Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „D. B. Dutta“

The p21(WAF1/CIP1/sdi1) gene product (WAF1) inhibits DNA replication in vitro (J. Chen, P. Jackson, M. Kirschner, and A. Dutta, Nature 374:386-388, 1995; S. Waga, G. Hannon, D. Beach, and B. Stillman, Nature 369:574-578, 1994), but in vivo studies on the antiproliferative activity of WAF1 have not resolved G1-phase arrest from potential inhibition of S-phase progression. Here, we demonstrate that elevated WAF1 expression can retard replicative DNA synthesis in vivo. The WAF1-mediated inhibitory effect could be antagonized by cyclin A, cyclin E, or the simian virus 40 small-t antigen with no decrease in the levels of WAF1 protein in transfected cells. Proliferating-cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) overexpression was neither necessary nor sufficient to antagonize WAF1 action. Expression of the N-terminal domain of WAF1, responsible for cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) interaction, had the same effect as full-length WAF1, while the PCNA binding C terminus exhibited modest activity. We conclude that S-phase progression in mammalian cells is dependent on continuing cyclin and CDK activity and that WAF1 affects S phase primarily through cyclin- and CDK-dependent pathways.

ABSTRACT Rising number of infertile males in India provokes the need of evidence-based comprehensive formula addressing unattended causes of male infertility. There is an innovative product*, a combikit available in Indian market, containing 30 tablets of antioxidant, multivitamin, amino acid and mineral tablets, with documented evidence on ingredients in treatment of male infertility, and 25 tablets of clomiphene citrate which is a timetested drug in treatment of male infertility (in particular oligospermia and/or asthenospermia). In order to assess efficacy of the product in Indian infertile male patients, we undertook phase IV multicentric clinical study, at 18 centers across India in 100 patients. Very high couple pregnancy rate of 53% was reported. As first line treatment of male infertility (in particular oligospermia and/or asthenospermia), the use of this innovative product therefore holds a strong promise. How to cite this article Amin J, Mishra SK, Dutta AK, Kunwar K, Shinde VG, Chauhan A, Sud S, Maurya R, Nepal N, Sarode P, Biswas KP, Mazumder GP, Chitrabanshi M, Shibe S, Shukla R, Trivedi N, Dayal M, Sortey D, Shukla S, Gawade B. Indian Clinical Experience on Innovative Product in Treatment of Male Infertility. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2013;5(2):76-79.

Managing liquid water distribution in PEFCs is critical to desirable high power density operation and cell durability [1–3]. Degradation modes such as carbon corrosion in the cathode catalyst layer (CCL) are believed to depend on local humidification [2,4], while the distribution of liquid water may also be influenced by performance drop associated with such degradation [3]. Although some studies have shown the influence of carbon corrosion on liquid water distribution [2,3], the possible reverse effect of liquid water distribution on the CCL degradation requires further investigation. The objective of the present work is to establish a deeper understanding of the cause-and-effect interactions between CCL degradation and liquid water distribution. This is achieved experimentally by carrying out voltage-cycling accelerated stress tests (ASTs) on fuel cells which differ only in the constituent gas diffusion layers (GDLs); namely, SGL 22 BB and a proprietary Avcarb. Three-dimensional X-ray microscopy is used to observe both degradation effects and liquid water distribution at different stages of the ASTs. A relatively rapid operando two-dimensional visualization technique [5] was also used to investigate the differences in liquid water distribution between the two GDLs. The fuel cells imaged are analyzed and exhibit different liquid water distributions, whereby the Avcarb exhibits a higher liquid water condensation close to the CCL, compared to the SGL. Supported by model results, this difference in liquid water distribution is shown to be attributable to the different transport properties of the GDLs. The degradation results, such as the CCL thickness (Fig. 1) show that the Avcarb cell experiences a faster CCL degradation than the SGL cell. Furthermore, the Avcarb liquid water distribution is seen to change with increasing AST cycles in a manner indicating higher vapour phase removal. These results provide insights for GDL design consideration, showing that GDL transport properties may influence liquid water distribution at the electrode with important implications for CCL durability. Acknowledgement Funding for this research was provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Ballard Power Systems, Canada Foundation for Innovation, British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund, and Canada Research Chairs. References [1] F. Nandjou, J.-P. Poirot-Crouvezier, M. Chandesris, J.-F. Blachot, C. Bonnaud, and Y. Bultel, “Impact of heat and water management on proton exchange membrane fuel cells degradation in automotive application,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 326, pp. 182–192, 2016. [2] J. D. Fairweather, D. Spernjak, A. Z. Weber, D. Harvey, S. Wessel, D. S. Hussey, D. L. Jacobson, K. Artyushkova, R. Mukundan, and R. L. Borup, “Effects of cathode corrosion on through-plane water transport in proton exchange membrane fuel cells,” Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 160, no. 9, p. F980, 2013. [3] R. T. White, S. H. Eberhardt, Y. Singh, T. Haddow, M. Dutta, F. P. Orfino, and E. Kjeang, “Four-dimensional joint visualization of electrode degradation and liquid water distribution inside operating polymer electrolyte fuel cells,” Scientific reports, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 1843, 2019. [4] T. Mittermeier, A. Weiß, F. Hasché, and H. A. Gasteiger, “Pem fuel cell start-up/shut-down losses vs relative humidity: the impact of water in the electrode layer on carbon corrosion,” Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 165, no. 16, p. F1349, 2018. [5] F. Aroge, B. Parimalam, J. MacDonald, F. Orfino, M. Dutta, and E. Kjeang, “Analysing operando 2d x-ray transmission images for liquid water distribution in polymer electrolyte fuel cells,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 564, p. 232820, 2023. Figure 1

This paper presents sensor structure dedicated for determination the key properties of blood – concentration level and oxidation level. The sensor structure is based integrated optics circuit with diamond-based planar waveguide including prism and grating coupler. The paper is focused on numerical analysis of selected properties of sensor structure for optimization sensing parameters. Full Text: PDF ReferencesD.A. Gell, Blood Cells, "Structure and function of haemoglobins", Molecules and Diseases 70 (2018). CrossRef I. Singh, A. Weston, A. Kundur, G. Dobie, Haematology Case Studies with Blood Cell Morphology and Pathophysiology (Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2017) DirectLink P. D. Sturkie, P. Griminger, Blood: Physical Characteristics, Formed Elements, Hemoglobin, and Coagulation Avian Physiology (Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 1976). CrossRef A. Dutta, B. Deka, P.P. Partha, Planar Waveguide Optical Sensors: From Theory to Applications (Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2016). CrossRef S. Kang, K. Sasaki, H. Minamitani, "Determining the absorption coefficient of hemoglobin derivatives with integrated optic waveguide sensor", IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (1992). CrossRef P. Struk, "Design of an Integrated Optics Sensor Structure Based on Diamond Waveguide for Hemoglobin Property Detection", Materials 12(1) 175 (2019). CrossRef W. Lukosz, K. Tiefenthaler, "Sensitivity of integrated optical grating and prism couplers as (bio)chemical sensors", Sensors and Actuators 15 (1988). CrossRef P.V. Lambeck, "Integrated optical sensors for the chemical domain", Measurement Science and Technology - IOPscience 17 (2006), CrossRef W. Lukosz, "Integrated optical chemical and direct biochemical sensors", Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 29 (1995). CrossRef P. Struk, T. Pustelny, K. Gołaszewska, E. Kamińska, M. Borysiewicz, M. Ekielski, And A. Piotrowska, "Photonic structures with grating couplers based on ZnO", Opto−Electronics Review 19(4) (2011). CrossRef J. Haas, E. V. Catalán, P. Piron, F. Nikolajeff, L. Österlund, M. Karlsson, B. Mizaikoff, "Polycrystalline Diamond Thin-Film Waveguides for Mid-Infrared Evanescent Field Sensors", ACS Omega 3 (2018). CrossRef P. Struk, "Design of an integrated optics sensor structure for hemoglobin property detection", Proceedings of SPIE 11204 (2019). CrossRef P. Struk, T. Pustelny, K. Gołaszewska, E. Kamińska, M. Borysiewicz, M. Ekielski, A. Piotrowska, "Hybrid photonics structures with grating and prism couplers based on ZnO waveguides", Opto-Electronics Review 21 (2013). CrossRef V. Prajzler, M. Varga, P. Nekvindova, Z.; Remes, A. Kromka, "Design and investigation of properties of nanocrystalline diamond optical planar waveguides", Optics Express 21 (2013), CrossRef E.N. Lazareva, V.V. Tuchin, "Measurement of refractive index of hemoglobin in the visible/NIR spectral range", Journal of Biomedical Optics 23 (2018). CrossRef Optiwave Systems Inc. "OptiFDTD Technical Background and Tutorials - Finite" (2013). DirectLink K. Yee, Antennas and Propagation, "Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving maxwell's equations in isotropic media", IEEE Transactions 14,3 (1966). CrossRef

We explore various aspects of electrochemistry and photoelectrochemistry using in situ spectroscopy of electrode (metal) and photoelectrode (semiconductor) interfaces under electrochemical working conditions. Using sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy, we measure the voltage dependence of the orientation of D2O molecules at a graphene electrode surface, which enables us to extract the free energy orienting potential of interfacial water.1 In particular, we measure the “free OD” feature in the spectra, which corresponds to the topmost water molecule that is rotated up out of the bulk water solution and is, therefore, not hydrogen bonded. Using transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS), we measure the lifetime of hot electrons photoexcited in plasmon resonant nanostructures.5 In a similar study, we use transient reflectance spectroscopy (TRS) to measure the photoexcited carrier dynamics in a GaP/TiO2 photoelectrode, as well as the electrostatic field dynamics at this semiconductor-liquid interface in situ under various electrochemical potentials.2 Here, the electrostatic fields at the surface of the semiconductor are measured via Franz−Keldysh oscillations (FKO). These spectra reveal that the nanoscale TiO2 protection layer enhances the built-in field and charge separation performance of GaP photoelectrodes. Using surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy, we monitor local electric fields via Stark-shifts of nitrile-functionalized silicon photoelectrodes.6 By monitoring Stark shifts in graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (GERS), we measure local electric fields and local charge densities at monolayer graphene electrode surfaces.3 Lastly, we measure the stacking dependence of monolayer WSe2/MoSe2 heterostructures and observe resonant excitation of interlayer excitons for photocatalytic energy conversion.4 Montenegro, A., C. Dutta, M. Mammetkuliev, H.T. Shi, B.Y. Hou, D. Bhattacharyya, B.F. Zhao, S.B. Cronin and A.V. Benderskii, Asymmetric response of interfacial water to applied electric fields. Nature, 594, 62 (2021). Xu, Z.H., B.Y. Hou, F.Y. Zhao, Z. Cai, H.T. Shi, Y.W. Liu, C.L. Hill, D.G. Musaev, M. Mecklenburg, S.B. Cronin and T.Q. Lian, Nanoscale TiO2 Protection Layer Enhances the Built-In Field and Charge Separation Performance of GaP Photoelectrodes. Nano Letters, 21, 8017-8024 (2021). Shi, H.T., B.F. Zhao, J. Ma, M.J. Bronson, Z. Cai, J.H. Chen, Y. Wang, M. Cronin, L. Jensen and S.B. Cronin, Measuring Local Electric Fields and Local Charge Densities at Electrode Surfaces Using Graphene-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (GERS)-Based Stark-Shifts. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 11, 36252-36258 (2019). Chen, J., C.S. Bailey, D. Cui, Y. Wang, B. Wang, H. Shi, Z. Cai, E. Pop, C. Zhou and S.B. Cronin, Stacking Independence and Resonant Interlayer Excitation of Monolayer WSe2/MoSe2 Heterostructures for Photocatalytic Energy Conversion. ACS Applied Nano Materials, DOI:10.1021/acsanm.9b01898 (2020). Yu Wang, Yi Wang, Indu Aravind, Zhi Cai, Lang Shen, Boxin Zhang, Bo Wang, Jihan Chen, Bofan Zhao, Haotian Shi, Jahan M. Dawlaty, and Stephen B. Cronin. In Situ Investigation of Ultrafast Dynamics of Hot Electron-Driven Photocatalysis in Plasmon-Resonant Grating Structures. Journal of the American Chemical Society. DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12069 (2022). Haotian Shi, Ryan T. Pekarek, Ran Chen, Boxin Zhang, Yu Wang, Indu Aravind, Zhi Cai, Lasse Jensen, Nathan R. Neale, and Stephen B. Cronin. Monitoring Local Electric Fields using Stark Shifts on Napthyl Nitrile-Functionalized Silicon Photoelectrodes. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 124, 17000-17005 (2020).

