Dissertationen zum Thema „Darwinismi“
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1
Carula, Karoline. „Darwinismo, raça e gênero: conferências e cursos públicos no Rio de Janeiro (1870-1889)“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-27092012-115018/.
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O presente trabalho pretende delimitar os contornos de um discurso científico/cientificista, presente de modo mais intenso no último quartel do Oitocentos, que fundamentou argumentos de projetos modernizadores da nação, quais sejam, a aplicação da teoria de Darwin à sociedade, a hierarquização racial da sociedade e a criação de uma boa mãe de família burguesa, nos moldes europeus. Estas três propostas modernizadoras foram apresentadas e discutidas nos seguintes espaços públicos de vulgarização científica as Conferências Populares da Glória, os cursos públicos do Museu Nacional e as que denominei Avulsas, pois não se encaixavam nas duas categorizações anteriores todos realizados na capital imperial entre os anos de 1870 e 1889.The current paper intends to delimit the outlines of a scientific/scientificist speech, present in a more intense manner in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, which grounded arguments of the nations modernizing projects, which are, application of the Darwin theory to society, racial hierarchization of society and the creation of a good mother of a bourgeois family, in the European molds. These three modernizing proposals were presented and discussed in the following public spaces of scientific vulgarization the Popular Conferences of Glória, the public courses of the National Museum and the ones which I have named Miscellaneous, for they did not fit into the two prior characterizations all performed in the imperial capital between the years of 1870 and 1889.
2
Lehtonen, Tor. „Neural Darwinism and Consciousness“. Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-1105.
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Neural Darwinism (ND), also called the Theory of Neuronal Group Selection (TNGS) is a biological theory of brain development and function which is based on evolutionary and developmental principles. ND highlights the importance of selectionist processes underlying these principles. The aim of this literature review is to capture and summarize the essentials of both ND and its theoretical extensions, the Dynamic Core Hypothesis (TDCH) and Information Integration Theory, and reflect how ND as a theory accounts for a wide range of conscious phenomena such as general, informational and subjective conscious states. This is achieved by evaluating how 16 widely recognized properties of consciousness can be explained and accounted for with the theoretical framework of ND.
3
Makins, Courtney. „Clothing Darwinism : Absent Bodies“. Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-22029.
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Garments are everywhere in today’s society and often presented on the body, although the absence of the body in design can have an integral impact on how they are perceived by an audience. An experimental material coating, aided garments to become sculptural by portraying the essence of the body. This essay argues that garments are challenged through their perception and purpose by the absence of the body, allowing the sculptures to develop a language in their own right. Through means of forming methods, absence of the body and materiality, garments are able to evolve to communicate an idea challenging one’s preconceived garment notions and broadening the spectrum of situational presentational methods.
4
Bohigas, i. Maynegre Jordi 1958. „"Per Déu i per la Ciència". L'Església i la ciència a la Catalunya de la Restauració (1874-1923)“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/81746.
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The author explores into the relationship between science and Church during a period of history in Catalonia in which the Church carried out a series of top level scientific measures, such as the school of geology of the Barcelona Seminar and the provincial geological map. At a time when science is used as a weapon to discredit the Catholic doctrine of religious belief in general, we've analyzed the response of Church through studying priest education and religious schools, its vision of science, speeches of scientific works carried out by priests, to conclude that the desire of conciliation with science and necessity of defending faith encouraged the updating of the ecclesiastical institution in some scientific disciplines. Later, the social prestige and authority given by science also helps to explain certain scientific “vocations", in particular, the strategy of Jesuits that gave as a result the scientific complex of Roquetes (Tortosa).L'autor explora en les relacions ciència i Església en un període de la història de Catalunya en el qual l'Església dugué a terme tot un seguit d'accions científiques de primer nivell, com ara l'escola de geologia del Seminari barceloní i el mapa geològic provincial. En una època que la ciència és usada com a arma per desprestigiar la doctrina catòlica i les creences religioses en general, hem analitzat la resposta eclesiàstica a través de l'estudi de l'educació sacerdotal i dels col•legis religiosos, la visió de la ciència que en tenien, els discursos i obres científiques protagonitzades per eclesiàstics, per arribar a la conclusió que la voluntat de conciliació amb les ciències i la necessitat de defensar la fe estimularen la posada al dia de la institució eclesiàstica en algunes disciplines científiques. Més endavant, el prestigi social i l'autoritat que donava la ciència també ajuda a explicar determinades "vocacions" científiques i, en concret, l'estratègia de la Companyia de Jesús que donà com a resultat el complex científic de Roquetes (Tortosa).
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Couturier, Florian. „Les implications morales du darwinisme : une lecture de l'oeuvre de James Rachels“. Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENP002/document.
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L'éthique de J. Rachels, qu'il en viendra à présenter comme un utilitarisme « à stratégies multiples », concilie la maximisation du bien-être global sur Terre avec une attention pour la variété des éléments qui le composent. De plus, le jugement moral relève des caractéristiques pertinentes des individus impliqués, eu égard au traitement envisagé, et non des espèces auxquelles ils appartiennent. Un tel Individualisme Moral fait donc dépendre le bénéfice de considérations morales, non plus seulement de facultés mentales développées, mais d'une variété de capacités, telle la sensibilité, dont sont dotés de nombreux animaux. À travers cela, l'auteur s'oppose, plus fondamentalement, à la tendance en éthique à vouloir poser des limites a priori à l'ensemble des êtres susceptibles de bénéficier de considérations morales pour eux-mêmes (les patients moraux). Ces limites sont généralement rapprochées de capacités telles que la rationalité ou la sensibilité – tout ce qui existe au-delà de cette « frontière » présentant une valeur moindre ou étant réduit à l'état de chose. Pour Rachels, en revanche, le statut moral ne dépend pas d'une caractéristique unique à portée générale : nous devrions plutôt convenir qu'il existe une variété de critères pertinents pour une variété de circonstances. C'est dans le cadre de cette réflexion autour de la considérabilité morale des objets de la nature, outre ses travaux sur l'euthanasie, que l'auteur publie Created from Animals: the Moral Implications of Darwinism (1990). « Darwinisme » s'entend ici comme une pensée tant proche de celle de C. Darwin en son temps qu'informée des derniers progrès dans notre compréhension de l'évolution des espèces, où la sélection naturelle joue un rôle clef : une pensée du changeant, du progressif et de la contingence qui succède à un monde ordonné et finalisé, où l'homme a une valeur spéciale, et à la conception essentialiste des espèces. Il ne s'agit rien plus que de s'assurer, sur le modèle d'une cohérence globale de la connaissance (naturalisme inspiré de W.O. Quine), de la compatibilité de la réflexion philosophique avec notre compréhension la plus complète des origines du vivant. Or, avec Darwin, plutôt que des ruptures brutales entre espèces, se découvre un motif complexe de similitudes et de différences qui reflète une ascendance commune. Un tel continuisme biologique, s'il n'en établit la fausseté, vient saper les bases de la « logique de frontières » sur le plan éthique, c'est-à-dire de cette stratégie consistant à justifier des régimes de traitement entièrement différents pour des individus d'espèces distinctes en arguant d'une radicale différence de nature. Cet argument essentiel consolide donc la pensée animaliste, notamment l'argument des « cas marginaux ». Mais on voit à travers lui que l'éthique animale elle-même est susceptible d'entretenir un biais anthropocentriste : étendu aux êtres sensibles, le statut moral demeure attaché à une caractéristique unique, que l'homme valorise d'autant plus volontiers qu'il en fait l'expérience intime. Cette démarche extensionniste ne ferait donc jamais que recréer de nouveaux critères d'exclusion, dont on peut désormais soupçonner le caractère arbitraire. Pour P. Taylor ou H. Rolston, en effet, une attitude de respect envers la vie en général n'a rien d'absurde. On devrait pouvoir envisager ainsi, dans le prolongement de la pensée de Rachels, de ne pas resserrer la communauté morale autour de la seule faculté sensible ; de mettre un terme au mouvement d'expansion de la communauté morale constaté à travers les siècles, non pas par une nouvelle frontière, mais en envisageant la dissolution de toute frontière. Ne rien considérer de ce qui appartient à la biosphère seulement comme une ressource, et se disposer à entretenir envers tout existant un rapport respectueux en adéquation avec ses propriétés réelles, en tenant compte de l'ensemble des circonstances : ce serait là le principe d'une « éthique de toutes choses »James Rachels' ethics, which he will finally present as a « multiple strategies utilitarianism », reconciles maximisation of global welfare on Earth and attention for the variety of elements which compose it. Furthermore, the moral judgement is related to the relevant characteristics of the individuals who are involved, in view of the considered treatment, not the species of which they belong. According to such Moral Individualism, the benefit of moral considerations will depend, not of developed mental faculties only, but of a variety of capacities, such as sensibility, which many animals have. Through this, the author opposes, more fundamentally, the tendency in ethics to define a priori limits to the beings which are likely to benefit from moral considerations for themselves (moral patients). These limits are generally associated with capacities such as rationality or sensibility – any existing being beyond this “frontier” having a lesser value or being reduced to a mere thing. For Rachels, however, moral status cannot depend on a unique characteristic with general scope: rather, it should be admitted that there is a variety of relevant criteria for a variety of circumstances. It is in the context of this reflection about the moral considerability of natural objects, besides his work on euthanasia, that the author publishes Created from Animals: the Moral Implications of Darwinism (1990). “Darwinism” shall be understood here both as a thought close to Darwin's in his days and informed of the last progresses in our understanding of species evolution, where natural selection plays a key role: ideas of changingness, gradualness and contingency are succeeding to an organized and finalized world where man has special value, and to the essentialist understanding of species. The point is nothing more than to ensure, on a global coherence of knowledge model (naturalism inspired by W.O. Quine), of the compatibility of the philosophical thinking with our most complete understanding of the origins of life. But now, after Darwin, rather than sharp breaks among species, we discover a complex pattern of resemblances as well as differences that reflect common ancestry. Such a biological continuism, if not proving its falsity, is undermining the basis of the “logic of frontiers” on the ethical field, that is to say, of this strategy which consists in justifying entirely different schemes of treatment for individuals belonging to distinct species by putting forward a radical difference in nature. This crucial argument makes stronger indeed the discourse in favour of animals, notably the argument from “marginal cases”. But we can see through this that animal ethics itself is likely to reproduce an anthropocentric bias: while extended to sentient beings, moral status remains associated with a unique characteristic that man is all the more likely to value since he experiences it intimately. This extensionnist approach, then, is nothing else than recreating new criteria of exclusion, which now we can suspect of being arbitrary. For P. Taylor or H. Rolston, indeed, a respectful attitude toward life in general is nothing like an absurdity. We should be able to consider then, in the wake of Rachels' thought, not to restrict the moral community to the sentient faculty only. And we should consider the possibility of putting an end to the expansion movement of the moral community observed throughout the centuries, not with another frontier, but in contemplating the dissolution of all frontiers. Do not consider anything of what belongs to the biosphere only as a resource, and be prepared to develop toward any being a respectful relationship in alignment with its real properties, taking into account the entirety of the circumstances: this would be the principle of an “everything ethics”
6
Mameli, Gianmatteo. „Darwinism and non-genetic inheritance“. Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407813.
