Dissertationen zum Thema „Data feminism“

Vilken grundläggande idé utgår vi ifrån när vi talar om förnuft och rationalitet och vilka konsekvenser får detta för synen på individen, individen i samhället samt individen i datasystemet? Uppsaten belyser problematik rörande den icke-situerade individen, vilken inte är en individ utan snarare en skenbar produkt utav homogena värderingar.

This study explores the ways in which two educated Yemeni women understand and engage with storylines in their society which position them as 'sisters of men' obliged to conform to expectations of 'good' wives, mothers, daughters and Muslims. My own long immersion in Yemeni society, and de se experience of being discursively, interactively and structurally positioned as a woman and a wife in that context created a compelling desire to explore the ascribed social identities, roles and relationships of women in Yemen. In keeping with the feminist underpinnings of this study, I used a holistic method of investigation, the life history interview, and a voice relational mode of analysis that facilitated engagement with the women and their multiple subjectivities and positionings. Findings suggest that far from understanding themselves as de facto victims of their men and their religion, these strong and outspoken characters actively and willingly embrace those storylines derived from Islam but live them in sometimes unexpected ways. I also collaborated with my storytellers in the construction of personal narratives to enable readers to understand a little more about the world that these women inhabit, and help transform "information into shared experience" (Denzin 2009: 216). This study makes conceptual, methodological, practical and political contributions and suggests areas for further research.

Esta tesis doctoral reflexiona sobre el impacto social y político de la explotación de datos masivos a nivel europeo. Cumple dos objetivos principales. En primer lugar, define el contexto general en el que se produce esta explotación, a través del análisis de cinco factores: a) la lógica de generación, recopilación y procesamiento de los datos masivos; b) el modelo de negocio de las grandes corporaciones de servicios digitales; c) el discurso mediático dominante acerca de las tecnologías big data; d) las reacciones sociales y formas de resistencia ante este nuevo escenario; y e) el reglamento europeo de protección de datos personales, incluyendo su fundamentación conceptual. En segundo lugar, discute en qué medida estos cinco factores favorecen u obstaculizan la privacidad, la libertad y el control sobre los datos, desde una perspectiva fundamentada en la teoría crítica del capitalismo, la filosofía republicana, la teoría política feminista y la teoría del framing. La investigación se compone de cinco publicaciones: 1. La conversación sobre big data en Twitter. Una primera aproximación al análisis del discurso dominante. 2. Tay is you. The attribution of responsibility in the algorithmic culture. 3. Big social data: límites del modelo notice and choice para la protección de la privacidad. 4. Your likes, your vote? Big personal data exploitation and media manipulation in the US presidential election campaign of Donald Trump in 2016. 5. Personal data are political. A feminist view on privacy and personal data protection. Esta memoria contextualiza, organiza y relaciona las aportaciones principales de estos artículos.
This doctoral thesis reflects on the social and political impact of big data exploitation at the European level. The research fulfils two main objectives. Firstly, it defines the general context in which this exploitation is embedded, through the analysis of five factors: a) the logic of big data generation, gathering and processing; b) the business model of digital services corporations; c) the dominant media discourse on big data technologies; d) the social reactions and forms of resistance to this new scenario; and e) the European regulation on personal data protection, including its conceptual foundations. Secondly, it discusses to what extent these five factors favour or hinder privacy, freedom and control over data, from the lens of critical theory of capitalism, republican philosophy, feminist political theory and framing theory. The study consists of five publications: 1. La conversación sobre big data en Twitter. Una primera aproximación al análisis del discurso dominante. 2. Tay is you. The attribution of responsibility in the algorithmic culture. 3. Big social data: límites del modelo notice and choice para la protección de la privacidad. 4. Your likes, your vote? Big personal data exploitation and media manipulation in the US presidential election campaign of Donald Trump in 2016. 5. Personal data are political. A feminist view on privacy and personal data protection. This report contextualizes, organizes and connects the main contributions of these papers.
Aquesta tesi doctoral reflexiona sobre l'impacte social i polític de l'explotació de dades massives a escala europea. Compleix dos objectius principals. En primer lloc, defineix el context general en el qual es produeix aquesta explotació, a través de l'anàlisi de cinc factors: a) la lògica de generació, recopilació i processament de les dades massives; b) el model de negoci de les grans corporacions de serveis digitals; c) el discurs mediàtic dominant al voltant de les tecnologies big data; d) les reaccions socials i formes de resistència davant d’aquest nou escenari; i e) el reglament europeu de protecció de dades personals, incloent-hi la seva fonamentació conceptual. En segon lloc, discuteix en quina mesura aquests cinc factors afavoreixen o obstaculitzen la privacitat, la llibertat i el control sobre les dades, des d'una perspectiva fonamentada en la teoria crítica del capitalisme, la filosofia republicana, la teoria política feminista i la teoria del framing. La recerca es composa de cinc publicacions: 1. La conversación sobre big data en Twitter. Una primera aproximación al análisis del discurso dominante. 2. Tay is you. The attribution of responsibility in the algorithmic culture. 3. Big social data: límites del modelo notice and choice para la protección de la privacidad. 4. Your likes, your vote? Big personal data exploitation and media manipulation in the US presidential election campaign of Donald Trump in 2016. 5. Personal data are political. A feminist view on privacy and personal data protection. Aquesta memòria contextualitza, organitza i relaciona les aportacions principals d'aquests articles.

