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FERREIRA, JORGE LUIZ DE ALMEIDA. „SIMULATION OF RANDOM LOADING FOR FATIGUE DAMAGE CALCULATION“. PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 1993. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=24834@1.
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Dando continuidade ao trabalho desenvolvido por [1] para a determinação do dano devido à fadiga em estruturas sujeitas à carregamentos estocásticos, este trabalho procura desenvolver o mesmo método, acoplando-o a uma rotina de FFT, para a determinação do espectro de potências, e ao método epsilon x N, associado à regra de acúmulo linear de dano de Palmgren-Miner, para a determinação do tempo de vida deste tipo de estrutura mecânica.
Dois pacotes computacionais foram desenvolvidos para a aplicação deste método. O primeiro foi desenvolvido para a realização de três tarefas básicas?
Coleta de Dados: Através da simulação de um gravador, que por interfaceamento com uma placa analógica-digital, permite a utilização de computadores para a aquisição de sinais dinâmicos.
Análise de Sinais: Visando a determinação das propriedades estatísticas e/ou espectrais dos históricos de carregamento.
Simulação de Histórias de Carregamento: Utilizando a teoria desenvolvida por Rice e Shinozuka [2].
No segundo pacote estão presentes todas as rotinas necessárias para a estimativa do tempo de vida de fadiga segundo o método epsilon x N, ou seja: contagem de picos e vales, contagem Rain-flow, determinação do incremento de dano e acumulação do dano de fadiga considerando a regra de Miner.
Os processos computacionais foram testados utilizando-se históricos típicos propostos em trabalhos correlatos, sendo seus resultados comparados com os respectivos resultados experimentiais.
Por fim, procurou-se estudar a influência da resolução espectral e do número de iteração sobre o comportamento das histórias simuladas quanto a sua capacidade de reproduzir o nível de dano observado nas respectivas histórias reais, com a intenção de encontrar parâmetros ótimos que permitam uma estimativa não tendenciosa do dano de fadiga.Extending Yang s [1] studies of fatigue damage determination in structures under stochastic loading, this study was developed using the same philosophy, besides incorporate a FFT routine to the power spectral determination, the Coffin-Manson method and Miner s rule, to structure damage determination. Two software were developed to apply this method. The first one realizes three basics functions: Data Acquisition: Recording real loading processes Analysis: Determination the statistical and spectral properties of the loading processes Random loading Process Simulation: Using Gaussian simulation method. The second software contain the routines necessary to life estimation using the Coffin-Manson method: peak and valley counting, rain-flow rule, damage and cumulative damage calculation. A computational processes were applied on loading processes found on correlated studies, and the numerical results were compared with their experimental one. At last, it was objected to studying the influence os spectral resolution and the number of iteration on life prediction, to find the best parameters to a good simulation.
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FERREIRA, JORGE LUIZ DE ALMEIDA. „A MODEL TO PREDICT UNCERTAINTY FOR FATIGUE DAMAGE CALCULATION“. PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 1997. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=24799@1.
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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo deduzir, implementar e validar um modelo para avaliar o valor médio e a variância do dano por fadiga em estruturas sujeitas a carregamentos aleatórios. Para isto, a técnica de aproximação da média e da variância através da expansão em série de Taylor foi aplicada ao conjunto de equações do método epsilon-N e à regra de acúmulo de dano de Palmgren-Miner. O modelo proposto permite avaliar o comportamento estatístico das gamas de tensão localizadas, das gamas de deformações localizadas e do dano propriamente dito.
O modelo proposto possibilita a combinação dos fatores aleatórios associados à história de carregamento e ao comportamento mecânico do material. Isto permite avaliar a dispersão do dano sob um aspecto mais amplo, quantificando de forma independente as incertezas oriundas do comportamento aleatório do material e da história de carregamento.
A fim de avaliar o modelo proposto, foram utilizadas 20 histórias de carregamento diferentes. Estas histórias foram combinadas à dois níveis distintos de dispersões das propriedades mecânicas do material. A comparação das estatísticas obtidas analiticamente com aquelas estimadas através da técnica de simulação de Monte Carlo demostraram a viabilidade da utilização do modelo proposto.
Um estudo bastante completo foi realizado com relação à influência da história de carregamento sobre a dispersão do dano. Por este estudo verificou-se que a dispersão na previsão do dano provocado por trechos distintos de histórias são fortemente dependentes do tamanho da amostra. Para os casos estudados, verificou-se que trechos amostrados com menos de 3000 picos conduzem a dispersões superiores à 10 por cento , para histórias estritamente estacionárias, e superiores à 20 por cento, para histórias estacionárias num sentido amplo.
Após estudar o comportamento estatístico do dano acumulado e de seu valor crítico para a iniciação de uma trinca de fadiga, foram utilizados dois modelos analíticos distintos para a previsão da confiabilidade de projetos à fadiga. Estes modelos foram desenvolvidos supondo a distribuição de Weibull e a lognormal.
A validação destes modelos foi realizada comparando-se os resultados estimados analiticamente com seus correspondentes obtidos por simulação de Monte Carlo. A comparação das curvas de confiabilidade obtidas analiticamente com as curvas obtidas por simulação de Monte Carlo mostrou que o modelo baseado na distribuição lognormal é o mais indicado para a previsão da confiabilidade de projetos à fadiga.The present work is concerned with the development and the validation of a model to evaluate the average and the variance of the fatigue damage in structures subjected to random loading. The technique of the approximation of these statistics through of the expansion into Taylor series was applied to the set of equations that describe the epsilon-N method and the Palmgren-Miner rule. The proposed model allows the evaluation of the statistical behavior of the notch stress ranges, of the notch strain ranges and of the cumulative fatigue damage. The developed model allows the combination of random factors associated to loading histories and to the behavior of the material. In other words, the model estimates the dispersion of the fatigue damage under an extensive aspect, quatifying separately the contributions derives from the dispersion associated to sources of variation of the material behavior and the loading histories. In order to evaluate the proposed model, 20 random loading histories were combined to two levels of dispersion of the material properties. The combination allowed the study of the model under several situations. The performance of the model was evaluated by comparisons with the Monte Carlo technique. The agreement of the proposed model with the Monte Carlo technique was considered good. An extensive study was realized concerning the influence of the random loading on the dispersion of the damage prediction. It was observed that the dispersion is strongly associated to sample s size. From the cases studied it was observed that sample s blocks with less than 3000 peak might conduct to dispersions larger than 10 per cent, for strictly stationary processes, and larger than 20 per cent, for wide-sense stationary processes. After studying the statistical behavior of the cumulative fatigue damage and of its critical value to initiate a fatigue crack, two analytical model for fatigue reliability analysis were presented. These models are developed under the assumption that cumulative fatigue damage and its critical value follow a lognormal or a Weibull distribution. To verify the predicted results the Monte Carlo analysis was used. From this analysis it was verified tha the interference statistical model, based on a lognormal distribution, describes better the behavior of the fatigue s reliability.
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Li, Jiale. „ANALYTICAL FATIGUE DAMAGE CALCULATION FOR WIND TURBINE SUPPORT STRUCTURE“. Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1364832753.
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Zhao, Ziguang. „Calculation of fatigue damage for tensioned risers from vortex induced vibrations“. Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for marin teknikk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-15783.
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Vortex induced vibration (VIV) of long flexible riser subjecting to ocean currents is ubiquitous in offshore industry. Although significant efforts have done to understand this complicated fluid structure interaction problem, the numerical modeling and predicting is still a big challenge. The primary objective of this thesis is to characterize the frequency components of VIV response measured in flexible riser model tests under shear current, and try to establish a general frequency competition system for semi-empirical model VIVANA. As the base of present work, experimental data from Norwegian Deepwater Programme (NDP) and Hanoytangen tests are studied. Wavelet analysis method is applied to reveal the frequency components included in measured signals, time-varying intensity of each active frequency will be present as wavelet result. Peak frequency and frequency range defined as two key parameter of wavelet result for further studying. In experiment, the neighbored locations on the riser often display same time-varying peak frequency, rather the whole riser length as assumed by VIVANA. In the other word, the time sharing method maybe better to perform in different zones separately. Based on the observation above, an ideal model combined time sharing and space sharing are proposed. In addition, by observations of VIVANA results, energy limit and excitation length are attempted to limit the active frequency range in VIVANA. The frequency components in measured signal are compared with eigenfrequencies in still water and eigenfrequencies calculated by Riflex, the differences are stated after discussion. Displacement histories corresponding to single participating mode are composed by modal analysis method, the frequency components of these signals are analyzed by wavelet, an unexpected observation that all decomposed signals have similar frequency components is found, Rayleigh-Ritz method and mono-frequency response are proposed as explanation. Some other study like high harmonic effects and coexistence of chaotic and stationary signals in NDP are included in this thesis, these can induced more interesting topics for future research.
