Zeitschriftenartikel: „Damage caused to an animal“

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Petr, Pavel. „Of Mice and Men, and of Things in the Legal Sense“. International and Comparative Law Review 18, Nr. 2 (01.12.2018): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2018-0046.

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Abstract This paper aims to describe one part of the issue - the fact that a living animal is not a thing. Does that mean that one could not “own” an animal, or perhaps that an animal as a subject of rights? Will it be liable for damage it causes? The author believe that the provision specifically aims at pets and it is a pity that it is not explicitly mentioned. The different attitude of legislator is also reflected in compensation for damage, which now involves a special material element of compensation for damage caused by and to an animal. These and other aspects are addressed in this paper.

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Ferraz, Katia Maria Paschoaletto Michi de Barros, Marrie-Anne Lechevalier, Hilton Thadeu Zarate do Couto und Luciano Martins Verdade. „Damage caused by capybaras in a corn Field“. Scientia Agricola 60, Nr. 1 (Februar 2003): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162003000100029.

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Damage caused by capybaras in agroecossystems in Brazil has been frequently observed. The objective of this study was to describe and quantify the actual damage caused by capybaras in a corn field, aiming to get basic information on how, how much, and where these damage occur. Systematic sampling indicated that 26% of the planted area were damaged by capybaras, and the highest percentage of damage occurred on the border of the corn field (t=4.5698, p=0.0001). Damage in areas adjacent to a forest fragment was significantly higher (t=13.6198, p=0.0001), suggesting that the strategy of area utilization for feeding was related to the proximity of the resources "forest" and "water". Avoiding corn plantation in areas adjacent to forest fragments used by capybaras and, when possible, controlling capybara population may lead to a reduction of damage occurrence in agroecossystems.

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Stojanović, Nataša. „Liability for damage caused by animals“. Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta Nis 57, Nr. 81 (2018): 321–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfni1881321s.

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Yung, M. W. „Intratympanic ototoxicity: influence of post-injection survival period“. Journal of Laryngology & Otology 101, Nr. 10 (Oktober 1987): 1011–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100103159.

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AbstractMany studies have been reported on the intratympanic ototoxicity of different drugs in animal models. The recovery periods of the animals following intratympanic drug applications varied among these studies. The present study compares the cochlear damage caused by intratympanic kanamycin following short (4 days) and long (30 days) post-injection survival periods, using the guinea pig as the animal model.The degree of cochlear damage 4 days after kanamycin injection was consistent among the tested animals. The degeneration was mainly confined to the outer hair cells and almost all inner hair were spared. The change 30 days after kanamycin injection was more variable among the animals and both inner and outer hair cells were damaged. This shows that, although the damage to the cochlea after intratympanic aminoglycoside injection is progressive, a short post-injection recovery period is suitable for comparative intratympanic ototoxicity studies.

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Connor, Paul D. „Synthesizing Animal and Human Studies of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure“. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 7, Nr. 5 (Juli 2001): 648–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617701225120.

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The primary focus of this volume is on the impact of alcohol on brain development. It is a perfect example of how research on both animals and humans can interact to produce very important findings. In the case of prenatal alcohol exposure, dialogue between animal and human researchers has proved to be very profitable for both lines of research. Initial observations by human researchers identified a syndrome of facial stigmata, physical malformations, and early behavioral disturbances that was related to maternal alcohol abuse during pregnancy. They gave this syndrome the name Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. However, human researchers were unable to state unequivocally that prenatal alcohol exposure was teratogenic to the fetus. Thus, they turned to animal researchers who were able to model Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in a variety of animals and to confirm the teratogenicity of alcohol on the developing fetus. The quarter century of studies of the damage caused by prenatal alcohol exposure is replete with such interactions between these two groups of researchers. Without the input and pioneering studies of animal researchers on the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure, human researchers would have much less understanding of the damage caused by alcohol exposure in utero or insights into possible treatment or remediation strategies for those damaged by alcohol exposure.

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Klich, Daniel, Rafał Łopucki, Magdalena Perlińska-Teresiak, Agata Lenkiewicz-Bardzińska und Wanda Olech. „Human–Wildlife Conflict: The Human Dimension of European Bison Conservation in the Bieszczady Mountains (Poland)“. Animals 11, Nr. 2 (15.02.2021): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020503.

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An important limitation for the population growth of European bison in the Bieszczady Mountains may be the level of social acceptance. The study aimed to compare attitudes to European bison of local village inhabitants in Bieszczady and city dwellers in Rzeszów. We also investigated whether damage caused by European bison or other wild species changes peoples’ perceptions of this animal. Our study showed that not only does the growing European bison population cause an increase in negative attitudes among local village communities, but this species also causes more conflict than any other herbivore in the Bieszczady Mountains. Village residents believed that the main threats that arise from European bison were the damage they cause and forest use limitations. The current compensation system for the damage caused by this species does not solve the problem because over 60% of damage is not effectively reported to the state administration. The city dwellers of Rzeszów displayed a different attitude towards the European bison. We concluded that while educational workshops for local villagers may alleviate conflict in the short-term, ultimately it is only by restricting the growth of the European bison population that a long-term effect will be achieved.

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Yatsenko, I. V., O. I. Parilovskyi und V. M. Zhylina. „The procedure for forensic veterinary determination of the severity of harm caused to the health of the animal“. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, Nr. 99 (28.10.2020): 182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet9928.

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The paper formulates the procedure for forensic veterinary determination of the severity of damage to animal health. According to the severity of injuries to animals, it is necessary to distinguish between injuries of three degrees: mild, moderate and severe. Forensic veterinary examination to determine the severity of injuries is carried out by a forensic veterinary expert through a veterinary examination of the injured (subject) animal. During the examination of the subject animal, the forensic veterinary expert establishes data about the animal according to the animal’s passport or other document that replaces it (animal’s nickname, individual number, species, sex, age, breed, etc.). If there are no documents for the animal, they are limited to information about the animal received from its owner or guardian; establishes the anamnestic data of the examined animal according to the explanations of the owner of the animal or its guardian; finds out the circumstances of the injury to the investigator, coroner, owner or guardian of the animal; clarifies complaints from the owner about the state of health of the animal; gets acquainted with the case materials provided by the law enforcement agency; examines other available veterinary documents, if necessary, finds out other information. The forensic veterinary expert, estimating the statute of limitations for violation of the anatomical integrity of tissues and organs and their functions, proceeds from their usual duration. Defects in veterinary care should not be taken into account when assessing the severity of injuries. In such cases, the forensic veterinary expert is obliged to indicate the nature of the causal relationship between the injury and such consequences. Damage to diseased tissues and organs of an animal can be considered as severe as damage to these organs and tissues in clinically healthy animals, if there is a direct causal link between the damage and the adverse effect. If during the examination of the subject animal the expert finds different origins of bodily injuries, he establishes what weapon of injury could have been inflicted on each of them. If the injuries are of different ages, indicate the frequency, non-simultaneity and sequence of their application, indicate the time of infliction of each of the injuries, determine the severity of each of them. In cases of death of an animal in the presence of bodily injuries, the forensic veterinary expert, along with resolving other issues, establishes the presence or absence of a causal link between the injury and the death of the animal. In cases where there is a causal link between injury and death, they can be considered fatal. All the information obtained is reflected in the expert’s report or in the report of the expert study. The results in the expert’s opinion should be the result of the analysis of objective information established during the forensic veterinary examination of the subject. They must be detailed and scientifically sound.