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Bizzo, Nelio Marco Vincenzo. „Ensino de evolução e história do darwinismo“. Universidade de São Paulo, 1991. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/48/48133/tde-16082013-145625/.
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Este estudo tem por objetívo trazer contribuições para os cursos de Biologia da escola secundária, focalizando o ensino de Evolução. As concepções dos estudantes foram estudadas e comparadas com alguns detalhes fundamentais do desenvolvimento das teorias originais de Charles Darwin, bem como com escritos de quatro estudiosos de sua obra, que se mostraram relevantes para os conteúdos escolares. Parte do trabalho de Emanuel Radl (1873-1942), John C. Greene, Robext Maxwell Young e Ernst Mayr foi apresentado criticamente. Alguns deles entendem que o darwinismo seja uma visão de mundo, outros o pensam como um grupo de teorias biológicas particulares. A presença do Homem no Orígin of Species foi discutida após pesquisas realizadas com os manusritos originais de Charles Darwin, particularmente com o capítulo 6 do \"Longo Manuscrito\". Foram apresentadas evidências que algumas razões inesperadas podem ter impedido que uma seção sobre o Homem fosse escrita no Orígin of Species. Foram apresentados livros escritos por Julian Huxley e Kettleweil, nos anos 60, e Richard Dawkins, mais recentemente, na tentativa de mostrar algumas fontes de influência sobre o entendimento que o grande público tem das teorias evolutivas. Onze estudantes de nível secundário foram entrevistados e 192 estudantes responderam a um questionário, de maneira a explicitar suas concepções após o ensino desse tópico. O livro didático utilizado nos seus cursos foi analisado, com o objetivo de verificar se suas concepções erróneas poderiam ter sido confirmadas quando estudavam esse tópico. As recomendações de 19 Secretarias de Educação foram também analisadas. Os resultados mostram pequeno entendimento das teorias biológicas. O significado da Evolução parece ser muito mais amplo do que seria de se esperar do ponto de vista do entendimento do darwinismo enquanto conjunto de teorias biológicas particulares. Evolução é entendida como estando ligada primordialmente ao Homem. Os alunos tendem a entender Evolução como progresso, crescimento, multiplicação e melhoramento. Evolução Biológica e Cultural parecem estar intimamente ligadas a uin mesmo amplo significado. Adaptação é vista como um processo individual, que ocorre durante o transcorrer da vida do organismo. Este estudo mostrou que existem algumas razões específicas para esses resultados, uma vez que o conhecimento aparece distorcido nas escolas. Uma versão simplista do desenvolvimento das teorias biológicas é apresentada aos estudantes, sem levar em consideração suas próprias concepções a esse respeito. Versões que não são mais aceitas no campo académico continuam a ser veiculadas por livros didáíicos, revistas de ampla circulação e livros destinados ao grande público. Foram apresentadas algumas evidências de que existem razões ideológicas para essas distorções, especialmente das relações entre os trabalhos de Darwin e Mendel Novas estratégias de ensino se mostram necessárias, bem como uma nova versão do desenvolvimento do darwinismo deveria ser oferecido aos alunos. Nesse sentido, as obras de August Weismann e Herman Muller deveriam ser consideradas na reconstrução do desenvolvimento das teorias biológicas entre 1837 e 1937.This study aims at further improving quality to general high school Biology courses, focusing on the teaching of Evolution. Students\' conceptions were studied and compared with some critical details of the development of Charles Darwin\'s original theories, as well as with the writings of four Darwin Scholars, which are relevant to school contents. Part of the work of Emanuel Radl (1873-1942), John C. Greene, Robert Maxwell Young and Ernst Mayr was presented critically. Some of them regard darwinism as a world view others as a group of particular biological theories The presence of Man in Origin of Species was discussed, as the result of some pieces of research done with Charles Darwin\'s original papers, particularly with chapter 6 of the \"Long Manuscript\". Evidences were presented showing thaí some unpredictable reasons may have prevented the writing of a section on Man in Orígin of Species. Books written by Julian Huxley and Kettlewell, in mid 60Js, and by Richard Dawkins, more recently, were presented, trying to show some sources of influences on the public understanding of this topic. Eleven High School pupils were interviewed and 192 were tested, in order to show their conceptions after they had been taught the topic. The Biology textbook used in their courses was analyzed, in order to know whether their misconceptions could have been confirmed when studying the topic. The directions set by 19 Brazilian Educational Authorities were analyzed too. Results show a very poor understanding of the biological theories. The meaning QÍ Evolution seems to be far broader than what was expected, as far as darwinism, as a group of particular biological theories, is concerned. Evolution is seen as primarily related to Man. Pupils tend to understand Evolution as progress, growth, multiplication, and improvement. Biological and Cultural Evolution seem to be tied up with the same broad meaning. Adaptation is seen as an individual process, that occurs just during organisms life span. This study showed that there are some specific reasons for these results, as knowledge is distorted at schools. A very simplistic version of the development of the biological theories is presented to pupils, disregarding their own conceptions. Versions that are no longer accepted in academic grounds have been presented by textbooks, popular magazines and books aimed at the general public. Some evidence is given that there are ideological reasons for these distortions, particularly the relations between Darwin\'s and Mendels works. New teaching strategies are needed, as well as a new version of the development of darwinism should be offered to pupils. In this regard, August Weismann\'s and Herman Muller\'s work should be considered to reconstruct the development of biological theories between 1837 and 1937.
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Bergo, Antonio Carlos 1949-1998. „Darwinismo social e educação no Brasil“. [s.n.], 1993. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/253766.
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Orientador : Hermas Gonçalves AranaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
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Resumo: A tese propõe expor as idáis européias que influenciaram o pensamento brasileiro e que conexão tiveram com a realidade que corresponde ao século XIX no Brasil. AS idéias européias de que falo são as desenvolvidas pelo darwinismo e como foi feito dele na própria Europa. A 1º parte trata das influências econômicas que tiveram influências em Darwin, Spencer e seus seguidores; e o que depois se convencionou chamar de "darwinismo social". É importante a presença de Spencer por ser um dos fundadores da sociologia como ciência e por ter organizado uma cosmovisão do estágio do capitalismo no século XIX. A 2 º parte trata das influências deles na realidade brasileira e nos seguidores como Tobias Barreto, Silvio Romero e Clóvis Bevilácqua. Foram estes que pensam em um novo modelo nas idéias do evolucionismo e na adequação do Brasil às novas mudanças mundiais. A parte trata especificamente da obra pedagógica de Spencer resultado de sua cosmovisão geral. É a proposta e sintese de toda a nova educação liberal que chegam para superar a tradição obsoleta ao novo momento da história. Conclui pela influência na educação brasileira, no curriculo das escolas e no pensamento de Silvio Romero sobre a educação
Doutorado
Doutor em Educação
9
Alvarado, de Piérola Carlos Alberto. „El Darwinismo como programa de investigación“. Doctoral thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/3105.
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Hoy en día no es difícil encontrar asentimiento a la afirmación que sostiene que Charles Darwin fue un gigante del pensamiento, que protagonizó una de las más importantes revoluciones científicas. Su obra no sólo ensancho los horizontes de la ciencia, sino que fue mucho más allá: transformó nuestra visión del mundo y, al mismo tiempo, de nosotros mismos y del lugar que ocupamos en el universo. En este punto, los historiadores y los filósofos de la ciencia están seguramente de acuerdo. Sin embargo, cuando se trata de reconstruir el proceso de gestación de su teoría evolucionista en el contexto de lo que se ha llamado la “reconstrucción racional” de la ciencia, empiezan las discrepancias.Tesis
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Luz, Manuel Ramon Souza. „Por uma concepção darwiniana de economia evolucionaria : abordagens, pioneiras, conflitos teoricos e propostas ontologicas“. [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285669.
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Orientador: Paulo Sergio FracalanzaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: Esta dissertação procura apresentar uma abordagem evolucionária para as ciências econômicas, seguindo os princípios darwinianos, - como uma alternativa factível e consistente à visão essencialista do pensamento neoclássico. A partir de uma perspectiva fundada na história das idéias evolucionárias, este trabalho procura compreender como os desenvolvimentos destas idéias influenciaram o debate econômico em determinados períodos. Denominados período de fundação, especificação e disseminação, procura-se evidenciar as repercussões desses três importantes momentos da história do pensamento evolucionário sobre o desenvolvimento das idéias econômicas. Assim, o trabalho centra seus esforços, num primeiro momento, em verificar a influência da concepção evolucionária de Charles Darwin sobre a perspectiva institucionalista de Thorstein Veblen; num segundo momento, o trabalho acompanha como os desenvolvimentos da biologia evolucionária de meados do século XX, repercutiram sobre as idéias geradas a partir de debates específicos dentro da controvérsia marginalista; e, finalmente, num terceiro momento pretende-se avaliar a recente proposta de generalização dos princípios darwinianos para a economia, seguindo a perspectiva evolucionária do trabalho de Geoffrey Hodgson.
Abstract: This dissertation presents an evolutionary approach to economics, following the darwinian principles, - as a consistent and feasible alternative to the essentialist stand point of neoclassical economics. Departing from a specific perspective founded on the history of evolutionary thought, this dissertation seeks to understand how the developments of these ideas affected the economic debate in certain moments. Named as period of foundation, specification and dissemination, this work tries to highlight how the impact of these three crucial moments in the history of evolutionary thought affected the history of economic ideas. Therefore, this dissertation concentrate its efforts, firstly, to verify the influence of Charles Darwin's evolutionary conception on Thorstein Veblen institutionalist perspective; after that, this work seeks to understand how the developments in evolutionary biology from the mid-twentieth century affected some ideas generated within the marginalist controversy; and, finally, a third instance aims to evaluate the recent proposal for the generalization of Darwinian principles to the economy, following the evolutionary perspective of Geoffrey Hodgson work.
Mestrado
Teoria Economica
Mestre em Ciências Econômicas
11
Prado, Antonio Jose Correa do. „Neoliberalismo e desenvolvimento : a desconexão tragica“. [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286054.
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Orientador: Jorge Eduardo Levi MattosoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: O fim de um longo período de prosperidade, que apresentava promessas tão generosas em relação às possibilidades de o capitalismo resolver suas mazelas sociais e interromper uma imanente lógica de gerar continuamente um exército industrial de reserva através do progresso técnico, é sempre um fenômeno que gera certo grau de perplexidade e mal-estar. Foi assim com a ¿idade do ouro¿ do capitalismo contemporâneo, inaugurada no pós II Guerra Mundial. Neste texto é apresentada a trajetória da constituição do padrão de acumulação fordista/keynesiano e os fundamentos de sua prosperidade, seu esgotamento e a transição para a agenda neoliberal, delineando-se sua lógica básica, a partir de um esquema de análise sugerido pela leitura da escola da regulação e de algumas considerações críticas a essa abordagem
Abstract: The end of a long period of prosperity that stemmed such generous promises as those regarding the possibilities of the capitalism to overcome its social drama and to interrupt its inner logic of continuosly generate a industrial reserve army through technical progress, is always a phenomenon that emerge a great deal of uneasiness. That was the case with the ¿golden age¿ of contemporary capitalism, that reached its maturity afeter the second world war. This thesis presents the building path of fordism/keynesianism pattern of accumulation. Also debate the principles of this long period of prosperity, its dismantling and transition to neoliberal agenda, extracting its basic logic through an approach suggested by the readings of the regulation school and some critical developments to this approach
Doutorado
Politica Economica
Doutor em Ciências Econômicas
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Paiva, Mauro Fraga. „Nem tudo que se diz é verdade e nem tudo que é verdade é dito: uma análise crítica da difusão do pensamento genético e evolucionário na contemporaneidade“. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2009. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5347.
