate the Optronics C-4500 colour film writer of the UBC Laboratory for Computational Vision. Experimental results are described and compared in order to estimate the expected accuracy that can be obtained with this device using commercially available film processing.Science, Faculty of
Computer Science, Department of
Graduate
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Rao, Shaoqi. „Genetic Analysis of Sheep Discrete Reproductive Traits Using Simulation and Field Data“. Diss., Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30490.
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The applicability of restricted maximum likelihood (REML) in genetic analyses of categorical data was evaluated using simulation and field data. Four genetic models were used to simulate underlying phenotypic variates, which were derived as the sum of additive genetic and environmental effects (Model 1A and 1B) or additive genetic and permanent and temporary environmental effects (Model 2A and 2B). Fifty-eight replicates were simulated, each of which contained 5000 ewes by 500 sires and 5000 dams and with up to five records per ewe. The usual transformation of heritability estimated on the categorical scale to the normal scale for fertility and litter size performed better for a simple animal model than for a repeatability model. Genetic correlation estimates between the two categorical traits for Model 1B and 2B were .49 ± .01 and .48 ± .04, respectively, and were close to the expected value of .50. However, permanent and temporary environmental correlations whose input values were each .50 were underestimated with estimates of .41 ± .05 and .26 ± .03, respectively for Model 2B, and .33 ± .02 for the temporary environmental correlation for Model 1B.
Bivariate genetic analyses of litter size with growth and fleece traits were carried out by REML for the data of Suffolk, Targhee and Polypay. Direct heritabilities for most growth traits in all the breeds were low (<.20). Maternal genetic and maternal permanent environmental effects were important for all body weights except for the weaning weight at 120 d for Polypay sheep. Estimates of heritability and permanent environmental effects for litter size for these breeds ranged from .09 to .12 and .00 to .05, respectively. Heritabilities for grease fleece weight and fiber diameter were high for Targhee and Polypay sheep. Direct genetic correlations between growth and litter size were favorable for Suffolk and Targhee but weak for Polypay sheep. Genetic correlations between maternal effects for growth and direct effects for litter size for the breeds were generally small. Within-trait maternal-direct genetic correlations for growth in the breeds were variable and generally negative. Direct genetic correlations of litter size with grease fleece weight and fiber diameter were variable across the breeds.Ph. D.
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Vieira, Julio Cesar de Azevedo. „Forecast dengue fever cases using time series models with exogenous covariates: climate, effective reproduction number, and twitter data“. reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/24308.
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Dengue é uma doença infecciosa que afeta países subtropicais. Autoridades de saúde locais utilizam informações sobre o número de notificações para monitorar e prever epidemias. Este trabalho foca na modelagem do número de casos de dengue semanal em quatro cidades do estado do Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, São Gonçalo, Campos dos Goytacazes, e Petrópolis. Modelos de séries temporais são frequentemente utilizados para prever o número de casos de dengue nos próximos ciclos (semanas ou meses), particularmente, modelos SARIMA (Modelo Sazonal Autorregressivo Integrado de Médias Móveis) apresentam uma boa performance em situações distintas. Modelagens alternativas ainda incluem informação sobre o clima da região para melhorar a performance preditiva. Apesar disso, modelos que usam apenas dados históricos e de clima podem não possuir informações suficientes para capturar mudanças entre os regimes de não-epidemia e epidemia. Duas razões para isso são o atraso na notificação dos casos e que possivelmente não houveram epidemias nos anos anteriores. Baseando-se no sistema de monitoramento InfoDengue, esperasse que incluindo dados sobre ”numero de reprodução efetiva dos mosquitos”(RT) e ”número de tweets se referindo a dengue”(tweets) possam melhorar a qualidade das previsões no curto (1 semana) e longo (8 semanas) prazo. Foi possível mostrar que modelos de séries temporais incluindo RT e informações climáticas frequentemente performam melhor do que o modelo SARIMA em termos do erro preditivo quadrático médio (RMSE). Incluir a variável sobre o twitter não mostrou uma melhora no RMSE.
Dengue fever is an infectious disease affecting subtropical countries. Local health departments use the number of notified cases to monitor and predict epidemics. This work focus on modeling weekly incidence of dengue fever in four cities of the state of Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, São Gonçalo, Campos dos Goytacazes, and Petrópolis. Time series models are often used to predict the number of cases in the next cycles (weeks, months), in particular, SARIMA (Seazonal Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average) models are shown to perform well in distinct settings. Alternative models also include climate covariates to improve the quality of the forecasts. However, models that only use historical and climate data may no have sufficient information to capture changes from non-epidemic to an epidemic regime. Two reasons are that there is a delay in the notification of cases and there might not have had epidemics in the previous years. Based on the INFODENGUE monitoring system we argue data including the "effective reproduction number of mosquitoes" (RT) and "number tweets referring to dengue" (tweets) may improve the quality of forecasts in the short (1 week) to long (8 weeks) range. We show that time series models including RT and climate information often outperform SARIMA models in terms of mean squared predictive error (RMSE). Inclusion of twitter did not improve the RMSE.
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Kam, Ka Man. „Reproduction rights in digital environment and copyrights protection : legal issues and challenges“. Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2580191.
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Ekholm, Selling Katarina. „Birth-characteristics, hospitalisations, and childbearing : Epidemiological studies based on Swedish register data“. Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-9660.
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Pessoa, Matilde da Conceição [UNESP]. „Estudo do valor adaptativo anual de fêmeas da raça Nelore utilizando modelos de regressão aleatória“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92548.
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O Objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o valor adaptativo anual para possível utilização como critério de seleção para a eficiência reprodutiva de fêmeas da raça Nelore. Foram estudadas medidas de valor adaptativo do 4º ao 13º ano de permanência no rebanho de 21.610 fêmeas. Os valores adaptativos anuais foram calculados com base na capacidade de sobrevivência e no número de crias deixado ano após ano. O modelo de melhor ajuste aos dados, segundo os critérios adotados, foi o de 5ª ordem para a tendência média da população, 5ª ordem para o efeito genético aditivo direto e 3ª ordem para efeito de ambiente permanente de animal. O modelo heterogêneo com 10 classes foi o mais adequado na modelagem da das variâncias residuais. As herdabilidades para valor adaptativo anual aumentaram com a idade dos animais (0,05 a 0,55). As correlações entre os valores adaptativos em diferentes idades foram baixas nas idades menores e altas entre as idades adultas. A tendência genética para valor adaptativo anual foi realizada com base nos valores genéticos preditos referentes às medidas adaptativas do 4º (Pti4), 8º(Pti8) e 13º(Pti13) ano de idade. Como critério de comparação foram utilizadas as características idade ao primeiro parto (Ipp) e stayability (Stay). As associações entre os valores genéticos preditos das características foram feitas utilizando a correlação de Pearson e porcentagem de touros coincidentes. Estimativas de herdabilidade para Ipp, Stay1 e Stay2 foram respectivamente 0,12, 0,33 e 0,40. As tendências genéticas indicaram que houve ganhos para Pti4 e Pti13 e, para Pti8 as médias dos valores genéticos se mantiveram quase que constantes com o passar dos anos. As associações entre os valores genéticos indicaram maior associação entre valores genéticos preditos para valor adaptativo medido no 4º ano e valores genéticos preditos para as características Ipp e Stay
The objective of this study was to evaluate the annual Fitness as selection criteria for reproductive performance of Nelore cows. We studied measures of fitness of the 4th to the 13th year of stayability of 21,610 females. The annual fitness was calculated based on survivability and the number of offspring left year after year. The most appropriate model, according to criteria adopted, was a 5th order for the average trend of the population, 5th order for the direct genetic effect and 3th order for the permanent environmental effect of animal. The heterogeneous model with 10 classes was the most appropriated in modeling of residual variances. Heritability estimates for annual fitness increased with age of animals (0.05 to 0.55). The correlations between fitness at ages different were lower in younger ages, and high among the adult ages. The genetic trend for annual fitness was based on predicted breeding values to adaptive measures relating to the 4th (Pti4), 8th (Pti8) and 13th (Pti13) years of age. As criterion for comparison were used the traits age at first calving (IPP) and stayability (Stay). The associations between predicted breeding values of traits were made using Pearson correlation and percentage of bulls coincide. Heritability estimates for Ipp, and Stay1 Stay2 were respectively 0.12, 0.33 and 0.40. The genetic trends indicated that there were gains for Pti4 and Pti13, however for Pti8, the average genetic values remained almost constant over the years. The associations between breeding values indicate greater association between breeding values for annual fitness measured in year 4th year and the breeding values for the traits Ipp and Stay
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Duarte, Ana Sofia Ribeiro. „Epidemiological analysis of bluetongue surveillance and vaccination data in some Austrian zones in 2008“. Bachelor's thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/1643.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaBluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) was detected in Austria for the first time, in November 2008. Due to outbreaks previously occurred in German regions close to the Austrian border, an active surveillance system was in place and allowed for an early identification of BTV-8 in the country. Mass emergency vaccination was started in the western part of the country in July 2008, due to the inclusion of that area in the protection zone around German outbreaks. The main objective of this work was to study the occurrence of BTV-8 in Austria in 2008 by i) describing the outbreak in Schärding, ii) comparing the two similar districts with different preventive strategies where BTV was identified - Schärding and Bregenz, iii) evaluating the influence of population dynamics in the duration of vaccinal immunity of cattle from the region of Styria included in the emergency vaccination program, and iv) developing a transmission model for the Styria region. From the analysis of the BT cases occurred in Schärding it was concluded that the moments of infection were very likely between May and October 2008, considering the optimal temperatures for Culicoides abundance that were verified in the region between April and September. The comparison between Schärding and Bregenz, concluded that the former district gathered a higher number of risk factors for disease spread. Higher cattle density in Schärding may have contributed to a higher spread of BTV, whereas the performance of a preventive mass vaccination campaign in Bregenz, most likely contributed for the opposite. It was also found that the proportion of PCR+ results amongst c-ELISA positive sera was statistically associated to the district of origin. A much lower proportion was observed in Bregenz when compared to Schärding. The analysis of the dynamics of cattle population in Styria resulted in an estimation of 3% year variation in cattle numbers which probably has a negligible effect on the decrease of the HIT in a time-frame of one year, leading to the conclusion that the lost of population immunity to BTV in Styria will be mostly due to the lost of immunity conferred by vaccination that lasts close to one year. The results of the BT transmission model for Styria indicated that the risk of occurrence of secondary infections in the summer months is not negligible, with a maximum estimated R0 of 2.66. These studies highlight the importance of epidemiological analysis of available data, using tools like mathematical modeling and GIS in order to understand disease occurrence in animal populations.