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Santos, Roseane Cavalcanti, Lucília Helena Marcellino, Rose Gomes Monnerat und Eugen Silvano Gander. „Mechanical damage in cotton buds caused by the boll weevil“. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 38, Nr. 11 (November 2003): 1351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2003001100015.

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The boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boheman) causes high levels of bud abscission in cotton plants due to feeding or oviposition punctures. It has been reported that abscission is mainly due to enzymes present in the insect's saliva, but mechanical damage could also contribute to square abscission. The objective of this paper was to undertake an analysis of the morphological damages caused by the insect in cotton squares using microscopy. Anthers and ovules are the main target of boll weevil feeding. The process initiates by perforation of young sepal and petal tissues and proceeds with subsequent alimentation on stamen and ovary leading to abscission of floral structures.

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WiLSON, C. M., J. D. ALLEN, J. B. BRIDGES und A. A. J. ADGEY. „Death and damage caused by multiple direct current shocks: studies in an animal model“. European Heart Journal 9, Nr. 11 (November 1988): 1257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a062438.

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Moore, Robert J. „Necrotic enteritis in chickens: an important disease caused by Clostridium perfringens“. Microbiology Australia 36, Nr. 3 (2015): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma15041.

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Clostridium perfringens, a spore-forming, Gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium, causes a variety of diseases throughout the animal kingdom. Each disease in each animal species tends to be caused by particular strains of C. perfringens and is defined by the tissue tropism and toxin profile of the bacteria. In chickens toxinotype A strains cause necrotic enteritis; a disease characterised by tissue damage to the proximal regions of the small intestine. In extreme cases the disease can be lethal but is more commonly seen as a sub-clinical disease that causes welfare issues and productivity losses within the poultry industry. The disease is currently well controlled in Australia by good management practices and, for some poultry producers, the use of antibiotics in the feed. However, the disease does cause significant issues in other regions including North America and Europe. In Europe there was a spike of necrotic enteritis disease when antibiotics were withdrawn from animal feeds. It is probable that the disease will become more of an issue in the Australian poultry industry as in-feed antibiotic use is reduced. Therefore, other methods of disease control are under investigation, including the development of vaccines.

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AL Jalaud, Nora Abdulaziz. „Ameliorative and Preventive Effects of Metformin, Nigella sativa, Punica granatum and Zingeber officinale on Bone Damage and Infections Caused by Diabetes mellitus in Animal Model“. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 13, Nr. 1 (31.03.2019): 465–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.13.1.52.

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KABOODVANDPOUR, Shahram, und Luke K. P. LEUNG. „Managing crop damage caused by house mice (Mus domesticus) in Australia“. Integrative Zoology 5, Nr. 1 (März 2010): 2–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00188.x.

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Peschillo, Simone, Alejandro Tomasello, Francesco Diana, David Hernandez, Giada Toccaceli, Marta Rosal-Fontana, Marielle Esteves Coelho und Paolo Missori. „Comparison of Subacute Vascular Damage Caused by ADAPT versus Stent Retriever Devices after Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Histological and Ultrastructural Study in an Animal Model“. Interventional Neurology 7, Nr. 6 (2018): 501–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000491028.

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Objectives: To assess the delayed (15 days) histological and ultrastructural changes occurring following endovascular treatment with a direct aspiration first pass technique (ADAPT) or stent retrievers (SRs) and to compare the findings in order to determine which is the least harmful technique and what changes occur. Materials and Methods: Damage to the wall of swine extracranial arteries was evaluated after ADAPT with the Penumbra system or thrombectomy with various SRs. The procedures were performed using two pigs as animal models; extracranial cervical arteries were selected based on their diameters in order to reproduce the procedures as in human intracranial arteries, and endovascular thrombectomies were done after the injection of autologous thrombi. Two weeks later, the animals were euthanized, and 60 arterial samples were obtained for analysis by optical and electron microscopy. Results: Optical and electron microscopy revealed that both techniques cause, in different way, alterations to the structure of the vessel wall. Conclusions: Both techniques caused damage to the vessel wall. The main damages were localized at the level of the tunica media and adventitia, instead of the tunica intima as in the acute phase. Further investigation is required to better understand whether these alterations could have chronic consequences.

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Kimura, Tohru, Hiroyuki Yahata und Yoshimichi Uchiyama. „Examination of Material Compatibilities with Ionized and Vaporized Hydrogen Peroxide Decontamination“. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 59, Nr. 6 (01.11.2020): 703–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000165.

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Hydrogen peroxide (HP) decontamination is effective for a wide spectrum of pathogenic microorganisms. However, exposure to HP causes deleterious effects on some materials. The purpose of this study was to examine material compatibilities with ionized and vaporized hydrogen peroxide (iHP and VHP). With regard to iHP, 24 kinds of materials were exposed up to 100 cycles to iHP. The tested materials included plastics, metals, woods and plated or coated goods. The procedure of iHP decontamination was as following: gas time (11 min), dwell time (15 min) and aeration time (120 min). iHP decontamination caused some damage to copper, brass, chromium plate and galvanized iron immediately after exposure. Repeated iHP decontamination caused marked damage in stainless steel and urethane-, silicone- or epoxy-coating materials. Condensation of iHP decontamination posed severe damage for the material surfaces. With regard to VHP, 36 kinds of materials were exposed for up to 200 cycles to VHP decontamination. Under dry (dehumidified) conditions, VHP decontamination caused few changes on the surfaces of resin materials in dry conditions, although some resins began to develop hardening or softening. Discoloration was found in the stainless steel and changes in its coating materials. Bleaching was also observed in wooden materials. Under condensation conditions of VHP, nylon softened and butyl rubber hardened. Condensation of VHP caused material damage such as discoloration in the stainless steel, corrosion of zinc-plated steel, and air-bubbling under the color-steel sheet. The high concentrations of HP with condensation caused severe changes in metals and resins after repeated exposure. The VHP decontamination tests provided evidence that the material damage was more severe under condensation conditions than under dry conditions. Our results demonstrate the importance of condensation of HP when using it to decontaminate equipment.