This thesis examines the trans-border circulation and production of feminist knowledge through translation. More specifically, my research focuses the translation of the U.S. women’s health book, Our Bodies, Ourselves, by a Chinese feminist NGO in 1998. My dissertation studies the social, cultural and political aspects of feminist translation, and examines the relation between translation and feminist praxis. Through the lens of gender and (feminist) health politics in 1990s China, I examine how the 1998 Chinese translation conveys the book’s message about how women should relate to their bodies. Set in the context of Chinese society opening up during the late 1970s, my research outlines the emergence of gender awareness in China with the influx of translated feminist texts, especially in the realm of women’s health research. Medical discourses were then assigned a privileged position in the studies of women’s sexual and reproductive health. However, with increased communications between Chinese and foreign feminists, Chinese women scholars developed new ideas around women’s sexual and reproductive health. The Chinese translation of OBOS addresses the lack of gender awareness in local discussions about women’s health. With a multi-method study, I emphasize the social and linguistic dimensions of translating a feminist health project into post-reform China. This study is based on both interview and comparative textual analysis data. Using feminist translation theories, I examine how the Chinese translators handled the book’s presentation of women’s sexuality and reproductive health. This thesis also highlights the constraints on translating feminism from the local context. This raises questions about the power of (feminist) translation, and emphasizes the need to examine the social-political context of translation practices.

För att designa interaktiva digitala system som tillfredsställer användarens behov applicerar interaktionsdesigners ett användarcentrerat perspektiv på sin design. Designers bör då beakta demografier så som kultur, ålder och genus för att lära känna slutanvändarna av systemet. Idag beaktas demografin genus i en betydligt mindre utsträckning än exempelvis kultur, vilket kan betyda att interaktiva digitala system som designas inte blir genusneutrala, dvs. att systemet ska tillfredsställa både feminina och maskulina individer i samma utsträckning. Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka hur praktiker hanterar genus genom hela designprocessen för interaktionsdesign. För att undersöka detta har en kvalitativ intervjustudie med inspiration av Grounded Theory utförts. Empirin ifrån intervjuerna har presenterats och analyserats med hjälp av kodning. Slutligen har resultatet diskuterats. Resultatet från studien pekar på att interaktionsdesigners inte alltid medvetet beaktar genus och att det inte anses behövas då designers redan upplever att den digitala världen är genusneutral. Diskussionen av resultatet tycks påvisa två faktorer som behövs för att designa ett genusneutralt system. Faktorerna som det argumenteras för är dels att ett feministiskt synsätt på design skapar goda möjligheter för att designa jämställda system. Dels är det av vikt att beakta genus som demografi i samma utsträckning som kultur för att öka möjligheterna att designen tillfredsställer såväl feminina som maskulina individers behov.
A user-centered perspective is often used by designers to be able to design interactive digital systems that attempt to meet users’ needs. The designers should take demographics such as culture, age and gender into consideration to get to know the end user of the system. Today, gender as a demographic area is considered in a lesser extent than for example culture. This indicates that systems are not designed to be gender neutral. The aim of this study is to examine how practitioners consider gender through the design process. To do this, a qualitative interview study inspired by Grounded Theory has been followed. The data from the interviews have been presented and also interpreted by coding. The discussion of the results tend to show two factors that are needed to be able to design a system that meets the needs of both feminine and masculine individuals equally. The factors argued for are that a feminist approach on design could enable a possibility to design a more equal system. Also, designers should take gender into greater consideration while designing systems so that the systems in fact meet the needs of both feminine and masculine users equally.