We report various aspects of electrochemistry and photoelectrochemistry using in situ spectroscopy of electrode (metal) and photoelectrode (semiconductor) interfaces in situ under electrochemical working conditions. These spectroscopies include sum frequency generation (SFG), transient reflectance/absorption spectroscopy (TAS/TRS), and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Using surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy, we monitor local electric fields using Stark-shifts of nitrile-functionalized silicon photoelectrodes.6 Using Graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (GERS)-based Stark-shifts, we measure local electric fields and local charge densities at monolayer graphene electrode surfaces.1 We also measured the stacking dependence and Resonant interlayer excitation of monolayer WSe2/MoSe2 heterostructures for photocatalytic energy conversion.2 Using sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy, we measure the voltage dependence of the orientation of D2O molecules at a graphene electrode surface, which is related back to the “stiffness of the ensemble”.3 In particular, we measured the “free OD” feature in the spectra, which corresponds to the topmost water molecule that is rotated up out of the bulk water solution and is, therefore, not hydrogen bonded. Using transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS), we measure the lifetime of hot electrons photoexcited in plasmon resonant nanostructures.5 Using transient reflectance spectroscopy (TRS), we measure the photoexcited carrier dynamics in a GaP/TiO2 photoelectrode, as well as the electrostatic field dynamics at this semiconductor-liquid interfaces in situ under various electrochemical potentials.4 Here, the electrostatic fields at the surface of the semiconductor are measured via Franz−Keldysh oscillations (FKO). These spectra reveal that the nanoscale TiO2 protection layer enhances the built-in field and charge separation performance of GaP photoelectrodes. Shi, H.T., B.F. Zhao, J. Ma, M.J. Bronson, Z. Cai, J.H. Chen, Y. Wang, M. Cronin, L. Jensen and S.B. Cronin, Measuring Local Electric Fields and Local Charge Densities at Electrode Surfaces Using Graphene-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (GERS)-Based Stark-Shifts. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 11, 36252-36258 (2019). Chen, J., C.S. Bailey, D. Cui, Y. Wang, B. Wang, H. Shi, Z. Cai, E. Pop, C. Zhou and S.B. Cronin, Stacking Independence and Resonant Interlayer Excitation of Monolayer WSe2/MoSe2 Heterostructures for Photocatalytic Energy Conversion. ACS Applied Nano Materials, DOI:10.1021/acsanm.9b01898 (2020). Montenegro, A., C. Dutta, M. Mammetkuliev, H.T. Shi, B.Y. Hou, D. Bhattacharyya, B.F. Zhao, S.B. Cronin and A.V. Benderskii, Asymmetric response of interfacial water to applied electric fields. Nature, 594, 62 (2021). Xu, Z.H., B.Y. Hou, F.Y. Zhao, Z. Cai, H.T. Shi, Y.W. Liu, C.L. Hill, D.G. Musaev, M. Mecklenburg, S.B. Cronin and T.Q. Lian, Nanoscale TiO2 Protection Layer Enhances the Built-In Field and Charge Separation Performance of GaP Photoelectrodes. Nano Letters, 21, 8017-8024 (2021). Yu Wang, Yi Wang, Indu Aravind, Zhi Cai, Lang Shen, Boxin Zhang, Bo Wang, Jihan Chen, Bofan Zhao, Haotian Shi, Jahan M. Dawlaty, and Stephen B. Cronin. In Situ Investigation of Ultrafast Dynamics of Hot Electron-Driven Photocatalysis in Plasmon-Resonant Grating Structures. Journal of the American Chemical Society. DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12069 (2022). Haotian Shi, Ryan T. Pekarek, Ran Chen, Boxin Zhang, Yu Wang, Indu Aravind, Zhi Cai, Lasse Jensen, Nathan R. Neale, and Stephen B. Cronin. Monitoring Local Electric Fields using Stark Shifts on Napthyl Nitrile-Functionalized Silicon Photoelectrodes. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 124, 17000-17005 (2020).

Nucleases are family of hydrolytic enzymes which cleave the phosphodiesteric bonds between the nucleotides producing 3'-phospho or 5'-phospho end products. These enzymes can be classified as endo- and exo-nucleases, cleaving inside of a polynucleotide chain or at the ends respectively, however, some enzymes may have both activities. Typically, some nucleases prefer double-stranded nucleic acid (e.g. DNase I), while other cleave single-stranded (e.g. Nuclease P1) or RNA-DNA hybrid (RNase H) polynucleotides. Deoxyribonucleases (DNases) are important objects in biotechnology presenting both as tools for manipulations with DNA1 as well as contaminants where nuclease-like activity is undesired.2 In addition, data emerges indicating the importance of DNase activity detection for medical applications, i.e., DNases may be related with various diseases and could be used to monitor the progress of various cancers3 , 4 as well as could be a rapid and fast biomarker of bacterial infections.5 Typically, DNases are being detected and quantified using classical approach: fluorescence detection or gel electrophoresis techniques. Though those methods are highly sensitive and reliable, they are costly, time-consuming as well as require toxic markers such as ethidium bromide or radiolabeled molecules. As alternative methods novel detection techniques for DNase detection were reported, mostly based on fluorescence or chemiluminescence detection incorporating nanomaterials for signal enhancement.6 In addition, electrochemical biosensors, provide simple and inexpensive platform for biomolecule detection while maintaining a high degree of accuracy and sensitivity. However, to this day the absolute majority of electrochemical biosensors are being developed from small biomolecules, e.g., glucose, glycerol, lactate while the development of large marcomolecules, i.e., proteins or enzymes is still lagging. In a case of DNase detection, a few biosensors have been reported. Sato et al. reported electrochemical biosensor for DNase I detection based on ferrocene-modified DNA immobilized on the electrode surface with the detection limit (LOD) up to 10–2 U mL–1. Ding and Qin have reported a potentiometric biosensor for the detection of DNAses based on polycation-sensitive membrane, and for DNase I the LOD was 0.45 U mL–1.7 Despite advances, the developed electrochemical biosensors for DNase detection still lack sensitivities comparable to fluorescence- or radiolabeling-based detection methods and reliability required for the analysis of real samples. In this work we present a rapid and sensitive bioelectrochemical device for the determination of nuclease activity in various fluids. The device system consists of a sensor electrode, a special design DNA target to maximize the nuclease cleavage rate, signal analysis algorithm and the supporting electronics. The developed sensor allows to determine DNase activity in range 0.0003–0.03 U mL–1 with the limit of detection up to 0.00034 U mL–1 over 15 min measurement (calibrated against DNase I standard) as well as has a high storage stability. The system was also implemented using inexpensive single-used electrodes. Moreover, the sensor was tested measuring nuclease activity in real unmodified human saliva samples and demonstrated high accuracy compared to the industry standard DNaseAlert™ QC System. The developed technology could significantly improve nuclease quality control processes in pharma/biotech industry and give new insights into nuclease importance for medical applications. References (1) Pan, Y.; Xiao, L.; Li, A. S. S.; Zhang, X.; Sirois, P.; Zhang, J.; Li, K. Mol Biotechnol 2013, 55 (1), 54–62. (2) Senavirathne, G.; Liu, J.; Lopez, M. A.; Hanne, J.; Martin-Lopez, J.; Lee, J.-B.; Yoder, K. E.; Fishel, R. Nat Methods 2015, 12 (10), 901–902. (3) Patel, P. S.; Patel, B. P.; Rawal, R. M.; Raval, G. N.; Patel, M. M.; Patel, J. B.; Jha, F. P.; Patel, D. D. Tumor Biol 2000, 21(2), 82–89. (4) Balian, A.; Hernandez, F. J. Biomark Res 2021, 9 (1), 86. (5) Flenker, K. S.; Burghardt, E. L.; Dutta, N.; Burns, W. J.; Grover, J. M.; Kenkel, E. J.; Weaver, T. M.; Mills, J.; Kim, H.; Huang, L.; Owczarzy, R.; Musselman, C. A.; Behlke, M. A.; Ford, B.; McNamara, J. O. Molecular Therapy 2017, 25 (6), 1353–1362. (6) Mozioğlu, E.; Akgoz, M.; Kocagöz, T.; Tamerler, C. Anal. Methods 2016, 8 (20), 4017–4021. (7) Ding, J.; Qin, W. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 2013, 47, 559–565. Figure. The general operation scheme of nuclease biosensor. (A) In a case a sample does not contain nuclease the Target nucleotide is not cleaved and its hybridization rate is high. (B) In a case sample contains nucleases the Target nucleotide is cleaved and its hybridization rate is lower and relates to the nuclease activity. Figure 1

Abstract Background: Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy characterized by abnormal proliferation of terminally differentiated plasma cells (PCs) in the bone marrow (BM). MM is almost always preceded by the precursor stage smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM). BM biopsies are useful to monitor disease progression, but they are invasive and not routinely collected from patients for disease monitoring during precursor stages. Profiling circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from peripheral blood (PB) could aid early detection, disease monitoring, and biomarker identification to predict patients at high risk of progression that may benefit from early therapeutic intervention. Methods: Paired PB and BM aspirates were collected from 40 SMM patients enrolled in the PCROWD study (IRB #14-174) at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. Malignant PCs were enriched by magnetic bead-based methods and underwent 5’ single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-cell B-cell receptor sequencing (scBCR-seq) (10x Genomics). Results: We analyzed 105,246 BM PCs and 33,234 PB PCs from 15 patients. To differentiate malignant from normal PCs, we used clonal V(D)J rearrangements, assessed by concurrent scBCR-seq. A total of 86,986 BM tumor cells and 8,718 CTCs were captured. A median of 5, 26, and 47 CTCs were present per mL of blood from low, intermediate, and high-risk SMM patients as defined by the International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) “20/2/20” criteria, suggesting sequencing-based CTC enumeration corresponds to prognosis. High levels of driver genes commonly upregulated in patients with specific translocations, including CCND1 and MAF, were detected in both BM tumor and CTC clusters in 3 patients with t(11;14) and t(14;16) confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) clinical testing, and 2 additional patients with inconclusive FISH results (Wilcoxon, q <10-3), supporting the idea of CTC-based prognostication. Differential expression (DE) analysis revealed 8 genes that were significantly upregulated and 3 genes that were significantly downregulated in CTCs compared to BM tumor cells robustly across 15 paired samples. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed genes DE in CTCs are associated with TNF-α and NF-κB signaling, which are commonly induced by extrinsic factors in the bone marrow milieu, providing insight into the biology of tumor cell circulation. Conclusions: This study highlights the utility of scRNA-seq for molecular profiling of CTCs, even in asymptomatic low tumor burden disease. Additional analyses are ongoing in the expanded cohort of 40 patients with paired samples to help gain further insight into CTC heterogeneity. Overall, this study will help enable the design of new molecular liquid biopsy-based approaches to diagnosis, disease monitoring, and biological insights to improve treatment strategies for precursor myeloma patients. Citation Format: Elizabeth D. Lightbody, Danielle T. Firer, Romanos Sklavenitis-Pistofidis, Michael Agius, Ankit K. Dutta, Michelle Aranha, Jean-Baptiste Alberge, Laura Hevenor, Nang Kham Su, Cody Boehner, Erica Horowitz, Jacqueline Perry, Anna Cowan, Hadley Barr, Anna Justis, Daniel Auclair, Catherine R. Marinac, Gad Getz, Irene Ghobrial. Single-cell RNA sequencing of rare circulating tumor cells in precursor myeloma patients reveals molecular underpinnings of tumor cell circulation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 641.

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh tracking error dan risiko terhadap kinerja reksa dana indeks syariah di Indonesia. Penelitian ini melakukan pengujian analisis regresi linier berganda pada lima sampel dengan menggunakan data nilai aktiva bersih dan return JII dan reksa dana indeks syariah yang terdaftar pada Otoritas Jasa Keuangan sampai Desember 2019. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa tracking error tidak memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja reksa dana indeks syariah dan tingkat risiko berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja reksa dana indeks syariah. Kata kunci: Kinerja reksa dana indeks syariah, Tracking error, Risiko, Analisis regresi linier berganda. ABSTRACT This study aims to analyze the impact of tracking error and risk on Islamic index mutual fund performance in Indonesia. 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There is a potential to increase the zero-emission polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) efficiency through high power density operation. However, water management issues become significant under these conditions, necessitating improved water management strategies [1]. As a precursor, understanding of liquid water distribution is instrumental to developing optimal water management strategies. Various techniques including neutron imaging, electron microscopy, and X-ray imaging have been used to study liquid water transport in fuel cells. Of these, the X-ray computed tomography (XCT) method has provided unprecedented insights gained through in-operando visualization, yielding 3-dimensional (3D) information [2, 3]. The 3D grayscale data set is obtained by first acquiring multiple projections of the sample at different angles which are then reconstructed to yield a 3D representation. The 3D representation may then be processed to segment features such as liquid water and other features of interest [3, 4]. However, the acquisition of such 3D datasets typically takes several hours on a lab-scale XCT instrument [5]. This may sometimes result in a dataset that is difficult to interpret if the imaged sample evolves significantly during the acquisition time. Furthermore, phenomena of interest, such as liquid water distribution may sometimes be challenging to capture with 3D datasets. In this work, we therefore explore the use of transmission radiograph imaging to further understand the distribution of liquid water in an operating fuel cell. The method developed involves the analysis of in-operando transmission images within the framework of the X-ray attenuation laws to provide qualitative, as well as quantitative saturation and liquid water distribution information. Sequential images of a miniaturized operating fuel cell were acquired at 0- and 90-degree angles to the fuel cell plane within a laboratory XCT equipment, while cell operational conditions were controlled by an external fuel cell test station. This approach trades off 3D information for short time scans afforded by 2D acquisition procedure, enabling the identification of liquid water droplet breakthrough dynamics at the cathode gas diffusion layer, as shown in Figure 1. The observed liquid water breakthrough yields new findings on the nature of liquid water distribution in the flow channels, often elusive to 3D approaches. Methods and analysis developed may therefore be used to augment information derived from 3D visualization methods. Acknowledgments Funding for this research was provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Ballard Power Systems, Canada Foundation for Innovation, British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund, Canada Research Chairs. References Jiao K and Li X 2011 Progress in energy and combustion Science 37 221–291. Nagai Y, Eller J, Hatanaka T, Yamaguchi S, Kato S, Kato A, Marone F, Xu H and B¨uchi F N 2019 Journal of Power Sources 435 226809. Eller J, Roth J, Marone F, Stampanoni M and B¨uchi F N 2016 Journal of The Electrochemical Society 164 F115. White R T, Eberhardt S H, Singh Y, Haddow T, Dutta M, Orfino F P and Kjeang E 2019 Scientific reports 9 1–12. Withers P J, Bouman C, Carmignato S, Cnudde V, Grimaldi D, Hagen C K, Maire E, Manley M, Du Plessis A and Stock S R 2021 Nature Reviews Methods Primers 1 1–21. Figure 1