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Mikich, Sandra Bos, und Dieter Liebsch. „Assessment of food supplementation and surveillance as techniques to reduce damage caused by black capuchin monkeys Sapajus nigritus to forest plantations“. Current Zoology 60, Nr. 5 (01.10.2014): 581–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.5.581.

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Abstract Black capuchin monkeys Sapajus nigritus are among several mammalian species that damage forest plantations, primarily plantations of pine trees (Pinus spp.) in South Brazil. Management practices to reduce these damages include supplementary food offerings and plantation surveillance. To assess the efficiency of these techniques, four treatments were evaluated: feeding (F, with supplementary bananas and maize), surveillance (S, in situ, wherein men patrolled the plantations, deterring the monkeys), feeding + surveillance (FS) and control (no procedures) (C). The efficiency assessment of each treatment involved the number of recorded primate sightings in the treatments with the presence of guards (S and FS) and a damage inventory of the outskirts of the experimental points immediately before and after the experiment. These data were complemented by a simultaneous study of the availability of fruit, the primary item in the diet of this primate species, in the remnant native forest in the study area. Most sightings of S. nigritus occurred early in the morning, and in general, sightings were inversely proportional to the availability of native fruits. This trend was most evident in treatment FS, most likely due to the presence of food. Treatments F and FS exhibited higher percentages of damage, indicating that these are inefficient management techniques. Treatment S exhibited the lowest damage rate, but at a high cost, making this technique difficult to apply over large expanses. The development of other management techniques, such as environmental enrichment and the use of deterrents, is recommended to minimize the damage caused by capuchins in forest plantations.

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Bloomer, Steven A., und Kyle E. Brown. „Iron-Induced Liver Injury: A Critical Reappraisal“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, Nr. 9 (30.04.2019): 2132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092132.

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Iron is implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of human liver diseases. Hereditary hemochromatosis is the classical example of a liver disease caused by iron, but iron is commonly believed to contribute to the progression of other forms of chronic liver disease such as hepatitis C infection and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In this review, we present data from cell culture experiments, animal models, and clinical studies that address the hepatotoxicity of iron. These data demonstrate that iron overload is only weakly fibrogenic in animal models and rarely causes serious liver damage in humans, calling into question the concept that iron overload is an important cause of hepatotoxicity. In situations where iron is pathogenic, iron-induced liver damage may be potentiated by coexisting inflammation, with the resulting hepatocyte necrosis an important factor driving the fibrogenic response. Based on the foregoing evidence that iron is less hepatotoxic than is generally assumed, claims that assign a causal role to iron in liver injury in either animal models or human liver disease should be carefully evaluated.

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Huemer, Hartwig P., Sandra Essbauer und Eveline U. Irschick. „Tissue damage caused by animal orthopoxviruses cowpox, ectromelia, vaccinia and parapoxvirus ovis in human cornea“. Acta Ophthalmologica 88, Nr. 7 (29.10.2009): e275-e276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01712.x.

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Duran, Muzeyyen, Emin Ustunyurt, Aydin Kosus, Nermin Kosus, Nilgun Turhan, Deniz Hızlı, Gulce Naz Sarac und Deniz Erdogan. „Does vitamin E prevent tubal damage caused by smoking? A light microscopy and animal study“. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 175 (April 2014): 149–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.01.020.

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Fujii, Yutaka. „Evaluation of Inflammation Caused by Cardiopulmonary Bypass in a Small Animal Model“. Biology 9, Nr. 4 (20.04.2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology9040081.

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Extracorporeal circulation (ECC) methods are being increasingly used for mechanical support of respiratory and cardio-circulatory failure. Especially, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) during cardiovascular surgery, sustenance of the patient’s life by providing an appropriate blood flow and oxygen supply to principal organs. On the other hand, systemic inflammatory responses in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery supported by CPB contribute significantly to CPB-associated mortality and morbidity. Our previous research showed that CPB causes a systemic inflammatory response and organ damage in a small animal CPB model. We have been studying the effects of hyperoxia and blood plasma substitute on CPB. In this review, we present a study focusing on the systemic inflammatory response during CPB, along with our findings.

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KREMSER, ULRICH, PETER KLEMM und WOLF-DIETRICH KÖTZ. „Estimating the risk of temporary acoustic threshold shift, caused by hydroacoustic devices, in whales in the Southern Ocean“. Antarctic Science 17, Nr. 1 (28.02.2005): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102005002361.

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There is a potential threat to marine mammals from acoustic signals emitted by hydroacoustic devices. The impact on the hearing of marine mammals depends on the technical parameters of the instruments and on the exposure of the animal to noise pulses, as well as on the properties of the biological system, that is to say, on the anatomy and the audiogram of the animal. Here, the blue whale, the sperm whale and the beaked whale are taken as examples in an investigation of the potential exposure to noise pulses from the hydroacoustic instruments Hydrosweep and Parasound. Diving depths of the whales and relative speeds of the animals with respect to the survey vessels are taken into account, as well as the area impacted by the equipment, in estimating the level of sound needed to produce “temporary threshold shift” in an animal. The results suggest that auditory damage is only likely if animals pass the transducer at close range and that the impact on marine mammals can be mitigated by implementing prior detection and shut down procedures.

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Santra, Amal, Amitabha Maiti, Subhankar Das, Sarbari Lahiri, Sushil K. Charkaborty, Debendra N. Guha Mazumder und Debendra Guha Mazumder. „Hepatic Damage Caused by Chronic Arsenic Toxicity in Experimental Animals“. Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 38, Nr. 4 (Januar 2000): 395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/clt-100100949.

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SEKHAR, NAGOTHU UDAYA. „Crop and livestock depredation caused by wild animals in protected areas: the case of Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, India“. Environmental Conservation 25, Nr. 2 (Juni 1998): 160–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892998000204.