The topic of this thesis is AI recruitment chatbots, digital discrimination, and data feminism (D´Ignazio and F.Klein 2020), where I aim to critically analyze issues of bias in these types of human-machine interaction technologies. Coming from a professional background of theatre, performance art, and drama, I am curious to analyze how using AI and social robots as hiring tools entails a new type of “stage” (actor’s space), with a special emphasis on social acting. Humans are now required to adjust their performance and facial expressions in the search for, and approval of, a new job. I will use my “theatrical glasses” with an intersectional lens, and through a methodology of cultural analysis, reflect on various examples of conversational AI used in recruitment processes. The silver bullet syndrome is a term that points to a tendency to believe in a miraculous new technological tool that will “magically” solve human-related problems in a company or an organization. The captivating marketing message of the Swedish recruitment conversational AI tool – Tengai Unbiased – is the promise of a scientifically proven objective hiring tool, to solve the diversity problem for company management. But is it really free from bias? According to Karen Barad, agency is not an attribute, but the ongoing reconfiguration of the world influenced by what she terms intra-actions, a mutual constitution of entanglement between human and non-human agencies (2003:818). However, tech developers often disregard their entanglement of human-to-machine interferences which unfortunately generates unconscious bias. The thesis raises ethical questions of how algorithmic measurement of social competence risks holding unconscious biases, benefiting those already privileged or those acting within a normative spectrum.

This Research-through-Design conducted as thesis project within Malmö University Interaction Design Master’s programme is an attempt to bridge the gap between the quantified self and the subjective & collective experiences of the self-tracking for less normative ways of meaning-making of data. In order to accomplish this, it offers a feminist critique of self-tracking and an exploration of new features for self-tracking apps using provotypes to inform the HCI community.

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Sem bolsa
Os irmãos Grimm foram intelectuais importantes para a manutenção e difusão da cultura germânica durante o século XIX, sendo responsáveis por estudos sobre a gramática alemã e compilações de contos e sagas até então presentes apenas na oralidade. Dentre suas obras, uma de grande destaque foi o Kinder- und Hausmärchen, a qual reunia pela primeira vez de modo escrito vários contos maravilhosos, dentre eles, o de “Branca de Neve”, que viria a se tornar um dos mais famosos. Com o passar dos séculos, essa narrativa passou a ser recontada por diversos autores em mídias variadas, como cinema, literatura e quadrinhos, num processo que Hutcheon (2013) define como adaptação. É possível notar que fatores como o pensamento e o modo de funcionamento da sociedade na qual a nova versão da obra foi feita e recepcionada influenciam diretamente nas escolhas dos autores em relação às suas adaptações, à construção das personagens e ao tipo de abordagem utilizado. Para este trabalho, foi selecionado um total de quatro adaptações de “Branca de Neve”, além de três versões do conto dos próprios Grimm, para serem analisadas e comparadas sob as abordagens temáticas: amenização, empoderamento do feminino, aterrorização e sexualização. O foco é a representação do feminino na figura da protagonista, observando as relações de gênero e poder que estabelece com a antagonista feminina (madrasta) e com os personagens masculinos da trama (pai, anões, príncipe, caçador), tomando como base os estudos de Scott (1995) e Flax (1991). É possível notar que as releituras do século XXI buscam fugir dos estereótipos dos papéis de gêneros já ultrapassados, no qual o masculino é dominante e o feminino é subjugado, embora ainda seja difícil que uma obra consiga atingir um empoderamento total do feminino. Muitas vezes, isso se dá de forma apenas parcial, pois os padrões heteronormativos são mantidos e/ou o empoderamento de um personagem só se torna possível em detrimento da submissão de outro(s).
The Grimm brothers were important intellectuals for the maintenance and diffusion of the Germanic culture during the 19th century, being responsible for studies on the German grammar and compilations of tales and sagas until then present only in orality. Among their works, one of the most outstanding was the Kinder- und Hausmärchen, which gathered for the first time in written form several fairy tales, among them, “Snow White”, which would become one of the most famous. Over the centuries, this narrative has been retold by several authors in various media, such as cinema, literature and comics, in a process that Hutcheon (2013) defines as adaptation. It is possible to notice that factors such as the thinking and society’s way of functioning, in which the new version of the work was made and received directly, influence the authors’ choices regarding their adaptations, the construction of the characters and the type of approach used. For this work, four adaptations of “Snow White” were selected, as well as three versions of Grimm’s tale itself, to be analyzed and compared under thematic approaches: mitigation, feminine empowerment, terrorization and sexualization. The focus is the representation of the feminine in the figure of the protagonist, observing gender and power relations that she establishes with the female antagonist (stepmother) and with the male characters of the plot (father, dwarves, prince, hunter), based on the studies by Scott (1995) and Flax (1991). It is possible to notice that the readings of the 21st century seek to escape the stereotypes of the roles of genres already surpassed, in which the masculine is dominant and the feminine is subjugated, although it is still difficult for a work to achieve a total empowerment of the feminine. Often, this occurs only partially, since heteronormative patterns are maintained and/or the empowerment of one character becomes possible only to the detriment of the submission of other(s).