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Nos últimos séculos a Ciência vem produzindo uma série de respostas para problemas que afligem a humanidade. São descobertas que procuraram mudar e continuam mudando a relação do ser humano com a Natureza, a divindade e com ele próprio. Mas é inegável que em momentos passados, a crença excessiva no poder da ciência e da razão conduziu a ideias e argumentos de cientificidade questionável, como o darwinismo social, a sociobiologia, o eugenismo e tantas outras. Outros problemas também podem provir de insinuações de estudiosos
proeminentes de que os seres humanos são apenas um monte de neurônios ou apenas veículos para a propagação de genes, ou ainda, que somos somente máquinas. Parece que esse tipo de reducionismo presta um desserviço aos seres humanos, à sociedade e à ciência. Como tentaremos mostrar no decorrer desta tese, a propagação do conhecimento científico para o senso comum, nos parece impregnada desta concepção determinista de se pensar e fazer ciência. Encontramos nos mais diferentes campos de saber científico, da psicologia à
sociologia, da economia à engenharia, uma série de argumentos comuns, baseados na Biologia genética e evolucionária e que, nas últimas duas décadas, vêm ganhando um espaço surpreendente de argumentação nos saberes acima. É como
se houvesse uma determinação biológica para tudo e para todos. Foi da análise do material informativo e formativo circulante no senso comum, e da posterior constatação desta impregnação, que surgiu a necessidade e a inquietação em
produzir um estudo crítico e mais aprofundado sobre estas questões, buscando ouvir alguns dos mais reconhecidos pesquisadores do campo para saber se há algum fundamento no que é noticiado e, muitas vezes, publicado oficialmente sobre o
tema.
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Earthey, Mark F. „A Kuhnian crisis in neo-Darwinism“. Thesis, Aston University, 1987. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/12215/.
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Policy issues which receive large inputs of scientific and technical information are frequently marred by acrimonious controversies between contributing experts. There are few if any examples of a public policy decision being based on a firm consensus of scientific and technical experts. Such a consensus is taken for granted by the `Rational' model of decision making and its derivatives. Comparing the dynamics of conflict in policy-relevant issues with those of conflict in `pure' science, one is struck by their great similarity. In both cases we witness examples of rhetorical statements about incompetence, conflicting interpretations of data, and interdisciplinary communication problems. Noting this similarity, this thesis attempts to answer the question, `Is there a similarity of cause: do the same causes lie at the roots of conflict in policy-relevant and policy-irrelevant science?' In answering this question this thesis examines recent controversies in a generally policy-irrelevant science - evolutionary biology. Three episodes of conflict are studied: the `Neutral Allele Theory', `Punctuated Equilibrium', and `Structuralist versus Functionalist approaches to evolution'. These controversies are analysed in terms of both Kuhn's account of scientific `crises' and Collingridge and Reeve's (1986) `Overcritical Model'. Comparing its findings with those of Collingridge and Reeve, this thesis concludes that, (a) there is a Kuhnian crisis in contemporary evolution theory and, (b) that common causes do lie at the roots of conflict in policy-relevant and policy-irrelevant science. Science has an inherent tendency to degenerate into acrimonious conflict but at the same time has mechanisms which eventually resolve such conflicts. Unfortunately, when science is incorporated into the policy arena these mechanisms are prevented from operating. This thesis reinforces Collingridge and Reeve's conclusion that science is of little use to policy.
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Grjebine, Liv. „Le darwinisme en débat dans la sociéte française (1859-1900) : le rôle du débat public dans la légitimation d'une théorie scientifique“. Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H092.
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Jusqu’à présent, les travaux sur la réception de la théorie darwinienne en France ont surtout porté sur le monde savant. Ils ont conclu à un échec de sa diffusion. En élargissant cette étude à la société dans son ensemble, on découvre qu’il s’agit, en réalité, d’un succès. Le rôle du débat public dans l’introduction du darwinisme en France fait l’objet d’une première partie. Les thèses darwiniennes suscitent d’autant plus la curiosité d’un large public, à Paris et en province, qu’elles paraissent suggérer des réponses à des questions qui sont dans l’air du temps. Une deuxième partie analyse les enjeux soulevés par le darwinisme dans la société, qui expliquent pour une bonne part son audience. Au-delà des réflexions sur l’évolution suscitées par Darwin dans la plupart des pays, le contexte politique et social entraîne des interprétations et des peurs spécifiquement françaises. Une troisième partie étudie les réticences du monde savant. Malgré l’engouement public pour le darwinisme, la science officielle reste à l’écart du débat. Finalement, il a fallu qu’un vaste débat public s’instaure et que le darwinisme devienne l’enjeu d’affrontements politiques pour que Darwin soit reconnu par les institutions académiques parisiennesMost works on the reception of Darwin’s theory in France have heretofore chiefly focused on the scientific community. They conclude that the theory failed to spread to the whole country. By widening the scope of this analysis to French society as a whole, we realise that, in fact, Darwin’s theory had successfully circulated in most social circles. In the first part of this study, we will analyse how the public debate contributed to introducing Darwinism in France. Darwinian theories were all the more appealing to the wider public, both in Paris and in the rest of the country, as they seemed to suggest answers to topical concerns. Then, we will study the issues raised by Darwinism in French society, and how these issues can account for Darwinism’s wide audience. In addition to the reflexions on evolution triggered by Darwin’s theory in most countries, the social and political context paved the way for specifically French interpretations and fears. The third part of this work deals with the scientific reluctance to adopt Darwin’s theory. We can therefore conclude that it is precisely the fact that Darwinism triggered a vast public debate, and became a central political issue, that allowed this theory to be acknowledged by Parisian academic institutions
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Truchon, Lilian. „Le Darwinisme dans la culture politique chinoise“. Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT2005.
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Cette étude historico-philosophique aborde les modalités et les enjeux de la réception en Chine de la théorie moderne de l’évolution élaborée par Charles Darwin. Le « darwinisme » chinois a été originellement, et durablement, une philosophie évolutionniste, c’est-à-dire une transposition problématique de mots, de concepts et d’énoncés de la théorie darwinienne dans le domaine socio-politique. En effet, à la suite de la parution, en 1898, de De l’Évolution (Tianyan lun) – ouvrage qui a présidé à l’acclimatation du darwinisme en Chine –, les penseurs de ce pays ont promu une lutte « égalisatrice » pour l’existence, orientée par une finalité assimilative identifiée à l’avènement de la « Grande Unité » (datong), ère mondiale de paix et d’harmonie. L’histoire du darwinisme dans la culture politique chinoise révèle donc le caractère réitératif des sociologies biologiques (principalement le « darwinisme social » – dont le véritable fondateur est non pas Darwin mais Herbert Spencer –, et l’eugénisme d’inspiration galtonienne). C’est le cas même lorsque celles-ci contestent, comme en Chine, les constructions éthiques de Spencer justifiant le projet libéral de naturalisation de l’inégalité sociale. On cherchera à savoir si une lecture enfin instruite de l’anthropologie darwinienne peut fournir une réponse efficace aux réactivations incessantes des idéologies sociobiologiques (ou, à l’opposé, spiritualistes) contre lesquelles la Chine, à l’égal de toute autre nation, n’est en aucune façon spontanément immuniséeThis historical and philosophical study tackles the issues and forms taken by the reception, in China, of Charles Darwin’s modern theory of evolution. Chinese ‘Darwinism’ was originally and remained for a long time an evolutionist theory, i.e. a problematical transposition of words, concepts and statements of the Darwinian theory into the socio-economic field. After Of Evolution (Tianyan lun) was published in 1898 ‒making it possible for Darwinism to be acclimatized to China ‒ the theoreticians of that country defended an ‘equalityoriented’ struggle for life theory, with an assimiliative finality identified to the coming of the ‘Great Unity’ (datong), that is to say a world era of peace and harmony. Therefore the history of Darwinism in the Chinese political culture reveals the reiterative character of biological sociologies ‒ above all ‘social Darwinism’ - whose true founder was not Darwin but Herbert Spencer ‒, and eugenics, inspired by Francis Galton. It is the case even when these sociologies question Spencer’s ethical constructions that justify the liberal project of naturalizing social inequality, as they did in China. The present work aims at finding out whether an informed analysis of Darwinian anthropology can provide an efficient reply to the socio-biological (or conversely spiritualist) ideologies which are constantly brought back to life, and from which China, like all the other nations, is in no way spontaneously immune
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Kim, Wooyang. „Consumer as Inforagers: Ecological Information Foraging under Information Overload Paradigm - An Integrative Perspective between Darwinism and Non-Darwinism“. Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2014. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/267372.
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Business Administration/MarketingPh.D.