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Wild animals often destroy standing crops and prey on livestock, causing economic losses to farmers. Crop and wildlife damage are becoming serious for many Indian protected areas, and this study aimed to characterize the problem in villages in and around the Sariska Tiger Reserve (STR), Rajasthan, India. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire in 37 villages followed by a semi-structured questionnaire administered to 180 households, quadrat sampling and focus group discussions. Crop and livestock depredation evidently affected nearly half of the households in villages adjacent to the STR, but damage varied considerably amongst villages and with distance from the Reserve border. Wild animal distribution and protection measures which people adopted also influenced the damage. Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus() and wild boar ((Sus scrofa() were reported to be responsible for at least half of the total damage to the major crops caused by wild animals. Tigers and leopards were the main livestock predators; the former preyed mostly on larger livestock and the latter on smaller animals such as goats and sheep. More than two-thirds of the villagers spent considerable time and money guarding crops and protecting livestock. Guarding was the most popular means followed by physical fences around fields. In spite of damage to crops and livestock, the local people still had a positive attitude towards the STR, because of tangible benefits derived from the Reserve in terms of fodder and fuelwood, and cultural/religious attitudes towards wild animals. Settlement of rights to collect fuelwood and fodder within the Reserve appears to be one acceptable measure to compensate for losses besides an immediate review of hunting policy. Suggestions given by local people to minimize losses have implications for the long term sustainability of the STR as a protected area.

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Melin, M., J. Matala, L. Mehtätalo, A. Suvanto und P. Packalen. „Detecting moose (Alces alces) browsing damage in young boreal forests from airborne laser scanning data“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, Nr. 1 (Januar 2016): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0326.

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Large herbivores can have large impacts on their habitats through extensive browsing. Similarly, human actions can have large impacts both on habitats and on the animals utilizing the habitats. In Finland, the increase in clear-cut areas has been highly positive for moose in particular, because these areas provide an easy and abundant source of winter food. For the forest owners, moose browsing causes growth and quality losses or even the destruction of whole stand. We aimed to identify moose browsing damage from airborne laser scanning (ALS) data and to predict damaged areas. The data was used to detect the difference in forest structure caused by moose browsing (lost branches and twigs) in relation to reference areas without moose browsing. The damaged areas were located, measured, and confirmed by forestry professionals, and ALS data was collected after the damage. In the end, the structural differences that browsing caused proved to be clear enough to be detected with metrics calculated from ALS data. Many variables were significantly different between the damage and no-damage areas. With logistic regression, we were able to differentiate the areas with significant, large-scale damage from no-damage areas with a 76% accuracy. However, the model was too keen to predict false-positive cases (classifying no-damage areas as damaged). It was shown that ALS data can be used in detecting moose browsing damage in a case where the damage is extremely severe (like in here). Yet, to make the results more accurate, better field data about the damaged areas would be needed.

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Studsrød, Jan Erik, und Per Wegge. „Park-People Relationships: The Case of Damage Caused by Park Animals Around the Royal Bardia National Park, Nepal“. Environmental Conservation 22, Nr. 2 (1995): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900010183.

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Crop damage and livestock predation were a serious problem in three Village Development Committees (VDCs) situated adjacent to the Southwestern Part of the Royal Bardia National Park. The seriousness of crop and livestock losses varied considerably with the distance from the Park's border and the specific location of farms. This was explained by the variations in the distribution of animal wildlife inside the Park, the presence of natural and Man-made barriers, the availability of forested areas outside the Park, and the agricultural cropping pattern. Adjacent to the section of the Park with the highest animal densities, crop losses varied from 47% for Lentil to 24% for Wheat. Farther away, the extent of crop losses was reduced. In the ‘Far’ zone situated 2–8 km from the Park, only 3% of the Paddy was reported lost.Two wildlife species, Chital and Wild Boar, were responsible for roughly half of the total damage to crops by animals. Damage from a newly-introduced population of Rhinoceros unicornis was increasing, with Paddy (Rice) and Lentil the crops most affected by that species. The economic value of livestock loss to wild predators was estimated to be two percent of the value of total crop losses. The estimated value of grasses harvested by local villagers inside the Park, seen as ‘compensation’ for crop losses and denial of access to traditional resources, constituted only 10% of the total economic loss from crop losses and livestock predation.

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Burfoot, A., R. M. Kay und S. Corning. „A scoring method to assess damage caused by aggression between sows after mixing“. Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (März 1995): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600029615.

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The regulations to phase out stall and tether systems by 1 January 1999 will result in UK sows being group housed. The formation of either small stable groups or large, dynamic groups by mixing unfamiliar sows results in aggression between sows. One consequence of aggression is damage to the skin which, if severe may compromise the welfare of the sow. To assess the level of damage resulting from aggression between sows, a simple, rapid scoring method is needed. The objective of this work was to establish which areas of the sow were the main target sites for attack and to use this information to devise an animal based method of scoring damage.

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Ahsan, Naveed, Sarwat Jahan, Sana Imran und Naveed Ahsan. „ISONIAZID INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE“. Professional Medical Journal 25, Nr. 07 (10.07.2018): 1124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.07.159.

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Objectives: To observe healthy effects of silymarin on liver histopathology againstliver damage, caused by isoniazid in rabbits. Study Design: Interventional study. Setting:Animal House of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi. Period: April to September2013. Methods: Total 28 rabbits of weight 1-1.5kg of either sex were used in this study. Whichwere divided randomly into four equal groups: Group I was control group. In group II silymarin(50mg/kg/day orally) was administered, in group III isoniazid (50mg/kg/dayorally) was given;and in group IV, effects of combination therapy of isoniazid and silymarin were observed. Beforestarting the drug therapy, at day 0 and one day after the end of study period i.e., at day 19, bodyweight of each animal was recorded. Rabbits were sacrificed on 19th day and the required liversample was taken for histopathological examination. The data feeding and analysis at the endof study was done on computer package SPSS (Statistical packages of social science) version16. Results: No mortality was recorded in any group. In group II (silymarin treated) animals inthis group exhibited no any histological changes in the hepatic lobule except few inflammatorycells 28.5% were seen in the portal tract. The liver microscopic examination in group III(Isoniazid treated), animals showed the disturbed architecture of the lobule. There were no fattychanges, whereas ballooning degeneration was 42.9%, hepatocytes necrosis was 71% andportal inflammation was 71.4% which was very severe. Animals in group IV, given combinationof silymarin and isoniazid showed the intact architecture of the hepatic lobule, in which 14.29%ballooning degeneration, whereas necrosis of hepatocytes and portal inflammation was mildin nature which may be due to hepatoprotective role of silymarin. Conclusion: Silymarin hashepatoprotective effects when given in combination with isoniazid.

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Kingery, J. L., und R. T. Graham. „The Effect of Cattle Grazing on Ponderosa Pine Regeneration“. Forestry Chronicle 67, Nr. 3 (01.06.1991): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc67245-3.

