Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Darwinismi“
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Gottschall, Jonathan. „Toward consilience, not literary Darwinism“. Scientific Study of Literature 3, Nr. 1 (31.05.2013): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ssol.3.1.04got.
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All literary Darwinists take inspiration from E. O. Wilson’s concept of consilience--the idea that the disciplines are seamlessly interconnected, and that knowledge at higher levels of the explanatory hierarchy (e.g., biology and psychology) is constrained by knowledge at lower levels (e.g., chemistry and physics). For literary Darwinism’s founder, Joesph Carroll, committing to consilience means that literary investigation should always be tied back to the ultimate, evolutionary level of causation. In my own view, investigation in the humanities should be constrained, disciplined, and inspired by knowledge from the sciences, but I don’t think literary Darwinism is the only responsibly consilient approach to literary study.
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BILGILI, ALPER. „An Ottoman response to Darwinism: İsmail Fennî on Islam and evolution“. British Journal for the History of Science 48, Nr. 4 (04.09.2015): 565–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087415000618.
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AbstractThe Scopes trial (1925) fuelled discussion in the United States on the social and political implications of Darwinism. For the defenders of the 1925 Tennessee law – which prohibited the teaching of Darwinism in schools – Darwinism was, amongst other things, responsible for the German militarism which eventually led to the First World War. This view was supported by İsmail Fennî, a late Ottoman intellectual, who authored a book immediately after the trial which aimed to debunk scientific materialism. In it, he claimed that Darwinism blurred the distinction between man and beast and thus destroyed the foundations of morality. However, despite his anti-Darwinist stance, İsmail Fennî argued against laws forbidding the teaching of Darwinism in schools, and emphasized that even false theories contributed to scientific improvement. Indeed, because of his belief in science he claimed that Muslims should not reject Darwinism if it were supported by future scientific evidence. If this turned out to be the case, then religious interpretations should be revised accordingly. This article contributes to the literature on early Muslim reactions to Darwinism by examining the views of İsmail Fennî, which were notably sophisticated when compared with those of the anti-religious Darwinist and anti-Darwinist religious camps that dominated late Ottoman intellectual life.
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Thornhill, Richard, und Michael Morris. „ANIMAL RIGHTS AND THEORIES OF ORIGINS: A PLEA FOR UNITY“. Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology 7, Nr. 3 (2003): 330–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853503322709164.
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AbstractA useful philosophical case against vivisection influential with the general public rests on the following three premises: (1) animals have interests as conscious beings; (2) it is unethical to cause pain and suffering to conscious beings for trivial reasons; and (3) animal models cannot be extrapolated to human beings, so vivisection is a trivial reason. Darwinian arguments have been used to back up each of the three premises above, and, furthermore it has been asserted by animal liberationists that those who do not hold to the evolutionary paradigm are more likely to support vivisection. Here, we present arguments that show why a belief in Darwinism (or in evolution generally) neither strengthens nor weakens the three anti-vivisectionist premises above. We also argue that there is no evidence to suggest that Darwinists are any less (or more) likely to support vivisection than those who hold views on biological origin that are further from the scientific mainstream. By leaving out arguments on origins, we hope that Darwinists, non-Darwinist evolutionists and creationists of all types can work together to make the world a better place for non-human animals.
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Verpooten, Jan. „Extending Literary Darwinism“. Scientific Study of Literature 3, Nr. 1 (31.05.2013): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ssol.3.1.05ver.
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Literary Darwinism is an emerging interdisciplinary research field that seeks to explain literature and its oral antecedents (“literary behaviors”), from a Darwinian perspective. Considered the fact that an evolutionary approach to human behavior has proven insightful, this is a promising endeavor. However, Literary Darwinism as it is commonly practiced, I argue, suffers from some shortcomings. First, while literary Darwinists only weigh adaptation against by-product as competing explanations of literary behaviors, other alternatives, such as constraint and exaptation, should be considered as well. I attempt to demonstrate their relevance by evaluating the evidentiary criteria commonly employed by Literary Darwinists. Second, Literary Darwinists usually acknowledge the role of culture in human behavior and make references to Dual Inheritance theory (i.e., the body of empirical and theoretical work demonstrating that human behavior is the outcome of both genetic and cultural inheritance). However, they often do not fully appreciate the explanatory implications of dual inheritance. Literary Darwinism should be extended to include these recent refinements in our understanding of the evolution of human behavior.
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Attfield, Robin. „Reasons for Resisting Darwinism, and Why They Should Not Be Credited“. Open Theology 7, Nr. 1 (01.01.2021): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opth-2020-0153.
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Abstract Plantinga argues that Darwinism implies that we cannot help adopting our apparently reflective beliefs, and that this is a reason for rejecting Darwinism. I argue that similar arguments apparently apply to the beliefs crucial to deliberation, meaningful work, meaningful relationships, meaningful communication and creativity. But these arguments apply to deterministic versions of Darwinism only. Cogent non-deterministic versions have been propounded by Popper, Rose, Lewontin, Ward and Miller (those of Ward and Miller being theistic versions). These versions are presented, as is Midgley’s account of how evolution has endowed us with a mix of desires that prepare the way for choice. Plantinga-type arguments pose no problem for such non-deterministic Darwinisms.
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Pigliucci, Massimo. „Biology's last paradigm shift. The transition from natural theology to Darwinism“. PARADIGMI, Nr. 3 (Dezember 2012): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/para2012-003004.
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Evolutionary theory went through several phases ever since the publication of the original Darwin-Wallace paper, including neo-Darwinism, the Modern Synthesis and, possibly, a currently ongoing Extended Synthesis. In this paper I tackle the question of whether evolutionary biology ever underwent anything like a Kuhn-style paradigm shift. I conclude that it did not, and is not likely to do so in the future, although a paradigmlike shift did occur early on, at the transition between natural theology and Darwinism. Parole chiave: Darwinismo, Paradigmi, Sintesi estesa, Sintesi moderna, Teologia naturale
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Hermawanto, Ariesani. „DARWINISME SOSIAL DAN KEAMANAN INTERNASIONAL: SEBUAH ANALISIS RINGKAS“. Paradigma: Jurnal Masalah Sosial, Politik, dan Kebijakan 23, Nr. 2 (27.06.2021): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.31315/paradigma.v23i2.5012.