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Elzbergas, Tadas. „Pacientų teisių gynimo galimybės ir ribos nacionaliniame ir tarptautiniame lygmenyse“. Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060314_103422-40016.
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The author in his essay lays down pretreal and judicial opportunities of protection of patient‘s rights. For comparison there are analysed Lithuanian and British systems of protection of patient‘s rights. Patients suffer certain dificulties inherent only for this category of cases. Only a small number of patients have opportunity to embrace their rights in international level. Patients migrating wthin European Union have opportunity to apply to the Court of Justice of European Communities.
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Duchoň, Peter. „Analýza spoje křídlo-trup letounu L 410 NG z hlediska filozofie konstrukce s přípustným poškozením“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231189.
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Master's thesis deals with the damage tolerance analysis of wing-to-fuselage joint of L 410 NG airplane. Thesis includes determination of the load distribution to the individual attachments of wing-to-fuselage joint, residual strength analysis and residual fatigue life analysis of the most loaded attachment lugs, calculation of fatigue crack growth curves in the attachment solids and inspection program proposal. This analysis was performed using FE model of the wing and central part of the fuselage and AFGROW software.
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Holck-Clausen, Jens, und Karin Mattisson. „Fuktstudie om uteluftsventilerade vindar med beräkningsprogrammet Simple Cold Attic Model från Annex 55“. Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-149297.
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Fuktskador på uteluftsventilerade vindar är ett ökat problem, i det mer miljömedvetna Sverige. Genom tjockare vindsbjälklagsisolering minskar både energiförlusten genom bjälklaget och uppvärmningsbehovet i huset, men hur många funderar på vad som händer med det förändrade klimatet på vinden och hur det kan påverka fuktförhållandena i utsatta delar av konstruktionen. Studier från Chalmers Tekniska Högskola har framställt ett fuktberäkningsprogram för uteluftsventilerade vindar vid namn Simple Cold Attic Model. Programmets funktion och potential har prövats i denna rapport genom en beräkningsanalys av en uteluftsventilerad vindskonstruktion. Försök till att förbättra fuktsäkerheten i konstruktionen har utförts och redovisas i rapporten. Studien har påvisat att den studerade konstruktionen inte är fuktsäker om den uppförs i Stockholmsområdet. Det visades även att aktiva val i konstruktionen kan förebygga fuktskador. Studien har påvisat vikten av inte beräkna med medelår för klimat och hur det påverkar beräkningsresultatet av mögeltillväxt. Detta har understrukit vikten av att ha ett beräkningsprogram som Simple Cold Attic Model som kraftigt reducerar beräkningsmängden vid fuktriskbedömning. Rekommendationen till företaget AK Konsult är att tillämpa beräkningsprogrammet när det har utvecklats till fullo.Moisture Damage in outdoor air ventilated attics is a growing problem in the more environmentally conscious Sweden. Thick ceiling insulation reduces both energy loss through the soffit and the need for heating in the house, but how many people are thinking about what happens to the changing climate on the wind and how it can affect moisture conditions in deprived parts of the structure.Studies from Chalmers University of Technology have resulted in a moisture calculation program for outdoor air ventilated attics named Simple Cold Attic Model. The program's performance and potential have been examined in this report, through a calculation analysis of an outdoor air ventilated attic construction. Attempts to improve the moisture safety in the construction have been carried out and are presented in this report.The study has demonstrated that the studied structure is not moisture-proof if it is built in the Stockholm area. It also shows that an active choice in the design can prevent moisture damage. The study has shown the importance of not calculating with an average year for climate and how it affects the calculation result of mold growth. This emphasizes the importance of having a calculation tool as Simple Cold Attic Model, that significantly reduces the amount of calculations in the assessment of moisture related damage. The recommendation for AK Konsult is to apply the calculation program when it is fully developed.
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Ortiz, Carlos. „First Principles Calculations of Electron Transport and Structural Damage by Intense Irradiation“. Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-102376.
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Hubáček, Jan. „Vyšetřování bezpečného únavového života křídla víceúčelového jednomotorového turbovrtulového letounu“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-443732.
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Práce se zabývá stanovením bezpečné únavové životnosti křídla. Letadlo, které bylo podrobeno analýze, je vzpěrový hornoplošník celokovové konstrukce. Letadlo je certifikováno na základě předpisu FAR 23 Amendment 23-46. Výpočet bezpečné únavové životnosti musí být proveden v souladu s požadavky předpisu FAR 23 a jeho poradními oběžníky.\\ Teoretická část práce je věnována hlavně přehledu literatury a představení projektu, kde byla stručně shrnuta jeho historie vzniku. Část přehledu projektu také pojednává o podstatě požadavku na posouzení bezpečné únavové životnosti zadavatelem. V další části byl rovněž proveden rozbor literatury týkající se únavy. Jednalo se zejména o rozbor předpisu FAR 23, jeho poradních oběžníků a obecně literatury vztahující se k únavě jak v letectví, tak v obecném strojírenství.\\ Druhá část diplomové práce byla zaměřena zejména na výpočetní analýzu a vývoj specializovaného software. Výpočetní část obsahovala zejména přípravu vstupů, včetně obálek zatížení, stanovení typického letu, výpočet zatížení křídla a napjatostní analýza ve vybraných řezech křídla. Z výstupů prvotní analýzy se následně provedl výpočet poškození a životnosti pro daný typový let.
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Forshaw, Timothy James. „An investigation into the validity of life tables used for the calculation of personal injury damages“. Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008371.
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Currently in South Africa when an individual is injured due to the acts of another they may claim damages for the losses which they may incur. These can be claimed from a variety of institutions, such as the Road Accident Fund, Workmen's compensation or an individual's private insurance. In all the afore-mentioned cases the calculation of damages are along the same lines, whereby the damages are quantified first, and thereafter reduced to reflect future possibilities that may occur. Traditionally future losses are reduced to reflect the possibility that the claimant may die at an age prior to the loss being incurred. To account for this risk awards for future losses are reduced using standard South African mortality tables. The set of tables currently being used were calculated from the 1985 South African census, and as such encapsulate the mortality of the population at that period. When the tables were calculated no reliable statistics were available for the Black population the result is that the tables currently being used do not contain a sample of the majority of the population. The thesis first examines, in detail, the calculation methods used to arrive at the value for damages to be awarded using the current set of life tables. Thereafter an analysis is conducted looking at differences between racial groups in the country and geographic locations, in order to uncover the mortality differences between groups to confirm or disprove the proposition that the exclusion of the Black population results in lower levels of mortality being reflected in the South African 1984-1986 life tables. This is accompanied by a review of mortality trenps in South African since 1986. Following from the findings of the expected increase in mortality since 1986, alternative life tables shall be used to show what impact these would have on the calculation of damages. Due to the fact that none of the alternatives return satisfactory results, structured settlements shall be reviewed to illustrate how the shortcomings of the lump sum approach can be circumvented, and altogether avoid the problems of out dated life tables being used as a basis for damage calculations.KMBT_363
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Chen, Yuhua. „Model calculations of radiation induced damage in 1-methylthymine:9-methyladenine and in 1-methyluracil:9-ethyladenine“. [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2001. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-0525101-132606/restricted/cheny0709.pdf.
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Kinvi-Dossou, Gbèssiho Raphaël. „Étude de la résistance à l’impact et de l’endommagement des composites stratifiés à matrice Elium acrylique : caractérisation expérimentale et modélisation numérique multi-échelle“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0249/document.