AbstrakAsfiksia neonatorum masih menempati urutan kedua sebagai penyebab kematian bayi baru lahir pada minggu pertamakehidupan setelah BBLR di Indonesia. Kegagalan bernapas secara spontan dan teratur menjadi penyebab utama kematian.Mengidentifikasi faktor risiko merupakan upaya memperkecil angka kejadian dan tingkat kefatalan bayi dengan asfiksia,diantaranya karena kala II memanjang, air ketuban bercampur mekoneum dan usia ibu. Tujuan penelitian ini untukmengetahui hubungan kala II memanjang, air ketuban bercampur mekoneum dan usia ibu secara bersama maupun sebagianterhadap kejadian asfiksia neonatorum. Penelitian ini menggunakan survei analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional.Populasi dalam penelitian adalah semua bayi baru lahir di Rumah Sakit Muhammadiyah Palembang yang tercatat diinstalasi rekam medik, menggunakan teknik total sampling sebanyak 156 kelahiran pada periode 1 September sampai 1Oktober 2016. Data di analisis secara univariat dan bivariat dengan uji chi-square. Hasil penelitian diperoleh hubunganbermakna antara Persalinan Kala II memanjang dengan Asfiksia Neonatorum (p=0,002) dan OR=42,600 yang berartipersalinan dengan Kala II memanjang berisiko 42,6 kali menyebabkan Asfiksia Neonatorum, begitu pula dengan airketuban bercampur mekoneum dimana p=0,000 dan OR=21,719 yang bermakna air ketuban bercampur mekoneumberisiko 21,719 kali menyebabkan Asfiksia, tetapi tidak untuk usia ibu (p value 0,603; OR = 0,858). Deteksi dini melaluiperawatan antenatal secara rutin dapat meminimalisir faktor risiko dan kejadian Asfiksia Neonatorum.Kata kunci: asfiksia neonatorum, air ketuban bercampur bercampur mekomenum, persalinan kala II memanjang, usiaibu Daftar PustakaJournalsAslam, H. M., Saleem, S., Afzal, R., Iqbal, U., Saleem,S. M., Shaikh, M. W. A., & Shahid, N. (2014).Risk factors of birth asphyxia. Italian journal ofpediatrics, 40(1), 1-9.Chiabi, A., Nguefack, S., Evelyne, M. A. H., Nodem, S.,Mbuagbaw, L., Mbonda, E., & Tchokoteu, P. F.(2013). Risk factors for birth asphyxia in anurban health facility in Cameroon. Iranianjournal of child neurology, 7(3), 46.Fajarwati, N., Andayani, P., & Rosida, L. (2016).Hubungan antara berat badan lahir dan kejadianasfiksia neonatorum. Berkala KedokteranUnlam, 12(1), 33-39.)Fischer, C., Rybakowski, C., Ferdynus, C., Sagot, P., &Gouyon, J. B. (2012). A population-based studyof meconium aspiration syndrome in neonatesborn between 37 and 43 weeks ofP- ISSN: 2527-5798, E-ISSN: 2580-7633Jurnal Keperawatan Suaka Insan (JKSI) Volume 7, Number 2, Juli-Desember 202296gestation. International journal ofpediatrics, 2012.Fitria, E., & Utami, F. S. (2016). AMNITIONFACTORS RELATED TO EVENTS OFASPHYSIA IN BABIES IN PANEMBAHANSENOPATI HOSPITAL, BANTUL IN 2015.Indah, S. N., & Apriliana, E. (2016). Hubungan antarapreeklamsia dalam kehamilan dengan kejadianasfiksia pada bayi baru lahir. JurnalMajority, 5(5), 55-60.Katiandagho, N., & Kusmiyati, K. (2015). FactorsAssociated with the Incidence of AsphyxiaNeonatorum. JIDAN (Journal of ScientificMidwives), 3(2), 28-38.Louis, D., Sundaram, V., Mukhopadhyay, K., Dutta, S.,& Kumar, P. (2014). Predictors of mortality inneonates with meconium aspirationsyndrome. Indian pediatrics, 51(8), 637-640.Lubis, N. L. (2016). Psikologi Kespro. Wanita danPerkembangan Reproduksinya: Ditinjau dariAspek Fisik dan Psikologinya. Kencana.Majeed, R., Memon, Y., Majeed, F., Shaikh, N. P., &Rajar, U. D. (2007). Risk factors of birthasphyxia. Journal of Ayub Medical CollegeAbbottabad, 19(3), 67-71.Onyearugha, C. N., & Ugboma, H. A. (2012). Fetaloutcome of antepartum and intrapartumeclampsia in Aba, southeastern Nigeria.Tropical doctor, 42(3), 129-132.Pitsawong, C., & Panichkul, P. (2011). Risk factorsassociated with birth asphyxia inPhramongkutklao Hospital. Thai Journal ofObstetrics and Gynaecology, 165-171.Qoniah, B. (2016). HUBUNGAN PERSALINANKALA II LAMA DENGAN KEJADIANASFIKSIA PADA BBLR DI RUANGBERSALIN RSUD NGUDI WALUYOKABUPATEN BLITAR TAHUN 2016. JavaHealth Jounal, 3(1), 80-80.Rahmah, A. S., & Armah, M. (2014). Analisis faktorrisiko kejadian asfiksia pada bayi baru lahir diRSUD Syekh Yusuf Gowa dan RSUP DrWahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar tahun2013. Jurnal Kesehatan, 7(1).Saptini, Y. D., & Nikmatul, A. (2015). HUBUNGANANTARA LAMA PERSALINAN KALA II DANJENIS PERSALINAN DENGAN KEJADIANASFIKSIA PADA BAYI BARU LAHIR. JavaHealth Jounal, 2(1), 70-79.Septiana, E.A. 2015. Hubungan Antara Partus LamaDan Kondisi Air Ketuban Dengan KejadianAsfiksia Pada Bayi Baru Lahir di RSUD KotaSalatiga. Jurnal Kebidanan Adila BandarLampung. Volume 7 Edisi 2 Tahun 2015.http://akbidadilabandarlampung.ac.id.Shaikh, M., Waheed, K. A. I., Javaid, S., Gul, R.,Hashmi, M. A., & Fatima, S. T. (2016).Detrimental complications of meconium aspirationsyndrome and their impact on outcome. Journal ofAyub Medical College Abbottabad, 28(3), 506-509.Soviyati, E. (2016). Faktor-Faktor Yang BerhubunganDengan Lama Persalinan di RSUD'45 KuninganJawa Barat Tahun 2015. Jurnal Bidan, 234056.Sunarsih, S., Mardihusodo, S. J., & Hermawan, D.(2014). ANALISIS FAKTOR YANGMEMPENGARUHI KEMATIANNEONATAL (Studi Kasus Di Rumah Sakit Dr.H. Abdul Moeloek ProvinsiLampung). JURNAL DUNIA KESMAS, 3(3).Widiani, A., Kurniati, Y., & Windiani, T. (2016).Maternal and infant risk factors for the incidenceof asphyxia neonatorum in Bali: a case-controlstudy. Public Health and Preventive MedicineArchive, 4(2), 12-126.BooksKemenkes, R. I. (2015). Profil kesehatan indonesia.Octa Dwienda, R., Liva Maita, S. S. T., Saputri, E. M.,& Yulviana, R. (2015). Buku Ajar AsuhanKebidanan Neonatus, Bayi/Balita dan AnakPrasekolah untuk Para Bidan. Deepublish.WebsitesProfil Kesehatan Provinsi Sumatera Selatan, 2016.https://drive.google.com/file/d/1IgtgPeNrfKV6Z7DO65sLLYW4Nmck28n8/viewProfil Kesehatan, Dinas Kesehatan Kota Palembang,2015.https://dinkes.palembang.go.id/tampung/dokumen/dokumen-122-166.pdfP- ISSN: 2527-5798, E-ISSN: 2580-7633Jurnal Keperawatan Suaka Insan (JKSI) Volume 7, Number 2, Juli-Desember 202297Unicef. 2015. Child Mortality Estimates “Under-FiveMortality Rate, Infant Mortality Rate, NeonatalMortality Rate and Number of Deaths.” UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation(IGME) http://www.childmortality.org.WHO. 2015. Infant Mortality.http://www.who.int/gho/child_health/mortality/neonatal_infant_text/en/. Published 2015.

Abstract Introduction: Here, we demonstrate Protein Identification by Short-epitope Mapping (PrISM), which aims to provide comprehensive proteome analysis with broad dynamic range at single-molecule resolution by interrogating immobilized, intact proteins in parallel using multi-affinity probes. Improving the dynamic range and scale for protein analyses will enable a deeper understanding of low abundant protein in all stages of cancer progression. In addition, enabling the interrogation of single-molecules will provide a deeper understanding of protein diversity, such as the proteoforms resulting from non-canonical post-translational modifications inherent to cancer1. The combination of single-molecule sensitivity with comprehensive proteome coverage could also open the door for highly sensitive and specific diagnostics. Methods: PrISM uses non-traditional affinity reagents with high affinity and low specificity that bind to short epitopes in multiple proteins. Sample proteins were conjugated to DNA nanoparticles and deposited on a high-density patterned flow cell at optically resolvable locations. Multi-affinity probes were applied to sample proteins over multiple cycles to generate binding patterns for each single-molecule protein, which are translated to protein identifications and quantities using a custom machine learning approach. We acquired PrISM data on native biological and control samples using dozens of multi-affinity probes targeting trimer or tetramer sequences. Results: We report single-molecule deposition of over 1 billion DNA nanoparticle complexes on a flow cell. We demonstrate how the PrISM methodology identifies individual protein molecules through iterative probing with our multi-affinity probes. Further, we provide an analytical assessment of the sensitivity and specificity of PrISM and demonstrate the ability to accurately estimate the false identification rate of these proteins using a target-decoy based statistical approach. Conclusions: Combining single-molecule analysis, intact (non-digested) proteins, and iterative probing, PrISM provides a new tool for quantitative proteomics. We demonstrate linear and reproducible quantification of proteins using PrISM, potentially enabling detection of low abundant proteins and proteoforms associated with cancer. The ability to make comprehensive measurements of intact proteins at single-molecule resolution could accelerate basic cancer research through to the clinic. References: 1. Alfaro et al., Nature Methods, 2021. Citation Format: Torri Rinker, Jarrett D. Egertson, Steven Tan, Aisha Ellahi, Jamie Sherman, Maria Villancio-Wolter, Brittany Nortman, Julia Robinson, Ahana Dutta, Katherine Winters, Noah Steiner, Elvis Ikwa, Hunter B. Boyce, James H. Joly, Filip Bartnicki, Pierre F. Indermühle, Christina Inman, Shubhodeep Paul, Jacinto Villanueva, Jennifer McGinnis, Aimee A. Sanford, Sophia Watts, Jessica Nicastro, Sonal S. Tonapi, Jacob Devine, Cara Li, Kaitlyn Burke, Jonathan Leano, Nikola Kondov, Mirella Huber, Bilal Ali, Carlos Flores, Sheri K. Wilcox, Parag Mallick. Detection and quantification of proteins using protein identification by short-epitope mapping (PrISM). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 5305.