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During the summer and fall of 1982, a study was established on the Nez Percé National Forest in central Idaho to assess the effects of cattle grazing on the performance of a new ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) plantation. Three study sites were located in a Douglas-fir/ninebark (Pseudotsuga menziesii/Physocarpus malvaceus) habitat type. Results after six years showed that livestock use can influence tree seedling establishment. Mortality and damage to tree seedlings from cattle resulted primarily from trampling rather than from browsing. Five and one-half percent of the seedlings were damaged by cattle, of which 3.6% died. Browsing by deer and elk caused the most growth loss. Overall damage was greatest from non-animal causes. Seedling quality at the time of planting, handling of the seedling, and droughty conditions during the first two years of the study contributed to this type of damage. Overall performance of the tree seedlings were relatively poor. Total mortality to tree seedlings resulting from all sources of damage was 43.6% for the grazed treatment and 25.3% for the non-grazed treatment.

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Faucitano, L. „Causes of skin damage to pig carcasses“. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 81, Nr. 1 (01.03.2001): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a00-031.

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Damage to the surface of the carcass after dehairing is a serious commercial problem, since it decreases the grade and subsequently the value of the carcass. In many countries, the incidence of skin damage on the carcass has not been considered to be a problem with high priority, as it seems to be easily solved by just trimming off the skin. However, the presence of an haematoma in the underlying tissue and its negative influence on meat quality must be taken into account. Some European Union (EU) countries are aiming at reducing the incidence of blemished carcasses in order to safeguard the image of the national pork sector for both domestic and exporting markets. Major factors responsible for the incidence of skin damage on the carcass are fighting among mixed groups of pigs and poor handling during the preslaughter stages. Recognition of the economical impact of these two factors on the slaughter pigs may lead to more welfare-friendly handling systems and to reduction in the practice of preslaughter mixing of animals. Key words: Handling, skin damage, animal welfare, carcass and meat quality, pigs

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Baptista, A. S., J. Horii, M. A. Calori-Domingues, E. M. Gloria und M. R. Vizioli. „Yeast application and its derived products to reduce aflatoxicosis“. Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200008681.

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Yeasts have been studied and used as source of proteins for animal feeding over many years. Recently, new ideas on their use has lead to studies to enrich yeasts with micronutrients and use them as vehicles in feed production. Yeast cellular components are also used to improve the animal health and performance. The use of living yeasts are also thought to improve animal food consumption and reduce cell damage caused by substances such as aflatoxins found in animal foods. Aflatoxins, secondary metabolites produced by some fungi in foods and feeds can, on ingestion, result in the illness or death of animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae living cells and its derived products on animals when they are supplied with diets contaminate by aflatoxins.

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Kuliczkowski, Maciej, und Henryk Juszczyk. „Damage caused by projectiles shot from ZORAKI R1 model K-10 6 mm/10 mm calibre pistols“. Issues of Forensic Science 290 (2015): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.34836/pk.2015.290.3.

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The article presents research conducted shooting at animal carcasses, animal shoulder bones, animal eyeballs, car body and windshield. Shooting was conducted using a ZORAKI R1 model K-10 6 mm/10 mm calibre revolvers and ammunition comprised of spherical and composite and rubber bullets and cartridges composite and 6 mm calibre Flobert rimfire blank cartridges. In some cases, ammo with an enhanced quantity of gunpowder was used. Studies have shown a danger to human life or health in the course of firing shots from a ZORAKI R1 model K-10 revolver at a person, in particular when shots are fired at a person’s head.

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Hirano, Shin-ichi, Yusuke Ichikawa, Bunpei Sato, Haru Yamamoto, Yoshiyasu Takefuji und Fumitake Satoh. „Molecular Hydrogen as a Potential Clinically Applicable Radioprotective Agent“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, Nr. 9 (27.04.2021): 4566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094566.

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Although ionizing radiation (radiation) is commonly used for medical diagnosis and cancer treatment, radiation-induced damages cannot be avoided. Such damages can be classified into direct and indirect damages, caused by the direct absorption of radiation energy into DNA and by free radicals, such as hydroxyl radicals (•OH), generated in the process of water radiolysis. More specifically, radiation damage concerns not only direct damages to DNA, but also secondary damages to non-DNA targets, because low-dose radiation damage is mainly caused by these indirect effects. Molecular hydrogen (H2) has the potential to be a radioprotective agent because it can selectively scavenge •OH, a reactive oxygen species with strong oxidizing power. Animal experiments and clinical trials have reported that H2 exhibits a highly safe radioprotective effect. This paper reviews previously reported radioprotective effects of H2 and discusses the mechanisms of H2, not only as an antioxidant, but also in intracellular responses including anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and the regulation of gene expression. In doing so, we demonstrate the prospects of H2 as a novel and clinically applicable radioprotective agent.

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Denorme, Frederik, und Simon F. De Meyer. „The VWF-GPIb axis in ischaemic stroke: lessons from animal models“. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 116, Nr. 10 (2016): 597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th16-01-0036.

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SummaryStroke is a leading cause of death and long-term disability worldwide. Ischaemic stroke is caused by a blood clot that obstructs cerebral blood flow. Current treatment mainly consists of achieving fast reperfusion, either via pharmacological thrombolysis using tissue plasminogen activator or via endovascular thrombectomy. Unfortunately, reperfusion therapy is only available to a limited group of patients and reperfusion injury can further aggravate brain damage. Hence, there is an urgent need for better understanding of ischaemic stroke pathophysiology in order to develop novel therapeutic strategies. In recent years, the pathophysiological importance of von Willebrand factor (VWF) in ischaemic stroke has become clear from both clinical and experimental studies. In particular, binding of VWF to platelet glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) has become an interesting target for ischaemic stroke therapy. Recent insights show that inhibting the VWF-GPIb interaction could result in a pro-thrombolytic activity improving cerebral reperfusion rates and concurrently reducing cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion damage. This review gives an overview of the experimental evidence that illustrates the crucial role of the VWF-GPIb axis in ischaemic stroke.

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Silva-Neto, A. V., W. G. Santos, A. F. M. Botelho, G. M. L. Diamantino, B. Soto-Blanco und M. M. Melo. „Use of EDTA in the treatment of local tissue damage caused by the Bothrops alternatus venom“. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 70, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2018): 1529–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-10158.

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ABSTRACT Twelve adult rabbits were distributed in three groups and received on the femoral biceps region, via intradermal injection (ID), 25µg of Bothrops alternatus venom dissolved in NaCl 0.9% and diluted in 0.25mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Thirty minutes later, the group G1 received 0.25mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) ID while to G2 and G3 25mg of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) dissolved in 0.25mL of PBS were administered via intramuscular (IM) and intravenous (IV) injection, respectively. Evaluations included local lesion and blood profile of all animals, before (time zero) and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 18 and 24h after venom administration. All animal treated with PBS (G1) and EDTA IV (G3) presented increase of nociceptive stimuli at the site of inoculation of the venom, followed by moderate edema that persisted for 24h. Animals treated with IM EDTA (G2) only manifested increase of nociceptive stimuli at the site of injection 1h after treatment with discrete local edema between 12 and 24h. In relation to the local hemorrhagic halo no differences were found amongst the studied groups. Blood profile revealed significant decrease of segmented neutrophils in all groups. There was also increase in triglycerides and decrease in total protein and albumin in all groups. The local lesion was not altered by the treatments.