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Face aux défis environnementaux actuels, les industriels ont mis en œuvre de nouveaux matériaux recyclables et permettant une réduction significative de la masse. Le développement de la résine thermoplastique Elium par ARKEMA s’inscrit dans cette problématique. L’utilisation de cette résine pour la fabrication de pièces composites qui peuvent être sujettes à des dommages d’impact, nécessite au préalable des études, dans le but de comprendre leurs mécanismes de ruine sous ce type de sollicitation. Ainsi, la présente thèse propose une contribution à l’analyse multi-échelle de la tenue à l’impact des composites stratifiés à base de la résine Elium. Une étude expérimentale préliminaire a permis de confirmer la meilleure résistance à l’impact des composites à matrice Elium acrylique, comparativement à celles des composites thermodurcissables conventionnels. Ensuite, les performances à l’impact des composites stratifiés ont été améliorées par l’introduction de copolymères à blocs dans la matrice. Ces derniers sont capables de former des micelles de tailles nanométriques et ainsi d’améliorer la ténacité de la matrice acrylique. Les effets de l’énergie d’impact, de la température et de la composition en nanocharges sur la réponse du matériau composite ont été analysés. Afin de proposer un outil d’aide à la prédiction de la réponse à l’impact des matériaux fibres de verre/Acrylique, deux stratégies de modélisation ont été retenues. La première modélisation (macroscopique) considère le pli tissé du stratifié comme un matériau homogène tandis que la seconde (mésoscopique) utilise une description géométrique de l’ondulation et de l’entrecroisement des torons noyés dans la résine Elium. Ces deux modèles considèrent des zones cohésives à l’interface entre les plis adjacents pour simuler le délaminage interlaminaire. Des essais de délaminage (expérimentaux et numériques) ont permis d’alimenter le modèle d’endommagement de l’interface interplis. D’autre part, des essais de caractérisation du comportement mécanique et de l’endommagement du matériau couplés à l’homogénéisation multi-échelle des matériaux par la Mécanique du Génome de Structure ont permis d’identifier les paramètres du modèle macroscopique. A l’échelle mésoscopique, le modèle géométrique a été réalisé grâce au logiciel Texgen. Ce logiciel permet d’obtenir une description approchée mais réaliste de l’ondulation des torons de fibres. La même description a servi à l’homogénéisation numérique multi-échelle des stratifiés étudiés. La simulation numérique de l’impact basse vitesse a été effectuée au moyen du logiciel d’éléments finis ABAQUS/Explicit. Les modèles de comportement du matériau ont été implémentés via la routine utilisateur VUMAT. Les résultats obtenus offrent une bonne corrélation avec les données expérimentalesIn the race for light materials able of meeting modern environmental challenges, an acrylic resin (Elium) has been developed. Elium is a thermoplastic resin able to replace thermosetting matrices, which are widespread nowadays in the industrial world. The present study aims to evaluate the impact resistance and to understand the failure mechanisms of composite laminates based on acrylic matrix under impact loading. We provide a contribution to the multiscale analysis of the impact resistance of laminated composite.First, the impact resistance and the damage tolerance of the acrylic resin based composites were compared with those of conventional composites. Then, the impact performance of the laminated composites has been enhanced by adding copolymer blocks to the liquid acrylic resin. These copolymers are able to form micelles of nanometer sizes, which lead to the improvement of both the acrylic matrix fracture toughness and the impact resistance. The effects of the impact energy, temperature, and composition in nano-copolymers have also been investigated.In order to provide a numerical tool for the prediction of the impact response of the glass fiber/Acrylic laminates, two strategies have been analyzed. The first one, performed at the macroscopic scale, considers the woven ply of the laminate as homogeneous material, and the second one (at the mesoscopic scale), deals with a realistic geometrical description of the yarns undulation. Both models use cohesive zones at the interface between the adjacent plies, to simulate the delamination. For this purpose, experimental and numerical delamination tests were performed to feed the inter-ply damage model. Mechanical tests for material characterization were also performed on specimens in order to identify the ply-damage model parameters. The Mechanics of Structure Genome (MSG) and a finite element based micromechanics approaches were then conducted to evaluate the effective thermomechanical properties of the yarns and the plain woven composite laminate. The realistic topological and morphological textures of the composite were accounted through Texgen software. These numerical impact simulations were performed using the finite element software ABAQUS/Explicit. Both models were implemented through a user material subroutine VUMAT. The obtained results appear in a good agreement with the experimental data and confirm the relevance of the proposed approach
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Métais, Benjamin [Verfasser], und Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] Weihe. „Development of a viscoplastic-damage model for creep-fatigue FE-calculations of the lead-free SnAgCu solder alloy for automotive applications / Benjamin Métais ; Betreuer: Stefan Weihe“. Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1200918835/34.
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Vermelho, Alexandre Filipe Correia Cajana. „Calculating best estimates in a GLM framework. Frequency/severity models vs total loss models“. Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/7040.
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Mestrado em Ciências ActuariaisWhen using generalized linear models to predict future claim payments, should actuaries use separate frequency/severity models or a single loss cost model? This is the question this paper addresses, covering some theoretical background, testing both alternatives on real data from the Industrial Multiple Risks (IMR) sub-‐branch and analysing its results. Data was provided by 7 companies operating in Portugal in the years 2010 and 2011, who own a 70% share of the Portuguese IMR market and was collected by Associação Portuguesa de Seguradores (APS).
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Durbeej, Bo. „Quantum Chemical Studies of Protein-Bound Chromophores, UV-Light Induced DNA Damages, and Lignin Formation“. Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Quantum Chemistry, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4531.
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Quantum chemical methods have been used to provide a better understanding of the photochemistry of astaxanthin and phytochromobilin; the photoenzymic repair of UV-light induced DNA damages; and the formation of lignin.
The carotenoid astaxanthin (AXT) is responsible for the colouration of lobster shell. In solution, the electronic absorption spectra of AXT peak in the 470-490 nm region, corresponding to an orange-red colouration. Upon binding to the lobster-shell protein-complex α-crustacyanin, the absorption maximum is shifted to 632 nm, yielding a slate-blue colouration. Herein, the structural origin of this bathochromic shift is investigated on the basis of recent experimental work.
The tetrapyrrole phytochromobilin (PΦB) underlies the photoactivation of the plant photoreceptor phytochrome. Upon absorption of 660-nm light, PΦB isomerizes from a C15-Z,syn configuration (in the inactive form of the protein) to C15-E,anti (in the active form). In this work, a reaction mechanism for this isomerization is proposed.
DNA photolyases are enzymes that repair DNA damages resulting from far-UV-light induced [2+2] cycloaddition reactions involving pyrimidine nucleobases. The catalytic activity of these enzymes is initiated by near-UV and visible light, and is governed by electron transfer processes between a catalytic cofactor of the enzyme and the DNA lesions. Herein, an explanation for the experimental observation that the repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) – the major type of lesion – proceeds by electron transfer from the enzyme to the dimer is presented. Furthermore, the formation of CPD is studied.
Lignin is formed by dehydrogenative polymerization of hydroxycinnamyl alcohols. A detailed understanding of the polymerization mechanism and the factors controlling the outcome of the polymerization is, however, largely missing. Quantum chemical calculations on the initial dimerization step have been performed in order to gain some insight into these issues.
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Bellucci, Maurício. „Imposto sobre a renda e indenizações“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2008. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8120.
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Previous issue date: 2008-05-28This work is aimed at examining scientifically if the indemnifications that one receives fit to the legal rule (regra-matriz) of income tax incidence. It justifies itself because the solution and foundation presented by the doctrine and jurisprudence is not uniform. To do so, it presents an income conception based on the legislation and doctrine and confronts it with the theme of moral and material damages repairing. It shows that such a question must be solved according to superior rules presented by the Brazilian Constitution. In the light of law general theory, of philosophy of law, and of semiotics, this work suggests some criteria to be followed by the agent that applies tax law when evaluates economic events related to damage repairing. It concludes that indemnifications do not fit to the materiality of income tax
Este trabalho objetiva analisar cientificamente o enquadramento ou não das indenizações recebidas na regra-matriz de incidência tributária do imposto sobre a renda. Justifica-se porque na doutrina e na jurisprudência não há uniformidade na solução e fundamentação apresentadas para se definir a questão. Para cumprir esse objetivo, constrói-se, com base na legislação e na doutrina, o conceito de renda, confrontando-o com o tema das reparações de danos materiais e morais. Demonstra-se que a questão deve ser resolvida por normas superiores presentes na Constituição Federal. Neste contexto e à luz da Teoria Geral do Direito, da Filosofia do Direito e da Semiótica, apresentam-se critérios que devem ser seguidos pelo aplicador da lei tributária ao avaliar os eventos econômicos inerentes às reparações de danos. Conclui-se pelo não-enquadramento das indenizações na materialidade do imposto sobre a renda
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Bureš, Petr. „Výpočet výše majetkové újmy způsobené na lesích v oblastech realizací vodohospodářských staveb“. Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-234311.