RESUMO - Análise epidemiológica de dados de vigilância e vacinação de algumas zonas Austríacas em 2008 - O serótipo 8 do vírus da língua azul (VLA-8) foi detectado na Áustria pela primeira vez em Novembro de 2008. Devido a surtos ocorridos na Alemanha próximo da fronteira Austriaca, um sistema de vigilância activa encontrava-se em curso e identificou o VLA-8 no país. A vacinação massiva de emergência foi iniciada na zona oeste do país em Julho de 2008, devido à inclusão daquela área na zona de protecção à volta dos surtos ocorridos na Alemanha. O objectivo principal deste trabalho foi estudar a ocorrência do VLA-8 na Áustria em 2008 i) descrevendo o foco ocorrido em Schärding, ii) comparando os dois distritos semelhantes com diferentes estratégias preventivas onde o VLA foi identificado – Schärding e Bregenz, iii) avaliando a influência da dinâmica populacional na duração da imunidade vacinal dos bovinos da região da Styria, e iv) desenvolvendo um modelo de transmissão para a Styria. Da análise dos casos de LA em Schärding conclui-se que os momentos de infecção se situaram provavelmente entre Maio e Outubro de 2008, considerando as temperaturas óptimas para abundância de Culicoides que aí se verificaram entre Abril e Setembro. A comparação entre Schärding e Bregenz concluiu que Schärding reuniu um maior número de factores de risco para a disseminação da doença. A sua maior densidade de bovinos poderá ter contribuído para uma maior disseminação do VLA, ao passo que a vacinação massiva preventiva em Bregenz, muito provavelmente terá contribuído para o oposto. Foi também observado que a proporção de resultados PCR+ entre soros positivos a c-ELISA estava estatisticamente associada ao distrito de origem, sendo inferior em Bregenz relativamente a Schärding. A variação anual da população de bovinos na Styria foi de 3%, a qual terá um efeito negligenciável no decréscimo da imunidade do efectivo vacinado contra o VLA, sendo esta principalmente devida à perda da imunidade conferida pela vacinação, que dura cerca de um ano. Os resultados do modelo de transmissão de LA para a Styria indicaram que o risco de ocorrência de infecções secundárias nos meses de verão não é negligenciável, com um R0 estimado em 2.66. Estes estudos sublinham a importância da análise epidemiológica dos dados disponíveis, utilizando ferramentas como a modelação matemática e os sistemas de informação geográfica de modo a compreender a ocorrência de doença em populações animais.
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Pessoa, Matilde da Conceição. „Estudo do valor adaptativo anual de fêmeas da raça Nelore utilizando modelos de regressão aleatória /“. Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92548.
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Orientador: Henrique Nunes de OliveiraBanca: Marcilio Dias Silveira da Mota
Banca: Maria Eugênia Zerlotti Mercadante
Resumo: O Objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o valor adaptativo anual para possível utilização como critério de seleção para a eficiência reprodutiva de fêmeas da raça Nelore. Foram estudadas medidas de valor adaptativo do 4º ao 13º ano de permanência no rebanho de 21.610 fêmeas. Os valores adaptativos anuais foram calculados com base na capacidade de sobrevivência e no número de crias deixado ano após ano. O modelo de melhor ajuste aos dados, segundo os critérios adotados, foi o de 5ª ordem para a tendência média da população, 5ª ordem para o efeito genético aditivo direto e 3ª ordem para efeito de ambiente permanente de animal. O modelo heterogêneo com 10 classes foi o mais adequado na modelagem da das variâncias residuais. As herdabilidades para valor adaptativo anual aumentaram com a idade dos animais (0,05 a 0,55). As correlações entre os valores adaptativos em diferentes idades foram baixas nas idades menores e altas entre as idades adultas. A tendência genética para valor adaptativo anual foi realizada com base nos valores genéticos preditos referentes às medidas adaptativas do 4º (Pti4), 8º(Pti8) e 13º(Pti13) ano de idade. Como critério de comparação foram utilizadas as características idade ao primeiro parto (Ipp) e stayability (Stay). As associações entre os valores genéticos preditos das características foram feitas utilizando a correlação de Pearson e porcentagem de touros coincidentes. Estimativas de herdabilidade para Ipp, Stay1 e Stay2 foram respectivamente 0,12, 0,33 e 0,40. As tendências genéticas indicaram que houve ganhos para Pti4 e Pti13 e, para Pti8 as médias dos valores genéticos se mantiveram quase que constantes com o passar dos anos. As associações entre os valores genéticos indicaram maior associação entre valores genéticos preditos para valor adaptativo medido no 4º ano e valores genéticos preditos para as características Ipp e Stay
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the annual Fitness as selection criteria for reproductive performance of Nelore cows. We studied measures of fitness of the 4th to the 13th year of stayability of 21,610 females. The annual fitness was calculated based on survivability and the number of offspring left year after year. The most appropriate model, according to criteria adopted, was a 5th order for the average trend of the population, 5th order for the direct genetic effect and 3th order for the permanent environmental effect of animal. The heterogeneous model with 10 classes was the most appropriated in modeling of residual variances. Heritability estimates for annual fitness increased with age of animals (0.05 to 0.55). The correlations between fitness at ages different were lower in younger ages, and high among the adult ages. The genetic trend for annual fitness was based on predicted breeding values to adaptive measures relating to the 4th (Pti4), 8th (Pti8) and 13th (Pti13) years of age. As criterion for comparison were used the traits age at first calving (IPP) and stayability (Stay). The associations between predicted breeding values of traits were made using Pearson correlation and percentage of bulls coincide. Heritability estimates for Ipp, and Stay1 Stay2 were respectively 0.12, 0.33 and 0.40. The genetic trends indicated that there were gains for Pti4 and Pti13, however for Pti8, the average genetic values remained almost constant over the years. The associations between breeding values indicate greater association between breeding values for annual fitness measured in year 4th year and the breeding values for the traits Ipp and Stay
Mestre
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Naňo, Andrej. „Automatické generování testovacích dat informačních systémů“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-445520.
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ISAGENis a tool for the automatic generation of structurally complex test inputs that imitate real communication in the context of modern information systems . Complex, typically tree-structured data currently represents the standard means of transmitting information between nodes in distributed information systems. Automatic generator ISAGENis founded on the methodology of data-driven testing and uses concrete data from the production environment as the primary characteristic and specification that guides the generation of new similar data for test cases satisfying given combinatorial adequacy criteria. The main contribution of this thesis is a comprehensive proposal of automated data generation techniques together with an implementation, which demonstrates their usage. The created solution enables testers to create more relevant testing data, representing production-like communication in information systems.
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Bolmgren, Kjell. „Adaptation and Constraint in the Plant Reproductive Phase“. Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Botaniska institutionen, Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-99.
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Ibembe, John Daniel. „Mobile phone use and reproductive health care in Nakuru Provincial Hospital, Kenya“. Thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro universitet, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-17217.
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Frasier, Timothy Ray White Bradley Neil. „Integrating genetic and photo-identification data to assess reproductive success in the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) /“. *McMaster only, 2005.
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Gates, Peter J. „Analyzing categorical traits in domestic animal data collected in the field /“. Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5473-5.pdf.
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Voillet, Valentin. „Approche intégrative du développement musculaire afin de décrire le processus de maturation en lien avec la survie néonatale“. Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INPT0067/document.