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Altunkaya, Mehmet, Yavuz Guloglu, Nur Belkayalı, Alper Bulut und İlknur Cesur. „Liability for Damage Caused by Domestic and Wild Animals in Turkish Law“. Jurnal Cita Hukum 8, Nr. 2 (01.08.2020): 243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jch.v8i2.16299.

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Abstract.The Turkish Code of Obligations holds pet owners objectively liable for any damage caused by their pets regardless of fault on the grounds that they failed to carry out their supervisory duty. There is, however, no regulation on compensation for damages caused by wild or stray animals. The legal gap in this field is filled by case laws. The aim of this study is to compare pet owner liability regulated by private law as strict liability and state liability for damage caused by wild animals protected by national legislation and international conventions. The research material consists of current legislation, and judicial and administrative decisions on property damage and bodily injury caused by animals. Tort claims for damages caused by pets and wild animals differ by statute of limitations, judicial remedy, the law on which the case is based, and strict liability principles. Pet owner liability for damage caused by the pet is based on strict liability in private law while administrative court decisions hold the administration liable based sometimes on strict liability and sometimes on negligence.Keywords: Pet owner liability; Pets; Wild animals; Strict liability; Compensation Abstrak.Kode Kewajiban Turki meminta pemilik hewan peliharaan bertanggung jawab secara obyektif atas kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh hewan peliharaan mereka, terlepas dari kesalahan yang dilakukan. Adapun alasan yang diajukan karena pemilik hewan gagal menjalankan tugas pengawasan. Namun, tidak ada peraturan tentang kompensasi atas kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh hewan liar atau tersesat tersebut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan kewajiban pemilik hewan peliharaan yang diatur oleh hukum privat sebagai kewajiban yang ketat dan kewajiban negara atas kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh hewan liar yang dilindungi oleh undang-undang nasional dan konvensi internasional. Materi penelitian terdiri dari undang-undang saat ini, dan keputusan yudisial dan administratif tentang kerusakan properti dan cidera tubuh yang disebabkan oleh hewan. Klaim kerugian atas kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh hewan peliharaan dan hewan liar berbeda menurut undang-undang pembatasan, upaya hukum, hukum yang menjadi dasar kasus, dan prinsip tanggung jawab yang ketat. Tanggung jawab pemilik hewan peliharaan atas kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh hewan peliharaan didasarkan pada tanggung jawab yang ketat dalam hukum privat, sementara keputusan pengadilan administratif memegang tanggung jawab administrasi terkadang berdasarkan tanggung jawab yang ketat dan terkadang pada kelalaian.Kata kunci: Kewajiban pemilik hewan peliharaan; Hewan peliharaan; Hewan liar; Tanggung jawab yang ketat; Kompensasi Аннотация.Обязательственный кодекс Турции возлагает на владельцев домашних животных объективную ответственность за ущерб, причиненный их домашними животными, независимо от причиненного им вреда. Выдвинутые причины заключались в том, что владелец животного не выполнил свои обязанности по надзору за ним. Однако нет никаких правил относительно компенсации ущерба, причиненного дикими или бродячими животными. Целью этого исследования было сравнить обязанности владельцев домашних животных, регулируемые частным правом как строгое обязательство, и обязанности государства за ущерб, причиненный дикими животными, охраняемыми национальными законами и международными конвенциями. Материалы исследования состоят из действующего законодательства, судебных и административных решений в отношении имущественного ущерба и телесных повреждений, причиненных животными. Иски о возмещении ущерба, причиненного домашними и дикими животными, различаются в зависимости от закона об исковой давности, установленного закона, закона, на котором основано дело, и строгих принципов ответственности. Ответственность владельца домашнего животного за ущерб, причиненный домашним животным, основана на строгой ответственности по частному праву, в то время как решения административных судов предусматривают административную ответственность, иногда основанную на строгой ответственности, а иногда на небрежности.Ключевые слова: Обязанности владельцев домашних животных; Домашнее животное; Дикое животное; Строгая ответственность; Компенсация

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Montràs-Janer, Teresa, Jonas Knape, Marianne Stoessel, Lovisa Nilsson, Ingunn Tombre, Tomas Pärt und Johan Månsson. „Spatio-temporal patterns of crop damage caused by geese, swans and cranes—Implications for crop damage prevention“. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 300 (September 2020): 107001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.107001.

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Yagi, A. I., S. A. Younis, E. M. Haroun, A. A. Gameel, H. O. Bushara und M. G. Taylor. „Studies on heterologous resistance betweenSchistosoma bovisandFasciola giganticain Sudanese cattle“. Journal of Helminthology 60, Nr. 1 (März 1986): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00008233.

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AbstractUsing the local strains ofSchistosoma bovisandFasciola gigantica, it was shown that Sudanese zebu calves with mature primary infections ofF. giganticawere highly resistant to challenge withS. boviscercariae, and vice versa. Liver enzyme tests showed that, in both cases, the primary infections had caused some liver damage. Primary infection with irradiatedS. Boviscercariae, which did not cause significant liver damage, did not protect significantly against challenge withF. gigantica.

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Majak, Katarzyna, und Asla Pitkänen. „Do seizures cause irreversible cognitive damage? Evidence from animal studies“. Epilepsy & Behavior 5 (Februar 2004): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2003.11.012.

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Ali, Muhammad Rajif. „TANGGAPAN MASYARAKAT TENTANG HADIRNYA PERTAMBANGAN ASPAL DI DESA WINNING KECAMATAN PASARWAJO KABUPATEN BUTON“. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Geografi 3, Nr. 2 (01.04.2018): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.36709/jppg.v3i2.9156.