Se estudió el impacto psicológico frene al COVID – 19 en los internos de enfermería de prácticas pre – profesionales en relación a las variables sociodemográficas y los niveles de ansiedad, depresión y miedo. Para el análisis se consideró a 150 internos prácticos de la carrera de enfermería, para la evaluación de este estudio se utilizaron las escalas de STAI, IDER, FCV19S y K10. Los resultados exponen que existe mayor nivel de ansiedad en los internos que declararon no tener equipos de bioseguridad necesarios. Los internos que rotan en el área hospitalaria presentan mayores niveles de ansiedad, miedo y malestar psicológico compara con los internos del área comunitaria. Sin embargo, los niveles de depresión fueron ligeramente mayores en los internos de área comunitaria. No hubo diferencia significativa de los estados emocionales entre mujeres y varones. Palabras Clave: Ansiedad, depresión, miedo al COVID-19, impacto psicológico. Referencias [1]M. Del Campo, «Covid-19 y su impacto en la salud y el trabajo,» Revista de la Asociación Española de Especialistas en Medicina del Trabajo, vol. 29, nº 3, p. 183, 2020. [2]H. Scholten, VE. Quezada-Scholz, G.Salas, NA. Barria Aseenio, R. Molina, JE. García, M. Juliá, A. Marinero, A. Zambrano, E. Gómez, A. Cheroni, T. Caycho-Rodriguez, T. Reyes, N. Pinochet, P. Binde, J. Uribe, C. Rojas, J. Bernal, F. Somarriva, “Abordaje psicológico del COVID-19: Una revisión narrativa de la experiencia latinoamericana,” Rev Interam Psicol J Psychol, vol. 54, pp.287, May. 2020. [3]A. Tusev, L. Tonon, y M. Capella, “Efectos Iniciales en la Salud Mental por la Pandemia de Covid-19 en algunas Provincias de Ecuador”, IRR, vol. 15, pp. 11-24, oct. 2020. [4]Ministerio de Salud Pública (2020, marzo 13) Informe de situación N° 001.[En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Informe-de-Situaci%C3%B3n-No001-Casos-Coronavirus-Ecuador-12032020.pdf [5]F. De Caneva, M. 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Aportes desde la evidencia inicial,” Rev. Ter Psicológica, vol. 38, pp. 103-18, abril, 2020. [21]R. Sierra. Técnicas de investigación social. 9na Edición. Madrid. Ed.Paraninfo S.A. 1988. [22]C. Spielberger, R. Gorsuch, R. Lushene. “Cuestionario de Ansiedad Estado-Rasgo”. TEA: Ediciones, 2015. [En línea] Disponible en: http://www.web.teaediciones.com/Ejemplos/STAI-Manual-Extracto.pdf [23]D. Gudelo, Y. Gómez, P. López, “Propiedades Psicométricas del Inventario de Depresión Estado Rasgo (IDER) con una muestra de población general colombiana,” Rev. Av En Psicol Latinoam, vol. 32, no 1, pp. 71-84, 2014. [24]D. Tzur, A. Grossman-Giron, Y. Bloch, Y. Mayer, N. Shiffman, S. Mendlovic, “Fear of COVID-19 scale: Psychometric characteristics, reliability and validity in the Israeli population,”Rev.Psychiatry, vol. 289, pp. 113100, julio, 2020. [25]B. Vargas, V. Villamil, C. Rodríguez, J. Pérez, S. Cortés, “Validación de la escala Kessler 10 (K-10) en la detección de depresión y ansiedad en el primer nivel de atención. Propiedades psicométricas,” Rev. Salud Ment, vol. 34, pp. 323-331, julio-agosto 2011.

BackgroundRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disorder, associated with significant systemic and local bone loss. Factors determining bone mineral (BM) loss in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are important. This study aimed to determine the occurrence and predictors of low bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with RA.ObjectivesTo estimate Bone Mineral Density in patients with Rheumatoid arthritis. To determine the frequency and risk factors for osteopenia/osteoporosis in patients with Rheumatoid arthritis.MethodsWe studied 102 RA patients diagnosed using ACR/EULAR 2010 at our Rheumatology clinic in Jodhpur, India from January 2021 to August 2021 after written informed consent and Ethical Committee approval. We collected the clinical, demographic, treatment history and calculated disease severity with Disease Activity Score (DAS28 CRP) and Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI). BMD was assessed (Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanner-Hologic Corp, model no-Horizon A S/N 303237M). Serum samples for Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) were collected and stored at -800C and analysed by ELISA.ResultsIn the study population, with mean age of 46.7±12.3 years, median disease duration of 48±36 months, mean DAS28 CRP score of 4.5±1.2, mean CDAI value of 18.6±8.58 prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis calculated using T score were found to be 43.1% and 15.7% at left hip, 42.2% and 16.7% at lumbar spine, 18.6% and 17.6% at left forearm respectively(Table 1, Figure 1). There was significant variation in BMD across various age categories at lumbar spine (P value-0.031) and left forearm (P value < 0.0001). There was statistically significant reduction in BMD with higher disease activity at hip (p value-0.019), however significance was not observed at lumbar spine and forearm. There was no significant association between BMD and CDAI. There was statistically significant difference in the lumbar spine BMD across the DAS 28 CRP <3.2 and DAS 28 CRP >3.2 subgroup. Lower values of BMD were observed in female patients, RF positive patients and established RA patients but these were not statistically significant. There was no association between Serum vitamin D3 levels, cumulative steroid dose, Interleukin-1 levels, Interleukin-6 levels, IL-17 levels, TNF α levels, Serum Osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels, Serum Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) levels and BMD.ConclusionPrevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis and magnitude of bone mineral loss is significantly higher in our population compared to previous Indian studies including Sharma et al [1]. This lower BMD may be partially attributed to lower remission rates and low BMI in our study population. Hip joint appears to be particularly vulnerable to bone loss in those with higher disease activity suggesting that local effects maybe more important in bone loss. This observation is also supported by the finding that serum inflammatory markers or bone loss markers did not have a significant relationship to bone mineral density in our population.References[1] Sharma M, Dhakad U, Wakhlu A, Bhadu D, Dutta D, Das SK. Lean Mass and Disease Activity are the Best Predictors of Bone Mineral Loss in the Premenopausal Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Apr;22(2):236–43.[2] Kumar AA, Gupta K, S K, Kumar SA. Clinical Profile of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Reporting to a Tertiary Care Center – Data From Southwestern Part of India. Int J Contemp Med Res IJCMR [Internet]. 2019 Jun [cited 2022 Dec 18];6(6).Table 1.Prevalence of osteopenia/osteoporosis at different sites in RA patientsBMD category (Based on T score)Left Hip (N=100)Lumbar spine (N=99)Left forearm (N=98)Normal40 (40%)39 (39.4%)61 (62.2%)Osteopenia44 (44%)43 (43.4%)19 (19.4%)Osteoporosis16 (16%)17 (17.2%)18 (18.4%)Figure 1.Prevalence of osteopenia/osteoporosis at different sites in RA patientsAcknowledgementsNone.Disclosure of InterestsNone Declared.

Operating polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) at increasingly higher current density and efficiency necessitates overall improvements in fuel cell water management [1]. A crucial role facilitating these improvements is played by the gas diffusion layer (GDL) within the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) [2]. The GDL is responsible for distributing the reactant gases from the flow field towards the catalyst layer as well as removing reaction products from the catalyst layer to the flow fields. For example, at the cathode, the electrochemical reaction of oxygen ions with protons and excess electrons yields water and heat, which must be removed through the GDL to the flow field. The removal of water through the GDL can lead to blocked pores in the GDL [2], thereby restricting the reactants’ gas flow towards the catalyst layer causing mass transport losses. GDL design is crucial towards improving the performance of PEFCs, especially at high current densities, such that it minimizes these transport losses. Additionally, removal of the excess heat generated at the cathode catalyst layer through the GDL indicates that the GDL thermal conductivity (k) plays a crucial role affecting the temperature distribution within the MEA [3]. In this work, two GDLs varying in thermal conductivity were selected and assembled in MEAs which were then imaged in-operando using X-ray tomographic microscopy [4]. In-Operando imaging allowed the evaluation of the liquid water distribution at steady state over a range of operational conditions such as temperature and current density. Water distribution results for a range of current densities will be presented for selected cell temperatures between 40 and 70 °C. For GDL I with the lower thermal conductivity, the channels are completely dry at 40 °C. For GDL II with the higher thermal conductivity, a wet-dry transition was observed in between 50 and 70°C. High saturations were observed in both the channel and the land regions at 50 °C, while at 70 °C the channels appear to be dry with liquid water only being present under the lands (see Figure 1). These results provide experimental evidence of a major influence of GDL thermal conductivity on liquid water distribution and overall water management in fuel cells. Keywords – operando, X-ray tomographic microscopy, GDL, water visualization Acknowledgement Funding for this research was provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Ballard Power Systems, Canada Foundation for Innovation, British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund, and Canada Research Chairs. References [1] Y. Nagai, J. Eller, T. Hatanaka, S. Yamaguchi, S. Kato, A. Kato, F. Marone, H. Xu and F. N. Buechi, "Improving water management in fuel cells through microporous layer modifications: Fast operando tomographic imaging of liquid water," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 435, 2019. [2] H. Xu, M. Buehrer, F. Marone, T. J. Schmidt, F. N. Buechi and J. Eller, "Effects of Gas Diffusion Layer Substrates on PEFC Water Management: Part I Operando Liquid Water Saturation and Gas Diffusion Properties," Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 168, 2021. [3] D.A. Chaulk and D. R. Baker, "Heat and Water Transport in Hydrophobic Diffusion Media of PEM Fuel Cells," Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 157, 2010. [4] F. A. Aroge, B. S. Parimalam, J. A. MacDonald, F. P. Orfino, M. Dutta and E. Kjeang, "Analysing operando 2D X-ray transmission images for liquid water distribution in polymer electrolyte fuel cells," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 564, 2023. Figure 1

BackgroundV-domain Ig suppressor of T cell Activation (VISTA) is a negative checkpoint regulator of T cell response.1 VISTA is expressed within the tumor microenvironment, where its blockade can enhance antitumor immune responses.2 Furthermore, an increase in VISTA expression has been reported after treatment by anti-PD1/L1 and anti-CTLA4.3,4 This confirms that VISTA may play a key role as a mechanism of resistance to the currently used immunotherapies. VISTA/PSGL1 pH-selective biochemical interaction has been recently demonstrated.5 VISTA and PSGL1 expression pattern, their correlation and their relationship to myeloid infiltrates have been evaluated in samples from patients with solid tumors. K01401-020 (W0180) is a novel anti-VISTA antibody that has the potential to activate T cells when given as a monotherapy6, and thus to generate added activity when combined with anti-PD1/L1 antibodies in cancer patients.MethodsThis phase I/Ib for W0180 consists of 2 parts: an initial dose escalation phase I followed by an expansion cohorts phase Ib. In the dose escalation phase, 2 cohorts of patients will be assessed in parallel: the first cohort will be given W0180 as a single agent and the second cohort will receive W0180 in combination with pembrolizumab. The first dose and the schedule of administration of W0180 in combination with pembrolizumab will be determined using safety and pharmacokinetic data generated in monotherapy. The phase I will allow to determine the Maximum Tolerated Dose and Schedule (MTDS), to characterize Dose-Limiting Toxicities (DLTs) and explore pharmacodynamic activity of W0180 in monotherapy and combination with pembrolizumab. The dose-toxicity relationships will support the dose escalation process and will be used to assess the MTDS and recommended doses for expansion. Following completion of the dose escalation phase, the expansion phase will enroll cohorts of patients with homogeneous tumors to validate the dose/schedule, assess preliminary activity and to explore the potential relationship with VISTA and PSGL1 expression.ResultsN/AConclusionsN/ATrial RegistrationN/AEthics ApprovalThe study was approved by National French Ethic committee (CPP Ile de France V) and National Spanish Ethic committee (Comité Ético de Investigación Clínica de Navarra) and was registered in the European database (EudraCT: 2019-002299-15).ConsentN/AReferencesWang L, Rubinstein R, Lines JL, Wasiuk A, Ahonen C, Guo Y, Lu LF, Gondek D, Wang Y, Fava RA, Fiser A, Almo S, Noelle RJ, VISTA, a novel mouse Ig superfamily ligand that negatively regulates T cell responses. J Exp Med 2011;208:577–92.Lines JL, Pantazi E, Mak J, Sempere LF, Wang L, O’Connell S, Ceeraz S, Suriawinata AA, Yan S, Ernstoff MS, Noelle R, VISTA is an immune checkpoint molecule for human T cells. Cancer Res 2014;74:1924–32.Gao J, Ward JF, Pettaway CA, Shi LZ, Subudhi SK, Vence LM, Zhao H, Chen J, Chen H, Efstathiou E, Troncoso P, Allison JP, Logothetis CJ, Wistuba II, Sepulveda MA, Sun J, Wargo J, Blando J, Sharma P, VISTA is an inhibitory immune checkpoint that is increased after ipilimumab therapy in patients with prostate cancer. Nat Med 2017;23:551–555.Kakavand H, Jackett LA, Menzies AM, Gide TN, Carlino MS, Saw RPM, Thompson JF, Wilmott JS, Long GV, Scolyer RA, Negative immune checkpoint regulation by VISTA: a mechanism of acquired resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy in metastatic melanoma patients. Mod Pathol 2017;30:1666–1676.Johnston RJ, Su LJ, Pinckney J, Critton D, Boyer E, Krishnakumar A, Corbett M, Rankin AL, Dibella R, Campbell L, Martin GH, Lemar H, Cayton T, Huang RY, Deng X, Nayeem A, Chen H, Ergel B, Rizzo JM, Yamniuk AP, Dutta S, Ngo J, Shorts AO, Ramakrishnan R, Kozhich A, Holloway J, Fang H, Wang YK, Yang Z, Thiam K, Rakestraw G, Rajpal A, Sheppard P, Quigley M, Bahjat KS, Korman AJ, VISTA is an acidic pH-selective ligand for PSGL-1. Nature 2019;574:565–570Libon C, Vandenberghe I, Marlin R, Gros W, Leonec M, Gomez-Pacheco M, Gallouet M, Fraboul F, Mahfoudi A, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Ferré P, K0401-020 anti-VISTA antibody monotherapy increases specific CD8 T cell response in non-human primates. AACR Annual meeting 2020.