The main purpose of this dissertation is to assess ontological issues of information acquisition, focusing on information overload from an integrative perspective of two theoretical foundations, which links two perspectives of consumer behavior in information acquisition: foraging theory in behavioral ecology and information processing theory in marketing. Applying to the integrative investigation, the current research primarily emphasizes the infusion of ecological rationality (i.e., Darwinian Theory) into normative rationality (i.e., Newtonian Theory), but it is not alternative but complementary to each other. Ecological rationality, which is rooted in Darwinism, emphasizes that human behavior has developed through adaptation and natural selection as the human minds interact with environments. The current study consists of five chapters: the philosophical foundation of the rationalities, exploratory study, proposed hypotheses, empirical tests, and general discussion. A summary of the contents of each chapter is: The first chapter aims to provide an integrative framework of consumer information acquisition in order to explore ontological issues in information overload paradigm, attempting to synthesize different approaches in marketing and behavioral ecology. To explore, the current study emphasizes an integrative perspective between two theories for information acquisition (foraging and information processing), which are based on different philosophical foundations of the rationality (ecological and normative). Along with the process of the information acquisition, this study provides relevant consequences (decision-related responses and decision-related alternatives) after the information acquisition process and influential factors in temporal and psychological dimensions (time and motivation). Then, the conceptual study provides conclusion and the current research scope. The second chapter aims to examine the efficacy of the current study's theoretical integration in the process of consumer information foraging so as to approach an ontological issue in information overload paradigm: more information is better vs. less information is better (i.e., information processing theory and foraging theory under an information overload paradigm). Therefore, this study explores and examines what can be appropriate information structures to describe the ontological issue in the process of consumer information foraging. To formulate the adequate information structure, this study attempts to utilize an integrative perspective between marketing and behavioral ecology. This study examines consumers' online activities sequentially from a broad to detail approach, based on the categories of goods and services. The result, by and large, suggests a necessity of an integrative perspective to view a holistic information structure, including quantity, quality, and environment components. These structural components interactively communicate with minds when shaping the process of the consumer information foraging, which are likely to involve in the degree of information overload. Moreover, results demonstrate rather higher variation of strategic information foraging but emphasize some important communality in the initial stage of information foraging, such as the role of search engine and interpersonal communication. In addition, categories of goods and services affect shaping the pattern of strategic information foraging. Then, the conclusion of the study provides. The third chapter aims to propose a hypothetical model, based on the theoretical backgrounds in Chapter 1 and the findings of the exploratory study in Chapter 2. In addition, the pilot study was conducted to provide a concrete framework of the empirical study by checking the manipulation of holistic information structures. The manipulation of the structures includes the total quantity of information, the quality of information, and environmental information. Those structures measured on several resultant consequences, using the patch concepts (within-patch and between-patch). Controversially, in general, consumers tend to prefer more information rather than less information only when arranged information provides; otherwise, this preference attenuates. This controversial result also has conflicting variations, depending on the types of patches. Overall, the comparison in the within-patch and between-patch through displaying heterogeneous information structures suggests that holistic information structures are a more important factor than the mere quantity or quality of information. The fourth chapter empirically tests the theory-based hypothetical frameworks to assess the ontological issues in information overload paradigm using the integrative perspective of the two information acquisition theories. The findings of the empirical study suggest that the real-world information overload is not simply determined by a single dominant factor (e.g., quantity), but by the interplay of intricately intertwined factors. The factors are the following: information structures (three unarranged and four arranged information structures, including quantity, quality and environment), item categories (durables, nondurables and services), and time constraints (time pressure vs. no time pressure). The interwoven complexity implies that paradigmatic change of perspectives in relation with information overload though integrating two important conceptual factors between domain-specific dependency and universality. Moreover, the information overload begins with the browsing stage of acquiring the necessary information, not with the searching stage, suggesting the view of browsing-searching continuum that underscores the important role of the patch concept. As a whole, the conclusive findings suggest an integrative perspective between Darwinism and Non-Darwinism as a prerequisite of providing a better comprehension of the issues of the information overload paradigm. The fifth chapter is the section of general discussion including major findings, theoretical, methodological and empirical implications, limitations, and conclusive statement.
Temple University--Theses
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Bernardini, Jean-Marc. „Du Darwinisme social en France : diffusions et réfutations du Darwinisme social dans la pensée contemporaine française de 1859 à 1918“. Paris 10, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA100117.
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Au-delà d'une analyse des emprunts épistémologiques ou métaphoriques du Darwinisme opérés par les discours politiques ou par les sciences sociales et anthropologiques, cette thèse vise à étudier les incidences des idées évolutionnistes de Ch. Darwin sur les débats philosophiques, religieux et politiques français de 1859 à 1918. Elle se propose également de mieux connaitre les modalités de diffusion du Darwinisme social et en retour les résistances que ces débats ont provioquées au sein de la communauté scientifique. En un premier temps il s'agit de signifier les liens entre l'histoire du Darwinisme scientifique et l'histoire des idéologies d'inspiration darwinienne et de valider le postulat de travail selon lequel l'histoire des réfutations du Darwinisme social permet d'expliquer pour partie les mésaventures du Darwinisme en France. Un détour par l'histoire des définitions du Darwinisme social en France et dans les pays anglo-saxons autorise une évaluation des difficultés. La seconde partie se focalise sur la période s'étendant de 1859 à la fin du siècle. Une carte des argumentaires et des réfutations est dressée en parallèle, mettant en relief à la fois les discours des scientifiques (biologistes ou sociologues), des parlementaires et des opposants religieux, en ce moment d'avènement en France d'une singulière culture darwinienne. La troisième partie recouvrant la période de 1900 à 1918, se présente également sous la forme d'une opposition entre les thèses du Darwinisme social et de "l'anti-Darwinisme social". Cette dernière étude tente de cerner les raisons de la récession d'une idéologie darwinienne et prête attention aux discours des repentis du Darwinisme social et aux incidences de la guerre sur une idéologie scientifiqueAfter having analyzed the epistemological and metaphorical borrowings of the Darwinism performed by political talks or by social and anthropological sciences, the aim of this thesis is to study the incidences of Ch. Darwin's evolutionist theories on philosophical, religious and political debates from 1859 to 1918. It also studies the diffusion of social Darwinism as well as the resistances the debates generated among the scientific community. In the first part, the connections between the history of scientific Darwinism and the history of ideologies inspired by Darwinism are set up. The initial hypothesis of this work is validated: the history of the refutations of social Darwinism in France explains the difficulties for scientific Darwinism to be recognized. The study of the history of the definitions of "social Darwinism" in France and in Anglo-Saxon countries shows how complex this subject was to handle. The second part investigates the period from 1859 to the end of the century. A systematic confrontation is made between the arguments and the refutations based on the talks of the scientists (biologists or sociologists), the members of the parliament and the religious opponents in this period of particular Darwinian culture in France. The third part which concerns 1900 to 1918 is also built on the contrast between the arguments of social Darwinists and of the opponents. This last part analyzes the reasons for the decline of the Darwinian ideology. It makes the point on the talks
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Becquemont, Daniel. „Darwinisme et évolutionnisme dans la Grande-Bretagne victorienne“. Lille 3, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LIL3A001.
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Becquemont, Daniel. „Darwinisme et évolutionnisme dans la Grande-Bretagne victorienne“. Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375944840.
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Bottino, Marcela Nosralla. „Aspectos evolutivos da depressão pós-parto e fatores associados“. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8890.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoA depressão pós-parto (DPP) é uma condição prevalente que afeta globalmente as mulheres puérperas. Uma hipótese evolutiva aborda a depressão, e consequentemente a DPP, como uma resposta proveniente da evolução do comportamento humano ao longo da História, através da seleção natural. A teoria do investimento parental sugere que os pais não investem automaticamente em toda prole; o investimento é direcionado para que o sucesso reprodutivo seja máximo. No caso de os riscos superarem os benefícios reprodutivos, sintomas de depressão se desenvolvem como sinal de alerta. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar fatores associados à DPP que fossem compatíveis com a teoria do investimento parental. Estudo transversal realizado com 811 mães de lactentes até cinco meses de idade, no município do Rio de Janeiro. A presença de DPP foi definida com base no escore da Escala de Edinburgh (EPDS). Fatores potencialmente associados à DPP foram analisados através de regressão logística com ajuste para fatores de confundimento. Os fatores significativamente associados à DPP foram: apoio social inadequado (OR 3,38; IC 95% 2,32-4,94), baixa escolaridade (OR 2,82; IC 95% 1,69-4,70), violência física entre parceiros íntimos na gestação (OR 2,33; IC 95% 1,56-3,47), idade materna inferior a 35 anos (OR 2,20; IC 95% 1,05-4,64), falta de companheiro (OR 1,90; IC 95% 1,16-3,12), internações durante a gestação (OR 1,87; IC 95% 1,12-3,14) e prematuridade do recém-nascido (OR 1,87; IC 95% 1,02-3,42). Em suma, identificamos alguns fatores associados à DPP que podem ser úteis no rastreamento e acompanhamento de mulheres de risco. Alguns dos fatores associados à DPP podem ser explicados através das hipotéses evolutivas contempladas neste estudo. Entretanto, os achados encontrados não são suficientes para esgotar o conhecimento referente a esta questão. Futuras pesquisas devem focar em diferentes abordagens desta condição e acompanhamento das consequências para as mulheres e suas famílias.
Postpartum depression (PPD) is a prevalent condition that affects women globally after they have given birth. An evolutionary hypothesis deals with depression, and consequently PPD, as a response from the evolution of human behavior throughout history, through natural selection. The parental investment theory suggests that parents do not automatically invest in all offspring, so that the investment is directed towards maximum reproductive success. If the risks outweigh fittness benefits, symptoms of depression develop as a warning sign. The objective of the study was to identify factors associated with PPD that were consistent with parental investment theory. Cross-sectional study with 811 mothers of infants up to five months of age in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. The presence of PPD was defined based on scores on the Edinburgh Scale (EPDS). Factors potentially associated with PPD were analyzed by logistic regression with adjustment for confounding factors. Factors significantly associated with PPD were: inadequate social support (OR 3,38; 95% CI 2,32-4,94), low educational level (OR 2,82; 95% CI 1,69-4,70), physical violence between partners in gestation (OR 2,33; 95% CI 1,56- 3,47), maternal age under 35 years (OR 2,20; 95% CI 1,05-4,64), lack of partner (OR 1,90; 95% CI 1,16-3,12), hospitalization during pregnancy (OR 1,87; 95% CI 1,12- 3,14) and prematurity of the newborn (OR 1,87; 95% CI 1,02- 3,42). In summary, we identified factors associated with PPD which can be useful in tracking and monitoring women at risk. Some of the factors associated with PPD can be explained through the evolutionary hypotheses considered in this study. However, the findings are not sufficient to exhaust the knowledge regarding this question. Future research should focus on different aspects of this condition and monitoring of the consequences for women and their families.
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Olofsson, Jenny. „Kristendom och Darwinism : evig konflikt eller möjlig samexistens“. Thesis, University of Gävle, Ämnesavdelningen för religionsvetenskap, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-3601.
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När Darwin lade fram sin teori 1859 mötte den mycket motstånd. Han hade vänt upp och ned på den tidigare uppfattningen om att människan hade skapats, liksom hela universum. Det naturliga urvalet, som var den främsta förklaringen till människans och djurens ursprung, försökte bortförklaras. På samma sätt har Darwinanhängare förkastat tanken om att Gud skulle ha skapat allt. Det naturliga urvalet lämnar helt enkelt ingen plats åt en skapande kraft – den behövs inte eftersom naturen klarar det själv om den bara får några försök på sig och tillräckligt lång tid.
Finns det då någon möjlighet för dessa två att samexistera? I detta arbete har de båda jämförts och olika forskares resultat har tagits i beaktande för att slutligen komma fram till ett svar. Eftersom det finns en viss förkunskap hos oss alla har den hermeneutiska metoden använts. Genom att läsa annan litteratur har stegvis ny kunskap kommit fram och byggts på, för att slutligen få en insikt i ämnet och därifrån kunna dra slutsatsen.
De bådas samexistens är fullt möjlig. Vetenskapen kan inte förklara allt och fram till den dag då de kan bevisa att Gud, eller den skapande kraften inte finns så finns det plats för båda. Det ena behöver inte utesluta det andra. Vill en darwinist tro på Gud så är det fullt möjligt. Likaså gäller om en kristen vill acceptera de naturvetenskapliga förklaringarna till människans härstamning. Vetenskapen förklarar det vi har i vår empiriska upplevelsevärld och kristendomen förklarar det bortom - det transcendenta.