Curious Cycles responds to the tensions that arise when designing technologies for menstruation and menstrual cycles, touching upon notions of curiosity, noticing, sharing, taking or making space, and our relationships with our bodies and their fluids. The project follows a Research through Design approach, guided by Soma Design and feminist research methods. Curious Cycles are a set of cultural probes; objects and interactions designed to gather experiences and insights from ve people who menstruate, throughout the duration of a cycle (approximately one month). The objects are meant to "cultivate curiosity", provoking reections on the ways we currently relate to our bodies and bodily uids and speculating on how we might relate to them in the future. This work seeks to approach the design method of cultural probes from a feminist perspective and contributes through the concept of "cultivating curiosity", a way to design menstrual cycle technologies by attending closely to the changing social and material experiences of the body, which in turn can challenge the cultural taboos surrounding menstruation.
Curious Cycles svarar mot spänningarna som uppkommer när teknologier designas för menstruation och menstruationscykeln, genom idéer kring nykenhet, att märka, att dela med sig, att ta eller göra plats, och våra relationer med våra kroppar och deras vätskor. Projektet följer en Research through Design metodik, guidad av Soma Design och feministiska forskningsmetoder. Curious Cycles är en uppsättning cultural probes; föremål och interaktioner designade för att samla erfarenheter och insikter från fem menstruerande personer genom deras hela menstruationscykel (vilka pågår cirka en månad). Föremålen är menade att kultivera nykenhet för att framkalla reektioner kring de sätt vi för närvarande relaterar till våra kroppar och kroppsliga vätskor på, och även för att spekulera kring hur vi kan relatera till de i framtiden. Detta arbete närmar sig cultural probes från feministiska perspektiv och bidrar med konceptet "cultivating curiosity", ett sätt att designa teknologier för menstruationscykeln genom att ingående uppmärksamma förändringar av sociala och materiella erfarenheter av kroppen, vilket i sin tur kan utmana kulturella tabun kring menstruation.