ABSTRACT This study aims to explain and analyze the effect of product market competition, financial leverage, and risk of financing on the stability of Islamic banks in Indonesia in 2018-2022. The sampling technique used is Islamic banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Source of data obtained from the annual report of each bank. The analytical method used is panel regression analysis with Eviews 10 software with the Common Effect Model (CEM) model as the best model. The variables used consist of product market competition (PCM), financial leverage (DER proxy), and financing risk (NPF proxy) on banking stability (proximate Natural Logarithm Z-Score). The results of this study found that product market competition did not affect bank stability. Meanwhile, financial leverage and financing risk have a negative effect on the stability of Islamic banks in Indonesia. From the results of this study, it is hoped that competition for Islamic banks in Indonesia can always run normally as it is today. In addition, the financial leverage and financing risks of Islamic banks have a negative impact on banking stability. Therefore, this research can be used as an early warning and reference for Islamic banks to make funding decisions through debt capital and excessive financing. keywords: Banking stability, product market competition, financial leverage, financing risk ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan dan menganalisis pengaruh persaingan pasar produk, financial leverage, dan risk of financing terhadap stabilitas bank syariah di Indonesia pada 2018-2022. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan bank syariah yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Sumber data diperoleh dari laporan tahunan masing masing bank. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi panel dengan software Eviews 10 dengan model Common Effect Model (CEM) sebagai model terbaik .Variabel yang digunakan terdiri dari persaingan pasar produk (PCM), financial leverage (proksi DER) dan resiko pembiayaan (proksi NPF) terhadap stabilitas perbankan (doproksikan Natural Logarithm Z-Score. Hasil dari penelitian ini menemukan bahwa persaingan pasar produk tidak berpengaruh terhadap stabilitas bank. Sementara financial leverage dan resiko pembiayaan berpengaruh negative terhadap stabilitas bank syariah di Indonesia. Dari hasil penelitian ini, diharapkan persaingan bank syariah di Indonesia dapat selalu berjalan berjalan normal seperti saat ini. Selain itu, financial leverage dan resiko pembiayaan bank syariah berdampak buruk pada stabilitas perbankan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dapat dijadikan early warning dan acuan bagi bank syariah untuk mengambil keputusan pendanaan melalui modal hutang dan pembiayaan yang berlebihan. Kata Kunci: Stabilitas perbankan, product market competition, financial leverage, resiko pembiayaan REFERENCES Aiyubbi, D. El, Widarjono, A., & Amir, N. (2022). Dampak diversifikasi pembiayaan sektoral terhadap non-performing financing Bank Pembiayaan Rakyat Syariah. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan, 9(2), 140–155. doi:10.20473/vol9iss20222pp140-155 Ali, M., & Puah, C. H. (2018). Does Bank Size and Funding Risk Effect Banks’ Stability? A Lesson from Pakistan. Global Business Review, 19(5), 1166–1186. doi:10.1177/0972150918788745 Ardyanfitri, H., Pratikto, M. I. S., & Faizah, E. A. K. (2019). Analisis kesehatan bank dan potensi financial distress menggunakan metode rgec pada bank Btpn Syariah tahun 2014-2018. Jurnal MEBIS (Manajemen dan Bisnis), 4(2), 131–141. doi:10.33005/mebis.v4i2.63 BI, LPS, & OJK. 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Pemahaman radikal merupakan permasalahan utama yang perlu dicegah di Kabupaten Jember. Bahkan ketua GP Ansor mengatakan Jember sudah masuk zona merah radikalisme. Tentunya hal tersebut tidak bisa dibiarkan begitu saja. Perlu adanya upaya pencegahan pemahaman radikal yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah, tokoh masyarakat, serta akademisi. Pengabdian ini menggunakan metode Asset Based Community Development (ABCD). Pengabdian ini dilakukan dengan: a) Discovery, melalui observasi aset individu, sosial, dan agama, serta FGD; b) Dream, menyatukan mimpi Pimpinan Pondok, Kepala KUA, MWCNU, dan santri, c) Design, mengakomodir masukan pelatihan Software al-Mausuah al-Hadith al-Sharif, d) Define, mengkoordinasikan para tokoh, dan e) Destiny, melakukan pelatihan Software hadis. Pengembangan ngaji hadis diukur dengan teori Konstruktivisme, yaitu: a) menggunakan software hadis sebagai alat bantu, b) software hadis sebagai alat interaksi, c) membebaskan santri mengeksplorasi informasi, d) memfasilitasi santri untuk berdiskusi, e) menelurkan duta moderasi beragama. Pencegahan paham radikal dibuktikan dengan: a) Pimpinan Pondok dan santrinya menegaskan tidak perlu mengubah hukum di Indonesia, b) para santri lebih terampil dalam mengakses hadis, c) menegaskan prinsip kesetaraan, d) para santri berpikir sebelum membuat penilaian, e) menunjukkan sikap inklusivitas, f) Pimpinan pondok menitikberatkan pada penjelasan dan uswah, dan g) menegaskan kepercayaan pada Pancasila dan UUD 1945 sebagai dasar negara Indonesia.

AbstractThis paper describes a new species of Cymbella C. Agardh from low-elevation countryside streams of the Serra do Sudeste, São Lourenço do Sul city, in southern Brazil. Cymbella loescherae M. Garcia & D. B. Dutra sp. nov. has as distinctive features the elliptical shape of stigmata, elliptical internal areolae openings, and the presence of areolae of diverse shapes (X, I, Y, zig-zag) located mainly at the valve center on the dorsal and ventral sides. It resembles C. subhimalaspera Jüttner & Van de Vijver which presents about the same metric data set, but differs from it primarily in the number and form of stigmata, and the form of areola internal openings.

BackgroundNeuropilin-2 (NRP2) is a single transmembrane pleiotropic receptor that utilizes co-receptors for signal transduction and is known to impact tumor progression and metastasis.1 Deletion of NRP2 in murine tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) downregulated several immunosuppressive and tumor-promoting genes and upregulated immune-stimulatory genes in the myeloid compartment.2 However, little is known about the role of NRP2 in human TAMs. We previously reported significant expression of NRP2 on TAMs derived from triple negative breast cancer (TNBC),3 and demonstrated the ability of ATYR2810, a monoclonal anti-NRP2 antibody, to regulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) genes, such as the transcription factor ZEB1, and to enhance chemotherapeutic efficacy for aggressive breast cancer.4 Knowing TAMs play an important role in EMT transition and therapy resistance of cancer, and also rely on ZEB1 for their cancer promoting roles such as immune regulation,5 we sought to investigate the effects of ATYR2810 on TAMs.MethodsMDA-MB-231 TAMs were generated from monocytes in the presence or absence of ATYR2810. TAM phenotypes, gene expression and ability to secrete cytokines were assessed by flow cytometry, qRT-PCR and MSD respectively. TAM suppressive-ness was measured in co-culture experiments. T cell proliferation and activation markers were monitored by flow cytometry and cytokine production by MSD.ResultsNRP2 is highly expressed on TAMs, which suppress T cell proliferation, activation and cytokine release. When differentiated in the presence of ATYR2810, a significant decrease in their suppressive capabilities against T cells was observed. Briefly, T cells were more proliferative, active and altered cytokine production when co-cultured with TAMs exposed to ATYR2810 compared to TAMs differentiated in its absence. Interestingly, we observed a significant decrease in ZEB1 gene and protein expression in ATYR2810 treated TAMs compared to non-treated TAMs. ATYR2810 also decreased the suppressive ability of TAMs when present in co-culture experiments.ConclusionsWe show here for the first time that ATYR2810, known to bind NRP2 tumor cells, can also bind and exert effects on human TAMs. Given the intricate relationship between TAMs and tumors, we believe that this novel finding provides additional insight into the mechanism of action of ATYR2810 as a potential immune regulator. We show for the first time that NRP2 has the ability to regulate ZEB1 expression in TAMs; reducing their suppressive nature, pointing to a novel role of NRP2 in TAMs. These findings indicate ATYR2810s potential to be an effective anti-cancer agent through regulation of ZEB1 in both TAMs and tumors.ReferencesCaunt M, Mak J, Liang W-C, Stawicki S, Pan Q, Tong RK, Kowalski J, Ho C, Reslan HB, Ross J, Berry L, Kasman I, Zlot C, Cheng Z, Le Couter J, Filvaroff EH, Plowman G, Peale F, French D, Carano R, Koch AW, Wu Y, Watts RJ, Tessier-Lavigne M, Bagri A. Blocking Neuropilin-2 function inhibits tumor cell metastasis. 2008;13(4):331–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2008.01.029.Roy S, Bag AK, Dutta S, Polavaram NS, Islam R, Schellenburg S, Banwait J, Guda C, Ran S, Hollingsworth MA, Singh RK, Talmage JE, Muders MH, Batra SK, Datta K. Macrophage-derived neuropilin-2 exhibits novel tumor-promoting functions. Cancer Res 2018;78(19):5600–5617. doi: 10.1158/0008–5472.CAN-18-0562.Tyler S, Ferrer M, Polizzi C, Da Silva R, Eide L, Walwick K, Seikkula M, Burkart C, Paz S, Nangle L. Neuropilin-2 is expressed on immune cells present in the tumor microenvironment, and may contribute to the suppression of immune regulation leading to progression and metastasis of cancer. Keystone Symposia: Tumor Metabolism and the Microenvironment. 2021. https://www.atyrpharma.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Jan-2021-Keystone-Poster_ST_FINAL.pdf.Xu Z, Burkart C, Goel HL, Rahman J, Polizzi C, Seikkula M, Burman L, Mercurio AM, Nangle LA. A domain-specific antibody to NRP2 down-regulated epithelial-mesenchymanl transition genes and enhanced efficacy of stnadar-of-care therapeutics for aggressive breast cancer. American Society for Cancer Research, 2021. https://www.atyrpharma.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/2021Mar_AACR-poster_ZX_Final_v2.pdf.Cortés M, Sanchez-Moral L, de Barrios O, Fernández-Aceñero MJ, Martínez-Campanario MC, Esteve-Codina A, Darling DS, Gyórffy B, Lawrence T, Dean, DC, Postigo A. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) depend on ZEB1 for their cancer-promoting roles. EMBO 2017;36(22):3336–3355. doi: 10.15252/embj.201797345. Epub 2017 Oct 16.

This research is motivated by the author's interest in looking at non-governmental institutions that have made a major contribution in socializing waqf literacy, educating waqf other than the Indonesian Waqf Board (BWI). The institution in question is the Indonesian Waqf Education Foundation (YEWI), which was founded in 2014 in Yogjakarta. As an institution that also meets with the Indonesian Waqf Board, the Indonesian Waqf Education Foundation (YEWI) has programs that prevent the same thing, but focus more on increasing literacy and involvement in the waqf community. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods. Researchers interviewed 3 YEWI administrators and several alumni who participated in training held by YEWI. Data shows that 1) Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in the world, but the realization of waqf is still small. 2) Waqf has not functioned optimally as a solution to solving the problem of economic empowerment as expected by Islamic sharia, so that the effect of improving the economy has not been felt by the community. 3) The level of public literacy regarding waqf issues is still low, so that public enthusiasm or awareness of waqf is still low. The researcher concluded that the waqf education strategy carried out by YEWI in order to increase the waqf literacy index in Indonesia was by forming several work units, namely: a) Duta Waqf Institute, b) Waqf Consulting and Planning Bureau, c) Duta Wakaf Networks, and d) Social Indonesia Preneur Association (INSANI). Second, YEWI has prepared work programs, namely: a) Waqf Ambassador Professional Program, b) Waqf Literacy Program, c) Waqf Participation Program.