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Problem situations in damage to forests as a result of construction activities is the total of its quantification, because of not only to damage to the forest and the land intended for the performance of the function of the forest, but also to damage to the water feature of the forest. The emergence of the crop damage and forest grounds occurs at the same time damage to the management. Broken water conditions on the forest grounds, inter alia, that the environmental damage (or one of its components), are also material injury for the owner of the forest, because it directly affect the amount of the additional costs linked to its management in the forest. The existing decree MZe ČR no. 55/1999 Coll. on the method of calculating the amount of loss or damage caused to forests assesses only the injury or damage to the forest and the land intended for the performance of the functions of the forest, but does the forest and its other non-production function as a forest ecosystem. The damage (the material injury) on the water feature of the forest is not the above mentioned decree dealt with. Initially formulated the problem lies in finding the right way of solving how to objectively quantify the financial damage to the forest, inc. damage to the water feature of the forest and thus closer to the actual damage to the exaktnosti forest, resulting in direct connection with the location and the realisation of the buildings.
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Liu, Zheng-Wei, und 劉正偉. „Damage Assessment of Beam by an Impact-Echo Testing Method and Calculation of Damage Indices“. Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26492056342934760999.
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碩士國立中央大學
土木工程研究所
93
In this paper, an impact-echo testing method was developed to assist engineers to assess the damage location of bridge girder through some simple measurements on the surface of bridge deck. The reciprocal theorem of elastodynamics was applied to get the transfer functions at various impact sites along the beam axis from the least number of vibration sensors distributed on the surface of beam. Mode shapes of the detected beam can then be constructed for the analysis of damage assessment. Some conventionally used damage indices, like MAC (modal assurance criterion), CoMAC (coordinate modal assurance criterion), MMC (method of modal curvature),were applied to evaluate their performance on damage assessment by real measure data. Aluminum and reinforced concrete beams of various damage conditions were tested in the laboratory. It is found that the MMC may provide better identification on damagelocation than other damage indices. Details of the data measurement, and analysis of the testing method were addressed in this paper.
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Shu-Ju, HUANG, und 黃淑如. „A Study on the Calculation of Amount for Trademark Infringement Damage“. Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6w3ds2.
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碩士國立雲林科技大學
科技法律研究所
105
The trademark law grants the trademark owner to have the exclusive right of trademark use.If the trademark is infringed by others, the owner is entitled to claim the termination of infringement and the compensation for damage. According to the current trademark law enforced in Taiwan, the calculation methods of the compensation for damage includes principles such as the specific damage, the loss suffered by the trademark owner, the profit earned by the infringer, the unlawful revenue, the multiple times of the retail price per unit (a.k.a. the statutory compensation), and the possible royalties, etc. At present, the statutory compensation is mostly adopted in actual practices. However, according to the amended trademark law passed on June 29th2012, there are three amendments regarding the compensation for damage: a) the lowest limit of multiplying the retail price per unit to 500 times is eliminated; b) the regulation forcompensation for damagingthe goodwill is eliminated; and c) the calculated method for the adequate royalty is added. Moreover, the judges may have different realizations while dealing with the infringement damage, so that the discretion amount of the compensationwould be entirely determined by the judge’s free evidence, such condition may give the judge a greater freedom for discretion which may affect the justice and the equality of law. When the trademark owner is unable of prove the actual damage, the fair compensation could not be given, so that the infringing act may be unfairly encouraged. As such, whether a certain basis being established while determining the compensation for damage shall be further considered.
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Αθανασόπουλος, Νικόλαος. „Calculation of electrical conductivity and electrothermal analysis of multilayered carbon reinforced composites: application to damage detection“. Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10889/6142.
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During this thesis, it has been proved that the electrical conductivity of multilayered and electrically anisotropic carbon fiber materials can be expressed by an equivalent second order tensor, which is equal to sum of each layer’s electrical conductivity tensor. The aforementioned equivalent electrical conductivity tensor is valid assuming that the material’s thickness is negligible compared to the other dimensions of the body. The mathematical expression for the prediction of the electrical conductivity of a multilayered material for any stacking sequence, is based on the electric current conservation, and was validated using different methods. Each layer’s electrical conductivity was experimentally studied at the two principal directions. Transverse to the fibers’ direction, an empirical model was developed for the prediction of the electrical conductivity as a function of the layer’s thickness, of the fibre volume fraction and of temperature. All cases involved the study of multidirectional and unidirectional carbon fiber materials without the presence of matrix (porous form – CF preform) as well as in the presence of polymeric matrix (CFRP).
The validation of the equivalent tensor was achieved through three different ways: a) through the measurement of the electric resistance, for various stacking sequences, b) through the Joule heating effect, by recording and comparing the developing temperature field to the respective numerically calculated, c) through 3D numerical models which approximate the analytical solution of the 2D domain problem. Moreover using the finite difference method, certain electrothermal models were developed in order to study the temperature field for different stacking sequences. The electrical problem can be expressed by an elliptic PDE, for the case where the material is electrically anisotropic and homogeneous, or non-homogeneous. On the other hand, the transient heat transfer problem involves the case where the material is thermally anisotropic and homogeneous. Using the equivalent tensor, the 3D domain problem is simplified to a 2D domain problem resulting in less computational requirements for the solution of the problem.
The present research study could be used in a plethora of application, such as the development of carbon fibre reinforced heating elements (direct heating CFRP molds) as well as damage detection in multidirectional composite materials with electrical conductive
reinforcement.Κατά τη διάρκεια της παρούσας διδακτορική διατριβής, αποδείχθηκε ότι η ηλεκτρική αγωγιμότητα των πολύστρωτων και ηλεκτρικά ανισότροπων υλικών με ίνες άνθρακα, μπορεί να εκφραστεί από έναν ισοδύναμο τανυστή δεύτερης τάξης, ο οποίος είναι το άθροισμα των τανυστών κάθε στρώσης. Ο ισοδύναμος τανυστής ισχύει υποθέτοντας ότι το πάχος συγκριτικά με τις υπόλοιπες διαστάσεις του υλικού είναι πολύ μικρό. Η μαθηματική έκφραση με την οποία μπορεί να προβλεφθεί η ηλεκτρική αγωγιμότητα ενός πολύστρωτου υλικού για οποιαδήποτε αλληλουχία στρώσεων αποδείχτηκε με συστηματικό τρόπο και βασίζεται στην αρχή διατήρησης του ηλεκτρικού φορτίου. Η ηλεκτρική αγωγιμότητα κάθε στρώσης μελετήθηκε πειραματικά στις δύο κύριες διευθύνσεις. Κάθετα στη διεύθυνση των ινών αναπτύχθηκε ένα εμπειρικό μοντέλο πρόβλεψης της ηλεκτρικής αγωγιμότητας συναρτήσει του πάχους της στρώσης, της περιεκτικότητας σε ίνες άνθρακα και της θερμοκρασίας. Σε όλες τις περιπτώσεις μελετήθηκαν πολύστρωτα υλικά ινών άνθρακα χωρίς μήτρα (πορώδης μορφή-CF preforms) και με πολυμερική μήτρα (CFRPs). Η επιβεβαίωση της εγκυρότητας του ισοδύναμου τανυστή έγινε με τρεις διαφορετικούς τρόπους: α) μέσω μετρήσεων της ηλεκτρικής αντίστασης, για διαφορετικές αλληλουχίες στρώσεων, β) μέσω του φαινομένου Joule, καταγράφοντας και συγκρίνοντας το αναπτυσσόμενο θερμοκρασιακό πεδίο με το θερμοκρασιακό πεδίο που υπολογίζεται αριθμητικά, γ) μέσω τρισδιάστατων αριθμητικών μοντέλων όπου τείνουν στην αναλυτική λύση του δισδιάστατου προβλήματος. Στη συνέχεια αναπτύχτηκαν ηλεκτροθερμικά μοντέλα με τη μέθοδο των πεπερασμένων διαφορών με σκοπό τη μελέτη του θερμοκρασιακού πεδίου για διαφορετικές αλληλουχίες στρώσεων. Το ηλεκτρικό πρόβλημα εκφράζεται από μία ελλειπτική διαφορική εξίσωση όπου το υλικό είναι ηλεκτρικά ανισότροπο και ομογενές ή μη ομογενές ενώ το θερμικό πρόβλημα είναι θερμικά ανισότροπο και ομογενές. Χρησιμοποιώντας τον ισοδύναμο τανυστή το τρισδιάστατο πρόβλημα μετατρέπεται σε ένα δισδιάστατο πρόβλημα με αποτέλεσμα να απαιτούνται λιγότεροι πόροι για την επίλυση του προβλήματος. Η συγκεκριμένη εργασία μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί σε μία πληθώρα εφαρμογών όπως στην ανάπτυξη και στη λειτουργία θερμαινόμενων στοιχείων ενισχυμένων με ίνες άνθρακα (καλούπια όπου το θερμαντικό στοιχείο το αποτελούν οι ίνες άνθρακα) αλλά και στην ανίχνευση βλάβης συνθέτων υλικών με αγώγιμη ενίσχυση.