How are technologies are designed and used tactically by activists? As the HCI community starts to contend with social inequalities, there has been debate about how HCI researchers should address approach this type of research. However, there is little research examining practitioners such as social justice activists who confront social problems, and are using technology, such as mobile phones, blogging, and social media to do so. In this dissertation, I build on this knowledge within the context of a social movement organization working to stop street harassment (harassment towards women and minorities in public) called Hollaback (ihollaback.org). I position myself as an action researcher doing research and building technologies such as mobile apps and a blogging platform to collect stories of harassment and to support activists. The organization has collected over 3000 stories and represents 50 different locales in 17 countries. Through a series of studies, I examined how technology impacts the organization, activists, and those who contribute stories of harassment. I found evidence that the storytelling platform helps participants fundamentally shift their cognitive and emotional orientation towards their experience and informs what activists do on the ground. My results suggest that doing activism using technology can help remove some barriers to participation but can also lower expectations for the amount of work required. I also looked at how different social media tactics can increase the number of followers and how traditional media plays a role in these tactics. My work contributes theoretically to the HCI community by building on social movement theory, feminist HCI, and action research methodology. My investigation also sheds light empirically on how technology plays a role in a social movement organization, and how it impacts those who participate.

In this exploratory thesis project, I consider what emerging approaches we can take as social scientists to showcase and critically engage self-representations of diasporic individuals, who often lack visibility and legibility within the dominant cultural archive. Filmmaking as a social research practice can provide rich audiovisual data, physical and social access to materials for nonacademics, and opportunities to document and share subjects' comments and settings without the limitations of transcription. This is especially salient in the emerging media landscape of Web 2.0, where digital communications technology applications (such as Facebook, Skype, and Snapchat) are accessible by a global audience, and can act as tools for cultural identity production by diasporic individuals. This project documents the experiences of several first- and second-generation Bangladeshi American immigrants in relation to digital communications technology advances within the past decade, for the purposes of collecting and sharing stories of diasporic individuals, offering a venue for self-expression through empathetic interviewing and collaborative oral history methods, and contributing to the American cultural archive in the context of emerging media and academic landscapes. The full project is comprised of this text document, alongside a short documentary film containing portions of audiovisual data from interviews which can be found at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oh9puazpdrw.
Master of Science

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (May 1, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

My work is about the tension between the beauty of the female body and the underlying currents of dissatisfaction with that body, a stress stemming from a behavior that is enculturated in women from an early age and over many generations. The complex and diverse issues related to the way women feel about their bodies are revealed through a woman\'s obsessions; ranging from the annoyance of the imperfections on the skins surface to the internal desire to alter or even harm the body.

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PROQUALI (UFJF)
O presente trabalho dissertativo tem por finalidade demonstrar de que forma a temática do adultério feminino – abordada nos contos A cartomante, de Machado de Assis, e A dama do lotação, de Nelson Rodrigues – aponta para a metamorfose do discurso identitário feminino no decurso de aproximadamente um século, descortinando a influência das mudanças próprias da evolução da sociedade (tanto no âmbito jurídico, como no campo da moral e dos costumes) na ficção literária trazida a efeito pelos autores nos referidos contos. Em decorrência da riqueza temática do corpus literário elegido para análise nesta pesquisa, e no intuito de investigar a evolução do discurso identitário feminino em relação ao histórico do crime de adultério no ordenamento jurídico pátrio, desponta a necessidade de utilização de um referencial teórico interdisciplinar para subsidiar as reflexões concernentes ao processo de construção/transformação da identidade feminina, ao adultério (em especial o praticado pela mulher) e à relação entre o Direito e a Literatura. A partir de tais reflexões, fundamentadas no aporte teórico de autores como Antonio Candido, Arnaldo Sampaio Moraes de Godoy, Michel Foucault, e Simone de Beauvoir, dentre outros, pretende-se demonstrar que as escritas empreendidas por Machado de Assis e por Nelson Rodrigues em A cartomante e A dama do lotação, respectivamente, sugerem certa consonância com os panoramas social e jurídico em vigor no Brasil nos diferentes períodos em que os textos foram produzidos. Finalmente, mediante a análise das tramas desenvolvidas no corpus literário em questão, busca-se, ainda, explorar a factível ideia de que o processo inventivo de seus autores terá sido influenciado pelo olhar social lançado à figura da mulher, no passado subordinada à dominação masculina e hoje potencialmente mais liberta e independente.
This paper aims to demonstrate how the female adultery issue, that appears in the tales: A Cartomante, by Machado de Assis, and A dama do Lotação, by Nelson Rodrigues – reveals the transformation of the female identity discourse during almost a century, showing that the authors’ tales were influenced by the society changing and evolution, both in the legal and in the moral and manners field. Due to the richness theme of each tale and in order to analyze the evolution of the female identity discourse related to the historical adultery crime on Brazilian legal System, it was observed an interdisciplinary theoretical framework to guide reflections on aspects related to the female identity construction/transformation; adultery (mainly those committed by women) and the relationship between law and literature. Based on these reflections, supported by the work of several authors like Antonio Candido, Arnaldo Sampaio Moraes de Godoy, Michel Foucault, Simone de Beauvoir, among others; the paper aims to demonstrate that the literary works developed by Machado de Assis and Nelson Rodrigues in A Cartomante and A dama do lotação, respectively, suggest a certain level of conformity with the social and legal context established in Brazil at the time the texts were produced. Finally, analyzing the plots developed in the literary corpus under consideration, it is possible to explore the perfectly feasible idea that the authors creative process have been influenced by the way the society looked at the woman – in the past subjected to male domination and now potentially more independent and free.