Uppsatsförfattaren har senare bytt efternamn till Nordström.
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Chou, Hsiu-Feng. „Darwinism's applications in modern Chinese writings“. Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/16038.
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The core aim of this interdisciplinary research is to provide a critical analysis of the influence of Darwinism and Social Darwinism on a sample of modern Chinese writings. To achieve these aims, the researcher uses a range of both Chinese and English sources to explore their close affinities with Darwinism and Social Darwinism. Following this course, the research examines how Darwinian thought was introduced to the Chinese reading public in the late nineteenth century through a translation of Thomas Henry Huxley’s Evolution and Ethics by Yen Fu, and the subsequent impact of this work and Darwinian thought in general on seven literary and political figures: K'ang Yu-wei, Liang Qichao, Lu Xun, Hu Shih, Chen Duxiu, Sun Yat-sen and Mao Zedong. From an historical perspective, the Opium Wars and imperial invasions of China in the nineteenth century severely weakened the country’s political, economic, diplomatic, military, educational and cultural power. For these reasons and others, from 1840 to 1949, China experienced a tumultuous period of social and political transformation, which has eventually led to her revival in the twenty-first century. It will be seen that each of the literary figures examined here used evolutionary thought to justify revolution at various points on China’s long march to modernity. Progressive Darwinian ideas sharply contrasted with the old Confucian values upheld within Chinese communities. Nevertheless, the faults and weaknesses of Qing China awakened many pioneering revolutionaries who sought to reverse the status quo by initiating a series of radical reforms and revolutionary movements. Many within the Chinese intellectual elite looked to the tide of change and progress coming from the West, which they hoped might replace the recent historical stagnation and Confucian dogma embedded in Chinese culture and society. In this vein, many of these pioneering revolutionaries set about driving the historical transformation of China by selecting, translating and interpreting Darwinian ideas in their own writings. From Yen Fu in the nineteenth century to Mao Zedong in the twentieth century, evolutionary thought went hand in hand with China’s modernization.
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Bohlin, Ingemar. „Through Malthusian specs? : a study in the philosophy of science studies, with special reference to the theory and ideology of Darwin historiography /“. [s.l.] : [s.n.], 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39900945m.
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Michel, Christian. „Introduction à une théorie de l'évolution des gènes par une approche informatique“. Besançon, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BESA2050.
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Cette thèse propose et initie une nouvelle théorie de l'évolution des gènes par une approche informatique. Après une introduction qui présente ce travail et le replace dans l'environnement existant, un premier chapitre «Outils statistiques» donne les techniques statistiques utilisées; en particulier la définition d'une fonction d'autocorrélation associée à une population de gènes est une notion nouvelle essentielle. La partie I «Une réalité de la génétique moléculaire» (associée à sept articles) montre que l'organisation des nucléotides dans les gènes (information génétique) n'est pas aléatoire. En effet, trois propriétés statistiques communes à différentes populations de gènes ont été identifiées: l'apparition «universelle» du motif YRY(N)6YRY (R=purine=Adénine ou Guanine, Y=pyrimidine=Cytosine ou Thymine, N=R ou Y) et les périodicités modulo 2 et 3. La partie II «Une théorie de l'évolution des gènes» (associée ) deux articles) donne deux modèles similaires de l'évolution qui permettent notamment de simuler ces trois propriétés statistiques communes en analysant l'historique des gènes selon trois états. Dans le deuxième modèle qui généralise le premier, l'état initial comprend les deux oligonucléotides primitifs: YRY(N)3 et YRY(N)6. Les gènes primitifs non mutés sont obtenus à l'état intermédiaire par un mélange a priori markovien de YRY(N)3 et de YRY(N)6 en fonction de probabilités caractérisant les modèles.
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Foster, William David. „The descent of Darwinism : a philosophical critique of sociobiology“. Thesis, University of Stirling, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2586.
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The following thesis offers a philosophical critique of sociobiology, which is identified as a recent attempt to produce a general theory of animal behaviour, encompassing an account of human nature. The first chapter examines the empirical and theoretical foundations of sociobiology, highlighting some of the philosophical topics regarding the relation of the natural and social sciences, and the attempt to offer an account of human nature within a largely mathematical and mechanistic theoretical framework. Chapter two looks at the major specific areas of human behaviour featured in sociobiological accounts. A close examination of empirical evidence, underlying theoretical assumptions, behavioural categories and definitions, and finally deduced conclusions reveals several weaknesses and examples of fallacious reasoning. The third chapter continues to examine the account of human nature in relation to the broadest and most abstract features of social structures and interactions. The political dimension of sociobiology is examined - both in terms of its account of political behaviour, and in the theoretical opposition between sociobiology and left wing ideologies. The sociobiological account of religious behaviour is rejected in favour of one couched in terms of social rather than genetically heritable dispositions. Chapter four evaluates the attempt to respond to early criticisms of sociobiology. It is argued that the main theoretical stance regarding human behaviour remains little changed, and that the new theoretical models create even more conceptual problems, thus failing to provide a framework for an account of human nature. The final chapter applies some ideas from evolutionary theory to specific areas of philosophical controversy: the relation of mind to language; the ascription of mental life to other species; functionalist and epiphenomenaiist accounts of consciousness. It is argued that empirical and theoretical considerations from the natural sciences may thus inform traditional areas of philosophical debate, creating useful interdisciplinary dialogues.
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Ioannidis, Stavros. „Developmental explanations of evolution : a challenge to neo-Darwinism?“ Thesis, University of Bristol, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.601006.
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This study in philosophy of biology examines the conflict between the research program of evolutionary developmental biology (Evo-devo) and the traditional view of evolution, the Modem Synthesis. In the core of this conflict lies the role of development in evolutionary explanation: whereas Evo-devo uses developmental facts to explain evolutionary outcomes, according to the received view of evolution this is to misunderstand evolutionary theory. The aim of the thesis is a philosophical analysis of Evo-devo explanations and their consequences for our understanding of evolution. A number of philosophers and biologists have argued in favour of the compatibility between Evo-devo and traditional evolutionary explanations. So, it has been argued that: Evo-devo explanations aren't really explanations at all, only descriptions; they are about a different level of the evolutionary process (variation); they are explanations of macro- as opposed to microevolution; they are explanations of form rather than function; and lastly, they are individual-level rather than population-level explanations. Not all of the above distinctions point towards a peaceful co-existence of the two kinds of explanations. In order to have a more clear idea of the differences between the two, I discuss the above distinctions in light of some recent examples of Evo-devo explanations. I give an account of how we should understand the general nature of such explanations, and the difficulties in synthesizing them in a common evolutionary theory. Throughout the thesis I will discuss various important concepts and kinds of explanations used in Evo-devo: central among them are Evo-devo explanations of macroevolution, the concept of the Bauplan and similar notions like the vertebrate limb, and the notion of constraints in evolution. The central claim of the thesis is that Evo-devo shows that development can be causally relevant to evolutionary change.
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Taggart, Ashley. „Evolutionary dramas : tragic responses to the aftermath of Darwinism“. Thesis, University of York, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359270.
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Bloomfield, Michael. „Pentecostalism and the adaptive significance of trance“. Thesis, University of East London, 2001. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3575/.
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The thesis combines sociocultural anthropology with Darwinism. My ethnographic fieldwork centres on a Pentecostal church in contemporary Britain. Members engage in ecstatic worship that includes glossolalia or speaking in tongues. Utilising a cross-cultural perspective, I suggest that this form of worship is typical in conditions of economic and political deprivation, and in terms of vocalisations, gestures and altered mental states, represents a powerful means of status elevation. I further suggest that ecstatic trance can be seen as an extreme form of "handicap" in Zahavi's sense, as essentially a sociopolitical signal of counter-dominance rather than catharsis (the psychological view) or the expression of cultural themes (the interpretive anthropology view). I regard trance as essentially pathomimetic, i.e. modelled on such pathologies as epilepsy, constituting in other words a kind of "sham epilepsy" which, in rendering the individual temporarily 'insane' and incapacitated, represents the ultimate in collective handicapping. This enables immensely strong bonds to be forged between trance participants. Furthermore, Pentecostalism's strong de-emphasis on material symbols of sacredness and emphasis on God being experienced through performance, which I suggest is typical of nascent religion, allows us to infer the existence of religious activity long before images of divinity began being produced as external figurines or art forms around 35,000 year ago. Finally, the peculiar mental concomitants of trance, which I view as part of a uniquely human capacity I term the alien imagination, are shown to engender highly creative supernatural thought. I propose that trance behaviour may have acted as a 'kick-start' in the evolutionary emergence of novel technological and conceptual frameworks. I thus oppose the cognitivism of writers such as Mithen and favour social factors as causal in cognitive evolution.
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Alabí, Letícia Paola. „Darwinismo universal à luz da auto-organização : implicações evolutivas na origem da ordem biológica“. reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2014.
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Orientador: Prof. Dr. Charles Morphy D. SantosDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino, História, Filosofia das Ciências e Matemática, 2014.
O Darwinismo Universal, conceito desenvolvido pelo biólogo evolucionista Richard Dawkins em 1983, responde positivamente à conjectura "Se existe vida fora da Terra, os organismos evoluem como evoluem os seres vivos da Terra?". No entanto, a complexidade adaptativa centrada na seleção natural, seria por si só, aqui ou em qualquer parte do Universo, suficiente para explicar toda a evolução orgânica? O próprio Charles Darwin defendia um pluralismo explicativo para a evolução. A proposta central do trabalho é discutir se uma definição geral de vida pode estar fundamentada na ideia de seleção natural ou se precisamos rediscutir e estender o conceito de Darwinismo Universal à luz de conceitos tais como a auto-organização, que poderia explicar a origem da ordem biológica a partir de características intrínsecas dos sistemas físico-químicos. Também faz parte do escopo do projeto apontar falhas e indevidas extrapolações do Darwinismo associadas a modelos cosmológicos, assim como a não universalidade do conceito frente a tradicional definição universal de vida. Pela falta de uma definição mais ampla do que é vida, a detecção de bioassinaturas ¿ atributos químicos, físicos ou fisiológicos que denotam, necessariamente, a presença de organismos ¿ torna-se limitada por se restringir apenas àquilo que, independentemente do lugar que ocupa no Universo, passa por um processo natural de seleção darwiniana. Tão logo, deve-se buscar uma compreensão universal da vida como um fenômeno emergente coerente. A expansão do conceito de Darwinismo Universal à luz de uma extensão (ou síntese estendida) da Teoria da Evolução ¿ no componente auto-organização ¿ servirá como arcabouço preliminar para uma filosofia da Biologia apta a abarcar a origem da ordem e diversificação de todas as formas de vida na Terra e para determinar diretrizes as buscas de bioassinaturas.