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Chen, Po-Yen, und 陳柏諺. „A Study of the Evolutionary Opinion of CAFC''s Patent Decision on Damage Calculation“. Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04514267603743646974.
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碩士國立雲林科技大學
企業管理系碩士班
99
In the Anglo-American Law countries, judges trial an issue usually made a judgment not only based on statute but also the precedent, it is obvious in judgment of American patent litigations. Judges have an important position in patent litigation, the higher level the court is, the more important the judgment they made. Our research use bibliometrics and extend the patent co-citation approach on the decision classification and naming according to the characteristics. Analytical process is divided into four phases: in phase I, we select appropriate juristic databases and collect decisions. Phase II is using citation analysis from bibliometrics to analyze the relationship between the citing decisions and cited decisions. Phase III we use factor analysis to classify the decisions. Phase IV is naming these decisions which have the same issue, and investigate the relationship between disputations and the changes of judge’s opinions. After classified patent decisions, we named the disputations as “damage”. And we found out when periodical discussed this issue, they were also consult the basic citing decision which is classified by our research, it shows that no matter from the social sciences point of view, or from law, the result of classifying citing decisions is the same. In this study we knew four rules by court’s judgment for determining lost profits from patentee was established in 1978 Panduit Co. v. Stahlin Bros. Fibre Works, Inc. Hence, our study provides industries or academia a way to classify patent decisions on specific issues, and then they can realize the evolution of issues on patent decisions.
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CHEN, SHIN-RUE, und 陳星瑞. „An estimation of damage function by typhoon on rice and the premium calculation of disaster insurance in Taiwan“. Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59074289851281060341.
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Wu, Ming-Chu, und 吳明珠. „The Adoption of the Entire Market Value Rule to the Reasonable Royalty in the Patent Damage Calculation -Certain Aspects of the Patent Litigation and the Patent Legislation in the United States in this Regard“. Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87026940069678587590.
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碩士國立清華大學
科技法律研究所
98
The United States patent system has produced extraordinary technological advance in this country over decades. It is the source of enormous wealth. It is the source of enormous power in the global marketplace. But like every system, it has weak points and controversies to be solved. And those are of great concern nowadays. The damages issues have discussed and debated across the practitioners in these patent fields in the United States. For recent years, the reasonable royalties have become the most frequent measure of damages awarded in patent cases overtaking lost profits, and the legislation may inject some balance into the entire market-value rule, cutting back on the recent expansion of the rule. A consistently over-broad application of the entire market-value rule might threaten to chill innovation for those seeking to design, manufacture and sell products, or invest in such endeavors. And some report clearly showed that the damages law was out of control because the courts, were misapplying the law . For Taiwan high-tech companies, in the majority, are in the business to manufacture, sell or offer to sell the products involved the sub-systems, components. While they get the lawsuit of the patent cases in the United States, the highly uncertainty of the patent litigation would be occurred and the monetary risk will be explored at a high stake to threaten their regular business. It is important to figure out the future development of the damage law in the United States, especially, how the courts apply the entire market value rule in the patent cases.
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Chang, Hsin-Hua, und 張欣樺. „Calculating Patent Infringement Damages“. Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57105213662093842126.
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碩士世新大學
智慧財產權研究所(含碩專班)
104
The most significant amendment of the Patent Law in Taiwan was made in 2011. Intellectual property rights have been an important part of business. Owing to the awareness of intellectual property rights, people nowadays are more likely to dispute or litigate over IP Rights. This thesis aims to explore the damage compensations of Patent Infringement, focusing on Taiwan and the U.S. patent laws. Chapter II introduces the damages calculation, including Taiwan Patent Law history, remedies and case studies. Chapter III studies the U.S. patent infringement damages, analyzes lost profits and reasonable royalties, and organizes the evolution of the U.S. damages compensation. Chapter IV of this article discusses the U.S. design patent damages compensation, and questions whether the design patent infringement damages using total profits are fair. Chapter V summarizes the differences between Taiwan and the U.S., and analyzes the damages compensation of Taiwan design patent cases from 2013 to 2015. The statistics shows that the profit earned by the infringer is the principle method. Lastly, this thesis discusses 3 opinions of similarities and differences between Taiwan and the U.S., and the issues that might arise.
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Chen, Ching-Wei, und 陳慶瑋. „A Study in Calculation of Damages of Trade Secret“. Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/d6fysg.
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碩士國立臺灣科技大學
專利研究所
107
How to determine the amount of damages of trade secret is a problem in the lawsuit. The reason is that trade secret is secret that have little reference to the market value; and their value usually does not exist separately. In other words, it is necessary to use production and investment to produce value. In addition, if the trade secret are not used, it is difficult to estimate whether damages are caused. At present, there are not many practical cases in Taiwan; therefor, it is difficult to establish a clear system and a calculation method from the cases. Damages of trade secret is also not a main subject be studied among legal research. However, trade secret draw more and more attention nowadays, and the amount of damages of trade secret will be the key point of offense and defense in trade secret litigation. This paper intends to disscuss how to apply the laws and practices of trade secret in Taiwan by analyzing the legal provisions of the trade secret and the cases of the US. This paper suggests that Article 13 of the Trade Secrets Act does not require to delete of an alternative request, but may introduce a reasonable royalty to reduce the plaintiff’s burden of proof. In practice, it proposes to use different calculation methods for the loss of interests in the damage and the benefits of the infringement in order to clarify the relationship between them, and timely put the reasonable royalty into the discretion of the court. This paper organize the reference factors of the US substantive cases, which can also be applied to the calculation of damages in Taiwan, so that both the plaintiff and defendant can raise the offense and defense in the court respectively. The court may also take the factors as reference to make compensation of damages of trade secret no longer hard to calculate and to reduce the difficulty of proof in the near future.
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„A Model for Calculating Damage Potential in Computer Systems“. Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.53889.
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abstract: For systems having computers as a significant component, it becomes a critical task to identify the potential threats that the users of the system can present, while being both inside and outside the system. One of the most important factors that differentiate an insider from an outsider is the fact that the insider being a part of the system, owns privileges that enable him/her access to the resources and processes of the system through valid capabilities. An insider with malicious intent can potentially be more damaging compared to outsiders. The above differences help to understand the notion and scope of an insider.
The significant loss to organizations due to the failure to detect and mitigate the insider threat has resulted in an increased interest in insider threat detection. The well-studied effective techniques proposed for defending against attacks by outsiders have not been proven successful against insider attacks. Although a number of security policies and models to deal with the insider threat have been developed, the approach taken by most organizations is the use of audit logs after the attack has taken place. Such approaches are inspired by academic research proposals to address the problem by tracking activities of the insider in the system. Although tracking and logging are important, it is argued that they are not sufficient. Thus, the necessity to predict the potential damage of an insider is considered to help build a stronger evaluation and mitigation strategy for the insider attack. In this thesis, the question that seeks to be answered is the following: `Considering the relationships that exist between the insiders and their role, their access to the resources and the resource set, what is the potential damage that an insider can cause?'
A general system model is introduced that can capture general insider attacks including those documented by Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) for the Software Engineering Institute (SEI). Further, initial formulations of the damage potential for leakage and availability in the model is introduced. The model usefulness is shown by expressing 14 of actual attacks in the model and show how for each case the attack could have been mitigated.Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Computer Science 2019
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Mu-HsunTseng und 曾睦勛. „A Study on the Calculating Method of Damage Compensation from Illegal Insider Trading“. Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/g5my72.