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The development of socio-biology science brings changes to the security of humansocial life. The biological theory about evolution made discussion that was identified as Social Darwinism. This thought was based on assumptions that human life through natural selection and always in conflict by competition to fight for life, keep the existence, and also survival of the fittest. Social Darwinism in its history produced ideology like Fascism and has made tragedies in the eras of World Wars I and II. As a thought, Social Darwinism still continues today.The competition between countries in the new Millennium era, both in the arms race and economic competition, are reflection of Darwinist thougt.
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Mukhataev, Pavel Nicolaevich. „Interpretation of the concept «social Darwinism» in Western and Russian historiography of the late XIX - early XXI century“. Samara Journal of Science 5, Nr. 4 (15.12.2016): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv20164211.
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The article discusses various meanings of social Darwinism from the late XIX century, when the term began to be used by scientists, to the twentieth - early twenty-first centuries. The author explores the historiography of the question about the influence of Charles Darwins work Origin of species on the emergence and development of the social Darwinism ideology. The author also discusses the question of Herbert Spensers contribution to the formation and development of this concept and the social-Darwinian ideology in general. The paper contains a comparative analysis of the term social Darwinism usage in the Russian and English languages. Several periods of social Darwinism phenomenon research are distinguished: pre-revolutionary, Soviet and Russian. Each of them has a number of features that directly affect image and understanding of social Darwinism. The author considers the interpretation of social Darwinism concept in the context of large-scale political changes, scientific discoveries, cultural changes in the nineteenth, twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The article shows an attempt to interpret the essence of such an ambivalent phenomenon in the history of social thought as social-Darwinist ideology through the research of the evolution of the scholars interpretation of social Darwinism.
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Cavadas, Bento. „«On the Origin of Species»: Didactic transposition to the curriculum and Portuguese science textbooks (1859-1959)“. Espacio, Tiempo y Educación 4, Nr. 2 (01.07.2017): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/ete.149.
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This research aimed to contribute to the history of the teaching of Darwinism in the Portuguese curriculum from 1859 to 1959. To this end, it was analysed the didactic transposition of the book On the Origin of Species for the standards and textbooks of Natural Sciences of secondary education. This study showed that some standards did not address Darwinism (Standards of 1856, 1872, 1880, 1886, 1926 and 1929), while others only prescribed the study of some subjects of Darwinism (Standards of 1889 and 1905). The standards of 1895 were the ones that addressed more Darwinists ideas in the 19th century. In the 20th century, the overall approach to Darwinism was related to the study of transformist ideas (Standards of 1919) or evolution (Standards of 1936 and 1954). However, even when the respective standards did not make that prescription, the major part of textbooks addressed the mechanisms of Darwinian evolution: adaptation, variability, growth correlations, heredity, natural selection, vital competition, geographic isolation and sexual selection.
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Ruse, Michael. „Bad arguments about Darwinism“. Think 3, Nr. 8 (2004): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1477175600001007.
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In Think 7, philosopher Jenny Teichman accused the geneticist Professor Stephen Jones and other contemporary Darwinists of confusion and of overestimating Darwinism's explanatory power. Here, Micheal Ruse explains why he believes it is actually Teichman who is confused.
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Weindling, Paul. „Dissecting German Social Darwinism: Historicizing the Biology of the Organic State“. Science in Context 11, Nr. 3-4 (1998): 619–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700003252.
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The ArgumentRecognizing that social Darwinism is an intrinsically varied and composite concept, this essay advocates an approach delineating the various intellectual constituents and sociopolitical contexts. It is argued that German social Darwinism has often had a sophisticated biological content, and that the prevalent notion of the state as a biological organism has drawn on non-Darwinian biological theories. Different social interests and programs, institutional structures, and professional interests have also to be taken into account. Alternative interpretations stressing Nazi vulgarizations of biology have serious historical flaws. The paper considers the position of the historian Richard J. Evans, who has rejected interpretations of social Darwinism as scientific and medical discourse. While Evans stresses social Darwinism as public rhetoric, I suggest that social-Darwinist ideas have provided rationales for welfare policies and have had institutional, professional, and ideological implications. What occurred in crucial sectors of the emergent German “welfare state” was a shift from the legally trained administrators to specialists in such areas as public health and social work, who frequently looked to biology to legitimate policy.
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Mayr, E. „Darwinism from France: Dictionnaire du Darwinisme et de l'Evolution.“ Science 274, Nr. 5295 (20.12.1996): 2032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5295.2032-a.
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Mayr, E. „Darwinism from France: Dictionnaire du Darwinisme et de l'Evolution.“ Science 274, Nr. 5295 (20.12.1996): 2032a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5295.2032a.
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Lezama Q., José R. „Mente, Evolución y Libertad: El Proyecto de Naturalización de la Ética de Daniel C. Dennett“. GACETA DE PEDAGOGÍA, Nr. 33 (01.12.2014): 11–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.56219/rgp.vi33.528.
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El presente trabajo constituye un intento de mostrar que la adopción del darwinismo no implica, como se ha llegado a pensar, la ruina moral. Para ello, analizaremos la propuesta de naturalización de la ética que, con base en los postulados evolucionistas de Darwin, ofrece el filósofo norteamericano Daniel Dennett. A partir de este análisis, podremos corroborar que, más que un obstáculo, el evolucionismo darwinista puede servir de apoyo para una ética realista y plausible.
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Castro Nogueira, Laureano. „La medicina darwinista: el origen evolutivo de la enfermedad“. Ambiociencias, Nr. 2009 (26.06.2018): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/ambioc.i2009.4964.
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La influencia del darwinismo ha marcado el desarrollo de toda la biología moderna. Sorprendentemente, la medicina se ha mantenido, en buena medida, al margen del pensamiento evolutivo hasta hace unos años. La situación experimentó un cambio drástico en el año 1991 cuando el psiquiatra Randolph M. Nesse de la Universidad de Michigan y el prestigioso evolucionista George C. Williams de la Universidad de Nueva York publicaron un artículo titulado “El amanecer de la medicina darwinista”
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Almada, Leonardo Ferreira, und Gabriel J. C. Mograbi. „Considerações filosóficas sobre a validade do escopo do Reducionismo Adaptacionista do Darwinismo Literário em sua versão mais forte“. Letras & Letras 35, Nr. 1 (19.06.2019): 44–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/ll63-v35n1a2019-3.