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Depuis plusieurs années, des projets d'intégration de données omiques se sont développés, notamment avec objectif de participer à la description fine de caractères complexes d'intérêt socio-économique. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de cette thèse est de combiner différentes données omiques hétérogènes afin de mieux décrire et comprendre le dernier tiers de gestation chez le porc, période influençant la mortinatalité porcine. Durant cette thèse, nous avons identifié les bases moléculaires et cellulaires sous-jacentes de la fin de gestation, en particulier au niveau du muscle squelettique. Ce tissu est en effet déterminant à la naissance car impliqué dans l'efficacité de plusieurs fonctions physiologiques comme la thermorégulation et la capacité à se déplacer. Au niveau du plan expérimental, les tissus analysés proviennent de foetus prélevés à 90 et 110 jours de gestation (naissance à 114 jours), issus de deux lignées extrêmes pour la mortalité à la naissance, Large White et Meishan, et des deux croisements réciproques. Au travers l'application de plusieurs études statistiques et computationnelles (analyses multidimensionnelles, inférence de réseaux, clustering et intégration de données), nous avons montré l'existence de mécanismes biologiques régulant la maturité musculaire chez les porcelets, mais également chez d'autres espèces d'intérêt agronomique (bovin et mouton). Quelques gènes et protéines ont été identifiées comme étant fortement liées à la mise en place du métabolisme énergétique musculaire durant le dernier tiers de gestation. Les porcelets ayant une immaturité du métabolisme musculaire seraient sujets à un plus fort risque de mortalité à la naissance. Un second volet de cette thèse concerne l'imputation de données manquantes (tout un groupe de variables pour un individu) dans les méthodes d'analyses multidimensionnelles, comme l'analyse factorielle multiple (AFM) (ou multiple factor analysis (MFA)). Dans notre contexte, l'AFM fut particulièrement intéressante pour l'intégration de données d'un ensemble d'individus sur différents tissus (deux ou plus). Afin de conserver ces individus manquants pour tout un groupe de variables, nous avons développé une méthode, appelée MI-MFA (multiple imputation - MFA), permettant l'estimation des composantes de l'AFM pour ces individus manquantsOver the last decades, some omics data integration studies have been developed to participate in the detailed description of complex traits with socio-economic interests. In this context, the aim of the thesis is to combine different heterogeneous omics data to better describe and understand the last third of gestation in pigs, period influencing the piglet mortality at birth. In the thesis, we better defined the molecular and cellular basis underlying the end of gestation, with a focus on the skeletal muscle. This tissue is specially involved in the efficiency of several physiological functions, such as thermoregulation and motor functions. According to the experimental design, tissues were collected at two days of gestation (90 or 110 days of gestation) from four fetal genotypes. These genotypes consisted in two extreme breeds for mortality at birth (Meishan and Large White) and two reciprocal crosses. Through statistical and computational analyses (descriptive analyses, network inference, clustering and biological data integration), we highlighted some biological mechanisms regulating the maturation process in pigs, but also in other livestock species (cattle and sheep). Some genes and proteins were identified as being highly involved in the muscle energy metabolism. Piglets with a muscular metabolism immaturity would be associated with a higher risk of mortality at birth. A second aspect of the thesis was the imputation of missing individual row values in the multidimensional statistical method framework, such as the multiple factor analysis (MFA). In our context, MFA was particularly interesting in integrating data coming from the same individuals on different tissues (two or more). To avoid missing individual row values, we developed a method, called MI-MFA (multiple imputation - MFA), allowing the estimation of the MFA components for these missing individuals
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Gordon, Christopher Alan. „Reproductive Success of Black Skimmers on an Artificial Island: Effects of Hatching Date and Feeding Rate“. W&M ScholarWorks, 1999. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626210.
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Maness, Sarah Britney. „Associations between Social Determinants of Health and Adolescent Pregnancy: An Analysis of Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health“. Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5848.
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This dissertation study utilized the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health to analyze empirical relationships between social determinants of health and adolescent pregnancy. Although rates of adolescent pregnancy are at an all-time low in the United States, disparities persist. Examining relationships between the social determinants of health and adolescent pregnancy provides support for funding and interventions that expand on the current focus of individual and interpersonal level factors. Based on the Healthy People 2020 Social Determinants of Health Framework, proxy measures for social determinants of health were identified within the Add Health study and analyzed in relationship with adolescent pregnancy. Results indicated that six of 17 measures of social determinants of health had an empirical relationship with adolescent pregnancy. These measures included the following: feeling close to others at school, receipt of high school diploma, enrollment in higher education, participation in volunteering or community service, litter or trash in the neighborhood environment, and living in a two parent home. The results of this study can inform future research, allocation of funds and interventions based on social determinants of health that show an association with adolescent pregnancy.
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Yankey, Barbara A. „The Relationship of Breast and Gynecological Cancers with Smoking and Metabolic Syndrome - An Examination of NHANES Data 2001 - 2010“. Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/222.
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Background: Breast and Gynecological cancers are a major public health problem. Smoking is associated with several chronic diseases including cancer. Other lifestyles of public health predispose many people to dyslipidemia, hypertension and obesity; risk factors for metabolic syndrome, and are associated with cancer.
Objectives: The purpose of this study is to find if those who smoke, and have the metabolic syndrome, are more likely to have breast or gynecological cancers, and to find the distribution by education, having health insurance, race/ethnicity and socio-economic status.
Methods: A case-control study of females aged 20 years and above who participated in the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2010.
Results: Females who have smoked more than hundred cigarettes in life and still smoke; a) have a 42 percent less chance of having a breast cancer diagnosis (OR 0.58; 95% CI 0.36 – 0.93, p-value 0.025), and b) are 2.67 times as likely to report a cervical cancer diagnosis as females who have smoked less than hundred cigarettes in life (OR 2.67; 95% CI 1.72 – 4.13, p-value
Conclusion: Smoking and metabolic syndrome are very important indicators of reproductive health and needs further study. Smoking cessation interventions should be an integral part of cervical cancer prevention programs especially targeted at younger females and females who live below the federal poverty level.
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Seamons, Todd R. „The mating system of steelhead and the effect of length and arrival date on steelhead reproductive success /“. Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5278.
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Malmgren, Helena. „Patients’ experiences of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för folkhälso- och vårdvetenskap, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-230901.
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the experiences and attitudes concerningpreimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) among the couples that have undergone PGD in Sweden.PGD is an alternative to conventional prenatal diagnosis for couples with a high risk of having a childwith genetic disease. Couples opting for PGD have to perform in vitro fertilisation, generatedembryos are subjected to biopsy and diagnosis, and healthy embryos can be transferred to the femaleuterus. Hopefully a pregnancy will be established. However, PGD is a strategy that implies bothphysical and psychological stress, and it is not obvious that this is an easier alternative than prenataldiagnosis. A questionnaire was sent to 116 couples that had carried out at least one PGD treatmentcycle. The response rate was 89%, thus almost all couples treated in Sweden since the start in 1995was represented. Results: The stress, both psychologically and physically, caused by the PGD treatment was evaluatedsomewhere between “As expected” and “More stressful than expected”. The stress experienced duringthe PGD treatments was not associated with the couples’ previous reproductive experiences. The mostphysical stressful event was the oocyte retrieval and the most psychologically stressful period was“waiting for a possibly/ hopefully embryo transfer”.The majority of couples that had performed prenatal diagnosis on a spontaneous pregnancy andexperienced a PGD treatment reported that PGD was more physically stressful (54%), but that prenataldiagnosis was more psychologically stressful (51%). The couples reported the reproductivealternatives chosen after PGD closure, and couples performing PGD at the present rated futurereproductive alternatives. Results indicated that ocyte- and sperm donations were a less attractivealternative than for example adoption. Participants in the study also had the opportunity to state forwhom /which indications PGD should be an option. Conclusion: The stress associated with performing PGD or prenatal diagnosis is extensive and noneof the alternatives is an obvious choice. PGD was reported as more physical stressful, but prenataldiagnosis was more psychologically stressful. The reproductive pathways chosen after PGD closurewas reported, and surprisingly sperm and oocyte donations were not attractive alternatives. The choiceof reproductive alternatives might be influenced by the information and support provided by thehealthcare personal. Knowledge about the experience of PGD treatments is of great importance forthose that meet these couples for genetic and reproductive counselling, in order to give them propercare and to better meet their demand of information and support.