This research is motivated by the author's interest in looking at non-governmental institutions that have made a major contribution in socializing waqf literacy, educating waqf other than the Indonesian Waqf Board (BWI). The institution in question is the Indonesian Waqf Education Foundation (YEWI), which was founded in 2014 in Yogjakarta. As an institution that also meets with the Indonesian Waqf Board, the Indonesian Waqf Education Foundation (YEWI) has programs that prevent the same thing, but focus more on increasing literacy and involvement in the waqf community. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods. Researchers interviewed 3 YEWI administrators and several alumni who participated in training held by YEWI. Data shows that 1) Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in the world, but the realization of waqf is still small. 2) Waqf has not functioned optimally as a solution to solving the problem of economic empowerment as expected by Islamic sharia, so that the effect of improving the economy has not been felt by the community. 3) The level of public literacy regarding waqf issues is still low, so that public enthusiasm or awareness of waqf is still low. The researcher concluded that the waqf education strategy carried out by YEWI in order to increase the waqf literacy index in Indonesia was by forming several work units, namely: a) Duta Waqf Institute, b) Waqf Consulting and Planning Bureau, c) Duta Wakaf Networks, and d) Social Indonesia Preneur Association (INSANI). Second, YEWI has prepared work programs, namely: a) Waqf Ambassador Professional Program, b) Waqf Literacy Program, c) Waqf Participation Program.

Market is an institution that was important in economic institutions. In addition, the market also a place of social and economic activity, the market serves to confront the economic players. Market and function as an economic facilities the benchmark for the sake of s income in the region . Problems traditional markets complex, all these problems rises on the weakness in traditional market management. Problems at the traditional market will cause endurance markets be weak. After the earthquake 2009 in west sumatera, problems at traditional markets especially in the Padang city of the getting uncontrollable. This article will review the strategy of a formal organization namely the office of market to persistence in maintaining traditional markets. As for strategy is provided by office of market to persistence in maintaining traditional markets include: a) infrastructure improvements, b) allocate time trading, c) moving fruit traders to duta merlin street , d ) guidance market traders

Jaringan budaya kerajaan Soppeng pra-Islam telah dibahas oleh beberapa peneliti sehingga kita memiliki gambaran yang luas tentang periode tersebut. Pada periode Islam, pemahaman kita tentang jaringan budaya kerajaan Soppeng masih terbatas, terutama dalam perspektif arkeologi. Artikel ini akan fokus pada diskusi tentang jaringan budaya kerajaan Soppeng berdasarkan data kubur Jera Lompoe, dengan titik berat analisis pada nisan kubur. Data sekunder berupa hasil kajian sejarah akan mendukung analisis arkeologi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ada lima informasi tentang jaringan budaya kerajaan Soppeng abad ke-17 hingga abad ke-19, yaitu: (a) nisan Aceh tipe K, (b) nisan tipe hulu keris dan mahkota, (c) nisan tipe pedang, (d) makam duta kerajaan Sidenreng dan Pajung Luwu, dan (e) makam We Adang, istri salah seorang Raja Bone. Luasnya jaringan budaya kerajaan Soppeng pada abad ke-17 hingga ke-19 menjadi petunjuk tentang peran pentingnya dalam historiografi Sulawesi Selatan dan keikutsertaannya dalam trend penggunaan nisan kubur se-Nusantara.

Abstract The purpose of community service (PKlM) with the format of Millennial Peer Counselor (MPC) through reality counseling at Islamic Boarding School (Pondok Pesantren) Nurul Jannah, Kudus are as follow (1) provides insight into the importance of counseling services and the process of providing assistance to the needy; (2) equip the students of Islamic Boarding School (santri) with Reality counseling skills in finding alternative solutions for the ones who want to consult; (3) generate the peer counselor agents so that students can be referrals to friends. Soon after the program finished Santri has a special ambassador or cadre who will share and work together to solve their daily psychological problems. The results of community service include (a) Santri get insight about communication techniques and counseling that can be provided as peer counselors; (b) Institutions can map psychological problems in order to improve the quality of learning and social in Islamic Boarding School; (c) Through Millenial Peer Counselor, institutions are able to establish special bureaus or special units related to various psychological services aimed at students such as Islamic Counseling Centers, and (d) institutions have a broader opportunity to develop students with additional competencies to millennial peer counselor ambassadors such as Muslim motivator, young instructors, and self-development trainers for fellow students and the environment around the cottage. Abstrak Tujuan pengabdian kepada masyarakat (PKlM) dengan format pendampingan Milenial Peer Counselor (MPC) melalui konseling realitas di Pondok Pesantren Nurul Jannah, Kudus antara lain (1) memberikan wawasan tentang pentingnya layanan konseling dan proses pemberian bantuan kepada yang membutuhkan; (2) membekali santri dengan keterampilan konseling Realitas dalam menemukan alternatif solusi bagi konselinya; (3) mencetak agen-agen konselor sebaya agar para santri dapat menjadi rujukan teman curhat. Hal tersebut sesuai dengan hasil yang didapatkan setelah kegiatan pengabdian dilaksanakan yakni Santri memiliki duta atau kader khusus yang dapat menjadi rujukan mereka dalam menyelesaikan masalah sehari-hari (Daily Problem) terutama yang bersifat psikologis. Hasil pelaksanaan pengabdian kepada masyarakat antara lain (a) Santri memperoleh wawasan tentang teknik komunikasi dan konseling yang dapat menjadi bekal menjadi konselor sebaya; (b) Lembaga dapat melakukan pemetaan terhadap permasalahan psikologis santri demi meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran dan sosial di pesantren; (c) Melalui Millenial Peer Counselor lembaga mampu mendirikan biro khusus atau unit khusus berkaitan dengan berbagai layanan psikologis yang ditujukan untuk santri seperti Pusat Konseling Islam, dan (d) Lembaga mempunyai kesempatan yang lebih luas untuk mengembangkan santri dengan kompetensi tambahan kepada duta konselor sebaya milenial seperti kompetensi motivator muslim, instruktur muda, dan trainer pengembangan diri bagi sesama santri dan lingkungan sekitar pondok.

The objective was to assess the effect of a new, highly selective beta 3-adrenergic agonist, CL-316,243 (CL) (J. D. Bloom, M. D. Dutia, B. D. Johnson, A. Wissner, M. G. Burns, E. E. Largis, J. A. Dolan, and T. H. Claus., J. Med. Chem. 35: 3081, 1992), on energy balance and brown and white adipose tissues (BAT and WAT, respectively) in young rats eating a high-fat diet to induce obesity. Chronic treatment with CL increased body temperature and 24-h energy expenditure, mainly by increasing resting metabolic rate. Food intake was not altered but carcass fat was reduced. Interscapular BAT was markedly hypertrophied, with three- to fourfold increases in the content of uncoupling protein (UCP) and cytochrome oxidase. Quantitative immunoelectron microscopy of interscapular BAT of CL-treated rats showed smaller mitochondria with an unchanged total amount of UCP per mitochondrion. The relative frequency of the four major cell types in BAT (mature brown adipocytes, preadipocytes, interstitial cells, endothelial cells) was not altered. The CL-induced hypertrophy differed from that induced by chronic stimulation by endogenous norepinephrine (as in cold-adaptation) in absence of hyperplasia (there was a slightly reduced DNA content), absence of an increase in the thyroxine (T4) 5'-deiodinase activity, and absence of a selective increase in UCP concentration. WAT depots weighed less and had fewer cells (lower DNA content) in the CL-treated rats. Some multilocular adipocytes appeared in these normally almost exclusively unilocular WAT depots (mesenteric, inguinal, epididymal, retroperitoneal). We conclude that CL not only promotes BAT mitochondrial proliferation and thermogenesis and overall energy expenditure and leanness, but also retards the development of WAT hyperplasia during the early stage of diet-induced obesity.