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Propomos, neste artigo, proceder a algumas considerações filosóficas sobre a legitimidade da proposta e dos objetivos do reducionismo adaptacionista do "darwinismo literário" em sua versão mais forte. Centramo-nos nos textos de Joseph Carroll, porquanto representam a máxima radicalidade no projeto do estudos darwinistas literários e do reducionismo adaptacionista. Carroll é, segundo acreditamos, quem leva mais longe a pretensão de redução darwinista. Ao confrontarmos Carroll, aproximamo-nos de uma perspectiva de literatura que definitivamente justifica a aproximação que nós buscamos com o darwinismo literário: nossa defesa de uma perspectiva corporificada para mente e cognição, e a compreensão da crítica darwinista literária de que a literatura é um caso especial (e ilustrativo) de atividade cognitiva destinada a orientar o organismo no ambiente físico, mesmo que isso se dê pela via indireta da simulação mental. Mais do que isso, a literatura se distingue de outras formas de conhecimento do mundo, do homem e de seu ambiente exatamente no sentido que nos interessa: distingue-se quanto ao seu assunto e distingue-se quanto ao seu método. A intenção do texto é demonstrar alguns dos caminhos que autores pautados por esse grau de radicalidade no que concerne o projeto de naturalização da literatura devam tomar para que suas teorias possam ser mais justas e condizentes com o objeto literário em si mesmo e, assim, mais eficientes.
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Tian, Feng, Jian Zou, Hai Li, Liping Han und Bin Shao. „Relationship between Information Scrambling and Quantum Darwinism“. Entropy 26, Nr. 1 (24.12.2023): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e26010019.
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A quantum system interacting with a multipartite environment can induce redundant encoding of the information of a system into the environment, which is the essence of quantum Darwinism. At the same time, the environment may scramble the initially localized information about the system. Based on a collision model, we mainly investigate the relationship between information scrambling in an environment and the emergence of quantum Darwinism. Our results show that when the mutual information between the system and environmental fragment is a linear increasing function of the fragment size, the tripartite mutual information (TMI) is zero, which can be proved generally beyond the collision model; when the system exhibits Darwinistic behavior, the TMI is positive (i.e., scrambling does not occur); when we see the behavior of an “encoding” environment, the TMI is negative (i.e., scrambling occurs). Additionally, we give a physical explanation for the above results by considering two simple but illustrative examples. Moreover, depending on the nature of system and environment interactions, it is also shown that the single qubit and two-qubit systems behave differently for the emergence of quantum Darwinism, and hence the scrambling, while their relationship is consistent with the above conclusion.
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Rodríguez Caso, Juan Manuel. „El “darwinismo puro” de Alfred Russel Wallace: aportaciones a la teoría evolutiva moderna“. Asclepio 72, Nr. 2 (17.11.2020): p324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/asclepio.2020.25.
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La historia suele ser insistente en recordar el caso de Alfred Russel Wallace como quien, de manera secundaria, apoyó la propuesta de Darwin. Para efectos de este trabajo se presenta lo que Wallace denominó en su obra Darwinism (1889) los elementos básicos del darwinismo puro, que servirían de base para lo que George John Romanes llamaría neodarwinismo, a partir tanto del trabajo de Wallace como del de August Weismann. Esos elementos abarcan ideas que comúnmente se asocian de manera exclusiva con el trabajo de Charles Darwin, como el concepto biológico de especie, los diferentes tipos de variación y su origen, la importancia de la selección natural como el mecanismo preponderante para entender la evolución, el rechazo a los mecanismos lamarckianos, entre otros puntos. A partir de lo anterior, los objetivos de este trabajo son dos: por un lado, rescatar esos conceptos básicos del darwinismo puro de Wallace; y por el otro, establecer algunas posibles explicaciones sobre por qué persiste la idea de que el trabajo de Wallace no parece haber sido de importancia para el desarrollo de la Síntesis Moderna.
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Barroso, Marco Antônio, und Camila de Oliveira Sá. „A Influência do Paradigma Biológico na Filosofia do Século XX: A Epistemologia Darwinista de Karl Popper“. Fronteiras: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science 8, Nr. 3 (01.09.2019): 509–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21664/2238-8869.2019v8i3.p509-523.
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Karl Raimund Popper é um epistemólogo que busca fazer conexões entre a produção científica e o evolucionismo de Darwin. Suas pesquisas são desenvolvidas a partir de questões sobre o método científico, a filosofia política e as ciências sociais, apresentando a teoria dos três mundos. O filósofo em questão estuda diversas teorias e hipóteses e as conceitua como teoria ou um programa metafísico conforme as características que apresentam. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo evidenciar a relação entre as teorias de Popper e a darwinista. Para Popper, o darwinismo é enquadrado no mundo 3 e é um programa metafísico de pesquisa, por não ser verossímel e falsificável. O darwinismo assim como os pensamentos de Popper, conforme ele mesmo admite, são pesquisas que irão fornecer bases para que outros pesquisadores possam responder as questões levantadas por aquelas. Contudo, pode-se perceber que há falhas na reflexão do filósofo a respeito de alguns termos da teoria evolutiva, como seleção natural e especiação.
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Hwang, Eun-Jung. „The Impact of Social Darwinism and Eugenics on the Development of Anti-immigration Sentiment from the Late 19th to Early 20th Century in the U.S.“ Korea Association of World History and Culture 66 (30.06.2023): 93–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.32961/jwhc.2023.03.66.93.
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This study focused on analyzing the impact of social darwinism and eugenics of the development of the anti-immigration sentiment from the late 19th to early 20th century. In the late 19th, as anti-immigration sentiment that based on racism spreaded among the working class, conservative politicians, strong federal immigration regulations were urged. As a result, the immigration policy in the United States has shifted to the restrictionist policy. Social darwinism and eugenics were huge part of the development of this anti-immigration sentiment. Social darwinists and eugenicist explained social injustice based on racism as the providence of nature and made people rank by race. These social darwinism and eugenics became an ideological mechanism of the anti-immigration policy and made a theoretical basis for proving the need and necessity for the anti-immigration policy by having a profound influence on political and intellectual circles. Furthermore, as these views are expressed throughout the cultural world, a stereotyped racist bias was formed in the public. And the perception that races were unequal and American society was being degenerated by inferior races had been formed. As anti-immigration protocols were strengthened and reproduced in these ways, they pressured the federal parliament and the federal government, resulting in changes in immigration policy. In conclusion, changes in the U.S. immigration policy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were not limited to specific classes and regions, but were the result of popular anti-immigration sentiment, and social darwinism and eugenics were at the root.