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Chitnis, Nakul Rashmin. „Using Mathematical Models in Controlling the Spread of Malaria“. Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1407%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Elgenaidi, Abdalla Ramadan. „Effects of Libyan traditional plants on the reproductive system of male and female rats“. University of the Western cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5412.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDIn different parts of the world, medicinal plants have demonstrated a lot of health benefits to mankind and remains an important source for the discovery of new bio-active compounds. Libya is a typical example of a country where medicinal plants are widely used. Plant extracts of five Libyan medicinal plants were used in this study to investigate their in vivo effects on spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in male rats and on ovulation and fertility in female rats. The In vitro effects of these plant extracts were also investigated on TM3 Leydig cells and MCF 7 breast cancer cells. A phyto-chemical analysis of the five Libyan medicinal plants (flaxseed, black seeds, radish seed, date palm pollen and nutmeg) was done. The results showed that date palm pollen had a higher antioxidant activity than all of the above mentioned plants. In addition to this, Nigella sativa was observed to possess high flavonol content as well as high antioxidant activity. Male rats exposed to flaxseed, radish seeds and date palm pollen showed no significant alterations in body weight gain, whereas date palm pollen (240 mg/kg, p < 0.05) promoted an increase in body gain. This study also revealed a significant increase in the relative testicular weight of animals exposed to either flaxseed (300mg/kg) or date palm pollen (120mg/kg). In addition, the relative weights of the seminal vesicles of all treated groups showed significant increased values. The level of serum testosterone showed a significant increase after exposure to radish seed (80mg/kg) and a significant dose- dependent increase for date palm pollen when compared to control (P< 0.05). In contrast, flaxseed caused a dose-dependent significant (p <0.01) decrease in testosterone level at radish seed (300mg/Kg). All plant extracts caused a significant increase in sperm concentration. Sperm vitality significantly (p < 0.05) increased by radish seed (80mg/kg), flaxseed (300mg/kg) and date palm pollen (120, 240mg/kg) respectively. Total progressive motility improved significantly at flaxseed (300 mg/kg) (p < 0.001) as well as date palm pollen (p < 0.01). Histological examination of the cross sections of the testis showed clear presence of all stages of spermatogenesis in all the treated groups. Rat epididymides showed normal morphological appearance and their lumen were filled with spermatozoa. The diameter of seminiferous tubules in male rats exposed to date palm pollen (120 and 240 mg/kg) was significantly higher (p < 0.001). The heights of the germ cell epithelia within the eminiferous tubules were also significantly increased in all treated groups. Liver and renal functions tests showed a significant decrease in Alanine transaminase (ALT) and creatinine in all treated groups (p < 0.05), and this demonstrates the lack of cytotoxic effects of date palm pollen, radish seed and flaxseed on the rats. However, these plant extracts produced a non-significant (p > 0.05) increase in Aspartate transaminase (AST) levels. Besides this, superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) in testis was increased significantly by radish seed (160 mg/kg), flaxseed (200 mg/kg) and date palm pollen (120 mg/kg). There was also improved catalase activity in testis of male rats exposed to radish seed and date palm pollen. Regarding male sexual behavior, the time to reach the female and the mount frequency decreased significantly in male rats exposed to flaxseed (300 mg/kg) and date palm pollen (120 and 240 mg/kg; p > 0.05) thus, these plant extracts exhibit aphrodisiac properties. In addition, exposure of male rats to date palm pollen (120 mg/kg) produced a significant (p < 0.01) increase in the number of embryos in untreated female rats. In the female rats, the body weight gain was not affected (p > 0.05). However, the relative uterus weights exposed to nutmeg (200 mg/kg) and date palm pollen (120 and 240 mg/kg) were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). In addition, the relative weights of ovaries after treatment with nutmeg (400 mg/kg) and black seed (400 mg/kg) showed significantly increased values (p < 0.01). Serum FSH was significantly increased (p > 0.05 or 0.01) when the female rats have been exposed to black seed (200 mg/kg), nutmeg (200 mg/kg) or date palm pollen (120 mg/kg). The LH level significantly (p < 0.01) decreased following exposure to black seed (200 mg/kg), date palm pollen (120 mg/kg). On the other hand, serum LH concentration was significantly increased in female rats exposed nutmeg (400 mg/kg; p > 0.05). The creatinine activity in female rat serum in all treated groups was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Whereas the higher dose of date palm pollen (240 mg/kg) caused only a non-significant decrease. ALT activity in serum of female rat exposed to either black seed (400 mg/kg) or date palm pollen (120 and 240 mg/kg) was shown to decrease significantly (p < 0.05). Histology of the reproductive organs, kidney and liver in the female rats showed no obvious alterations in any of the treated groups. In addition, the number of embryos in female rats significantly increased (p < 0.01; p < 0.001) following exposure of female rats to black seeds 400 and date palm pollen 240 mg/kg, respectively. Incubation of TM3 Leydig cells with radish seeds for 24, 48 or 72 hours caused a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity. Besides that, date palm pollen and flaxseed increased the mitochondrial dehydrogenases activity of TM3 Leydig cells. In addition, higher concentration of date palm pollen, nutmeg and black seed were cytotoxic to MCF7 breast cells. In testis slices testosterone secretion in vitro was significantly increased by flaxseed (500 μg/ml; p > 0·05) and date palm pollen (500 μg/ml; p > 0·01). MCf-7 cells treated with BS 10-50 μg/ml black seed and nutmeg 10-50μg/ml significantly increased cell proliferation. However, the treatment with date palm pollen produced only a weak estrogenic effect, which resulted in a concentration dependent significant increase as observed between 50-1000 μg/ml date palm pollen. In conclusion, in this study, we observed that date palm pollen, radish seed and flaxseed increased libido as well as steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis, improved hepato and nephron-protective effects. In female rats, the plant extracts NM, BS and date palm pollen potentiated the production of gonadotropic hormones. In addition to this, at lower concentrations these medicinal plants promoted cell growth, whereas at higher concentrations they inhibited cell proliferation of MCF- 7 breast cancer cells. The anti-oxidant effects of these plant extracts have been implicated for the above mention effects.
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Seibert, Suzana. „Ecologia reprodutiva de Catharacta Lonnbergi na ilha Elefante, arquipélago das Shetlands do Sul - Antártica“. Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2011. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/3406.
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A variação nos padrões de larga escala, como o clima e a disponibilidade de recursos, podem influenciar a fenologia e o sucesso reprodutivo dos indivíduos. Em menor escala, características como qualidade do adulto, composição e localização dos ninhos são cruciais para o sucesso reprodutivo. O objetivo do estudo é descrever a fenologia e avaliar o sucesso reprodutivo de Skua Marrom na Ilha Elefante, Arquipélago das Shetlands do Sul, além de avaliar algumas características dos ninhos que podem influenciar a variação destes fatores. Os dados foram coletados em 2009/10 e 2010/11, em Stinker Point, Ilha Elefante, sendo monitorados periodicamente 37 e 40 pares reprodutivos, respectivamente. A cada visita foram registradas as datas de postura, de nascimento, o número de ovos e filhotes nos ninhos. A posição geográfica dos ninhos e das colônias de aves reprodutivas (recursos) foi registrada com receptor de GPS. As distâncias dos ninhos para os recursos e para o vizinho mais próximo (DVProx) foram calculadas no software Arcgis. A proporção dos componentes dos ninhos (musgos, líquens e rochas) foi obtida através do processamento das fotografias dos ninhos no software Envi. Nenhum padrão, que relacione estes componentes às datas de postura e ao sucesso reprodutivo, foi constatado. A postura dos ovos ocorreu, em média, na primeira quinzena de dezembro. O sucesso reprodutivo variou significativamente entre estações (χ2=20,25 P<0,001) e a probabilidade de sobrevivência dos filhotes em relação a data de postura dos ovos (Nagelkerke R²=0.137 P=0,01), sendo maior nos meses de dezembro, independente do período (Nagelkerke R²= 0.137 P= 0,01). Observou-se uma relação significativa entre o sucesso reprodutivo e a distância da colônia de Pygoscelis antarctica em 2009/10 (Nagelkerke R2=0,20 P=0,03) e em 2010/11 (Nagelkerke R²=0.177 P=0,02). A DVProx influenciou negativamente na sobrevivência dos filhotes (Nagelkerke R2=0,30 P=0,02). As distâncias dos recursos e DVProx não variaram em relação às datas de postura. A menor probabilidade de sobrevivência dos filhotes mais próximos aos recursos não corrobora com o descrito na literatura, porém, dois fatores observados podem justificar tal padrão: ninhos próximos aos recursos estão mais agregados, aumentando a competição e predação intraespecífica; e o acesso à informação social, observado através da diferença nas datas de postura, resulta na maior concentração de indivíduos nestes locais, e consequentemente em diferentes probabilidades de sobrevivência dos filhotes.
Large scale patterns, as climate and resources show time fluctuations, what can influence individuals phenology and reproductive success. On a smaller scale, factors like adult quality, nest composition and location are also important to reproductive success. We aim to describe and evaluate Brown Skua phenology and reproductive success at Elephant Island, South Shetlands, and to evaluate how some nests characteristics can influence those factors fluctuations. Data were collected at 2009/10 and 2010/11 reproductive seasons at Stinker Point, Elephant Island, where 37 and 40 reproductive pairs were monitored each season. Laying and hatching date, number of chicks and eggs were recorded each nest visit. Nests and other seabird colonies (resources) location were recorded using a handheld GPS receiver. Distances of the nests to resources and to the nearest neighbor (NND) were calculated by means of Arcgis software. Nest components proportion (mosses, lichens and rocks) were obtained through photo classification at Envi software. There is no pattern on egg laying date and reproductive success in relation to nest components. Mean egg laying date were at early December. Reproductive success differed between seasons (χ2=20,25 P<0,001) and chick survival probability varied according to laying order (Nagelkerke R²=0.137 P=0,01), being higher at December both seasons (Nagelkerke R²= 0.137 P= 0,01). Reproductive success was related to the distance from nests to Pygoscelis antarctica breeding colonies at 2009/10 (Nagelkerke R2=0,20 P=0,03) and 2010/11 (Nagelkerke R²=0.177 P=0,02). NND were negatively correlated to chick survival (Nagelkerke R2=0,30 P=0,02). Egg laying date did not differ according to NND neither according to nest distance from other seabirds breeding colonies. We found a lower chick survival probability at nests closer to recourses, what differ from what is described at literature, nevertheless, two factors observed could explain this pattern, which are: nests located near to resources are found to be densely distributed, what increases competition and conspecific predation; social information access, based on egg laying date, results on a higher nests concentration and consequently on different chick survival probabilities.