Universal Darwinism, a concept developed by the evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins in 1983, responds positively to the conjecture "If life out of Earth exists, does it evolve as Earth¿s living beings do?". Nevertheless, the adaptative complex centered in Darwinian evolution and, therefore, in natural selection, would be by itself, here or at any part of the Universe, sufficient to explain all the organic evolution? Charles Darwin himself used to defend an explicative pluralism for evolution. The main purpose of the present work is to discuss if a general definition of life can be uniquely based on natural selection or whether a new discussion and understanding of the Universal Darwinism under the light of concepts like self-organization is required, which would be able to explain the origin of biological order from physicochemical systems intrinsic characteristics. It is also part of this project¿s scope to point out flaws and improper Darwinism extrapolations associated to cosmological models, as well as the concept¿s non-universality faced with life¿s traditional universal definition. By the lack of a broader definition of life, the detection of biosignatures ¿ chemical, physical or physiological attributes which betoken necessarily, the presence of organisms ¿ becomes limited by restricting only what, independently from where it is located in the universe, undergoes a Darwinian natural selection process. Therefore, it is necessary to search for a universal life comprehension as a coherent emerging phenomenon. The expansion of Universal Darwinism under the light of an extension (or extended synthesis) of the Evolutionary theory ¿ at the self-organization component ¿ will serve as preliminary scaffold for a philosophy of biology able to embrace the origin of order and the diversification of all life forms on Earth, and to determine guidelines for biosignatures searches.
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Smyczek, Jeremy P. „Darwinism, dichotomies and democracy the rhetoric of intelligent design creationism /“. View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-1/rp/smyczekj/jeremysmyczek.pdf.
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Gayon, Jean. „La théorie de la sélection : Darwin et l'aprés-Darwin“. Paris 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA010596.
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Marrazzi, Marina. „Sociobiologie et tradition darwinienne“. Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376077151.
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von, Sydow Momme. „Sociobiology, universal Darwinism and their transcendence : an investigation of the history, philosophy and critique of Darwinian paradigms, especially gene-Darwinism, process-Darwinism, and their types of reductionism - towards a theory of the evolution of evolutionary processes, evolutionary freedom and ecological idealism“. Thesis, Durham University, 2001. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3769/.
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Based on a review of different Darwinian paradigms, particularly sociobiology, this work, both, historically and philosophically, develops a metaphysic of gene-Darwinism and process-Darwinism, and then criticises and transcends these Darwinian paradigms in order to achieve a truly evolutionary theory of evolution. Part I introduces essential aspects of current sociobiology as the original challenge to this investigation. The claim of some sociobiologists that ethics should become biologized in a gene-egoistic way, is shown to be tied to certain biological views, which ethically lead to problematic results. In part II a historical investigation into sociobiology and Darwinism in general provides us, as historical epistemology', with a deeper understanding of the structure and background of these approaches. Gene-Darwinism, which presently dominates sociobiology and is linked to Dawkins' selfish gene view of evolution, is compared to Darwin's Darwinism and the evolutionary' synthesis and becomes defined more strictly. An account of the external history of Darwinism and its subparadigms shows how cultural intellectual presuppositions, like Malthusianism or the Newtonian concept of the unchangeable laws of nature, also influenced biological theory' construction. In part III universal 'process-Darwinism' is elaborated based on the historical interaction of Darwinism with non-biological subject areas. Building blocks for this are found in psychology, the theory of science and economics. Additionally, a metaphysical argument for the universality of process- Darwinism, linked to Hume's and Popper's problem of induction, is proposed. In part IV gene-Darwinism and process-Darwinism are criticised. Gene-Darwinism—despite its merits—is challenged as being one-sided in advocating 'gene-atomism', 'germ-line reductionism' and 'process-monism'. My alternative proposals develop and try to unify different criticisms often found. In respect of gene-atomism I advocate a many-level approach, opposing the necessary radical selfishness of single genes. I develop the concept of higher-level genes, propose a concept of systemic selection, which may stabilise group properties, without relying on permanent group selection and extend the applicability of a certain group selectionist model generally to small open groups. Proposals of mine linked to the critique of germ-line reductionism are: 'exformation', phenotypes as evolutionary factors and a field theoretic understanding of causa formalis (resembling Aristotelian hylemorphism). Finally the process-monism of gene-Darwinism, process-Darwinism and, if defined strictly, Darwinism in general is criticised. 1 argue that our ontology and ethics would be improved by replacing the Newtoman-Paleyian deist metaphor of an eternal and unchangeable law of nature, which lies at tire very heart of Darwinism, by a truly evolutionary understanding of evolution where new processes may gain a certain autonomy. All this results in a view that I call 'ecological idealism', which, although still very much based on Darwinism, clearly transcends a Darwinian world view.
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Cragg, Caitlin M. „An examination of maternal instinct and modern motherhood: reconciling Feminism and Darwinism“. Thesis, Boston University, 2009. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/27627.
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Boston University. University Professors Program Senior theses.PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
2031-01-02
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Rech, Luiz Ricardo. „Evolução e criação em Bergson“. Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2010. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/2110.
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Previous issue date: 2010-11-29This research investigates one of the celebrated concepts through which Henri Bergson was known: the vital impulse. As in all the author's thought, this idea provides direct relationships with all his philosophy, which is why it is necessary one approach to the notion of metaphysical employed by the philosopher. In fact, it is a metaphysical approach to the problem of evolution that Bergson is proposing in Creative Evolution. The dialogue established with the biology of his time serves as the backdrop for the exhibition of what Bergson calls the limits of scientific method. In addition to this dialogue, it is important to comprehend, too, as the concept emerges, which is its internal coordination in the philosophy of the author and what the implications later in their thinking.
A presente pesquisa busca investigar um dos célebres conceitos pelos quais Henri Bergson ficou conhecido: o elã vital. Como em todo o pensamento do autor, essa ideia estabelece relações diretas com toda a sua filosofia, razão pela qual se faz necessária uma abordagem da própria noção de metafísica empregada pelo filósofo. De fato, é uma abordagem metafísica sobre o problema da evolução das espécies que Bergson está propondo em A evolução criadora. O diálogo estabelecido com a biologia de sua época serve de pano de fundo para a exposição do que Bergson chama de limites do método científico. Para além desse diálogo, é importante compreender, também, como surge o conceito, qual é a sua articulação interna na filosofia do autor e quais as implicações posteriores em seu pensamento.
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Guzman, Soemis Martinez. „O mal como condição humana: a negação da morte e seus desdobramentos em Ernest Becker“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2011. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/1844.
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Ernest Becker targeted to understand the human condition by stating that the fear of death is the terror installation at the psychological base of man, from this realization he produced a work constituted by a synthesis of thoughts based on Kierkegaardian philosophy and psychoanalysis derived from Freud and his collaborators, with emphasis on Otto Rank, and a Darwinian evolution approach thus characterizing his interdisciplinarity. He believed it to be necessary the perception of being and society the true knowledge base in the description of the motivation that takes us to our condition. For this, he suggested that the fear of death and its denial are universal fundamental facts for every human activity and that the heroism product of this fear is the main human problem. As a starting point he uses the problem of heroism in contemporaneous society and shows the denial of finitude in modern culture. So, in its quest for transcendence, humanity creates symbols which further distances, from its perception of reality as species
Ernest Becker dedicou-se à compreensão da condição humana afirmando ser o medo da morte a instalação do terror nas bases psicológicas do homem. A partir dessa constatação, produziu um trabalho constituído por uma síntese de pensamentos com base na filosofia Kierkegaardiana, na psicanálise Freudiana e de seus colaboradores, destacando Otto Rank e a uma visão darwinista evolutiva caracterizando sua interdisciplinaridade. Acreditava ser necessária a percepção do ser e da sociedade para a base geradora de conhecimento verdadeiro na descrição da motivação que nos leva à nossa condição. Para tanto, sugeriu ser o medo da morte e a sua negação fatos fundamentais universais para toda atividade da vida humana, e o heroísmo produzido a partir desse medo, é o principal problema humano. Usa como ponto de partida a problemática do heroísmo na sociedade contemporânea e mostra a negação da finitude na cultura moderna. Assim, na busca pela transcendência, a humanidade cria símbolos que a distancia, cada vez mais, da percepção da sua realidade enquanto espécie. O mal aparece devido ao surgimento da violência e da aniquilação humanas, que nascem dessa dinâmica de negação da mortalidade
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Peck, Thomas R. „Economic Darwinism in the defense industry : an analysis of corporate responses /“. Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1993. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA276376.
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Doel, Geoffrey Lance. „Thomas Hardy and the unity of place : Arcady, Darwinism and ecosystems“. Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415907.
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Worden, Joel Daniel. „The Galapagos in American consciousness American fiction writers' responses to Darwinism /“. Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 225 p, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=954001621&sid=9&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Bernstorff, Florian. „Darwin, Darwinismus und Moralpädagogik zu den ideengeschichtlichen Voraussetzungen des Darwinismus und seiner Rezeption im deutschsprachigen pädagogischen Diskurs des späten 19. Jahrhunderts“. Bad Heilbrunn Klinkhardt, 2009. http://d-nb.info/996918248/04.
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Rex, Roger Valério de Vargas. „O debate sobre o nativismo moral : desenvolvimento e evolução da moralidade“. reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2016. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/22935.
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A fim de identificar o papel de estruturas psicológicas ‘inatas’ na moralidade, investigo como os seres humanos desenvolvem a capacidade de julgar comportamentos a partir de normas. Preliminarmente, procuro demonstrar que a abordagem adotada nesta dissertação não incorre na chamada falácia naturalista e, para afastar certas confusões, examino os conceitos de inato e de moralidade. Em seguida, exploro o problema sob a perspectiva de três programas de pesquisa nativistas. O primeiro deles defende a existência de uma gramática moral universal a partir de uma analogia com o modelo de princípios e parâmetros desenvolvido na Linguística. O segundo programa defende a existência de domínios morais relacionados a módulos mentais específicos, que favoreceriam o surgimento de normas com determinados conteúdos. Por fim, o terceiro programa consiste de modelos epidemiológicos, de acordo com os quais estruturas cognitivas resultantes do processo de evolução da nossa espécie provocariam vieses na origem e na transmissão das normas. Em especial, analiso como os argumentos utilizados para sustentar esses programas se saem quando confrontados com os resultados obtidos em estudos empíricos de diferentes áreas das ciências cognitivas e com argumentos de construtivistas. Quanto à teoria da gramática moral universal, argumentos como o da pobreza de estímulos e da projeção não se mostram convincentes quando aplicados ao domínio da moralidade. Estudos empíricos sobre dilemas envolvendo bondes, mencionados com frequência pelos proponentes dessa teoria, são também insuficientes para sustentar a tese de que a moralidade funciona segundo um conjunto de princípios e parâmetros. Quanto à teoria dos domínios morais, ela tem o mérito de incluir características psicológicas típicas da espécie humana, como as nossas disposições emocionais, na explicação sobre os julgamentos morais. No entanto, está comprometida com uma visão modular a respeito da mente humana que não é consiliente com os resultados de pesquisas neurocientíficas; e, além disso, não oferece uma explicação para as etapas mentais prévias ao desencadeamento das intuições morais. Com relação aos modelos epidemiológicos, o apelo a fatores de atração no processamento cognitivo oferece a hipótese mais promissora para explicar a recorrência, em diversas culturas, de normas similares. Contudo, as explicações propostas até agora são insuficientes, pois se restringem às influências de fatores psicológicos, sem explorar a sua interação com fatores de atração ecológicos. Nesse sentido, esses modelos poderiam ser complementados pela teoria da construção de nichos. Em suma, defendo que os principais programas de pesquisa nativistas não apresentam boas justificativas para sustentar a existência de estruturas cognitivas dedicadas especificamente à produção de julgamentos morais. No entanto, tendo em vista que fatores de atração psicológicos parecem canalizar o desenvolvimento da moralidade, poderíamos dizer que ela é em alguma medida inata, ao menos em um sentido ‘desenvolvimental.’