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Lorenzo, Salvatore, Mauro Paternostro und G. Massimo Palma. „Reading a Qubit Quantum State with a Quantum Meter: Time Unfolding of Quantum Darwinism and Quantum Information Flux“. Open Systems & Information Dynamics 26, Nr. 04 (Dezember 2019): 1950023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1230161219500239.
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Quantum non-Markovianity and quantum Darwinism are two phenomena linked by a common theme: the flux of quantum information between a quantum system and the quantum environment it interacts with. In this work, making use of a quantum collision model, a formalism initiated by Sudarshan and his school, we will analyse the efficiency with which the information about a single qubit gained by a quantum harmonic oscillator, acting as a meter, is transferred to a bosonic environment. We will show how, in some regimes, such quantum information flux is inefficient, leading to the simultaneous emergence of non-Markovian and non-darwinistic behaviours.
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Zhang, Xiaoxi. „Benevolence or Pretext: An Exploration of U.S. Foreign Policy Toward China in the Early 20th Century from the Perspective of Social Darwinism“. Journal of Asian Research 8, Nr. 1 (14.03.2024): p49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jar.v8n1p49.
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Applying Darwin’s principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest to human society, social Darwinists in the late nineteenth century proposed the Manifest Destiny of the Anglo-Saxon race. Based on the social Darwinism theory, this paper looks into the United States overseas expansion, especially its foreign policy toward China in the early 20th century. It further argues that the alleged American “protection” for China in military, diplomatic and cultural domain was just an embodiment of racial superiority in U.S. foreign policy, which was a justification for the United States to invade and enslave other countries and establish world hegemony.
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Drabiński, Maciej. „Piotr Kropotkin i ewolucyjne źródła moralności“. Etyka 58, Nr. 2 (08.12.2019): 26–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14394/etyka.950.
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Piotr Kropotkin był najważniejszym przedstawicielem tzw. darwinizmu rosyjskiego oraz teorii pomocy wzajemnej, która podkreślała znaczenie współpracy wewnątrzgatunkowej w procesie doboru naturalnego oraz walki o byt. Na jej kanwie rosyjski badacz wysunął tezę o ewolucyjnych źródłach moralności, będącej problem badawczym w niniejszym artykule. Stanowi to jednocześnie powód dlaczego poza przedstawieniem wspomnianej tezy i jej założeń, w publikacji zilustrowana została także teoria pomocy wzajemnej. Zaproponowana przez Kropotkina wizja moralności suponowała, iż stanowi ona „przyrodzoną” właściwość ludzkiej natury. Podstawę dla niej stanowić ma instynkt społeczny oraz jego przejawy, takie jak: równość, solidarność, sprawiedliwość, itd., a także pomoc wzajemna. Stawiało to propozycję rosyjskiego darwinisty w opozycji wobec dominujących trendów w myśleniu o ludzkiej moralności na przełomie XIX i XX wieku, zwłaszcza wobec tzw. darwinizmu społecznego i charakterystycznego dlań dualizmu moralnego. Ponadto zrywała z antropocentryzmem zakładając, iż poza gatunkiem ludzkim, także inne gatunki cechują się uczuciami moralnymi.
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Sullivan, Gregory. „Tricks of Transference: Oka Asajirō (1868–1944) on Laissez-faire Capitalism“. Science in Context 23, Nr. 3 (30.07.2010): 367–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889710000128.
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ArgumentContrary to common portrayals of social Darwinism as a transference of laissez-faire values, the widely read evolutionism of Japan's foremost Darwinist of the early twentieth-century, Oka Asajirō (1868–1944), reflects a statist outlook that regards capitalism as the beginning of the nation's degeneration. The evolutionary theory of orthogenesis that Oka employed in his 1910 essay, “The Future of Humankind,” links him to a pre-Darwinian idealist tradition that depicted the state as an organism that develops through life-cycle stages. For Oka, laissez-faire capitalism marked the moment when the state began to decline toward extinction due to the orthogenetic overdevelopment of hitherto subordinate individual egos. Because conservative bureaucrat-intellectuals had been drawing upon this same organicist-developmental tradition since the 1880s in an attempt to forestall the social ills of industrialism, Oka's call for statist measures, including eugenics, to lessen and delay the atomizing, enervating, and corrupting influence of capitalism articulated the political vision of officialdom. Statist evolutionism, not social Darwinism, might be the term that best describes Oka's approach.
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Johnson, Bill. „Czy darwinizm ma ateistyczny charakter? Analiza przekonań i czynów Karola Darwina“. Filozoficzne Aspekty Genezy 8 (21.05.2021): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.53763/fag.2011.8.57.
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W dziewiętnastym wieku Karol Darwin ogłosił teorię ewolucji drogą doboru naturalnego. Jego celem było wykazanie, że przyroda ożywiona nie jest skutkiem boskiej interwencji, lecz rezultatem działania ślepych procesów naturalnych. Darwin twierdził, że doszedł do tej teorii wyłącznie na podstawie faktów i nie ma ona nic wspólnego z żadnymi przyjętymi z góry koncepcjami. Tak też większość ludzi postrzega dzisiaj darwinizm. Przeciwnicy argumentują, że darwinizm nie jest teorią naukową, ale że Darwin patrzył na przyrodę przez pryzmat światopoglądu ateistycznego czy materialistycznego i dopiero wówczas poszukiwał faktów potwierdzających jego teorię. Darwiniści odpowiadają, że pisma Darwina świadczą, iż nie tylko nie był on ateistą, ale zawsze wierzył w jakąś postać bóstwa. Jednakże uważna analiza pism Darwina, zwłaszcza jego pośmiertnie wydanych prywatnych dzienników i listów, wskazuje, że był on ateistą, a teorię doboru naturalnego sformułował w celu zastąpienia Stwórcy procesami naturalnymi.