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碩士國立成功大學
財務金融研究所碩士在職專班
104
This thesis examines the method used to calculate the amount of compensation that should be paid for insider trading, based on the Securities and Exchange Act in Taiwan. Illegal insider trading is when that insiders take advantage of unpublicized information to earn greater returns than public investors, thus causing damage to the counterparties. The abnormal returns (AR) and cumulative abnormal returns (CAR) of illegal insider trading, as based on court cases in Taiwan from 2006/01/01 to 2015/12/31, are calculated in this thesis. First, the study finds that the events which influence stock prices occur not more than two days after the major information has been released. Second, this study calculates CAR from when insider trading begins and compares it with the CAR two days after the related information is released and compared it with the CAR during statutory period of Securities and Exchange Act. The study finds that insider traders may pay more compensation than they should pay to the counterparties, based on the Securities and Exchange Act. The results of this thesis could be a reference for legislature when they amend the Securities and Exchange Act.
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„Model Calculations of Radiation Induced Damage in 1-Methylthymine:9-Methyladenine and in 1-Methyluracil:9-Ethyladenine“. East Tennessee State University, 2001. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-0525101-132606/.
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LEE, HAN-CHUNG, und 李漢中. „Study on Application of Reasonable Royalty to Damages Calculation - Taking Chemical Engineering Process as an Example“. Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46765k.
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碩士東吳大學
法律學系
102
In recently, the innovation process of chemical engineering is a knowledge - intensive industry that has become one of the major development projects around the world. However, the technology is often not the terminal technology to make the chemical products. If use the general financial appraisal model to estimate the value of patent, the consideration due to lack of actual situation and cannot provide the owner of industry as an important reference. For the perceived value, there is a huge divide between buyers and sellers. Therefore, it is very important for the chemical engineering company, how to objectively calculate the value of the innovation process of chemical engineering, and to make an appraisal of the results more representative. Article 284 of the US Patent Law (35 U.S.C. 284 Damages.) stipulates two methods to calculate the damage of patent infringement, which are lost profit and reasonable royalty. Respectively, reasonable royalty reflects the least amount to compensate the damages; it is a substitute while the method of lost profit encounters difficulties in proving the damages. In recently, it has become the major method in the US federal courts to determine the amount of patent damages. In most cases, the US federal courts use hypothetical negotiation to decide the rate of reasonable royalty, and they usually apply 15 factors listed in the Georgia-Pacific case, to estimate the legal risk for the both parties in patent litigation. Especially for the infringement defendants or potential licensees of issued patents. This article intends to summarize the results of Georgia-Pacific 15 factors deciding the rate of reasonable royalty, and establish a reasonable calculation model from the actual infringement lawsuits. Having reviewed the selected case, the positive or negative effects of each factor in patent infringement and test the validity of this model. The findings showed that the forecast ability of this reasonable calculation model is good. This research results may apply in the calculation of patent value, and the patent infringement lawsuit can produce the damage award with the planning tactic of the patent laws. It also can be assist the plaintiff and defendant in carrying on the negotiations when the patent infringement lawsuits. Moreover, this research results may further apply in the appraisal of patent property, the authorization and the transaction etc.
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Hashimoto, Ai, und 橋本愛. „Calculation of Damages in Patent Infringement-Centered on Recovery of the Infringer''s Profits“. Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67245649027876863287.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
102
The system of patent infringement damages is a crucial factor in determining whether the patent system is effective or not. To calculate the damage suffered by a patentee, no infringement is presumed to have occurred in the economic market. However, since market factors are varied and variable, intertwining with one another, it is in practice impossible to arrive at a correct or precise answer in the calculation of damages as in arithmetic. To lessen the patentee’s burden of proof, therefore, Article 97 et seq. of the R.O.C. Patent Act specifically provide for the calculation methods. In particular, it is apparently common for patentees to apply the method in Subparagraph 2, Paragraph 1. Yet, such calculation methods does not conform to the system of damages under the Civil Code. While the provision on punitive damages was struck out in the 2011 amendment to the Patent Act by reason that it “fails to conform to the general system of civil damages regarding the remedy of damage," it was reinstated in the 2013 amendment on the grounds that “the calculation of damages for infringement upon intellectual property rights is not limited to the remedy of damage.” In this case, whether the relationship between the damages system under the Civil Code and patent infringement damages can be clarified in legal practice in Taiwan is not unquestionable. The situation will also give rise to contradictory and inconsistent court interpretations of such calculation method. In view of the fact that claims of patent infringement damages have become an important means of business competition nowadays, the inconsistency may impact industrial development thus is not appropriate. Three research methods have been employed in this thesis: The first is document analysis of current interpretations by scholars and practitioners of Subparagraph 2, Paragraph 1 of Article 97 of the Patent Act. The second is review of the discovery process of a patent infringement suit. Both the calculation method and discovery method affect the calculation of damages for patent infringement. Only when these two methods are properly adjusted and employed will the legislative purpose of the patent system be achieved. The third is comparative research, whereby German and Japanese laws are introduced to elucidate the interpretation and development of the calculation method based on the profit earned by the infringer as reference in the interpretation and application of R.O.C. laws. This thesis consists of seven chapters: Chapter 1 outlines the purpose and framework of the thesis, and scope and methods of research. Chapter 2 studies the features of patent infringement damages. Chapter 3 presents and compares the methods of calculation of patent infringement damages under German, Japanese and R.O.C. laws. Chapter 4 compares and examines the relationship between the calculation method based on the profit earned by the infringer and the damages system under the Civil Code under German, Japanese and R.O.C. laws. Chapter 5 compares and examines the specific application of the calculation method based on the profit earned by the infringer under German, Japanese and R.O.C. laws. Chapter 6 presents the discovery process of a patent infringement suit. Chapter 7 concludes the research results in the preceding chapters.
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Lee, Po Ching, und 李柏靜. „Damages calculation in patent infringement-perspectives of patent reforms in the United States, China and Taiwan“. Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65888748640984635310.
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碩士國立政治大學
法律科際整合研究所
97
For modernization of patent laws, the United States, China and Taiwan are undergoing patent reform, each amending its damages provision. This thesis categorized forms of damages calculation in three countries, and tried to analyze its amendment from the perspective of patent reform in each country. This thesis analyzed the possible impact of specifying the apportionment rule and entire market value rule in Section 284, 35 United State Code. In addition, three standards of willful infringement with enhanced damages were concluded. First, the traditional willfulness doctrine in Underwater Devices case is the affirmative duty of due care which sets a lower threshold of willing infringement that is more akin to negligence. Second, willfulness in Seagate case requires at least an objective recklessness. Third, willfulness in Patent Reform Act of 2009 requires an objective recklessness in three different conditions; such proposal may restrict the discretion of the court. With national intellectual property strategy to improve the domestic capacity of innovation and to build an innovative country, the third amendment to Patent Act of the People's Republic of China becomes in effect in 2009. Article 65 in the new Chinese Patent Act codifies the statutory damages in the range of RMB 10,000 to 1,000,000, compared to the current range of RMB 5,000 to 500,000 provided by the Supreme People’s Court judicial interpretation. In the perspective of litigation costs, statutory damages award may be a more economic approach but subjective judgment could have implication caused by lack of factual evidence for damages calculation. Article 65 also codifies that the amount of compensation shall include reasonable cost for ceasing patent infringement by the right holder, however, how to measure the reasonable cost is not clear. Although the new Chinese Patent Act does not include punitive damages, the maximum statutory damages, other related civil liability and administrative penalty are increased. Such amendments may increase the pecuniary burden of the infringer and expect to lead to more deterrent effect on patent infringement and encourage innovation. In the context of international regulation change, national technology policy change and establishment of professional Intellectual Property Court, comprehensive review of Taiwanese Patent Act is ongoing. The proposed bill adds “equivalent amount of royalty for implementing the patent invention as damages” into Article 85 of current Taiwanese Patent Act. However, it is not clearly codified that a reasonable royalty must be justified and such royalty calculation is to set a floor for damages award. The proposed bill abandons punitive damages for willful infringement. In such proposal, the result of willful infringement may not be a substantial additional risk but only a cost of doing business, because the litigation cost and damages award are not so high, and there is no attorney fee award or criminal penalty in Taiwanese patent regulation system. Hence, reconsideration of retaining punitive damages is suggested.