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Ornelas, Mário André Santos de. „Electronic sow feeding : making sense of feeding data to support sow management“. Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21184.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaThis study aimed to address the knowledge gaps concerning how group-housed gestating sows interact with modern electronic sow feeding (ESF) stations and to explore the potential of data recorded by these systems to enhance farm management. ESF records of 276 sow-gestations, from a dynamic group of c. 120 individuals were investigated. Data was analysed to identify patterns in the use of feeding stations by animals, and associations between feeding patterns and reproductive performance. Throughout the approximate 15 weeks that each sow spent on the dry sow house during a gestation, the total number of visits to the feeding stations varied greatly among individuals (367.7 ± 282.8) most of which were non-feeding visits (60.01 ± 19.8%). Feeding activity was highly concentrated within the first 12 h of feeding cycles (23 h) and sows ate their daily rations predominantly on a single feeding station visit (98.3 ± 1.7%). A mixed effects model revealed a weak effect of time on the number of feeding station visits, and a negative relationship between parity and total number of visits (b = - 0.230, SE = 0.022, p < 0.001). Sows kept feeding order relatively stable across gestation, especially among those who fed first. Additionally, results suggested that with every additional parity, the odds of a sow being among the first 15% group members to feed increased by a factor of 2.16 [OR: 2.16, p<0.010]. Statistically significant associations were found between feeding patterns and pre weaning piglet mortality, but not with number of piglets born alive nor average birth weight. Median piglet mortality was lower for sows feeding last compared to those feeding first (4.5% vs 14.3%, p = 0.025) and with a middle position in the feeding order (4.5% vs 11.8%, p = 0.045). Individuals with a regular feeding time showed higher piglet mortality rates than those with moderately regular (14.3% vs 10.6%, p = 0.029) and irregular (14.3% vs 9.5%, p = 0.047) feeding times. Median piglet mortality was superior in fast feeding sows compared to those feeding slower (13.3% vs 9.1%, p = 0.053). This work enhances current understanding of how gestating sows interact with ESF stations and highlights the potential of ESF data to support sow management.
RESUMO - ALIMENTAÇÃO ELETRÓNICA DE PORCAS: UTILIZAÇÃO DOS SEUS REGISTOS COMO SUPORTE AO MANEIO DA PORCA REPRODUTORA - Em suinicultura, o sucesso dos sistemas produtivos é influenciado em larga escala pelo desempenho do efetivo reprodutor. O maneio alimentar assume, a esse respeito, um papel decisivo na performance reprodutiva a médio e longo prazos e deve ter presentes as diferentes necessidades de cada animal. A alimentação eletrónica permite que porcas gestantes sejam alimentadas de forma individual estando alojadas em grupos, conforme previsto na legislação europeia. Ao passo que a adoção deste sistema tem vindo a crescer ao longo dos anos, a valorização dos seus registos tem recebido pouca atenção. Não obstante, alguns estudos sugerem que a informação recolhida automaticamente pelas estações de alimentação eletrónica (EAE) pode constituir uma ferramenta de monitorização, capaz de fomentar o maneio individual da porca gestante. Este trabalho visa enriquecer a compreensão do modo como as porcas em gestação em grupo interagem com EAE e avaliar a utilidade dos registos gerados por este sistema para apoiar o maneio da porca reprodutora. Para o efeito, analisaram-se registos de 276 gestações pertencentes a um grupo dinâmico de cerca de 120 porcas com acesso a duas EAE. A análise focou-se na identificação de padrões de utilização das EAE e no estudo de relações entre padrões de alimentação e performance reprodutiva. ...
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Tietjen, Aspasia Berenike Sophia [Verfasser], und Myron A. [Akademischer Betreuer] Peck. „Linking environmental factors and the reproductive success of Acartia tonsa DANA (Copepoda: Calanoida) / Aspasia Berenike Sophia Tietjen. Betreuer: Myron A. Peck“. Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1038789893/34.
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Nunes, Bárbara Paulos. „A influência de diversos fatores de maneio na fertilidade anual de vacadas de carne na região sul de Portugal“. Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12615.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaAtualmente, é evidente o maior interesse dos produtores de carne pelo maneio reprodutivo e gestão das suas vacadas, o que conduz a um aumento da procura de serviços médico-veterinários. A taxa de fertilidade é um indicador de eficiência reprodutiva, que pode ser influenciado por inúmeros fatores, devendo proceder-se à sua avaliação regular para deteção de eventuais situações de subfertilidade. Com esta dissertação, pretendeu-se avaliar a influência de diversos fatores de maneio na fertilidade, assim como, mostrar o trabalho que um veterinário de campo precisa de desenvolver em termos gestão de dados reprodutivos. Foi também proposto um plano de intervenção para explorações com baixa fertilidade, adaptado à realidade do campo, contendo várias sugestões que podem auxiliar médicos-veterinários e produtores na gestão adequada das suas vacadas. Devido a limitações a nível do número de explorações e do período de tempo decorrido para comparação de valores, não foi possível obter resultados conclusivos acerca da influência das diferentes práticas de maneio na fertilidade. Contudo, com a análise de vários parâmetros, concluiu-se que alguns dos proprietários das explorações com baixa fertilidade procuraram iniciar uma assistência médico-veterinária mais regular, no sentido de melhorar o desempenho reprodutivo das suas vacadas. Constatou-se ainda, que, quando a condição corporal ultrapassa a pontuação 8, ocorre um aumento significativo do intervalo entre partos, o que comprova que a manutenção de vacas com condições corporais elevadas pode ser prejudicial. Por outro lado, no plano de intervenção proposto, apesar da natureza multifatorial da fertilidade, procurou dar-se destaque ao maneio alimentar, devido à forte relação existente entre a condição corporal e os índices reprodutivos. Dada a desvalorização da gestão reprodutiva, é fundamental alertar os produtores para a sua importância. Só desta forma é que será possível ter uma perceção real dos valores de fertilidade, o que irá possibilitar a escolha e implementação de práticas de maneio adequadas ao sucesso reprodutivo.
ABSTRACT - THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS MANAGEMENT FACTORS ON THE ANUAL FERTILITY ON BEEF CATTLE ON THE PORTUGUESE SOUTHERN REGION - Today the increasing importance given to the reproductive management of the herd by the beef cattle producers, is obvious. This is leading to a bigger demand for veterinary services. Fertility rate is one reproductive efficiency indicator which can be influenced by a various number of factors and a regular evaluation of the herd is crucial to detect cases of subfertility. With this work, it is pretended to evaluate the influence of those different factors on fertility, as well as to show that the work of a field veterinary in the development and management of reproductive data is essential. A program is also proposed for the low fertility farms, adapted to each reality, which can help vets and farmers to improve the herd’s fertility and profit. Due to a limited number of farms and the time available for comparing data, it was not possible to obtain very conclusive results on the influence of the different farms management on the fertility indexes. However, there was a correlation between low fertility in some farms and the search of veterinary help, in order to improve the reproductive performance of the herd. It was also found that when the body condition score is above 8, there is a significant increase in the calving interval, which proves that overfeeding can be harmful. Additionally, on the proposed intervention program, the nutritional is highlighted, because of the strong co-relation between body condition and reproductive indexes. Although the reproductive management is still undervalued by farmers it is fundamental to warn them of its importance. Only this way can real fertility values be obtained, which will help to choose and implement the best reproductive management for the herd.
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Li, Boya. „Translating Feminism in 'Systems': The Representation of Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in the Chinese Translation of Our Bodies, Ourselves“. Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37813.
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This thesis examines the trans-border circulation and production of feminist knowledge through translation. More specifically, my research focuses the translation of the U.S. women’s health book, Our Bodies, Ourselves, by a Chinese feminist NGO in 1998. My dissertation studies the social, cultural and political aspects of feminist translation, and examines the relation between translation and feminist praxis. Through the lens of gender and (feminist) health politics in 1990s China, I examine how the 1998 Chinese translation conveys the book’s message about how women should relate to their bodies.
Set in the context of Chinese society opening up during the late 1970s, my research outlines the emergence of gender awareness in China with the influx of translated feminist texts, especially in the realm of women’s health research. Medical discourses were then assigned a privileged position in the studies of women’s sexual and reproductive health. However, with increased communications between Chinese and foreign feminists, Chinese women scholars developed new ideas around women’s sexual and reproductive health. The Chinese translation of OBOS addresses the lack of gender awareness in local discussions about women’s health.
With a multi-method study, I emphasize the social and linguistic dimensions of translating a feminist health project into post-reform China. This study is based on both interview and comparative textual analysis data. Using feminist translation theories, I examine how the Chinese translators handled the book’s presentation of women’s sexuality and reproductive health. This thesis also highlights the constraints on translating feminism from the local context. This raises questions about the power of (feminist) translation, and emphasizes the need to examine the social-political context of translation practices.
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Plard, Floriane. „Variation in individual life-history trajectories and its consequence on population dynamics : the case of roe deer“. Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00986868.