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Mukhataev, Pavel Nikolaevich. „The Social Darwinist ideology in American domestic policy at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries“. Samara Journal of Science 8, Nr. 4 (29.11.2019): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201984213.
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This paper presents an attempt to analyze the interrelation between American domestic policy and the Social Darwinist ideology at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Soviet and Russian historiography presents a deep analysis of socio-economic and political processes in that period in terms of criticism of liberal ideology and market economics. Significant social stratification was explained by insufficiently developed socially directed normative base, illegal interaction between representatives of large business and politicians, the purpose of which was personal enrichment, etc. In general, the economic and political system of the United States in the late XIX - early XX centuries was criticized from Russian scientists. In Soviet literature the conclusion was made about the insolvency of bourgeois ideology, with elements of criticism of Social Darwinism as a minor component of this ideology. American historiography considers the subject of our study more wholly. Foreign historiography, basically, analyzes the connection of American domestic policy with the activities of financial magnates, who were becoming a new serious power in American politics. This paper attempts to explain the connection between the American domestic policy and the Social Darwinist discourse, which was an undoubted part of the intellectual and daily life of citizens in that historical period. The author points to the significant influence of the Social Darwinist ideology in the adoption of key inner-political decisions by the government of the United States.
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White, Elliott. „Celebrating Darwin's Legacy“. Politics and the Life Sciences 11, Nr. 2 (August 1992): 283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400015379.
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To find oneself cited sympathetically along with one's colleagues—notably Roger Masters, Glen Schubert, and Fred Willhoite—in an intellectual history by a Pulitzer Prize-winning historian is pleasant discovery. But it also constitutes something of a conflict of interest in pronouncing a judgment upon the work—it could, after all, turn out to be a disappointing dud. So it is doubly a pleasure, even allowing for an inevitable bias, to report that Carl Degler's In Search of Human Nature is a masterly account of the influence of Darwinism upon American social thought. (I was a bit troubled, though, by one or two omissions; there was no mention, for example, of Ellsworth Huntington among early Darwinis ts.)
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Mukhataev, Pavel Nicolaevich. „American foreign policy at the end of the XIX - early XX centuries and Social Darwinist ideology“. Samara Journal of Science 6, Nr. 4 (01.12.2017): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201764212.
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This paper presents a historiographical review of American foreign policy, as well as analysis of the causes of the emergence of American expansionist paradigm in the late XIX - early XX centuries. Soviet historians give us an idea about the economic aspect of events in the U.S. during the specified period. However, foreign scientists have multidimensional view on the events. A. Schlesinger as one of the most popular authors insisted on the secondary importance of economic reasons for an active foreign policy of the United States, indicating that political reasons were of paramount importance. Social Darwinism, as a phenomenon that could shape foreign policy is considered by historians indirectly. In the Russian-Soviet historiography Social Darwinism is denoted as a factor that influences policy indirectly. American historiography considers the subject of our study more wholly, but in the context of the analysis of the liberal ideology. The author points to the role of ideological reasons for the American administrations foreign policy decision-making. The paper is an attempt to find out whether there was a connection between foreign policy and the Social-Darwinist discourse, which can be traced in political, economic and intellectual elites of American society at the turn of the century.
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Puelles Benítez, Manuel, und Margarita Hernández Laille. „El darwinismo en los manuales escolares de ciencias naturales de segunda enseñanza desde la publicación del «Origen de las especies» en España hasta finales del siglo XIX“. Anuario de Historia de la Iglesia 18 (18.04.2018): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15581/007.18.9817.
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Este trabajo analiza la diversidad de enfoques con que los manuales escolares de ciencias naturales de segunda enseñanza incorporaron la nueva teoría darwinista durante la alta Restauración en España, considerando estos manuales no sólo como el complejo producto que son, sino también como objeto de investigación y como instrumentos ideológicos que transmiten valores. Asimismo, se estudia la influencia que tuvieron el partido liberal y organismos como la Institución Libre de Enseñanza en la aceptación y difusión del darwinismo en las aulas, la contribución de la nueva teoría de la evolución al proceso de modernización cultural y educativa de España, así como las resistencias que opusieron la política restrictiva de la libertad de cátedra del marqués de Orovio y una cosmovisión tradicional del mundo y del hombre, reflejadas ambas en los manuales escolares del periodo estudiado.
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Olivares Sandoval, Omar. „The Scientific Images of the Axolotl by José María Velasco and Their Role in Nineteenth-Century Evolutionary Thinking“. Nuncius 36, Nr. 1 (01.04.2021): 143–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-bja10005.
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Abstract This paper examines the study and images of the Mexican amphibian axolotl published by the Mexican landscape painter José María Velasco in 1879. Soon thereafter Velasco encountered the study of the same amphibian written by the German Neo-Darwinist August Weismann. Velasco disputed Weismann’s evolutionary views and defended his own observations. Through an analysis of Velasco’s images, I argue that their aesthetic features were strategic to developing a biological explanation of the creature’s development. This interaction between image and scientific explanation sheds light on the significance of visual objects within the expansion of Darwinism in the late nineteenth century, and within the development of laboratory research. I argue that changes in global scientific networks and the expansion of new techniques of research necessitate a rethinking of the nexus between observation and the scientific image.
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Gołaszewski, Filip. „Teologiczne konsekwencje darwinizmu — „Bóg Darwina” Corneliusa G. Huntera“. Hybris 60, Nr. 1 (02.07.2023): 109–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1689-4286.60.05.