In the modern era, neurosyphilis in immunocompetent individuals is very rare compared to pre-antibiotic era. However, the incidence is still a few folds higher in immunodeficient individuals, especially in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The cases we found, involved mostly the brain with eye involvement was found in only five other instances. Ocular syphilis is a type of neurosyphilis that can threaten vision leading to blindness if not treated promptly. Its diagnosis can be challenging but it should be considered if the neuro-ophthalmological findings cannot be explained by any other commonly encountered disease and diagnosis by serology should be considered as it is a potentially treatable condition (1). We present a 27 years old male with HIV, not on any therapy who came to the hospital with complete loss of vision in the right eye for 4 months and partial loss of vision in the left eye for 5 weeks. He also had 6-month history of maculopapular rash over his trunk that extended to involve the entire body including the palms prior to presentation. He denied any redness, watering, or itchiness of the eyes, or focal neurological deficits. He also denied a history of diabetes, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), or recent trauma to the eyes. On physical exam, he was cachectic. His visual acuity was less than 20/200 in right eye and 20/100 in left eye. There was desquamative rash in his palms, but not in the trunk or genitals, and had no lymphadenopathy. Figure 1: Desquamative rash on the palms Normal lab included complete blood count, hepatic, renal, thyroid function tests, fasting blood glucose, electrolytes, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed lymphocytic pleocytosis, low glucose and high protein level. A diagnosis of neurosyphilis was confirmed with reactive serum rapid plasma Reagin (RPR) test and positive CSF venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test. His CD4 count was 418/mcL and viral load was 289,000/mcL. He tested negative for other STIs including genital herpes, Tuberculosis (TB), Hepatitis and gonorrhea. Intravenous penicillin G was administered for 10 days. HIV treatment was held to avoid immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). He was discharged with better vision to follow-up with ophthalmology and primary care in order to initiate anti-retroviral therapy. He was advised to observe safe sex practices. Outpatient ophthalmology workup with B-scan, fundoscopy, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the macula showed panuveitis, vitritis and disc hyperemia without signs of raised intraocular pressure. In 3 months, he completely regained vision in his left eye and had partial recovery of vision in the right eye. Discussion: Painless vision loss without accompanying symptoms or trauma in a young individual without any obvious cause like diabetes presents a wide differential diagnosis that can be categorized into compressive, mitochondrial, vascular, infectious versus noninfectious optic neuritis, and infiltrative etiologies. Accordingly pituitary lesions, meningioma, slowly-growing aneurysm, leukemia, and lymphoma were considered but were less likely due to absence of raised intraocular pressure. Noninfectious causes including sarcoidosis and infectious causes like TB were considered, but were not likely given absence of constitutional symptoms. Bilateral anterior ischemic optic neuropathy was also considered, but our patient lacked the typical acute onset of vision loss commonly consistent with this disease. Our patients’ HIV history pointed towards an infectious etiology. A reactive serum RPR and CSF VDRL confirmed neurosyphilis while disc hyperemia on ophthalmoscopy and the positive response to IV antibiotic eventually validated the diagnosis. Ocular syphilis commonly causes posterior uveitis and panuveitis though may occasionally cause anterior uveitis, optic neuropathy, retinal vasculitis and interstitial keratitis. It may lead to decreased visual acuity and could eventually cause permanent blindness. It can occur at any stage of syphilis, including primary and secondary syphilis (2). Diagnosis requires a high suspicion as a negative CSF VDRL does not rule out neurosyphilis and only 35% cases of ocular syphilis have neurosyphilis. The recommended adult regimen is IV aqueous crystalline penicillin G 18-24 million units per day (either as continuous infusion or 3-4 million units every 4 hours) for 10-14 days. Alternative regimen for adults is procaine penicillin 2.4 million units IM per day and oral probenecid 500mg four times per day, also for 10-14 days (3). Co-administration of corticosteroids or immunosuppressants along with antibiotics is controversial. Oral steroids, along with supplements, are often required to control ocular inflammation. The use of intravitreal dexamethasone implant for refractory macular edema in syphilitic uveitis has also been reported (4). However, steroids should not be started before starting antibiotics as it could worsen disease to a life and/or sight-threatening degree (5). Patients treated for syphilis should have the VDRL test repeated every three months for a period of 1-year post-treatment as titers should become nonreactive within a year after therapy. Patients should be retreated, if an initially high-titer VDRL test does not decrease fourfold within a year, or if a previously non-reactive VDRL test becomes reactive again (6). Factors associated with poor visual prognosis include the time between onset of uveitis and treatment (>12 weeks), longer duration of ocular symptoms (>28 days) as seen with our patient, presence of macular edema or long-standing optic neuropathy, coinfection with HIV, and poor initial visual acuity. Factors associated with higher success rates included the presence of vasculitis (as detected by fundus fluorescence angiography), anterior uveitis, or neurosyphilis. Common long-term complications of syphilitic uveitis include glaucoma, cataract, epiretinal membrane and macular edema. Choroidal neovascularization and widespread chorioretinal scarring can occur in some patients. The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction following initiation of antibiotic therapy, may result in fever, malaise and headache, as well as a worsening of ocular manifestations and may be prevented by administration of systemic corticosteroids concurrent with antibiotic treatment (7). Conclusion: Ocular syphilis, although a rare entity, if overlooked in the early stages, can lead to irreversible damage to eyes. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent permanent blindness. References: 1. Taylor MM, Aynalem G, Olea LM, He P, Smith LV, Kerndt PR. A consequence of the syphilis epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM): neurosyphilis in Los Angeles, 2001-2004. Sex Transm Dis. 2008;35(5):430. 2. Jon D. W., Dean E., J. Michael J., Emmett T. C. How to Recognize Ocular Syphilis. Review of Ophthalmology. November 2008. 3. Zachary W., Shruthi H.B., Andrew G.L., Nagham A.Z., Nita B. Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Syphilis. American academy of ophthalmology. September 21, 2019 4. Dutta Majumder P, Mayilvakanam L, Palker AH, Sridharan S, Biswas J. Intravitreal sustained-release dexamethasone implant for the treatment of persistent cystoid macular edema in ocular syphilis. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2019 Sep;67(9):1487-1490. 5. Agarwal M, Ranjan R, Paul L, Sharma D. Syphilitic uveitis misdiagnosed as viral retinitis-a misleading history. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2018 Dec 04;8(1):22. 6. Jordana G.F., Musa A. Recognizing Ocular Syphilis. Medical Retina, May/June 2018. 7. Vikram V. K., Koushik T. Syphilis Ocular Manifestations. StatPearls; 2021 Jan.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a prevalent health concern within the general population of Pakistan, where the average lifespan is notably lower than the global average, with men typically living to 67 years and women to 69 years. According to the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study, Pakistan had an estimated age-standardized incidence rate of CVD at 918.18 per 100,000 (compared to the global rate of 684.33 per 100,000), along with an age-standardized death rate of 357.88 per 100,000 (globally, this rate is 239.85 per 100,000).1 Coronary heart disease (CHD), as revealed by the Framingham Heart Study focusing on individuals aged 40 to 94 without prior heart disease, displayed a lifetime risk of 49% for men and 32% for women when reaching the age of 40.2 There has been a declining trend in death rates in the United States attributed to CVD, CHD, and stroke since 1975. Data from 2000 to 2008 also indicate a decline in CHD mortality.3 Worryingly, the World Health Organization (WHO) reports a concerning rise in CHD-related fatalities in Pakistan. In 2020, 240,720 individuals died due to CHD, accounting for 16.49% of all deaths. This highlights an escalating trend of CHD-related mortality in Pakistan. It's important to note that most individuals presenting with cardiac events have one or more established or borderline risk factors aside from age and gender.4-6 While some essential risk factors are discernible, others may remain elusive. The screening of these risk factors and the evidence for targeted therapeutic interventions are still emerging and require further exploration.7 The starting point for assessing CVD risk factors is variables used to predict major cardiovascular events. These include age, sex, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, diabetes mellitus, and smoking status. Although risk assessment tools like the Pooled Cohort Equation in 2014 and Astro-CHARM have been developed, they have yet to provide satisfactory assessments for potential new CVD risk factors.8 CHD is recognized as a multifactorial disorder resulting from genetic and environmental factors interplay. Environmental risk factors have been identified in approximately 80% of CHD cases.9 Several risk scores, such as the Framingham Risk Score, PROCAM, Reynolds Risk Score, and QRISK 2, have been proposed to guide the use of statins in high-risk groups.10-14 Yet, these risk scores often lack precision and may either overestimate or underestimate future CHD events.15,16 The variation in disease susceptibility among individuals with similar environmental factors and conventional coronary artery disease risk factors (CRFs) may be attributed to genetic variations.17 Genetic analysis can potentially enhance risk discrimination beyond the consideration of CRFs alone. Family history of heart disease, accounting for more than 40% of risk estimation, has long been considered a part of CRFs.18 Candidate gene studies have been conducted to identify common variants in genes associated with disease pathways.19 Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been employed as markers of genetic diversity. Among these SNPs, those located on the 9p21 locus have shown the strongest association with CHD risk to date.20,21 However, despite the clear link between these variants and incident CHD, 9p21 locus SNPs have not definitively improved the prediction or classification of CHD risk compared to traditional risk factors.22-24 It is important to note that most genetic studies on CHD have predominantly focused on European/Caucasian populations, and their applicability to the South Asian population, including Pakistan, requires further investigation.25,26 In this context, the Pakistani population, much like other Asian countries, is underrepresented in genetic research on CHD. Shahid SU et al. did some work in this respect,27 showing 21 SNPs risk score for genetic risk analysis in the Pakistani population. In conclusion, while different risk assessment tools have been developed for the Pakistani population aged 40 years and above, there is an urgent need to expand cardiac risk evaluation by identifying genetic markers related to CHD, particularly in the younger population. This will be crucial for advancing our understanding of CHD risk factors and developing more effective prevention and intervention strategies. References Samad Z, Hanif B. Cardiovascular Diseases in Pakistan: Imagining a Postpandemic, Postconflict Future. Circulation. 2023;147(17):1261-3. Lloyd-Jones DM, Larson MG, Beiser A, Levy D. Lifetime risk of developing coronary heart disease. Lancet. 1999;353(9147):89-92. Cooper R, Cutler J, Desvigne-Nickens P, Fortmann SP, Friedman L, Havlik R, et al. Trends and disparities in coronary heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases in the United States: findings of the national conference on cardiovascular disease prevention. Circulation. 2000;102(25):3137-47. Greenland P, Knoll MD, Stamler J, Neaton JD, Dyer AR, Garside DB, et al. Major risk factors as antecedents of fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease events. JAMA. 2003;290(7):891-7. Khot UN, Khot MB, Bajzer CT, Sapp SK, Ohman EM, Brener SJ, et al. Prevalence of conventional risk factors in patients with coronary heart disease. JAMA. 2003;290(7):898-904. Vasan RS, Sullivan LM, Wilson PW, Sempos CT, Sundström J, Kannel WB, et al. Relative importance of borderline and elevated levels of coronary heart disease risk factors. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142(6):393-402. Hackam DG, Anand SS. Emerging risk factors for atherosclerotic vascular disease: a critical review of the evidence. JAMA. 2003;290(7):932-40. Pencina MJ, D'Agostino Sr RB, D'Agostino Jr RB, Vasan RS. Evaluating the added predictive ability of a new marker: from area under the ROC curve to reclassification and beyond. Stat Med. 2008;27(2):157-72. Aziz KU, Faruqui AM, Patel N, Jaffery H. Prevalence and awareness of cardiovascular disease including life styles in a lower middle class urban community in an Asian country. Pak Heart J. 2008;41(3-4):11-20. Beaney KE, Cooper JA, Ullah Shahid S, Ahmed W, Qamar R, Drenos F, et al. Clinical utility of a coronary heart disease risk prediction gene score in UK healthy middle aged men and in the Pakistani population. PloS One. 2015;10(7):e0130754. Belsky DW, Moffitt TE, Sugden K, Williams B, Houts R, McCarthy J, et al. Development and evaluation of a genetic risk score for obesity. Biodemograp Soc Biol. 2013;59(1):85-100. Bennet AM, Di Angelantonio E, Ye Z, Wensley F, Dahlin A, Ahlbom A, et al. Association of apolipoprotein E genotypes with lipid levels and coronary risk. JAMA. 2007;298(11):1300-11. Brindle P, Beswick A, Fahey T, Ebrahim S. Accuracy and impact of risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Heart. 2006;92(12):1752-9. Casas JP, Cooper J, Miller GJ, Hingorani AD, Humphries SE. Investigating the Genetic Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease Using Candidate Genes and Meta‐analysis of Association Studies. Ann Hum Genet. 2006;70(2):145-69. Collins GS, Altman DG. An independent and external validation of QRISK2 cardiovascular disease risk score: a prospective open cohort study. BMJ. 2010;340:340:c2442. Conroy RM, Pyörälä K, Fitzgerald AE, Sans S, Menotti A, De Backer G, et al. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J. 2003;24(11):987-1003. IBC 50K CAD Consortium. Large-scale gene-centric analysis identifies novel variants for coronary artery disease. PLoS Genet. 2011;7(9):e1002260. Cooper JA, Miller GJ, Humphries SE. A comparison of the PROCAM and Framingham point-scoring systems for estimation of individual risk of coronary heart disease in the Second Northwick Park Heart Study. Atherosclerosis. 2005;181(1):93-100. Cordell HJ. Detecting gene–gene interactions that underlie human diseases. Nat Rev Genet. 2009;10(6):392-404. Samani NJ, Erdmann J, Hall AS, Hengstenberg C, Mangino M, Mayer B, et al. Genomewide association analysis of coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(5):443-53. Paynter NP, Chasman DI, Buring JE, Shiffman D, Cook NR, Ridker PM. Cardiovascular disease risk prediction with and without knowledge of genetic variation at chromosome 9p21.3. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(2):65-72. Palomaki GE, Melillo S, Bradley LA. Association between 9p21 genomic markers and heart disease: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2010;303(7):648-56. Patel RS, Asselbergs FW, Quyyumi AA, Palmer TM, Finan CI, Tragante V, et al. Genetic variants at chromosome 9p21 and risk of first versus subsequent coronary heart disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(21):2234-45. Dutta A, Henley W, Lang IA, Murray A, Guralnik J, Wallace RB, et al. The coronary artery disease–associated 9p21 variant and later life 20-year survival to cohort extinction. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2011;4(5):542-8. Hernesniemi JA, Seppälä I, Lyytikäinen LP, Mononen N, Oksala N, Hutri-Kähönen N, et al. Genetic profiling using genome-wide significant coronary artery disease risk variants does not improve the prediction of subclinical atherosclerosis: the cardiovascular risk in young finns study, the bogalusa heart study and the health 2000 survey–a meta-analysis of three independent studies. PloS One. 2012;7(1):e28931. Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, Vinogradova Y, Robson J, Minhas R, Sheikh A, et al. Predicting cardiovascular risk in England and Wales: prospective derivation and validation of QRISK2. BMJ. 2008;336(7659):1475-82. Shahid SU, Cooper JA, Beaney KE, Li K, Rehman A, Humphries SE. Genetic risk analysis of coronary artery disease in Pakistani subjects using a genetic risk score of 21 variants. Atherosclerosis. 2017;258:1-7.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggali pendapat-pendapat para ulama baik klasik maupun kontemporer seputar teori maqashid syari’ah, serta mengungkap implementasi teori maqashid syari’ah dalam ekonomi Islam dan psikologi Islam. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah buku-buku tentang teori maqashid syari’ah baik yang ditulis oleh ulama klasik maupun kontemporer, kemudian buku-buku ekonomi Islam dan psikologi Islam. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara mengkaji dengan seksama referensi yang berkaitan dengan teori maqashid syari’ah dan implementasinya dalam ekonomi Islam dan psikologi Islam. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Penerapan mashlahah yang merupakan tujuan diturunkannya syariah (maqashid syari’ah) memiliki potensi polemik yang cukup signifikan baik di kalangan ulama salaf maupun modern. Obyek perdebatan yang diangkat ada sedikit pergeseran antara ulama salaf dan modern, perdebatan ulama salaf hanya terfokus pada mashlahah mursalah, sedang polemik yang terjadi di kalangan ulama modern versus sebagian para pemikir bergeser pada mashlahah mulghâh (mashlahah yang diabaikan oleh syari’), yang disepakati oleh para ulama ushul ketidakvalidannya untuk dijadikan landasan hukum syara’. Pada penelitian ini implementasi maqashid syari’ah dalam ekonomi Islam terdapat pada lima maqashid utama berikut: a. Keadilan lawan dari kedzaliman, b. Kejujuran dan transparansi, lawan dari dusta dan ketertutupan, c. Adanya sirkulasi harta, sebagai lawan dari penimbunan, d. Kebersamaan, persatuan, dan saling tolong menolong, sebagai lawan dari perpecahan, perselisihan dan saling bermusuhan, e. Memberi kemudahan dan menghilangkan kesulitan, lawan dari kesulitan dan tidakan yang memberatkan. Sedangkan implementasi maqashid syari’ah pada psikologi Islam bisa dijabarkan pada macam-macam mashlahah berdasarkan tingkatannya, yaitu dharuriyat, hajiyat dan tahsiniyat. Ketiga tingkatan mashalahah ini mempunyai kesesuaian dengan teori-teori psikologi.