I mitt projekt utvecklar jag konstnärliga designmetoder för att studera, samla in och berätta om kvinnohistoria och interiörhistoria, inspirerat av feministiska och queerteoretiska perspektiv på temporalitet, identitet, historia, material och berättande. Mitt examensarbete utgår från min 90-åriga mormors berättelser om sina barndomsminnen av hennes två mormödrar ‘Momma’ och ‘Mormor’ och hur det var att spendera somrarna på deras gård, Fridhem. I formgivning av bordet Fridhem, tavlan Systrar på gungbräda i trädgården, installationen Flytande fragment och installationen av dessa under Konstfacks Vårutställning 2021 tillsammans med ljudverket Minnen från Momma och Mormors Fridhem, manifesterar jag studierna och berättelsen.

Orientação: Cátia Oliveira
A dor sexual pode ser definida como uma dor persistente que afeta muitas mulheres na sua atividade sexual sendo, frequentemente, de natureza crónica. Apesar de a crescente investigação demonstrar que este é um fenómeno influenciado por fatores biológicos, mas também, por fatores psicossociais, muitos profissionais de saúde continuam a apresentar uma visão redutora e excessivamente medicalizada do mesmo. São assim cada vez mais os argumentos de que a dor sexual é melhor explicada através de uma perspetiva biopsicossocial. O presente estudo teve como objetivo explorar diferentes variáveis biopsicossociais e sociodemográficas como variáveis médicas, variáveis relacionadas com o fenómeno da dor, atividade sexual, gravidez e contraceção em mulheres com dor sexual. Foi avaliada, ainda, a influência do mindfulness, dos pensamentos automáticos negativos e do funcionamento sexual em mulheres com dor sexual, comparando-as com mulheres da população geral. A amostra foi recolhida através de questionários online, a nível nacional e internacional. Participaram no presente estudo um total de 254 mulheres: 82 mulheres com dor sexual e 172 mulheres da população geral. Os resultados demonstraram que as mulheres com dor sexual apresentaram mais problemas de saúde física e psicológica, mais partos vaginais, e maior uso de contracetivos orais. Este mesmo grupo demonstrou também uma menor capacidade para ser mindful em contexto sexual, mais pensamentos automáticos negativos de fracasso/desistência, uma maior escassez de pensamentos eróticos e um menor funcionamento sexual quando comparado com as mulheres da população geral. Mulheres de outras nacionalidades não apresentaram diferenças das mulheres portuguesas ao nível das variáveis psicossociais, nomeadamente na capacidade para ser mindful, na presença de pensamentos automáticos e no funcionamento sexual. Contudo, apresentaram mais problemas de saúde e limitações na vida diária, do que mulheres portuguesas. Estes resultados confirma, assim, a importância das diferentes variáveis sociodemográficas e biopsicossociais na experiência de dor sexual, reforçando a necessidade de uma compreensão e avaliação mais alargadas de problemas desta natureza e conduzindo, assim, à necessidade de mudança de atitudes de diferentes profissionais de saúde.
Sexual pain can be defined as persistent pain that affects many women in relation to sexual activity and is often chronic in nature. Although growing research shows that this phenomenon is influenced by biological and psychosocial factors, many health professionals continue to have a reductive and overly medicalized view of it. Although, it is increasingly argued, that sexual pain is best explained through a biopsychosocial perspective. The present study aimed to explore different biopsychosocial and sociodemographic variables for women with sexual pain: such as medical, pain, sexual activity, pregnancy and contraception-related ones. Furthermore, the influence of mindfulness, negative automatic thoughts and sexual functioning was analyzed, comparing women with sexual pain and female general population. The sample was collected through online questionnaires, nationally and internationally. A total of 254 women participated in the present study: 82 women with sexual pain and 172 women from the general population. Results show, that women with sexual pain have more physical and psychological health problems, more vaginal births, more oral contraceptive use, less ability to be mindful in a sexual context, more negative automatic thoughts of failure/withdrawal, greater scarcity of erotic thoughts and poor sexual functioning compared to women in the general population. Women of other nationalities do not differ from portuguese women in terms of psychosocial variables, namely in their ability to be mindful, as well as in regard to their automatic thoughts and sexual functioning. However, they indicate more health problems and limitations in daily life than portuguese women. The results demonstrate the importance of different sociodemographic and biopsychosocial variables in the experience of sexual pain, reinforcing the need for a broader understanding and assessment of problems of this nature and thus leading to the need for changing attitudes of different health professionals.