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Roe deer give birth each year in May. At each reproductive event, a female can be in different reproductive statuses: breeder or non breeder and can wean a variable number of offspring. The successive transitions between the different statuses of a given female give its individual reproductive trajectory. The performance of a given trajectory is assessed by its fitness which can be approximated by the total number of offspring weaned during the trajectory. Different individual life-history trajectories can exist in a same population and these different trajectories can reach similar or different fitness. This suggests that different strategies can be chosen by different individuals to reach the same fitness but also that individuals of high quality can reach higher fitness than individuals of low quality. The study of a roe deer population located in North-Eastern France allowed analyzing the sources and the consequences of individual heterogeneity on individual life-history trajectories and on population dynamics. This work showed that roe deer individual reproductive trajectories are consistent for a given female such as high quality females have an annual reproductive success higher than low-quality females. Female quality is partly generated by birth condition such as birth date and environmental conditions at birth. Individual life-history trajectories vary also randomly in relation to annual environmental conditions. In particular, climate change led to a decline in annual mean reproductive success and a decrease of the population growth rate in the last decades in relation to an increase of the mismatch between vegetation phenology and roe deer birth period. This work discussed how individual heterogeneity is generated in a long-lived species and how it influences individual life-history strategies and population dynamics
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Pirotta, Katia Cibelle Machado. „Não há guarda-chuva contra o amor: estudo do comportamento reprodutivo e de seu universo simbólico entre jovens universitários da USP“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6136/tde-25042003-183553/.
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O presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar as práticas e as representações ligadas à vida reprodutiva entre jovens universitários da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), especialmente aquelas dirigidas à contracepção e à prevenção de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, no âmbito das relações heterossexuais.A pesquisa foi dividida em duas fases. Na primeira, foi elaborada uma amostra representativa dos estudantes matriculados em cursos de graduação da USP, na Cidade de São Paulo, no ano de 2000, e foram entrevistados 952 alunos e alunas com idade entre 17 e 24 anos. Na segunda, foram gravadas entrevistas em profundidade com 33 estudantes que se ofereceram voluntariamente para continuar participando da pesquisa. O uso do condom é freqüente entre os estudantes universitários, principalmente na primeira relação sexual. No entanto, o uso desse método apresenta descontinuidades. Além da primeira relação sexual, o condom é usado especialmente nas relações casuais e no início dos relacionamentos sexuais com um parceiro ou uma parceira novos. Os jovens negligenciam o condom no contexto do namoro, tendendo a substituí-lo pela pílula. A contracepção é cercada por descuidos, erros e esquecimentos e os estudantes mencionam que utilizam métodos de baixa eficácia, como o coito interrompido e a abstinência periódica para regular a fecundidade. Os estudantes manifestam um forte desejo de adiar a fecundidade, mas o uso inadequado de métodos contraceptivos e o recurso aos métodos de baixa eficácia podem levar a uma gestação não planejada. 77% do total de entrevistados afirmou que gostaria de ter até dois filhos e a idade ideal para ter o primeiro filho seria próxima aos 30 anos. Somente 4% dos entrevistados e entrevistadas referiram ter passado por uma gestação. Apesar do pequeno número de gestações referidas, o aborto provocado foi a forma de finalização de uma alta proporção dessas gestações. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que uma complexa rede de representações simbólicas subsidia as condutas diante da contracepção e da saúde reprodutiva. Essas representações constróem o sentido da sexualidade, classificando-a, definindo regras e obrigações segundo cada situação e orientando práticas. Questões de gênero pontuam os discursos sobre os temas tratados. As diferentes concepções sobre o "ficar" e o namorar, a opção pelo método contraceptivo, as representações sobre as responsabilidades do homem e da mulher frente à contracepção e, especialmente, os discursos sobre o aborto revelam a importância que os diferenciais de gênero assumem perante a construção do sentido da sexualidade e da vida reprodutiva. Questões de gênero também marcam a busca de orientação médica, no âmbito da saúde reprodutiva. A consulta médica é restrita ao grupo das mulheres e o método mais indicado é a pílula, embora trate-se de jovens mulheres solteiras que estão iniciando a sua vida sexual. Observa-se, por sua vez, que os homens jovens estão totalmente alijados do sistema de saúde, ainda que se trate de um grupo com alta escolaridade que recorre à medicina privada. O estudo indica que os diferenciais de gênero estão presentes desde o processo de rotulações e significações que dão sentido a vivência da sexualidade e da regulação da fecundidade até o âmbito das políticas públicas voltadas para a saúde reprodutiva dos jovens, revelando uma importante lacuna nos serviços de saúde que necessita ser contemplada por políticas públicas capazes de promover a eqüidade de gênero na atenção à saúde reprodutiva e de incluir os jovens do sexo masculino nos serviços de saúde.The present study aimed at investigating the practices and representations linked to the reproductive life of university youths from the Universidade São Paulo (USP) especially those geared at contraception and prevention of STDs in the scope of heterosexual relations. The project was divided into two phases. In the first a representative sample of 952 male and female students between 17 and 24 years old enrolled in under-graduate courses at USP in the city of São Paulo in 2000 was elaborated. In the second phase in-depth-interviews with 33 students that volunteered to continue take part of the research were recorded. The use of condom is frequent among university students mainly at the first sexual intercourse. However, this method presents discontinuity. Beyond the first sexual intercourse it is used especially in the casual relationships and in the beginning of new sexual relationships with a new partner. Youth neglect the condom in the dating context tending to replace it for the pill. Contraception is surrounded by carelessness, mistakes and neglect and the students mention the use of low efficacy methods such as interrupted copulation and periodic abstinence for fertility control. The students revealed strong will to delay fertility but the inadequate use of contraceptive methods and use of low efficacy methods may lead to an unplanned pregnancy. 77% of the interviewees state that they would like to have up to two children and that the ideal age for the first child would around 30. Only 4% of the interviewees referred having had a gestation. Despite the small number of pregnancies referred the provoked abortion represented a high proportion of pregnancy termination. The results of the survey indicate that a complex network of symbolic representations accounts for the conducts in terms of contraception and reproductive health. These representations construct the sense of sexuality, classifying it, defining rules and obligations according to each situation and guiding practices. Gender issues mark the discourses on the themes discussed. The different conceptions about noncommitted dating and dating proper, the option for the contraceptive method, representations on the male and female responsibilities with reference to contraception and especially the discourses on abortion reveal the importance the gender differentials possess in face of the construction of meaning of sexuality and reproductive life. Gender issues influence the search for medical guidance in the context of reproductive health. Medical consultation is restricted to the female group and the most prescribed contraceptive method is the pill in spite of the fact that they are young single women in the beginning of their sexual life. On the other hand it was observed that young men are totally cast out of the health system notwithstanding the fact that this is a group with high level education with access to private medicine. The study indicates that the gender differentials are present from the process of labeling and signification that attribute meaning to the experiencing of sexuality and the regulation of fertility to the scope of public policies capable of promoting gender equity in the attention to reproductive health of youth. That reveals an important gap in the health services that must be addressed by gender equity promoting public policies that also inscribe male youth in the health services.
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Papaioannou, Antigoni. „A cross-sectional study examining the association between litaracy and unmet need for contraception among women in Rwanda“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Internationell mödra- och barnhälsovård (IMCH), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388383.
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Introduction:Rwanda is one of the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa with the most remarkable health achievements. However, Rwanda is still one of the countries with a high unmet need (34%) and high prevalence of unintended pregnancies. Objective: To examine the association between literacy and unmet need for contraception among women in reproductive age in Rwanda. Research design and methods: A cross-sectional study based on secondary data, derived from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) program. The study population was women in reproductive age (15- 49 years old) who lived in Rwanda. It included 13217 females out of the 13497 after the exclusion of females who are not residents of Rwanda, who are blind or visually impaired and who are need language card. The methodology involved cross tabulations, bivariate and multivariate logistic analyses. Results: There was a significant bivariate association between literacy and unmet need for contraception (OR=1.28; 95% CI 1.17-1.40; p < .001), in which literate females where more likely to have an unmet need for contraception. There was no association between literacy and unmet need when controlling other factors. Others factors such as age, current marital status and province had a strong impact on the unmet need for contraception in the adjusted analysis. Conclusions: Literacy may be associated with the outcome, however, socio-economic factors have a stronger influence on the dependent variable. Regulations, policies and other features such as socio-cultural norms may differ from country to country, therefore it is important to consider the current situation of each country.
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Pierron, Andréa. „"L'Ombre de votre espérance" : repères pour une histoire plastique des revues d'artistes expérimentaux au XXe siècle“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA085/document.