In order to identify the role of 'innate' psychological structures in morality, I investigate how human beings develop the capacity to judge behaviors based on norms. Preliminarily, I show that the approach adopted in this dissertation does not imply the so-called naturalistic fallacy, and, to dispel confusion, I examine the concepts of innate and morality. Then, I explore the problem from the perspective of three nativist research programs. The first of them defends the existence of a universal moral grammar, by analogy with the Chomskyan model of principles and parameters in linguistics. The second program supports the existence of moral domains related to specific mental modules, which would favor the emergence of norms with certain contents. Finally, the third program consists of epidemiological models according to which cognitive structures produced by an evolutionary process would be responsible for biases in the origin and transmission of norms. In particular, I analyze how the arguments used to support these programs fare at relevant contemporary research in Cognitive Science and how well they meet arguments proposed by constructivists. With respect to the universal moral grammar theory, arguments such as the poverty of the stimulus and the projection problem are not convincing when applied to the realm of morality. Empirical studies about trolley problems, often mentioned by proponents of this theory, are also insufficient to ground the claim that morality operates according to a set of principles and parameters. Concerning the moral domains theory, it has the merit of including psychological characteristics typical of the human species, such as our emotional dispositions, in the explanation about moral judgments. Nevertheless, it is committed to a modular view of human mind that is not consilient with the results of neuroscientific research. Moreover, it does not explain the mental stages prior to the unleashing of moral intuitions. With regard to epidemiological models, the appeal to factors of attraction involved in cognitive processing offers the most promising hypothesis to explain the recurrence, in several cultures, of similar norms. However, the explanations proposed so far are still insufficient, as they are restricted to the influences of psychological factors, without exploring their interaction with ecological factors of attraction. In this sense, these models could be complemented by the niche construction theory. In short, the main nativist research programs have not presented good reasons to postulate the existence of cognitive structures specifically dedicated to the production of moral judgments. Notwithstanding, given that psychological factors of attraction seem to channel the development of morality, it is plausible to sustain that the capacity to make moral judgments is innate in some measure, at least in a developmental sense.
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Junker, Thomas. „Darwinismus und Botanik : Rezeption, Kritik und theoretische Alternativen im Deutschland des 19. Jahrhunderts /“. Stuttgart : Deutscher Apotheker Verl, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35562530z.
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Silva, Mariane Tavares da. „Darwinismo estendido : em busca de uma teoria de genes e de formas“. reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2014.
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Orientador: Prof. Dr. Charles Morphy D. SantosDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino, História, Filosofia das Ciências e Matemática, 2014.
Desde a publicação da obra máxima de Charles Darwin, On the origin of species, em meados do século XIX, a teoria da evolução tem passado por inúmeras reinterpretações e refinamentos. O objetivo principal do presente trabalho foi o de estabelecer os fundamentos conceituais para um Darwinismo Estendido, a partir de elementos da Síntese Estendida da Evolução, e definir os limites para uma extensão / ressignificação da teoria evolutiva. São também discutidas as bases para uma teoria da evolução que relacione o darwinismo tradicional com alguns dos seus importantes desdobramentos dos últimos cinquenta anos, tais como a biologia evolutiva do desenvolvimento, herança epigenética, a plasticidade fenotípica e a auto-organização de sistemas complexos. Partindo de uma análise geral dos requisitos conceituais de um Darwinismo Estendido, foi realizada uma análise histórica do conceito de evolução, discutindo a necessidade de uma nova teoria evolutiva estendida. Além disso, o conceito central do darwinismo ortodoxo, a seleção natural, foi rediscutido à luz dos desenvolvimentos recentes da teoria evolutiva. Em um Darwinismo Estendido, o mecanismo da seleção natural perde o seu potencial criativo, como era considerado na Síntese Moderna dos anos 1930-1940, e passa a atuar apenas a partir da variação determinada tanto pelo acaso (por mutações e recombinações cromossômicas), quanto por fatores como auto-organização e módulos dinâmicos. O controverso conceito de espécie também foi discutido aqui em um contexto que procura levar em conta a natureza contínua do processo evolutivo. Por fim, foram apresentadas algumas possíveis repercussões de um Darwinismo Estendido para o quadro conceitual epistemológico da teoria evolutiva.
Since the publication of Charles Darwin's masterpiece, On the origin of species, in the mid nineteenth century, the theory of evolution has gone through numerous reinterpretations and refinements. The main objective of the present work was to establish the conceptual foundations for an Extended Darwinism, based on elements from the Extended Synthesis of Evolution, and to define the limits toward an extension / reframing of the evolutionary theory. It was also discussed the basis for a theory of evolution which relates the traditional Darwinism with some of their important developments of the last fifty years, such as evolutionary developmental biology, epigenetic inheritance, phenotypic plasticity and self-organization of complex systems. Starting with an overview of the conceptual requirements of an Extended Darwinism, a historical analysis of the concept of evolution was performed, discussing the need for a new extended evolutionary theory. Moreover, the central concept of the orthodox Darwinism, natural selection, was revisited in light of recent developments in evolutionary theory. In an Extended Darwinism, the mechanism of natural selection loses its creative potential, as was considered Modern Synthesis during the 1930-1940s, and begins to act only from variation determined by chance (mutations and chromosomal recombinations), as well as by factors such as self-organization and dynamic modules. The controversial species concept was also discussed here in a context that seeks to take into account the continuous nature of the evolutionary process. Finally, some of the possible repercussions of an Extended Darwinism to the epistemological conceptual framework of the evolutionary theory were presented.
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Parravicini, A. „UN INCONTRO TRA DARWINISMO E PRAGMATISMO: LA FILOSOFIA EVOLUZIONISTICA DI CHAUNCEY WRIGHT“. Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/151788.
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The Darwinian evolutionary theory was a real revolution, not only in biology and, generally, in scientific fields, but even in philosophical and epistemological thought. However, in the years that followed the publication of The Origin of Species (1859), virtually nobody, among scientists and philosophers, agreed with the principle of natural selection put forward by Darwin as the main explanation of the evolutionary process. This happened because Darwin’s theory was quite opposed to the “orthodox” view behind natural sciences and the philosophy of nature both in Europe and in America.
Natural theology was taught in every school, academy, college, and it claimed that all the species in nature are created by God for a good purpose or a general design, are fixed in time, and they are already fitted to their environment from the beginning. Some theologians could account for organic forms by evolution to a certain degree, but all of them agreed on the “argument from design” and to the idea that man was «the glory and the supreme king of the natural realm», as Darwin ironically wrote.
One of the few that stood against this background and followed Darwin in his “struggle” against the teleological and anthropocentric interpretation of natural beings was an American philosopher from Cambridge whose name was Chauncey Wright.
Wright (1830-1875) was the well loved master of famous thinkers as William James, Charles Sanders Peirce, or Oliver Wendell Holmes at the “Metaphysical Club” in Cambridge, now considered the birth place of American Pragmatism. Wright started from the William Hamilton’s philosophy and then, in the 1860s, rejected it in favour of the utilitarianism of Bentham, James Mill and John Stuart Mill.
When Darwin’s Origin arrived to America, in 1860, he immediately became a firm supporter of the evolutionary theory. To him, the principle of natural selection was just an application of the Mills’ utilitarian philosophy and, moreover, it was even an improvement of it: e.g., the principle of natural selection could shed new light on the origin of different complex human feelings, ideas, behaviours, whereas the principles of mental association, which were the basis of the utilitarian ethics, were very vague and generic on these genetic problems.
For these reasons Wright thoroughly studied the Darwinian theory for ten years and then he wrote some articles on this topic in the early 1870s. Three of them aimed to take issue with Alfred Russell Wallace and George Mivart’s arguments against the principle of natural selection, and they were so well conducted that Darwin himself thanked Wright and decided to publish one of them in England as a pamphlet at his own expenses. The last of these articles on evolution, titled The Evolution of Self-Consciousness (1873), is the most important of the series. After the death of this author, in 1875, his friends collected almost all his published works in a book entitled Philosophical Discussions (1877) and most of his Letters (1878).
In general, until now, Chauncey Wright’s philosophy has been obscured by the more famous thought of the American Pragmatists, such as Peirce, James, Dewey. Not many scholars wrote on this philosopher and, among them, those who studied his philosophy were more interested in comparing it to the Pragmatist one, rather than in directly elucidating its basic principles and in deeply exploring its theoretical features. For these reasons Edward Madden, the most important Wright scholar, named him a “forgotten philosopher”. At present, only one of Wright’s articles (The evolution of self-consciousness, 1873) has been translated into Italian, and, in general, this thinker is almost unknown in Italy.
On the contrary, my work sets out to prove that Wright’s philosophy is not only fundamental to well understanding the origin and the roots of American Pragmatism, but it is also very important in order to focus on the most interesting philosophical implications of the Darwinian evolutionary theory. In particular, my thesis examines the new epistemology worked out by Wright, which, beginning from a deep analysis of Darwin’s theory, highlighted the still unseen importance of the principle of “the new uses for old functions”. In his stressing the significance of this principle, Wright showed to conceive the evolutionary process in a very similar way, in its main features, to the one advanced by some modern biologists, such as, for example, Gould, Eldredge or Lewontin.
As Wright did a century and a half ago, the above mentioned biologists highlight the importance of this mechanism of new uses for old functions, or, as they call this transformational principle, “exaptations”, in order to go beyond an “adaptationist” or “panselectionist” interpretation of the Darwinian theory.
This pluralistic view, as a working hypothesis, is very effective in its approach to the theoretical problems, especially when Wright applied it on the very classic philosophical question of the nature and of the origin of self-awareness. The main role of these new uses of old powers (like “memory” or “attention”) in relation to the new importance accorded by Wright to the habits and to the use of signs, establishes that Wright’s approach to the problem of the evolution of self-consciousness is a very new one, as it appears to be an interesting combination of an original (and modern) version of Darwinism and an incipient kind of Pragmatism. Nowadays, the solution developed by Wright in his approach to the question of the “human”, could be useful in philosophy and biology to better think and to shed new light on this very controversial and ancient riddle, namely, the origin of language and the evolution of human mind from an evolutionary point of view.
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Cullen, Ben Sandford 1964-1995. „The cultural virus“. Phd thesis, School of Archaeology, Classics and Ancient History, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/9055.
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Gordon, Shea. „The influence of social Darwinism on Progressive Era political thought and policy“. Connect to resource, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/44574.