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Steynberg, L. „Gebeurlikhede in die deliktuele skadevergoedingsreg“. Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2446.
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OPSOMMING
Gebeurlikhede kan omskryf word as onsekere omstandighede van positiewe of negatiewe aard wat, onafhanklik van die verweerder se optrede en indien dit sou realiseer, waarskynlik 'n persoon se gesondheid, inkomste, verdienvermoë, lewenskwaliteit, lewensverwagting of onderhoudsafhanklikheid in die toekoms kan beïnvloed of in die verlede kon beïnvloed het en wat gevolglik op billike en realistiese wyse in ag geneem moet word ter bepaling van die skadevergoedingsbedrag. Die skadevergoedingsbedrag kan vanweë gebeurlikhede verminder of vermeerder word waar die eiser wel met `n oorwig van waarskynlikheid die volle omvang van die skade bewys het, maar die hof nie kon oortuig dat geen ander oorsaak die skade waarskynlik ook sou kon veroorsaak nie (sg "gebeurlikheids-aanpassings"). In gevalle waar die eiser nie die volle omvang van die skade op `n oorwig van waarskynlikheid kon bewys nie, kan die hof nogtans `n verminderde bedrag toeken op grond van die gebeurlikheid dat die skade wel waarskynlik in die toekoms kan realiseer (sg "gebeurlikheidstoekennings"). Die eiser moet getuienis voorlê van gebeurlikhede wat die skadevergoedingsbedrag sal verhoog, en die verweerder van gebeurlikhede wat die skadevergoedingsbedrag sal verlaag. Die waarskynlikheid dat die gebeurlikheid sal realiseer, moet deur die hof aan die hand van objektiewe maatstawwe en op grond van feitelike bewerings en logiese afleidings uit deskundige en ander getuienis in die vorm van `n waarskynlikheidsgraad van tussen vyf persent en tagtig persent uitgedruk word. Hipotetiese kousaliteit word deur die hof aangewend om gebeurlikhede op `n billike wyse in ag te neem en verwys na die kousale ketting van hipotetiese feite wat waarskynlik sou gerealiseer het indien die skadestigtende gebeurtenis nie plaasgevind het nie. Gebeurlikhede kan in twee kategorieë geklassifiseer word: Algemene gebeurlikhede wat gewoonlik in enige stadium by alle persone kan voorkom (bv vroeë dood, siekte ens) en spesifieke gebeurlikhede wat gewoonlik op spesifieke tydstippe by spesifieke individue kan voorkom (bv hertroue, egskeiding ens). Terwyl die hof geregtelik kennis behoort te kan neem van die invloed van algemene gebeurlikhede, behoort die hof hoofsaaklik op grond van ondersteunende getuienis van die invloed van spesifieke gebeurlikhede oortuig te word. Algemene gebeurlikheidsaanpassings is gewoonlik relatief laag (gemiddeld tien persent), terwyl gebeurlikheidsaanpassings vir spesifieke gebeurlikhede fluktueer (gewoonlik tussen vyf persent en vyftig persent), afhangende van die getuienis en omstandighede van die eiser. Gebeurlikheidstoekennings is gewoonlik laer as vyftig persent.
SUMMARY
Contingencies can be described as uncertain circumstances of a positive or negative nature which, independent of the defendant's conduct and if it should realise, would probably influence a person's health, income, earning capacity, quality of life, life expectancy or dependency on support in future or could have done so in the past, and which must consequently be taken into account in a fair and realistic manner in the quantification of damages. Contingencies can be used to increase or reduce damages in circumstances where the plaintiff succeeded in proving the full loss on a preponderance of probability, but could not convince the court that there was no probability that any other cause could also have given rise to the loss (so-called "contingency adjustments"). In circumstances where the plaintiff could not prove the full loss on a preponderance of probability, the court can nevertheless award a reduced amount on the basis of the contingency that loss could probably realise in future (so-called "contingency allowances"). The plaintiff must adduce evidence of contingencies that can increase damages, and the defendant of contingencies that can reduce damages. The degree of probability that the contingency will realise, must be expressed by the court as a percentage of between five percent and eighty percent, in view of objective measures and on the basis of factual allegations and logical deductions derived from expert and other evidence. Hypothetical causation assists the court in taking account of contingencies in a fair manner and refers to the causal link of hypothetical events which would probably have realised if the damage-causing event did not occur. Contingencies can be classified into two categories: General contingencies that usually can be present in the lives of all people at any point in time (eg early death, sickness, etc) and specific contingencies that usually are present in the lives of specific individuals at specific times (eg remarriage, divorce, etc). While the court should be able to take legal notice of the influence of general contingencies, the court should be convinced of the influence of specific contingencies primarily on the basis of supporting evidence. General contingency adjustments are usually relatively low (on average ten per cent), while contingency adjustments for specific contingencies fluctuate (usually between five per cent and fifty per cent), depending on the evidence and circumstances of the plaintiff. Contingency allowances are usually lower than fifty per cent.Jurisprudence
LL.D
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Huang, Yi-Hsiung, und 黃奕雄. „The Breakthrough Possibility of Limitation in Patent Infringement in Taiwan through the Calculation of Damages under International Investment Arbitration“. Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75sm35.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
107
The damages for patent infringement claims can maintain the operation of the patent system. The amount of the patent infringement damages is generally low in domestic court. This reason may be due to the fact that it is more difficult to reflect the nature of the patent right—intangible property right in the operation of the damages system. After the judgment of the case Eli lilly v. Canada in the International Investment Arbitration, it became the first case of handling patent rights in International Investment Arbitration cases. Therefore, the calculation of damages under different institutional fields seems can be the target of comparison. The study tried to seek a new path to calculate the patent damages under Taiwan’s domestic patent law frame; It further analyzed the commercial pricing model and methods of calculation of damages in International Investment Arbitration, and attempted to utilize the methods under existing regulations to solve the issues impeded the calculation of damages in domestic patent legal practice. In the end, provided personal opinion on how to appropriately adopt the calculation method and gave the practical operation procedure. The study raised simple concept of employ different calculation procedure, hoping to raise the discussion on how to dealing with the difficulties in calculation of Taiwan’s patent damage.
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Chu, Ying-Ju, und 朱映儒. „The Value of Trade Secret ─ Calculating Damages under Article 13 of Taiwan Trade Secret Act“. Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/bnh75q.
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碩士國立政治大學
科技管理與智慧財產研究所
107
The issue and discussion of the calculation of trade secret damage in civil procedures are fundamental and essential for trade secret owners and trade secret practice. Therefore, this thesis aims to provide a full picture of how civil courts in Taiwan established the methods of calculating the damage in trade secret infringement cases with clear and consistent guidance focusing on the approaches of: “actual damage”, “lost value”, “infringer’s profit” and “punitive damage”.
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Samões, Fernando Augusto. „Indeminização por perda de chance“. Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11328/1533.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito na especialização de Ciências Jurídico-processuaisNascida em França, em 17/7/1889, a figura da perda de chance expandiu-se pelo mundo inteiro, sobretudo na segunda metade do século passado, sendo, hoje, aceite na maioria dos países e algumas organizações internacionais. Apesar de continuar a ser controversa, sendo negada por alguns, ela revela-se um instrumento privilegiado para a realização do Direito justo, no domínio da responsabilidade civil, tanto contratual como extracontratual. Como tal, penetrou no nosso ordenamento jurídico, muito embora ainda não permita a elaboração de uma teoria geral. De qualquer modo, não obstante os vários critérios utilizados para a sua classificação e os campos de aplicação, entendemos que a perda de chance deve ser tratada como uma nova espécie de dano e não como uma questão de causalidade. Tal dano, consistindo na perda da possibilidade de obter um resultado favorável ou de evitar um resultado desfavorável, é autónomo, diferente do dano final, e é passível de indemnização no quadro da actual legislação. Assim o tem entendido, recentemente, a maioria da jurisprudência que se vem adiantando ao labor científico da doutrina nacional, sendo que uma reduzida parte dela também já aceita a perda de chance como um dano autónomo.