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Celem tego artykułu jest przedstawienie teodycei Darwinowskiej według Corneliusa G. Huntera. Książka Huntera została przetłumaczona na język polski przez Józefa Zonia i wydana przez Fundację En Arche w 2021 roku. Artykuł przedstawia krytyczną lekturę książki Huntera. Twierdzi się, że główna teza Huntera jest powierzchowna, a argumenty na jej poparcie są niewystarczające. Po pierwsze, przedstawiono historyczne tło problemu teodycei. Począwszy od św. Augustyna i Leibniza, omawiane są niektóre XX-wieczne i współczesne próby rozwiązania problemu zła. W ten sposób nakreślony zostaje kontekst dla podjętej przez Huntera próby przedstawienia Darwinizmu jako przykładu filozoficznej teodycei. Po drugie, przedstawione są główne idee książki Huntera Bóg Darwina. Szczególny nacisk położony jest na problem metafizycznych i teologicznych implikacji, ale także ukrytych założeń stojących za teorią ewolucji. W zakończeniu artykułu uwypuklone zostały pewne słabości narracji Huntera na temat kulturowych źródeł Darwinowskiego deizmu. Zwrócono uwagę na historyczne uproszczenia dotyczące dziewiętnastowiecznego ateizmu oraz logiczną lukę w argumentacji Huntera. Hunter argumentuje, że Darwinizm opiera się na określonych metafizycznych założeniach i z tego powodu nie może być uważany za przykład nauki. Jednocześnie Hunter nie podaje przykładu teorii naukowej, która byłaby całkowicie wolna od metafizycznych założeń. Wydaje się zatem, że jego krytyka Darwinizmu nie dostarcza przekonujących argumentów.
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Poustilnik, Simona. „Aleksandr Bogdanov’s Tektology: A Proletarian Science of Construction“. Cultural Science Journal 13, Nr. 1 (01.12.2021): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/csj-2021-0011.
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Abstract Russian Darwinism developed without Malthus – without the struggle for existence. There is a remarkable link connecting the understanding of the Russian Darwinists of ‘natural podbor’ as ‘fine-tuning’ by nature and Aleksandr Bogdanov’s concept of tektological ‘podbor’ (‘assembling’) as the universal mechanism of the construction of any organization. Bogdanov’s conception of the universal phenomenon of ‘organization’ as an expedient combination of active elements and his attempt to construct a collective tektological ‘personality-organization’ possessed a conceptual creative power and influenced the work of the Soviet Constructivists. Conceptions of ‘assembling’ similar to those expressed in Tektology provided Constructivists with a scientific rationale, projects and terminology for their experiments in a new ‘production art’. They constructed expedient and functional art objects from a tektological point of view – as organizational art objects. Tektological ‘podbor’ – ‘assembling’ as a universal mechanism for construction – provided the Constructivists with a real method for constructing an expedient art-object by way of a ‘cinematic assembly’ of the elements.
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Jaroš, Filip. „Darwinismus a portmannismus: střetnutí nesouměřitelných biologických paradigmat?“ Teorie vědy / Theory of Science 32, Nr. 4 (16.12.2010): 301–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46938/tv.2010.48.
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The article focuses on the possibility of the cultivation of biology inspired by the work of biologist A. Portmann. Insight into the problem is to some extent limited to the Czech language area, where Portmann’s ideas are relatively well established. The paper analyses the causes of latent tension between so-called Darwinists and Portmannists. There are a lot of misunderstandings at this point. First of all, it must be considered that Portmann didn’t disregard Darwin’s theory. The aim of the article is to show that Portmann’s ideas transcend a traditional Darwinian reduction of a life form to adaptive function. Divergence of these schools of thought comes from different opinions on the nature of science. The paper shows how dissimilarities of aims and means of biological exploration lead to different conclusions about living creatures. For research growing out of Portmann’s ideas, it is necessary not to consider Darwinism as a competitor, but as a thought-provoking partner for a dialogue.
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Witteveen, Joeri. „Darwinism About Darwinism“. Biological Theory 4, Nr. 2 (Juni 2009): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/biot.2009.4.2.207.
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Juárez-Barrera, Fabiola, und A. Alfredo Bueno-Hernández. „La influencia del darwinismo sobre los conceptos raciales en México“. Asclepio 69, Nr. 1 (28.06.2017): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/asclepio.2017.06.
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Se ha señalado reiteradamente que Vicente Riva Palacio y Andrés Molina Enríquez fueron influidos por las ideas de Darwin al desarrollar sus propios conceptos raciales sobre el mestizo mexicano. Sin embargo, después de analizar dichas ideas tanto en su contexto biológico original como en el ámbito social al que fueron trasplantadas, concluimos que tal afirmación solo puede aceptarse en un sentido laxo. Su tesis sobre la superioridad del mestizo se sustentó más en concepciones lineales de la evolución y en mixtificaciones propias que en el modelo darwinista de selección natural. Conocer las repercusiones del darwinismo fuera de su ámbito original contribuye a entender cómo se dio el complejo e inevitable interjuego entre ciencia, sociedad y política. Aunque la apropiación que hicieron Riva Palacio y Molina de las ideas darwinistas no tuvo rigor conceptual ni metodológico, contribuyó a la construcción ideológica del mestizo como una raza evolutivamente avanzada. Esta tesis contrasta con la que prevaleció en otros países latinoamericanos, donde se concibió al mestizo como la personificación de la degeneración racial.
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Reif, Wolf-Ernst. „Darwinism, gradualism and uniformitarianism“. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 2000, Nr. 11 (13.10.2000): 669–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/2000/2000/669.
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Kreutzer, Ralf T. „Digitaler Darwinismus“. Der Betriebswirt: Volume 54, Issue 2 54, Nr. 2 (30.06.2013): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/dbw.54.2.20.
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Der digitale Darwinismus zwingt immer mehr Unternehmen und Branchen einen Überlebenskampf auf. Nur wer die Herausforderung früh aufnimmt, hat die Chance, ihn zu überleben. Dabei gilt, dass sich viele Unternehmen über den Grad der eigenen Betroffenheit durch die digitale und soziale Revolution noch im Unklaren sind. Vielfach herrscht eine Marketing-Myopia – gleichsam eine Marketing-Kurzsichtigkeit – vor. Doch nur wer sich der aktuellen Herausforderungen bewusst ist, kann Risiken abwehren und Chancen beherzt ergreifen. Digital darwinism leads for more and more companies and industries to a situation where they have to fight for their survival. Only those companies accepting the upcoming challenges will have the chance to survive. But many companies are not aware of the impact of the digital and social revolution on their own business concept. In many cases we can consider a kind of marketing myopia. Only those companies which are aware of the challenges can reduce the risks and are able to exploit theopportunities ahead. Keywords: zero gravity thinking, streaming, social media, roi, cloud, app economy
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Mirkin, Nicolás, und Diego A. Wisniacki. „Many-Body Localization and the Emergence of Quantum Darwinism“. Entropy 23, Nr. 11 (20.10.2021): 1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23111377.