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Cette thèse de doctorat se consacre à l’analyse de périodiques créés au cours du XXe siècle par des cinéastes et des plasticiens à l’œuvre dans le champ des avant-gardes et du cinéma expérimental. Les revues forment des objets plastiques et spéculatifs, complexes et composites de par les relations qui se nouent entre le texte et l’image, les montages qui se créent et le défi que constitue la transposition des images filmiques. En quoi ces revues d’artistes témoignent-elles d’une recherche expérimentale ? Comment les revues d’artistes participent-elles à une histoire critique et plastique des formes cinématographiques ? L’étude tente de comprendre les manières originales dont les cinéastes et les plasticiens se saisissent des revues afin d’élaborer, défendre, documenter, objectiver et analyser certains paradigmes cinématographiques. À quels titres les revues deviennent elles-mêmes des propositions expérimentales, des laboratoires de recherche sur les liens entre l’image et le texte ? Nous observerons comment, grâce à leurs propositions techniques, graphiques et visuelles propres, les revues exposent certains enjeux matériels, poétiques, plastiques et théoriques propres à l’image cinématographique, comment elles questionnent le regard. Les revues offrent des plateformes de diffusion et de dissémination esthétiques, servent à ouvrir des réseaux de circulation pour les idées, singulières ou collectives, des rédacteurs en chef. Comment accompagnent-elles leurs efforts dans la construction d’un milieu cinématographique alternatif ? Les revues Dada I de Tristan Tzara et Hans Arp (1916), Dada Sinn der Welt de John Heartfield et George Grosz (1921), Le Promenoir de Jean Epstein, Pierre Deval et Jean Lacroix (1921-1922), G. für elementare Geschaltung de Hans Richter (1923-1926), Close Up du groupe Pool composé de Kenneth Macpherson, Bryher et H.D. (1927-1933), Film Culture de Jonas Mekas (1955-1996) et Cantrill’s Filmnotes d’Arthur et Corinne Cantrill (1971-2000) forment le corpus de cette thèse qui vise à contribuer à une histoire plastique des publications expérimentalesThis PhD thesis focuses on analyzing periodicals created during the XXth Century by both visual artists and filmmakers operating in the realm of avantgardes and experimental cinema. The journals become plastic, conceptual, complex, and composite objects because of the interplay between text and image as well as the reproduction of images and realization of photomontages. How these artists’ journals show signs of an experimental approach ? How do artists’ journals contribute to the critical and plastic history of film ? The dissertation aims to understand the unique ways the visual artists and filmmakers make use of the journals to create, defend, document, visualize and analyze some cinematic paradigms. To what extent the journals become in turn experimental works about the relationships between text and image ? We will study how magazines exhibit various plastic, aesthetical, theoretical, and poetical dimensions at stake in the cinematic image, relying on specific technical, graphic and visual undertakings, and how they call into question the perception. Journals become instrumentalized in ensuring the movement of the editors’ ideas, either collective or indivuals. How do journals support the editors’ efforts in building an alternative cinema domain ? Dada I edited by Tristan Tzara and Hans Arp (1916), Dada Sinn der Welt by John Heartfield and George Grosz (1921), Le Promenoir by Jean Epstein, Pierre Deval and Jean Lacroix (1921-1922), G. für elementare Geschaltung by Hans Richter (1923-1926), Close Up by Kenneth Macpherson, Bryher and H.D. (1927-1933), Film Culture by Jonas Mekas (1955-1996) and Cantrill’s Filmnotes by Arthur et Corinne Cantrill (1971-2000) form the corpus of this PhD thesis, which aims to contribute to a plastic history of experimental publications
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Jaume, Bennasar Andrés. „Las nuevas tecnologías en la administración de justicia. La validez y eficacia del documento electrónico en sede procesal“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9415.
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La tesis se encarga de analizar, por un lado, la integración y el desarrollo de las nuevas tecnologías en la Administración de Justicia; y, por otro, los parámetros que constituyen la validez y eficacia del documento electrónico. La primera cuestión se centra en la configuración de los Sistemas de Información de la Oficina Judicial y del Ministerio Fiscal, así como de la informatización de los Registros Civiles, donde el art. 230 LOPJ es la pieza clave. Se estudian sus programas, aplicaciones, la videoconferencia, los ficheros judiciales y las redes de telecomunicaciones que poseen la cobertura de la firma electrónica reconocida, donde cobran gran relevancia los convenios de colaboración tecnológica. La digitalización de las vistas quizá sea una de las cuestiones con más trascendencia, teniendo en cuenta que el juicio es el acto que culmina el proceso. Aunque no todos los proyectos adoptados en el ámbito de la e.justicia se han desarrollado de forma integral, ni han llegado a la totalidad de los órganos judiciales. El objetivo final es lograr una Justicia más ágil y de calidad, a lo cual aspira el Plan Estratégico de Modernización de la Justicia 2009-2012 aprobado recientemente.
En referencia a la segunda perspectiva, no cabe duda que el Ordenamiento jurídico y los tribunales, en el ámbito de la justicia material, otorgan plena validez y eficacia al documento electrónico. Nuestra línea de investigación se justifica porque cada vez son más los procesos que incorporan soportes electrónicos de todo tipo, ya sea al plantearse la acción o posteriormente como medio de prueba (art. 299.2 LEC). Entre otros temas examinamos el documento informático, la problemática que rodea al fax, los sistemas de videograbación y el contrato electrónico.
La tesi s'encarrega d'analitzar, per una part, la integració i el desenvolupament de les noves tecnologies dins l´Administració de Justícia; i, per l'altra, els paràmetres que constitueixen la validesa i l'eficàcia del document electrònic.
La primera qüestió es centra en la configuració dels Sistemes d´Informació de l´Oficina Judicial i del Ministeri Fiscal, així com de la informatització dels Registres Civils, on l'art. 230 LOPJ es la peça clau. S'estudien els seus programes, aplicacions, la videoconferència, el fitxers judicials i les xarxes de telecomunicacions que tenen la cobertura de la firma electrònica reconeguda, on cobren gran rellevància els convenis de col·laboració tecnològica. La digitalització de les vistes tal vegada sigui una de les qüestions amb més transcendència, tenint amb compte que el judici es l'acte que culmina el procés. Però no tots el projectes adoptats en l'àmbit de la e.justicia s'han desenvolupat d'una manera integral ni han arribat a la totalitat dels òrgans judicials. L'objectiu final es assolir una Justícia més àgil i de qualitat, al que aspira el Pla Estratègic de Modernització de la Justícia 2009-2012 aprovat recentment.
En referència a la segona perspectiva, no hi ha dubte que l´Ordenament jurídic i els tribunals, en l'àmbit de la justícia material, donen plena validesa i eficàcia al document electrònic. La nostra línia d'investigació es justifica perquè cada vegada son més el processos que incorporen suports electrònics de tot tipus, ja sigui quant es planteja l'acció o posteriorment como a medi de prova (art. 299.2 LEC). Entre altres temes examinem el document informàtic, la problemàtica que envolta al fax, els sistemes de videogravació i el contracte electrònic.
The thesis seeks to analyse, on the one hand, the integration and development of the new technologies in the Administration of Justice; and, on the other, the parameters which constitute the validity and efficiency of the electronic document.
The first question centres on the configuration of the Information Systems of the Judicial Office and the Public Prosecutor, as well as the computerisation of the Civil Registers, where the art. 230 LOPJ it's the part key. Their programmes, applications, the Video Conferencing, the judicial registers and the telecommunication networks which are covered by the recognised electronic signatures, are studied, where the agreements on technological collaboration gain great relevance. The digitalisation of evidence might perhaps be one of the questions with most consequence, bearing in mind that the judgment is the act by which the process is culminated. Although not all the projects adopted within the compass of e.justice have developed completely nor have reached all the judicial organs. The final objective is to achieve an agile, quality Justice, to which the recently approved Strategic Plan for the Modernisation of Justice aspires.
With reference to the second perspective, there is no doubt that the juridical Ordinance and the tribunals within the compass of material justice grant full validity and efficacy to the electronic document. Our line of investigation is justified because there are more and more processes which are sustained by electronic supports of all kinds, whether it be at the establishment of the action or later, as a proof of it (art. 299.2 LEC). Amongst other things, we examine the computerised document, the problems which surround the fax, the systems for video recording and the electronic contract.
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Sung, Ting-Chih, und 宋亭緻. „Combining Data Mining Techniques with Flow Network Graph for Diagnosis Approach of Artificial Reproduction“. Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/j5tjzt.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
工業工程與管理系碩士班
101
With work pressure increasing, the ratio of infertile couples is also raising, so more and more patients with infertility go to hospital for treatment. The whole procedure of ART is complex and it also easily leads to some side effects, the sufferers have to endure the test of body and mind. So it is important for doctors to understand patient characteristics in order to improve the accuracy of medical diagnosis and speed. However, studies have not yet adequately introduced rules based on patient characteristics and IVF of original data. This study uses rough set theory, a rule-based decision-making technique, to extract rules related to the outcome of pregnancy; then uses a flow network graph, a path-dependent approach, to infer decision rules and variables; and finally presents the relationships between rules and different kinds of result. In this study, we collect 632 patients samples, equally divided into two classes: Success-ful pregnancy and failed pregnancy. The results obtained the number of significant (the rate of covering is over 6% ) decision rules is 17 and the overall accuracy rate is 80.85%. The results show that this combined model can fully predict the outcome of pregnancy and provide useful information for decision-makers in devising medical strategy.