Born in France, on 17/7/1889, the figure of loss of chance has expanded all over the world, especially on the second half of the last century, being accepted today in most countries and some international organizations. Despite continuing to be controversial, being denied by some, it proves to be a privileged instrument for the accomplishment of fair Law, in the civil liability domain, both contractual and extracontractual. Therefore, it entered in our legal system, although still not allow the elaboration of a general theory. Anyway, despite the several criteria used for its classification and its fields of application, we perceive that the loss of chance should be treated as a new kind of damage and not as a matter of causality. Such damage, defined as the loss of the possibility of getting a favorable outcome or avoiding an unfavorable one, is autonomous, different from the final damage, and subject to compensation according to existing legislation. So has been understood, recently, by most of the jurisprudence that has been advancing to the scientific work of the national doctrine, and a reduced part of it has also accepted the loss of chance as a standalone damage.
Orientação: Prof. Doutora Mónica Martinez de Campos
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Huang, Yu-Han, und 黃雨涵. „A Study on the Calculation of Damages Award for Patent Infringement by Judicial Practice of Taiwan and the United States“. Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98760840241957114003.
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碩士東吳大學
法律學系
100
Following the knowledge-based economy era and the trend of perfect protection of intellectual property rights (“IPRs”), IPRs, especially patent right, has become a profit making implement rather than a defending instrument. More and more enterprises forsake a business model from traditional R & D, manufacturing and selling of tangible products to tremendous amount of patent royalty earning through managing patent rights. Though a fierce debate on misuse of exclusive patent rights is still going on, the compensation while patent infringement occurs has become a necessary and primary course for the enterprises to study. To accomplish legislative purpose of patent law which defined as the encouragement, protection of creations for promoting the development of industry depends mainly on well-developed patent system. Besides impartial, comprehensive application system, to perfect a thorough patent system, principally relies on, the minimum mandated and maximum authorized of patent infringement compensation under the governing law and statutory provisions (i.e. damage reimbursement while infringement occurs), the actual incentive for the creation and inventions. Also, this is the primary rationale to build the analysis foundation for this thesis. Over the decades, "patent litigation" has been treated as an important thesis and/or research topic by students as well as domestic scholars; however, by reviewing the contents, these theses addressed mostly on infringement analysis, as such, grounds and types of patent infringement assertion. Notwithstanding the discussions of compensation aspect of patent litigation has recently increased, the primary portion of the theses mainly focus on patent system, infringement requirements, direct/indirect infringement, burden of proof and preventive proceedings. Still, the patent litigating monetary remedies issues especially for standards and legislative history of damages awards are seldom focused or explored. Accordingly, rather than traditional method which simply discuss basic principle of patent infringement -- the litigants try to establish for the first step, proving infringement, this thesis tends to use different approach particularly intensifies and strengthen the subject as to the determination of the scope of damage award in patent suits. Starting from the introduction of general statutory provision under 35 U.S.C. and judicial decisions concerning damages issues, supplemented with up to date Patent Reform Act and governing rules set out in the leading Federal and Supreme Court cases to depict the modern trend of proving entitlement to the various forms of damages in U.S. patent litigation. Further, this thesis moves to domestic statutory provision in Taiwan beginning with patent litigating remedies issues under the latest revised Patent Law of the Republic of China, then turns to empirical analysis of judicial decisions made in the district court patent cases in the past ten years by proceeding through quantitative research, and statistical analysis. Finally, this thesis will characterize each distinc forms of ways and methods for damages calculation in order to comprehend the theories and legal practice in this particular area in Taiwan. In sum, under empirical and competitive advantage analysis of both Taiwan and U.S. damage award regulations, this thesis purpose to provide suggestions for either adjustments or substantial application standards for current Taiwan Patent Law as to patent infringement compensation methods.
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LEE, AN-HSUEH, und 李安學. „The theory and practice of Punitive Damages in Taiwan: Focusing on Calculating Punitive Damages in the Article 51 of Consumer Protection Law of R.O.C“. Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5adcxm.
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碩士東吳大學
法律學系
106
In recent years, massive consumer disputes happened frequently, and those kind of consumer litigations often demanded for large punitive damages, hope it could stop enterprises from taking unlawful actions. But the courts are couservative not only on constituting punitive damages but also on deciding how much punitive damages. The explanation of the 2015 Amended Consumer Protection law also mention that punitive damages in Taiwan was not easy to constitute and low number of punitive damages had been problems. And hopefully, by expressly providing that gross negligence would also be liable for punitive damages, and higher the limitation of punitive damages could solve the problems. In my opnion, this kind of amendment could only reach limited effect, it’s better to focus on the constitution factor of punitive damages and factors which effect measuring punitive damages. As such, this article will be based on the relevant US and Taiwan laws,leading cases, and theoretical insights. First will be about the meaning, history and purposes of punitive damages, and then disscuss about how criminal fine and administrative fine effect the constitution and measuring of punitive damages. Second, focusing on the constitution factor of punitive damages, like: in what kind of litigation could demand for punitive damages, who is liable for punitive damages, who could demand for punitive damages, and the connection between the compensation for non-pecuniary loss and punitive damages. Lastly, in the opinion of economic analysis of law, there are two theories to to calculate punitive damages:gain-elimination and cost-internalization. On the other hand, collecting cases before and after the 2015 Amended Consumer Protection law, and analyze the changes on ratio between compensation damages and punitive damages, and the changes on the amount of punitive damages. Also analyze what factors courts considering in deciding much punitive damages is appropriate. Finally give advice on raising up punitive damages.
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Liu, Yi-Ting, und 劉怡婷. „The Calculation of Actual Damages in U.S. Patent Infringement: Focusing on Patentee's Claims Exceeding the Scope of the Patent of the Infringed Product“. Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2ae3kp.
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碩士國立交通大學
科技法律研究所
101
Heated scholarly debate on the scope of patent damages calculation has long been focused on the application of the Entire Market Value Rule (EMVR) as well as the concept of apportionment. As Section 35 U.S.C. 284 provides that the compensation shall be adequate for the infringement, the EMVR shall never be regarded as a tool for over-expansion. However, the notable Rite-Hite case expanded the scope of the damages to include any profits that the patentee may have enjoyed due to the infringement. The starting point of this Research is the over-expansion of the EMVR in Rite-Hite. This research discusses the relevant cases when the patentees seek for patent damages awards based upon unpatented features of a product with the development of apportionment or the EMVR in the U.S. patent damages system, pointing out that the concerns of over-compensation and violation of the purposes of the U.S. patent laws caused by over-expansion of the scope of patent damages. The following part explores the trend of patent damages calculation based on the analysis requiring a more stringent application of the EMVR in recent U.S. case laws. The last part of this research provides an overall discussion about the positive and negative comments on the EMVR under the U.S. patent reform legislation and the impacts on the patent litigation strategy.
39
Grosskopf, Johann Wilhelm. „Aspekte van berekeningsmetodes by die bepaling van verlies aan onderhoud van afhanklike kinders“. Diss., 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16888.
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Text in Afrikaans, abstract in Afrikaans and EnglishDifferent methods of calculation of the loss of support of minor children, are investigated. According to one method (A), one first has to establish that the deceased's income was not all absorbed for his/her own maintenance. Only if there is surplus income available, it can be inferred that the deceased contributed towards the maintenance of the minor children and that the children have suffered a loss. According to another method (B) both parents' income are added and then divided between the family members. The minor child's loss of support is an amount which represent his/her share in the deceased's own income - a child automatically suffers a loss according to this method, in the event of death of a parent. Method B ought to be applied, because it is consistent with the reciprocal duty of support between spouses and the duty of spouses to maintain children.
Verskillende metodes om die verlies aan onderhoud van afhanklike kinders te bereken word ondersoek. Volgens een benadering (A) moet eers vasgestel word of die oorledene se inkomste nie alles geabsorbeer is vir sy /haar eie onderhoud nie. Slegs indien daar surplusinkomste was, kan aanvaar word dat die oorledene bygedra het tot die onderhoud van die minderjarige kinders en dat die kinders 'n verlies ly. Volgens die ander benadering (B) word beide ouers se inkomste bymekaar getel en dan tussen die gesinslede verdeel. Elke minderjarige kind se verlies aan onderhoud is 'n bedrag wat sy/haar aandeel in die oorlede ouer se afsonderlike inkomste verteenwoordig - 'n kind ly outomaties volgens hierdie metode 'n verlies. Metode B behoort meestal aanwending te vind, aangesien dit in ooreenstemming is met die wederkerige onderhoudsplig tussen gades en die plig van ouers om hul kinders te onderhou.
Private Law
LL. M. (Law)