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This study aims to describe the public perception of the existence of asphalt minning in relation to the environmental inpact caused in the Winning Vilage of Pasar wajo Distric in Buton District. This research is descriptive qualitative whit case study approach. Data collection is done by using method: questionare, interview, observation and documentation. Data obtained from 55 respondents, then presented in tabular from percentage, then described qualitatively. The result showed that the public response about the presence of asphalt mining in Winning Vilage, divided into positive and negative impacts. Positive impacts of asphalt mining such as: increased local income, creation of employment opportunities for local communities, exposure of territories from isolason. While the negative impact is asphalt mining activities caused environmental damage include: 1) land danmage, land disruption, 2) Damage to flora and fauna, communities responding to asphalt mining activities caused damage to vegetation and people responded to asphalt mining activities causing damage/wild animal/wildlife, 3) The contamination river water, times and swamps where people respond to the mining activitie of asphalt cause pollution of riverwater/times and swamps, 4) Air pollution mainly dust produced from the development process and the means of transportation passing by, 5) Noise, where people respount to asphalt mining activities generate noise, 6) The existence of healt problems where people respoud to asphalt mining activities cause public health problems,

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Otsuki, Makoto, Mitsuyoshi Yamamoto und Taizo Yamaguchi. „Animal Models of Chronic Pancreatitis“. Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2010 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/403295.

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Animal models for CP in rats can be classified into 2 groups: one is noninvasive or nonsurgical models and the other is invasive or surgical models. Pancreatic injury induced by repetitive injections of supramaximal stimulatory dose of caerulein (Cn) or by intraductal infusion of sodium taurocholate (NaTc) recovered within 14 days, whereas that caused by repetitive injection of arginine or by intraductal infusion of oleic acid was persistent. However, the destroyed acinar tissues were replaced by fatty tissues without fibrosis. Transient stasis of pancreatic fluid flow by 0.01% agarose and minimum injury of the pancreatic duct by 0.1% NaTc solution induced progressive pancreatic injury although one alone is insufficient to cause persistent pancreatic injury. However, the damaged tissue was replaced by fatty tissue without fibrosis. Continuous pancreatic ductal hypertension (PDH) caused diffuse interlobular and intralobular fibrosis closely resembling human CP.

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Chayka, A., E. Zaben’ko, I. Labunets und T. Pivneva. „Traumatic brain injury: pathogenesis, experimental models, prospects of cell-based therapy“. Cell and Organ Transplantology 5, Nr. 2 (30.11.2017): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22494/cot.v5i2.78.

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Traumatic brain injury is the brain damage caused by external mechanical force, for example: a severe impact as a result of a car accident, a blow of a blast wave, biomechanical damage to the brain as a result of a collision with contact sports, etc. This is a complex trauma with a wide range of symptoms became the main cause of death and disability in modern society throughout the world. The results of numerous therapeutic approaches to treating the consequences of injuries have shown promising perspectives in animal models of traumatic brain injury, but have not achieved any significant efficacy in clinical trials. In this review, we will consider the current topical issues of traumatic brain injury: a modern classification; general principles of the development of the pathological process; models of brain trauma in animals; therapy with the application of stem cells of various genesis.

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Gulyukin, A. M., Y. I. Smolyaninov und A. A. Shabeykin. „THE ECONOMIC DAMAGE CAUSED BY RABIES OF AGRICULTURAL ANIMALS IN RUSSIA“. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences 56, Nr. 8 (25.08.2016): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2016-08.06.

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Kobayashi, Satoshi. „The Current Situation of Damage Caused by Wild Animals in Kenya“. Journal of African Studies 1990, Nr. 37 (1990): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11619/africa1964.1990.37_27.

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Nabavi-Tabrizi, A., A. Turnbull, Q. Dao und R. Appleyard. „Chondrocyte Damage following Osteochondral Grafting Using Metal and Plastic Punches: Comparative Study in an Animal Model“. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 10, Nr. 2 (Dezember 2002): 170–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/230949900201000211.

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Purpose. Osteochondral impaction grafting to manage isolated chondral defects in femoral condyles usually uses a metal punch to impact the grafts into predrilled cavities. Damage to the chondrocytes during impaction is a concern, however, and new methods are being sought to minimise the damage. We studied if impaction with a plastic punch instead of a metal punch reduces the extent of chondrocyte damage in an animal model. Methods. 32 osteochondral plugs were prepared from knees of 10 freshly slaughtered sheep knees; the contralateral condyles were then prepared to receive the osteochondral grafts. 20 plugs were impacted into predrilled holes: 10 using a metal punch and 10 using a plastic punch. The 12 remaining plugs were used as controls. The plugs were recovered, incubated for 24 hours in calf serum, and stained with 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium to measure the content of viable cells. Digital photographs of the stained cartilage were then analysed on a 0-to-255 grey-scale. Results. We found no significant difference in the extent of chondrocyte damage caused by impaction using metal and plastic punches. The content of viable cells in plugs impacted by metal and plastic punches, however, was significantly lower than that in the control plugs, as reflected by higher means of light intensity of 52.9 (p<0.001) and 32.4 (p=0.005), respectively. Conclusion. Impaction grafting clearly damages chondrocytes of the osteochondral plug. The use of a plastic punch does not reduce the extent of chondrocyte damage during the impaction grafting procedure.

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MULUNGU, Loth S., Rhodes H. MAKUNDI, Apia W. MASSAWE und Herwig LEIRS. „Relationship between sampling intensity and precision for estimating damage to maize caused by rodents“. Integrative Zoology 2, Nr. 3 (September 2007): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-4877.2007.00051.x.

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Sangi, Sibghatullah Muhammad Ali, und Nora Abdulaziz Al Jalaud. „Prevention and treatment of brain damage in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats with Metformin, Nigella sativa, Zingiber officinale, and Punica granatum“. Biomedical Research and Therapy 6, Nr. 7 (05.07.2019): 3274–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15419/bmrat.v6i7.554.

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Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is well-known metabolic disorder, which causes serious effects on human health with its complications. Many mechanisms has been postulated to cause DM related complications. One of the main complications is neuronal damage, for which no proper preventive and curative therapies are available. Methods: In this study the effects of Ginger, Nigella sativa, Punica granatum and Metformin were seen on the prevention and treatment of brain damage caused by diabetes mellitus in streptozotocin (STZ)- induced diabetes in rats. 50 adult Wistar albino male rats were used in the study, the rats were divided in 10 study groups. The body weight, serum glucose levels were measured, and histopathological examination was performed. Results: In comparison to the diabetic control rats, significant increase in weight was found in animals of all the studied groups. Serum glucose levels reduced significantly in comparison to the STZ induced diabetic rats in all the animals. Histopathological examination showed prevention from brain damage and repair of the neuronal tissues by Ginger, Nigella sativa, Punica granatum and Metformin. Conclusion: The studied substances were observed to possess preventive and curative effects on the brain damage caused by diabetes mellitus.

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Malík, V., und P. Karnet. „Game damage to forest trees“. Journal of Forest Science 53, No. 9 (07.01.2008): 406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2143-jfs.