Geo-immersive technologies digitally map public space for the purposes of creating online maps that can be explored by anyone with an Internet connection. This thesis considers the implications of their growth and argues that if deployed on a wide enough scale they would pose a threat to the autonomy of Canadians. I therefore consider legal means of regulating their growth and operation, whilst still seeking to preserve them as an innovative tool. I first consider the possibility of bringing invasion of privacy actions against geo-immersive providers, but my analysis suggests that the jurisprudence relies on a reasonable expectation of privacy approach that makes it virtually impossible for claims to privacy in public to succeed. I conclude that this can be traced to an underlying philosophy that ties privacy rights to an idea of autonomy based on shielding the individual from the collective. I argue instead considering autonomy as relational can inform a dialectical approach to privacy that seeks to protect the ability of the individual to control their exposure in a way that can better account for privacy claims made in public. I suggest that while it is still challenging to craft a private law remedy based on such ideas, Canada’s data protection legislation may be a more suitable vehicle. I criticize the Canadian Privacy Commissioner’s current approach to geo-immersive technologies as inadequate, however, and instead propose an enhanced application of the substantive requirements under Schedule 1 of PIPEDA that is consistent with a relational approach to privacy. I suggest this would serve to adequately curtail the growth of geo-immersive technologies while preserving them as an innovative tool. I conclude that despite criticisms that privacy is an inadequate remedy for the harms of surveillance, in certain commercial contexts the fair information principles can, if implemented robustly, serve to regulate the collection of personal information at source in a fashion that greatly restricts the potential for those harms.

Esta investigação pretende entender de que forma as marcas podem utilizar uma estratégia baseada em proporcionar experiências e até que ponto essa estratégia pode contribuir para a sua satisfação e lealdade. Abordando um estudo de caso real - a marca Dama de Copas - será feita uma análise aos elementos diferenciadores do ponto de venda, avaliando a chamada in-store experience e compreendendo de que forma esta influencia as consumidoras. Para isso o estudo será iniciado com uma revisão literária em que se desenvolverão os conceitos associados ao tema, seguido da abordagem metodológica que, apesar de ser qualitativa, com recurso a observações, recorre à utilização de um inquérito para objetivar as questões relacionadas com a satisfação e lealdade. Nesse sentido, foi possível concluir que os diferentes elementos experienciais da loja são capazes de proporcionar bons momentos aos seus clientes, tendo estes influencia no seu nível de satisfação e, consequentemente, no sentimento de lealdade para com a marca. Esta investigação tem ainda um contributo importante para a marca em questão uma vez que, faz uma análise das estratégias utilizadas por outras marcas, através de um benchmarking, extraindo-se daí, um conjunto de sugestões e recomendações que se poderão mostrar relevantes para o negócio.