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Nascimento, José Leonardo do. „Culture et politique : positivisme et darwinisme social : généalogie d'une sensibilité brésilienne, 1870-1930“. Paris 10, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA100070.
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Cette thèse essaye de préciser, à travers la comparaison entre deux écrivains, Euclides da Cunha et Machado de Assis, la généalogie de la pensée et de la sensibilité de la fin du IXIème siècle. Il s'agit donc d'une réflexion sur la culture de la période 1870-1930. Ainsi, à partir du Brésil, le travail discute les présupposés de la philosophie positiviste et du darwinisme social dans leur opposition à la philosophie du XVIIème siècle (Rousseau, Montesquieu et Diderot), et cherche ensuite a définir la position de la culture brésilienne face à ce débat européenThe aim of this thesis is to specify the genealogy of Brazilian thought an sensibility at the end of the xix century through comparison to two writers : Euclides da Cunha and Machado de Assis. The period to be treated therefore is from 1870 to 1930. The work considers the presuppositions of positive philosophy and social Darwinism in their opposition to XVII century philosophy (Rousseau, Diderot and Montesquieu) and wants finally to define the position of Brazilian culture with respect to this European debate
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Le, Goff Silvin. „Parcours et pensée d'un intellectuel français de la première moitié du 20ème siècle : Ernest Seillière (1866-1955) : l'incarnation nouvelle de la figure du médiateur dans le champ intellectuel“. Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100046.
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La carrière intellectuelle d'Ernest Seillière de Laborde (1866-1955) s'étendit de l'affaire Dreyfus (son premier essai remarqué, une étude consacrée à Ferdinand Lassalle récompensée du prix Marcellin-Guérin de l'Académie française, parut en 1897) à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale (il fit son entrée sous la Coupole en 1946). Parce qu'il considérait que tout bon représentant de l'élite avait pour mission de guider l'ensemble de la civilisation sur la voie du progrès, ce polytechnicien de formation dédia sa vie à l'élaboration d'une doctrine. Sa philosophie de l'Impérialisme, appuyée sur une vision organiciste de la société et une conception disciplinaire de la religion, imprégnée de darwinisme, de nietzschéisme et de gobinisme, et marquée par la mode des sciences psychologiques ainsi que par certains courants de la pensée allemande de son temps, n'avait pour autre but que de permettre à une bourgeoisie déclinante de répondre de manière adaptée à la montée en puissance et aux revendications sociales et politiques des masses. Le Romantisme, d'abord perçu comme un facteur de dégénérescence, fut progressivement envisagé par Seillière comme le pourvoyeur d'une formidable énergie qu'il importait de canaliser dans un sens impérialiste utilitaire. Opposant un Romantisme allemand énergique et virile à un Romantisme français féminin et anémiant, le germaniste en vint à faire la promotion d'un Socialisme rationnel que lui-même et certains de ses commentateurs crurent identifier dans les différents régimes totalitaires qui se développèrent au cours de l'Entre-deux-guerres. Celui qui se présentait comme un historien-psychologue se garda de jouer les premiers rôles dans les grands débats qui agitèrent le monde intellectuel français de son temps. La pensée de cet auteur prolifique ne fut pas pour autant ignorée de ses contemporains, et fit même quelques émules aux sensibilités et trajectoires diverses, mais dont les pensées demeuraient animées par une même obsession du déclinFrench thinker Ernest Seillière de Laborde (1866-1955) pursued a long career from the affaire Dreyfus (his first notable study dealing with Ferdinand Lassalle, rewarded by the prix Marcellin-Guérin of the Académie française, was published in 1897) to the end of the World War II (he entered the Académie française in 1946). The polytechnicien dedicated his entire life in developping a doctrine, claiming that an authentic member of the elite had to lead the whole civilization on the path to progress. His philosophy of Imperialism, based upon an organicist outlook of society and a constraining approach of religion, imbued with Darwinism, Nietzscheanism and Gobinism, and affected by a growing interest for psychological sciences and a number of contemporary german thinking movements, aimed to enable a decaying bourgeoisie to respond efficiently to the issu of the political rise and social demand of the masses. At first, Romanticism was seen by Seillière as a degeneration factor. But it was soon considered by the thinker as a provider of a great power that had to be controlled in an imperialistic utilitarian way. Drawing a comparison between a virile and dynamic Germanic Romanticism and a feminine and weakening French one, the Germanist promoted a rationalitic Socialism he and some of his commentators foresaw in the totalitarian regimes that emerged during the interwar period. He who described hisself as an historian-psychologist did not play the first part in the various intellectual debates of his time. However, the thought of this prolific writer was not ignored by his contemporaries, and raised interest within various thinkers obsessed with the idea of decline
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Almeida, Fábio Portela Lopes de. „Constitution : the evolution of a societal structure“. reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2016. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/21212.
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Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Direito, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito, 2016.Texto liberado parcialmente pelo autor. Conteúdo restrito: Capítulos 4 e 5.
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O surgimento das sociedades modernas é um enigma evolutivo. O Homo sapiens é a única espécie animal capaz de cooperar em larga-escala em sociedades compostas por indivíduos geneticamente não-aparentados. De uma perspectiva evolutiva, essa característica traz muitas questões. Cientistas sociais usualmente assumem que a vida social humana deriva apenas da história cultural, social e institucional. Nessa perspectiva, instituições sociais como o direito, a economia e a religião impelem a cooperação a níveis cada vez maiores. Teorias da coevolução gene-cultura têm estudado essa questão em uma perspectiva multidisciplinar que leva em conta teorias da cooperação baseadas tanto na sociologia quanto na biologia. Essas abordagens providenciaram um entendimento do surgimento de instituições humanas com fundamento em um pano de fundo evolutivo em que traços psicológicos inatos possibilitaram a evolução de instituições sociais que, por sua vez, alteram o ambiente social e exigem uma complexa psicologia moral que torna possível uma vida social complexa. Contudo, embora teorias da coevolução gene-cultura possam explicar a cooperação em sociedades pré-modernas, são incapazes de explicar o funcionamento das complexas democracias contemporâneas, funcionalmente diferenciadas. A cooperação agora ocorre não apenas entre indivíduso, mas também entre sistemas sociais autopoiéticos. Como isso é possível? Esse é o problema de pesquisa investigado nessa tese, que propõe a evolução do constitucionalismo como um fator relevante a ser considerado. No primeiro capítulo, argumento pela necessidade de integrar o constitucionalismo à teoria evolutiva, destacar que essa abordagem teórica ilumina problemas constitucionais antigos. O segundo capítulo se concentra na evolução da cooperação humana a partir de uma perspectiva de seleção em múltiplos níveis, baseada em avanços recentes na teoria da coevolução gene-cultura, que explica a evolução dos traços psicológicos necessários à vida social. As limitações dessa abordagem também serão exploradas. No terceiro capítulo, exploro a ideia de que a evolução das sociedades humanas é um caso de seleção em múltiplos níveis, explorando as contribuições de Peter Godfrey-Smith sobre populações darwinistas. Essa teoria é um passo importante na tese, uma vez que permite uma melhor integração entre biologia e sociologia. Do lado sociológico, ponho em contato a teoria dos sistemas de Niklas Luhmann com Peter Godfrey- Smith, de forma a construir uma abordagem integrada. O quarto capítulo busca explicar a função do direito em uma teoria evolutiva da estratificação. Por que as sociedades humanas se tornaram tão desiguais, considerando que os primeiros bandos de caçadores-coletores viviam em grupos igualitários? Baseado nas considerações antropológicas de Kent Flannery e Joyce Marcus e no pano de fundo biológico e sociológico explorado até então, discuto a função adaptativa da estratificação nas sociedades pré-modernas a partir de uma visão evolucionista. No quinto e último capítulo, sustenta-se que a tendência à estratificação é revertida nos tempos modernos e que o constitucionalismo teve um papel fundamental nesse processo. Não apenas constituições promovem a cooperação no nível individual, mas também a integração entre sistemas sociais em uma sociedade complexa. Nesse sentido, esta tese busca integrar sociologia, biologia e teoria jurídica de forma a compreender o constitucionalismo como uma adaptação evolutiva a circunstâncias históricas e sociológicas específicas, que demandaram instituições capazes de acomodar diversidade, pluralismo e complexidade. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The emergence of modern societies is an evolutionary puzzle. Homo sapiens is the only animal species capable of cooperating in large-scale societies consisting of genetically unrelated individuals. From a biological point of view, this feature leads to enormous questions. Social scientists typically assume that human life is lived in large-scale societies as a result of cultural, social and institutional history. In this perspective, social institutions such as law, economy and religion enhance cooperation to higher levels. Gene-culture coevolutionary theories have studied this issue in an integrated framework that accounts for social and biological theories of cooperation. These theoretical approaches have provided an account of the emergence of human institutions with reference to a coevolutionary background in which specific innate psychological features of the human mind enabled the evolution of social institutions that impose social pressures, requiring the evolution of a complex moral psychology that enables life in a social environment with institutions. However, although gene-culture coevolution theories can explain cooperation in pre-modern societies, they still cannot explain social life in complex contemporary functionally differentiated democracies. Cooperation now occurs not only between individuals, but also across autopoietic social systems. How was this endeavor possible? This is the research problem investigated in this thesis, which proposes that the evolution of constitutionalism was an important factor to be taken into account. In the first chapter, I present the need of integrating constitutionalism and evolutionary theory, highlighting that such theoretical path sheds new lights on old constitutional problems. The second chapter is focused on the evolution of human cooperation from a multilevel selection perspective, based on recent advances in gene-culture coevolution theory that helps us understand the evolution of psychological traits necessary for social life. The limitations of such approach to explain contemporary sociability will be also explored. In the third chapter, I explore further the idea that the evolution of human societies is a case of multilevel selection, exploring Peter Godfrey-Smith's contributions about Darwinian populations. This theory is an important step in the thesis, insofar as it allows for a better integration between biology and sociology. From the sociological side, I bring Niklas Luhmann's systems theory into conversation with Godfrey-Smith in order to propose an integrated approach. The fourth chapter aims to explain the function of law in an evolutionary theory of stratification. Why have human societies become so unequal, considering that the first bands of human-gatherers lived in egalitarian groups? Based on anthropological insights from Kent Flannery & Joyce Marcus and the sociological and biological background so far explored, I offer an evolutionary view on the adaptive function of stratification for premodern societies. In the fifth and last chapter, I claim that the trend to stratification is reversed in modern times and advance the thesis that constitutionalism played a major role in this process. Not only constitutions promote cooperation at the individual level, but they also promote integration between social systems in a complex society. In this sense, this dissertation is an attempt to integrate sociology, biology and legal theory in its understanding of constitutionalism as an evolutionary adaptation to specific historical and sociological circumstances that demanded the emergence of institutions to accommodate diversity, pluralism and complexity.
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Stoll, Claude Vetter Jean-Marie Gall Jean-Claude. „Histoire des idées sur l'évolution de l'homme“. Strasbourg : Université de Strasbourg, 2009. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/1034/01/STOLL_Claude_2008.pdf.
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