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Humans should behave in such a way that they will not endanger the existence of other living entities. After all, human activities affected the tree species composition and wildlife living conditions. Humans are now responsible for the preservation of delicate equilibrium in nature. Two localities were chosen for the research of game damage caused to standing trees – shooting areas Lužánky and Červený jelen, both situated in the vicinity of Jindřichův Hradec in South Bohemia. Seasonal character of tree-damage origin as well as its relation to the chemical content of spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and pine (Pinus sylvestris [L.]) bark were investigated. This area is typical of high game stock; trees are damaged by browsing and bark stripping. Particular advice for game management with respect to minimizing tree damage is presented. The data set of chemical bark analyses was statistically evaluated by t- and F-test and significant differences in element contents were detected between damaged and undamaged pine bark for N-substances (P = 0.003309), Ca (P = 0.001460), P (P = 0.004343), Mg (P = 0.001419) and K (P = 0.016290). Humans have influenced many changes in the distribution of different animal and plant species. Among others they are responsible for the altered species composition. Typically the extinction of large predators produces changes in food chains. In forest stands influenced by human activities the reasonable game management and the regulation of game stock seems to be one of the main tools in forest protection.

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Tomalak, Marek, Harold E. Welch und Terry Galloway. „Pathogenicity of Allantonematidae (Nematoda) infecting bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Manitoba“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, Nr. 1 (01.01.1990): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-013.

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Histological examination of pathogical changes caused by allantonematid nematodes infecting bark beetles was conducted using beetles collected from Nopiming Provincial Park and Belair, Whiteshell, and Agassiz provincial forests in Manitoba. Nematodes were classified into three groups according to the pattern and nature of damage caused to their hosts. Sulphuretylenchus (three species) induced the earliest and most dramatic changes in their hosts, affecting fat body integrity and ovary and sperm development, and causing massive damage to muscles throughout the body. A Parasitylenchus species induced less severe damage, affecting ovarian development and causing tissue damage only after numerous juvenile nematodes had been released by parasitic females. Neoparasitylenchus, Allantonema, and Contortylenchus caused gradual depletion of fat body reserves, and only minor tissue damage was caused by juvenile nematodes. The degree of pathological change was related to the timing of infection and release of juveniles by parasitic females and to the relative abundance of juveniles present in the haemocoel. Bark beetle species infected by Sulphuretylenchus constructed aberrant galleries, coincident with tissue degradation caused by juvenile nematodes.

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Stanišić, Slobodan. „Legal Nature of Civil Liabilityfor Damage Caused by Animals / Pravna priroda građanske odgovornosti za štetu od životinja“. Годишњак факултета правних наука - АПЕИРОН 4, Nr. 4 (30.07.2014): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/gfp1404083s.

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Using the historic and legal-comparison method, the author tries to give an answer on the following questions: whether and under what conditions the animals can be regarded as dangerous things, and whether the rules on strict liability for damage from the dangerous things and dangerous activities can be applied to cases of damages from animals and activities in connection with them.

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Janicka, Anna. „Zniszczenia i straty wojenne poniesione przez rolnictwo województwa krakowskiego w wyniku II wojny światowej“. UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 16, Nr. 3 (2020): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/johass.2020.3.4.

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During World War II, the entire Polish territory twice became a war zone, bearing heavy consequences. Equal or even greater losses were caused by the hostile occupation. When calculating on a per-capita basis, the destruction rate in Poland was the highest in the world. The politics of plunder contributed to the excessive exploitation of domestic resources, social income and national heritage. The situation of agriculture in the Krakow Province after World War II was very difficult, especially in the front-line areas. The damage caused by the German occupier was of a wide-ranging nature. Plant and animal production, farms suffered. By building pillboxes, training grounds, trenches and bunkers, large areas of arable land and sown crops were destroyed. The fields were mined, weed strewn, and impoverished. The soil lay fallow. There were neither draft or slaughter animals. Breeding animals were transported away. Houses, outbuildings, agricultural machinery and tools were destroyed . Devastation of the forest stands was a serious problem. Most damage and destruction was caused by Soviet troops destroying, looting, plundering and requisitioning various items. Captured cattle driven off and herd grazing with bread grain led to a reduction in the supply of feedstuff and food for the local population. With the help of grenades, the state of stock in rivers and standing water was devastated. All these affected the disastrous material situation of the rural population and caused a drastic decline in agricultural production. The Krakow Province faced a difficult task of reconstruction of agriculture from war damage.

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Goulding, Danielle S., R. Caleb Vogel, Chirayu D. Pandya, Crystal Shula, John C. Gensel, Francesco T. Mangano, June Goto und Brandon A. Miller. „Neonatal hydrocephalus leads to white matter neuroinflammation and injury in the corpus callosum of Ccdc39 hydrocephalic mice“. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 25, Nr. 5 (Mai 2020): 476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2019.12.peds19625.

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OBJECTIVEThe authors sought to determine if hydrocephalus caused a proinflammatory state within white matter as is seen in many other forms of neonatal brain injury. Common causes of hydrocephalus (such as trauma, infection, and hemorrhage) are inflammatory insults themselves and therefore confound understanding of how hydrocephalus itself affects neuroinflammation. Recently, a novel animal model of hydrocephalus due to a genetic mutation in the Ccdc39 gene has been developed in mice. In this model, ciliary dysfunction leads to early-onset ventriculomegaly, astrogliosis, and reduced myelination. Because this model of hydrocephalus is not caused by an antecedent proinflammatory insult, it was utilized to study the effect of hydrocephalus on inflammation within the white matter of the corpus callosum.METHODSA Meso Scale Discovery assay was used to measure levels of proinflammatory cytokines in whole brain from animals with and without hydrocephalus. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure macrophage activation and NG2 expression within the white matter of the corpus callosum in animals with and without hydrocephalus.RESULTSIn this model of hydrocephalus, levels of cytokines throughout the brain revealed a more robust increase in classic proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]–1β, CXCL1) than in immunomodulatory cytokines (IL-10). Increased numbers of macrophages were found within the corpus callosum. These macrophages were polarized toward a proinflammatory phenotype as assessed by higher levels of CD86, a marker of proinflammatory macrophages, compared to CD206, a marker for antiinflammatory macrophages. There was extensive structural damage to the corpus callosum of animals with hydrocephalus, and an increase in NG2-positive cells.CONCLUSIONSHydrocephalus without an antecedent proinflammatory insult induces inflammation and tissue injury in white matter. Future studies with this model will be useful to better understand the effects of hydrocephalus on neuroinflammation and progenitor cell development. Antiinflammatory therapy for diseases that cause hydrocephalus may be a powerful strategy to reduce tissue damage.

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