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Quantum Darwinism (QD) is the process responsible for the proliferation of redundant information in the environment of a quantum system that is being decohered. This enables independent observers to access separate environmental fragments and reach consensus about the system’s state. In this work, we study the effect of disorder in the emergence of QD and find that a highly disordered environment is greatly beneficial for it. By introducing the notion of lack of redundancy to quantify objectivity, we show that it behaves analogously to the entanglement entropy (EE) of the environmental eigenstate taken as an initial state. This allows us to estimate the many-body mobility edge by means of our Darwinistic measure, implicating the existence of a critical degree of disorder beyond which the degree of objectivity rises the larger the environment is. The latter hints the key role that disorder may play when the environment is of a thermodynamic size. At last, we show that a highly disordered evolution may reduce the spoiling of redundancy in the presence of intra-environment interactions.
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Van Belle, Terry. „Is Neural Darwinism Darwinism?“ Artificial Life 3, Nr. 1 (Januar 1997): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl.1997.3.1.41.
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Neural Darwinism is a theory of cognition developed by Gerald Edelman along with George Reeke and Olaf Sporns at Rockefeller University. As its name suggests, neural Darwinism is modeled after biological Darwinism, and its authors assert that the two processes are strongly analogous. Both operate on variation in a population, amplifying the more adaptive individuals. However, from a computational perspective, neural Darwinism is quite different from other models of natural selection, such as genetic algorithms. The individuals of neural Darwinism do not replicate, thus robbing the process of the capacity to explore new solutions over time and ultimately reducing it to a random search. Because neural Darwinism does not have the computational power of a truly Darwinian process, it is misleading to label it as such. To illustrate this disparity in adaptive power, one of Edelman's early computer experiments, Darwin I, is revisited, and it is shown that adding replication greatly improves the adaptive power of the system.
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Abdalla, Maurício. „La crisis latente del Darwinismo“. Asclepio 58, Nr. 1 (30.06.2006): 43–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/asclepio.2006.v58.i1.2.
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Neupane, Ravindra. „The Role of Human Nature and Morality in Cormac McCarthy’s The Road“. Humanities and Social Sciences Journal 14, Nr. 1 (20.10.2022): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hssj.v14i1.57995.
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This paper has examined how human nature and morals play a role in humanity’s obsession with (post-) apocalyptic literature. Especially, it has analyzed The Road (2006) in light of Literary Darwinism, often known as Evolutionary Literary Study, which has evolutionary psychology as its theoretical foundation. This paper investigates The Road in the context of models of human nature and behavior by adopting a literary Darwinist approach and apocalyptic thought. It is demonstrated that (post-) apocalyptic authors examine human nature and morality when survival is at stake by exploiting both created (cultural) concerns and universal (natural) worries in their dystopian settings. Additionally, it has revealed how vitally evolved aspects of the human mind are to (post-)apocalyptic fiction. Since the creative scenes in these kinds of novels are works of human imagination, they ought to be able to tell us something about the brains behind them, as well as their ethos and motivations. The basic elements of human nature that McCarthy explores are also assessed in terms of how they align with or conflict with fundamental ideas about human nature and morality, though in ways that are constrained and channeled by the author's cultural context, personal needs, and the motivation behind writing about such a post-apocalyptic world. McCarthy’s ethics and ideals as well as the effect McCarthy’s post-apocalyptic world has on readers are examined. Based on the analysis presented in this paper, by emphasizing human nature and the cultural context of the time, as well as by drawing a distinction between culture and nature through the lens of Literary Darwinism, this paper has found that McCarthy’s The Road is profoundly influenced by moral characteristics, human nature, and universal human fears and needs.
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Megier, Nina, Andrea Smirne, Steve Campbell und Bassano Vacchini. „Correlations, Information Backflow, and Objectivity in a Class of Pure Dephasing Models“. Entropy 24, Nr. 2 (21.02.2022): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24020304.
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We critically examine the role that correlations established between a system and fragments of its environment play in characterising the ensuing dynamics. We employ a dephasing model with different initial conditions, where the state of the initial environment represents a tunable degree of freedom that qualitatively and quantitatively affects the correlation profiles, but nevertheless results in the same reduced dynamics for the system. We apply recently developed tools for the characterisation of non-Markovianity to carefully assess the role that correlations, as quantified by the (quantum) Jensen–Shannon divergence and relative entropy, as well as changes in the environmental state, play in whether the conditions for classical objectivity within the quantum Darwinism paradigm are met. We demonstrate that for precisely the same non-Markovian reduced dynamics of the system arising from different microscopic models, some exhibit quantum Darwinistic features, while others show that no meaningful notion of classical objectivity is present. Furthermore, our results highlight that the non-Markovian nature of an environment does not a priori prevent a system from redundantly proliferating relevant information, but rather it is the system’s ability to establish the requisite correlations that is the crucial factor in the manifestation of classical objectivity.
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Ma, Sheng-mei. „Sino-Anglo-Euro Wolf Fan(g)s from Jiang Rong to Annaud // Fans lupinos sino-anglo-europeos de Jiang Ring a Annaud“. Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment 7, Nr. 1 (15.06.2016): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37536/ecozona.2016.7.1.980.
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Fans of Jiang Rong’s Wolf Totem could arguably shapeshift into a wolf’s fangs, the sharp tips of China’s Social Darwinism today. Jiang mourns the killing of Mongolian wolves, erecting a literary totem there after wolves are gone. An elegy for the wild comes to justify the growing of fangs amid the jungle of the socialist-capitalist market. Wolf totem becomes a phallic symbol for power. A Sino-Anglo-Euro morphing materializes in global cinema as Annaud transforms the novel into The Last Wolf. Annaud’s romantic film downplays Jiang’s nationalistic tenor, avoiding to bare “red [in] tooth and claw” to the world.Resumen Los fans de Wolf Totem de Jiang Rong podrían discutiblemente transformarse en los colmillos de un lobo, las afiladas puntas del darwinismo social en China hoy en día. Jiang lamenta la muerte de los lobos mongoles, erigiendo un tótem literario allí tras la marcha de los lobos. Una elegía a los salvaje llega a justificar el crecimiento de colmillos en medio de la jungla del mercado socialista-capitalista. El tótem del lobo se convierte en un símbolo fálico de poder. Un Changling sino-anglo-europeo de algún tipo se materializa en el cine global cuando Annaud transforma la novela en El último lobo. La romántica película de Annaud resta importancia al tono nacionalista de Jiang, evitando mostrar "rojo [en] diente y garra" al mundo.