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Chen, Shih-Min, und 陳詩旻. „Research of Applying Data Mining Techniques in Medical Diagnosis of Assisted Reproductive Technology“. Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/u533vs.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
工業工程與管理研究所
99
Because of the reason by late marriage and pressure cause the infertility population getting more and more. In 2008, Taiwan has using the artificial reproduction technology to treatment infertility that has exceeded 8,000 people, and the number of live births as high as 3000, if we using the year neonatal terms of the total number of about 20 million people to estimate, using artificial reproductive technique of babies born accounted for a total birth rate of baby birth rate of 1.5%. Although Taiwan in the assisted reproductive technology has high pregnancy rates as 36.5%, and from 1998 to 2008, the live birth rate by year raise from 22.2% to 27.1%. However, due to the high cost of the assisted reproductive technology treatments, uncertainty of live birth rate and the pressure it causes to patients physically and mentally, how to predict the possible IVF outcomes becomes an important research topic. In the treatment process, the pregnancy rate of the artificial reproductive technology will be impacted through by the female patient age, ovum quality or the male patient sperm quality and many different factors etc. In addition, the entire process of artificial reproduction technology treatment, from the patient''s basic information such as age, weight to into the operating room surgical ovum retrieval, fertilization, embryo culture and implantation, every single step will affect the final outcome. In this research, a hybrid data mining methodology is used to predict the treatment of the assisted reproductive technology outcome. Firstly, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis(LDA) and Decision Tree (DT) will be adopted respectively to select features. And then, the classification methods, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used to predict the outcome of IVF. Combination of each feature selection method as well as classification method is compared to test the accuracy of prediction. The IVF dataset used in this research is obtained from one of the teaching hospital in Taiwan. The results of this research will provide a good reference for doctors in ART unit when they are asked to give an answer of success rate to infertility couples.
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Moser, Carlee B. „A Bayesian framework for incorporating multiple data sources and heterogeneity in the analysis of infectious disease outbreaks“. Thesis, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/13149.
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When an outbreak of an infectious disease occurs, public health officials need to understand the dynamics of disease transmission in order to launch an effective response. Two quantities that are often used to describe transmission are the basic reproductive number and the distribution of the serial interval. The basic reproductive number, R0, is the average number of secondary cases a primary case will infect, assuming a completely susceptible population. The serial interval (SI) provides a measure of temporality, and is defined as the time between symptom onset between a primary case and its secondary case.
Investigators typically collect outbreak data in the form of an epidemic curve that displays the number of cases by each day (or other time scale) of the outbreak. Occasionally the epidemic curve data is more expansive and includes demographic or other information. A contact trace sample may also be collected, which is based on a sample of the cases that have their contact patterns traced to determine the timing and sequence of transmission. In addition, numerous large scale social mixing surveys have been administered in recent years to collect information about contact patterns and infection rates among different age groups. These are readily available and are sometimes used to account for population heterogeneity.
In this dissertation, we modify the methods presented in White and Pagano (2008) to account for additional data beyond the epidemic curve to estimate R0 and SI. We present two approaches that incorporate these data through the use of a Bayesian framework. First, we consider informing the prior distribution of the SI with contact trace data and examine implications of combining data that are in conflict. The second approach extends the first approach to account for heterogeneity in the estimation of R0. We derive a modification to the White and Pagano likelihood function and utilize social mixing surveys to inform the prior distributions of R0. Both approaches are assessed through a simulation study and are compared to alternative approaches, and are applied to real outbreak data from the 2003 SARS outbreak in Hong Kong and Singapore, and the influenza A(H1N1)2009pdm outbreak in South Africa.
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Tsounis, Georgios [Verfasser]. „Demography, reproductive biology and trophic ecology of red coral (Corallium rubrum L.) at the Costa Brava (NW Mediterranean) : ecological data as a tool for management / Georgios Tsounis“. 2005. http://d-nb.info/975037137/34.
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Verhoef, Gerardus. „The fair dealing doctrine in respect of digital books“. Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/25302.
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Copyright is essentially the right of the rightsholder of an original work to prohibit others from making or distributing unauthorised copies of his or her work. More specifically for this dissertation, when an end user deals with digital content, one of the aims of copyright becomes the balancing of the conflicting interests in ‘exclusivity’ on the one hand, and in ‘access to information’ on the other. Exclusivity is achieved by the rightsholders through technological protection measures to protect their commercial interests. Access to information is achieved where works are available to the general public without payment and technological protection measures and where the digital content is not directly marketed for commercial gain.
Exclusivity and access to information are two conflicting cultures surrounding copyright in
the digital era. It is submitted that unless we find a socio-economic-legal way for the dynamic coexistence of these two conflicting cultures by means of fair dealing, the culture of exclusivity will eventually dominate fair access to information.
The transient nature of digital content means that rightsholders have little or no control over their works once the end user has obtained a legal digital copy of the work. The right ‘to prohibit’ end users from copying and distributing unauthorised copies is, therefore, largely meaningless unless a legal or other solution can be found to discourage end users from the unauthorised reproduction and distribution of unauthorised copies of the work. Currently, technological protection measures are used to manage such digital rights because legal permissions within the doctrine of fair dealing for works in printed (analogue) format are inadequate. It is, however, submitted that a legal solution to discourage end users from copying and distributing unauthorised copies rests on two pillars. Firstly, the solution must be embedded in state-of-the-art digital rights management systems and secondly the business model used by publishers, and academic publishers in particular, should change fundamentally from a business-to-consumer model to a business-to-business model.
Empirical evidence shows that the printing of e-content will continue to be relevant far into
the future. Therefore, the management of fair dealing to allow for the printing of digital
content will become increasingly important at educational institutions that use e-books as
prescribed course material. It is submitted that although the origination cost of print editions and e-books correspond, the relatively high retail price of e-books appears to be based on the fact that academic publishers of digital content do not have the legal or digital rights management tools to manage the challenges arising from the fair dealing doctrine. The observation that academic publishers are reluctant to grant collecting societies mandates to manage the distribution of digital content, and/or the right to manage the authorised reproduction (printing) of the digital content, supports this hypothesis.
Ultimately, with technologies at our disposal, the fair use of content in digital and print format can be achieved because it should simply be cheaper to comply with copyright laws than to make unauthorised digital or printed copies of content that our society desperately needs to make South Africa a winning nation.Mercantile Law
LL. M.
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„Seasonal Variation in Quality and Survival of Nestling Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor): Tests of Alternate Hypotheses“. Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2014-09-1696.
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Understanding the patterns and processes that create differences among individuals in components of fitness, like the probability of survival or reproductive rates, is essential to our knowledge of population dynamics and for informing conservation efforts. For organisms in seasonal environments, early-breeding individuals regularly attain higher fitness than their late-breeding counterparts. Two primary hypotheses, related to quality and date, have been proposed to explain lower reproductive success of late breeders, but the veracity of these ideas has not been fully resolved. I tested predictions associated with these hypotheses to assess the effects of indices of parental and environmental quality on nestling quality and survival in an insectivorous passerine, the tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), at two widely separated breeding locations in western Canada.
I combined experiments and statistical modelling of observational data to evaluate two mechanisms proposed to contribute to seasonal decline in environmental quality: an increase in nest parasite abundance and a decrease in food abundance with later breeding dates. A parasite reduction experiment revealed a disproportionate benefit of parasite removal on length of primary feather for early-hatched nestlings, suggesting greater energetic constraints early in the breeding season. Furthermore, late-hatched nestlings from parasite-reduced nests had longer head-bill lengths than their control counterparts, and developed head-bills of similar length to those of early-hatched nestlings. Other than these findings, there were few detectable effects of parasites on nestling size, growth and immunity, as has been reported from several previous studies. Indeed, negative effects of parasites were only apparent when food (i.e., insect) biomass was considered. In a second series of experiments in which parental quality was controlled, I also tested whether food abundance declined during the breeding season, as predicted if environmental conditions deteriorate seasonally (i.e., date). Reduced reproductive success of late-breeding individuals was causally related to a seasonal decline in environmental quality. Declining insect biomass and enlarged brood sizes resulted in nestlings that were lighter, in poorer body condition, had shorter head-bills, shorter and slower growing ninth primary feathers and that were less likely to survive to fledge. Next, I asked whether results obtained from long-term mark-recapture data corroborated findings of short-term manipulations.
I examined seasonal variation in first-year apparent survival to investigate the relative influence of large-, small- and individual-scale factors associated with the quality and date hypotheses. Although parental quality was an important predictor of first-year apparent survival of tree swallows, my results further suggested that quality of parents was not the primary factor influencing seasonal variation in first-year apparent survival. Rather, findings were most consistent with the date hypothesis. The relationship between apparent survival and a direct measurement of environmental quality indicated that annual variation in moisture had important consequences for first-year apparent survival of tree swallows in Saskatchewan. First-year apparent survival probabilities were higher during wet years and wetter conditions are generally linked to greater insect abundance. In British Columbia, nestlings from larger broods were less likely to survive, possibly as a result of receiving less food. Apparent survival probabilities were also higher when food was more abundant.
I demonstrated that both parental and environmental quality influenced seasonal variation in fitness-related traits of tree swallows. However, the strongest evidence suggests that environmental quality, and in particular food abundance, had the greatest effect on seasonal variation in nestling quality, reproductive success and first-year apparent survival in tree swallows. My results highlight the importance of considering regional precipitation trends when projecting effects of climate change on demography of aerial insectivores.