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Hesketh, Ian. „The First Darwinian: Alfred Russel Wallace and the Meaning of Darwinism“. Journal of Victorian Culture 25, Nr. 2 (21.10.2019): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jvcult/vcz042.
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Abstract This essay is an initial study of a larger project that seeks to produce a history of the term ‘Darwinism’. While it is generally well-known that Darwinism could refer to a variety of different things in the Victorian period, from a general evolutionary naturalism to the particular theory of natural selection, very little has been written about the history of the term or how it was contested at given times and places. Building on James Moore’s 1991 sketch of the history of Darwinism in the 1860s, this paper specifically seeks to situate Alfred Russel Wallace’s 1889 book Darwinism in the context of a larger struggle over Darwin’s legacy in the 1880s. It is argued that Wallace used his authority as one of the founders of evolution by natural selection to reimagine what he called ‘pure Darwinism’ as a teleological evolutionism, one that integrated the theory of natural selection with an interpretation of spirit phenomena thereby producing a more agreeable and holistic account of life than was previously associated with Darwinian evolution. By considering the reception of Wallace’s Darwinism in the periodical press it will be argued further that Wallace’s interpretation of Darwinism was generally well received, which suggests that our understanding of what Darwinism meant in the late Victorian period needs to be revisited.
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Sandín, Máximo. „Sobre una redundancia: el Darwinismo social“. Asclepio 52, Nr. 2 (30.12.2000): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/asclepio.2000.v52.i2.206.
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Reydon, Thomas A. C., und Markus Scholz. „Searching for Darwinism in Generalized Darwinism“. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 66, Nr. 3 (01.09.2015): 561–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjps/axt049.
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Wells, A. J. „Rose's homeodynamic perspective is not an alternative to neo-Darwinism“. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, Nr. 5 (Oktober 1999): 911–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x9951220x.
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Lifelines discusses two approaches to biology, “ultra-Darwinism” which Rose criticises, and the “homeodynamic perspective,” which he offers as an alternative. This review suggests that ultra-Darwinism is a caricature of the theoretical positions Rose wishes to oppose and that the homeodynamic perspective is not an alternative, but is complementary to so-called ultra-Darwinism.
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Cortese, Giuseppe. „Radiolarian researchers based in Italy during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries“. Journal of Micropalaeontology 33, Nr. 1 (01.01.2014): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jmpaleo2012-023.
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Abstract. In the second half of the nineteenth century a few Italian radiolarists, including Dante Pantanelli and Senofonte Squinabol, made substantial contributions to the taxonomic study of radiolarians and their utilization in dating Mesozoic rocks. This time interval was very important in the history of science in general, and biology in particular, with numerous scientific expeditions collecting a wealth of biological and sedimentary material from the oceans that took decades to be described and analysed. One of the most famous examples is the Report of the Challenger Expedition, which included a thorough study of radiolarians by Ernst Haeckel which became the basis of radiolarian classification. Haeckel was one of the foremost promoters of the largest cultural revolution of his epoch: Darwinism. He, together with a long list of eminent scientists, used comparative anatomy and embryology to provide evidence of the theory of evolution through natural selection. One of his students, Anton Dohrn, also a fervent Darwinist, founded one of the oldest independent marine biology stations in the world: the Statione Zoologica in Naples. It was here that at the beginning of the twentieth century another eminent Italian radiolarist, Paolo Enriques, worked for many years to revise and improve Haeckel’s classification scheme of radiolarians, although he died before it was completed or published.
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Becker, Carlo. „“Every New Land Demands Blood”: ‘Nature’ and the Justification of Frontier Violence in Hell on Wheels“. aspeers: emerging voices in american studies 10 (2017): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54465/aspeers.10-04.
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This paper demonstrates how AMC’s TV show Hell on Wheels portrays the ideological force of nature to justify violence in frontier mythology. After a short look into the historical and ongoing relevance of frontier mythology in US culture, I will argue for its ideological reliance on nature. The following chapter will provide a theoretical background on social Darwinism, determinism, and scientism. I will then analyze how these relationships are examined in Hell on Wheels. First, as Thomas Durant’s social Darwinist monologue is paralleled with imagery that challenges the providential myth of Manifest Destiny, the show reveals that both ideologies equally replace human responsibility with a quasi-evolutionary rhetoric of inevitable progress. Second, the Swede’s deterministic notions of nature demonstrate the mythical power of the natural environment and evolutionary biology, which can easily assume Manifest Destiny’s divine authority as a justification for violence. Finally, the Swede’s and Reverend Cole’s discursive replacement of God with blood signifies a shift from religion to a redemptive scientism, in which science purports not only to explain but also to justify the violence of westward expansion. In these renditions, nature is variably utilized as the prime model for social behavior, as the ultimate victor over culture, and as the final authority whose imperatives are intelligible only through science.
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Urban, Martin. „Stát jako organismus? Kritická reflexe dosavadních interpretací konceptu státu Friedricha Ratzela“. HISTORICKÁ SOCIOLOGIE 16, Nr. 1 (11.06.2024): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23363525.2024.7.
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Friedrich Ratzel (1844–1904) is often portrayed in the Czech context as a controversial figure in the development of political-geographical or geopolitical thought. This is probably a consequence of the lack of attention and research interest in the Czech Republic. Nevertheless, his conception of the state resonates quite strongly in the domestic literature. Available sources indicate that under the influence of Social Darwinism he came up with the idea of the state as a (living or biological) organism that must grow (expand its Lebensraum), become stronger and occupy more and more space in order to survive (in the struggle for life). This interpretation, which is in fact very misleading, forms an important pillar of Ratzel’s overall negative perception. For it implies that his conception of the state is an application of Darwin’s natural selection and the struggle for survival to human society, states and international relations. Such an interpretation of Ratzel’s thought sounds truly sinister, and in this vein could be used to justify territorial expansion as the natural right of the stronger. On closer examination, however, it turns out that the Social Darwinist interpretation of Ratzel’s thought is highly questionable and that his conception of the state cannot be used in this way.