A partir de análises que constataram que falantes de Língua de Herança (LH), ao estudarem a língua na fase adulta, produziam elementos fonéticos/fonológicos relacionados à variante da região de origem dos pais, que foram aprendidos na infância, apresentamos nesse artigo repercussões desse resultado de pesquisa para as famílias e para os professores de línguas de herança. Para isso, utilizamos Cummins (1983), com o conceito de LH, Gontijo e Silva (2016) e Souza (2016), que estudam o ensino de LH em diferentes contextos. Também nos baseamos em Izquierdo et al (2013) e Xavier (2013), para compreendermos aspectos da memória humana e em Fonseca, Weiss e Dutra (2018), que observaram os indícios da atuação da memória fonológica no registro da fonética das línguas aprendidas na primeira infância. O aluno de língua de herança tem nessa memória fonológica uma vantagem - uma marca que lhe confere uma identidade cultural, e uma habilidade valorizada na proficiência em L2. REFERÊNCIASBADDELEY, A; ANDERSON, M. C.; EYSENCK, M. W. M. Memória. Tradução de Cornélia Stolting. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2011.BRITO, K. S. Influências Interlinguísticas na Mente Multilíngue: perspectivas psicolinguísticas e (psico)tipológicas. Tese (Doutorado em Letras - Estudos Linguísticos) - Setor de Ciências Humanas, Letras e Artes, Universidade Federal do Paraná. Curitiba, 2011. 274 p. Disponível em: https://acervodigital.ufpr.br/bitstream/handle/1884/27123/R%20-%20T%20-%20KARIM%20SIEBENEICHER%20BRITO.pdf?sequence=1isAllowed=y. Acesso em: 14 fev. 2019.CUMMINS, J. Heritage Language Education: a literature review. Ontario Inst. for Studies in Education, Ontario Dept. of Education: Toronto, 1983. 64 p.DALMAZ, C..; NETTO, C. A. A memória. Cien. Cult. São Paulo, v. 56, n. 1, p. 30-31, jan./mar. 2004. Disponível em: http://cienciaecultura.bvs.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextpid=S0009-67252004000100023lng=ennrm=iso. Acesso em: 28 out. 2018.DOI, E. T. O ensino de japonês no Brasil como língua de imigração. Estudos Lingüísticos. XXXV. Campinas, 2006. p. 66-75.FLORES, C.; MELO-PFEIFER, S. O conceito “Língua de Herança” na perspectiva da Linguística e da Didática de Línguas: considerações pluridisciplinares em torno do perfil linguístico das crianças luso descendentes na Alemanha. Revista Domínios de Lingu@gem. São Paulo, v. 8, n. 3, p. 16-45, 2014. Disponível em: http://www.seer.ufu.br/index.php/dominiosdelinguagem/article/view/24736/15191. Acesso em: 17 ago. 2018.FONSECA, A. A.; WEISS, D. B.; DUTRA, M. C. P. Memória fonológica de falantes de português brasileiro como língua de herança. Revista Domínios de Lingu@gem. São Paulo, v. 12, n. 2, p. 1267-1293, 2018. Disponível em: http://www.seer.ufu.br/index.php/dominiosdelinguagem/article/view/40099/22388. Acesso em: 28 ago. 2018.GONTIJO, V.; SILVA, G. V. A ansiedade no aprendizado de Português como Língua Estrangeira e Português como Língua de Herança. In: SILVA, K. A.; SANTOS, D. T. (Orgs.) Português como Língua (Inter)Nacional: faces e interfaces. Campinas: Pontes, 2016. p. 47 – 67.IZQUIERDO, I. et al. Memória: tipos de mecanismos - achados recentes. Revista USP. São Paulo, n. 98, p. 10-16, jun./ jul./ ago. 2013. Disponível em http://www.revistas.usp.br/revusp/article/view/69221/71685. Acesso em 17 ago. 2018.JASINSKA, K. K. et al. Bilingualism yields language-specific plasticity in left hemisphere's circuitry for learning to read in young children. Neuropsychologia. USA, v. 98, p.24-45, 2017.KLEIN, D. et al. Age of language learning shapes brain structure: a cortical thickness study of bilingual and monolingual individuals. Brain and Language. USA, v. 131, p. 20–24, 2014.LICO, A. L. C. Ensino do Português como Língua de Herança: Prática e Fundamentos. Revista SIPLE. Brasília, n.1, ano 2, 2011. Não paginado. Disponível em: http://www.siple.org.br/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=177:2-ensino-do-portugues-como-lingua-de-heranca-pratica-efundamentoscatid=57:edicao-2Itemid=92. Acesso em: 17 ago. 2018.MONARETTO, V. N. O.; QUEDNAU, L. R.; HORA, D. As consoantes do Português. In: BISOL, L. (Org.) Introdução a estudos de fonologia do português brasileiro. 3a Ed. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS, 2001. p. 195-228.NORTON, B. Identity and language learning: gender, ethnicity and educational change. Londres: Longman, 2000.OLIVEIRA, K. C. S.; LEITE, M. A.; SILVA, P. C. D. Memória. Cadernos CESPUC. Belo Horizonte, n. 23. p. 19-29, 2013.SOLÉ, Y. Consideraciones pedagógicas en la enseñanza del español a estudiantes bilingues. In: VALDÉS, G.; LOZANO, A.; GARCÍA-MOYA, R, (Orgs.) Teaching Spanish to Hispanic bilingual: issues, aims, and methods. New York: Teachers College Press, 1981. p. 21-29SOUZA, A.; BARRADAS, O. Português como língua de herança: políticas linguísticas na Inglaterra. Revista SIPLE. Brasília, n. 1, ano 4, 2013. Não paginado. Disponível em: http://www.siple.org.br/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=297:portugues-como-lingua-de-heranca-politicas-linguisticas-na-inglaterracatid=69:edicao-6Itemid=112. Acesso em: 28 ago. 2018.SOUZA, A. Como as identidades linguística e cultural são influenciadas pela imigração. In: SOUZA, A. (Org.). Português como Língua de Herança em Londres: recortes em casa, na igreja e na escola. Campinas: Pontes, 2016. p. 21-30.SOUZA, A. Maternidade e imigração: um foco no planejamento linguístico familiar. In: SOUZA, A. (Org.). Português como Língua de Herança em Londres: recortes em casa, na igreja e na escola. Campinas: Pontes, 2016. p. 11-51.XAVIER, G. F. Memória, individualidade e inconsciente como expressões do funcionamento de redes nervosas: uma breve especulação. Revista USP. São Paulo, n.98, p. 31-40, jun./ jul./ ago. 2013. Disponível em: https://www.revistas.usp.br/revusp/article/view/69223/71687. Acesso em: 28 out. 2018.XAVIER, G. F. A Modularidade da Memória e o Sistema Nervoso. Psicologia USP. São Paulo, v.4, n.1-2, p. 61-115, 1993. Disponível em: http://www.revistas.usp.br/psicousp/article/view/34473 . Acesso em 28 out. 2018. Recebido em 31-10-2018.Aceito em 18-02-2018.

Introdução: A queilite actínica (QA) é uma desordem potencialmente maligna associada à exposição crônica à luz solar como principal fator etiológico. A QA tem como principal sítio de acometimento o vermelhão do lábio inferior, apresentando características clínicas marcantes. Porém, a análise histopatológica desta lesão merece um enfoque especial pelas características bastante expressivas para o potencial de malignidade. Assim, para essa análise, são elencados dois sistemas principais: o sistema da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), e o binário. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão da literatura para demonstrar os pontos avaliados e o valor preditivo dos sistemas de gradação histológica em QA. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo de revisão bibliográfica, utilizando artigos da base de dados da SCIELO e PUBMED, encontrados com o uso dos descritores: “actinic cheilitis”, “WHO system”, “binary system”, “oral potentially malignant disorders”, “histological features in actinic cheilitis”, fazendo uso do operador booleano “AND”. Conclusão: Diante da revisão realizada, percebeu-se a importância da adoção dos sistemas de gradação histológica da OMS, e o binário para uma análise minuciosa de lesões de QA, que apresentam potencial de malignidade. Ademais, constatou-se o favorecimento do sistema binário na redução da subjetividade entre os patologistas quanto à gradação das avaliações histopatológicas. Descritores: Queilite; Patologia Bucal; Neoplasias Labiais; Classificação; Diagnóstico. Referências Lopes MLDS, Silva Junior FLS, Lima KC, Oliveira PT, Silveira EJD. Clinicopathological profile and management of 161 cases of actinic cheilitis. An Bras Dermatol. 2015;90(4):347-50. Arnaud RR, Soares MSM, Paiva MAF, Figueiredo CRLV, Santos MGC, Lira CC. Queilite actínica: avaliação histopatológica de 44 casos. Rev Odontol UNESP. 2014;43(6):384-89. Pilati S, Bianco BC, Vieira D, Modolo F. Histopathologic features in actinic cheilitis by the comparison of grading dysplasia systems. Oral Dis. 2017 Mar;23(2):219-224. Pilati S, Bianco BC, Vieira D, Modolo F. Histopathologic features in actinic cheilitis by the comparison of grading dysplasia systems. Oral Dis. 2017;23(2):219-24. Maia HCM, Pinto ANS, Pereira JS, Medeiros AMC, Silveira EJD, Miguel MCC. Lesões orais potencialmente malignas: correlações clínico-patológicas. Einstein. 2016;14(1): 35-40. Savage NW, McKay C, Faulkner C. Actinic cheilitis in dental practice. Aust Dent J. 2010; 55(Suppl 1):78-84. Vieira RA, Minicucci EM, Marques ME, Marques SA. Actinic cheilitis and squamous cell carcinoma of the lip: clinical, histopathological and immunogenetic aspects. An Bras Dermatol. 2012; 87(1):105-14. Dancyger A, Heard V, Huang B, Suley C, Tang D, Ariyawardana A. Malignant transformation of actinic cheilitis: A systematic review of observational studies. J Investig Clin Dent. 2018; 9(4):e12343. de Santana Sarmento DJ, da Costa Miguel MC, Queiroz LM, Godoy GP, da Silveira EJ. Actinic cheilitis: clinicopathologic profile and association with degree of dysplasia. Int J Dermatol. 2014; 53(4):466-72. Wood NH, Khammissa R, Meyerov R, Lemmer J, Feller L. Actinic cheilitis: a case report and a review of the literature. Eur J Dent. 2011; 5(1):101-6. Mello FW, Melo G, Modolo F, Rivero ER. Actinic cheilitis and lip squamous cell carcinoma: Literature review and new data from Brazil. J Clin Exp Dent. 2019;11(1):e62-9. Warnakulasuriya S, Johnson NW, van der Waal I. Nomenclature and classification of potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa. J Oral Pathol Med. 2007;36(10):575-80. Paiva MAF, Soares MSM, Figueiredo CRLV, Luna AH, Oliveira VEN, Brasil Júnior O. Associação entre displasia e inflamação em queilite actínica. J Bras Patol Med Lab. 2012; 48(6):455-58. Warnakulasuriya S, Reibel J, Bouquot J, Dabelsteen E. Oral epithelial dysplasia classification systems: predictive value, utility, weaknesses and scope for improvement. J Oral Pathol Med. 2008;37(3):127-33. Câmara PR, Dutra SN, Takahama Júnior A, Fontes K, Azevedo RS. A comparative study using WHO and binary oral epithelial dysplasia grading systems in actinic cheilitis. Oral Dis. 2016; 22(6):523-9. Kujan O, Oliver RJ, Khattab A, Roberts SA, Thakker N, Sloan P. Evaluation of a new binary system of grading oral epithelial dysplasia for prediction of malignant transformation. Oral Oncol. 2006;42(10):987-93. Nagata G, Santana T, Queiroz A, Caramez RH, Trierveiler M. Evaluation of epithelial dysplasia adjacent to lip squamous cell carcinoma indicates that the degree of dysplasia is not associated with the occurrence of invasive carcinoma in this site. J Cutan Pathol. 2018. doi: 10.1111/cup.13270. Mello FW, Miguel AFP, Dutra KL, Porporatti AL, Warnakulasuriya S, Guerra ENS, Rivero ERC. Prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Pathol Med. 2018;47(7):633-40. Izumo T. Oral premalignant lesions: from the pathological viewpoint. Int J Clin Oncol. 2011;16(1):15-26. Kujan O, Khattab A, Oliver RJ, Roberts SA, Thakker N, Sloan P. Why oral histopathology suffers inter-observer variability on grading oral epithelial dysplasia: an attempt to understand the sources of variation. Oral Oncol. 2007; 43(3):224-31. El-Naggar AK, Chan JKC, Grandis JR, Takata T, Slootweg PJ. World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck Tumours. WHO/IARC Classification of Tumours 2017; 4th ed. Lyon, France: IARC Press. R SA, B N P, Hegde U, K U, G S, G K, Sil S. Inter- and Intra-Observer Variability in Diagnosis of Oral Dysplasia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2017;18(12):3251-54. Olinici D, Cotrutz CE, Mihali CV, Grecu VB, Botez EA, Stoica L, Onofrei P, Condurache O, Dimitriu DC. The ultrastructural features of the premalignant oral lesions. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2018;59(1):243-48.

Abstract Lenalidomide was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in December of 2005 for the treatment (tx) of transfusion-dependent anemia (TDA) in patients (pts) with MDS and chromosome 5q deletions (del5q). In the trial that secured the approval, 67% of 148 pts achieved red blood cell (RBC) transfusion independence (TI) with a median time to TI of 44 weeks. 90% of pts who achieved TI did so by completion of 3 months of therapy. In a companion study (MDS-002) pts lacking del5q the frequency of TI was only 26%. We report three cases of IPSS Low risk myelodysplasia MDS with a delayed response to lenalidomide. The patient characteristics are outlined in Table 1. Following a 6 to 11 month trial of lenalidomide for TDA in IPSS Low risk MDS delayed TI can occur 1 to 4 months after discontinuation of lenalidomide. Delayed TI was not associated with a cytogenetic response. The duration of response can last from 11 months to 16 months. Lenalidomide, a thalidomide analogue, is an immunomodulatory agent with anti-angiogenic and anti-neoplastic properties. Effects of lenalidomide such as increased production of interleukin-2 and interferon-γ have been linked to the appearance of lymphoid aggregates of a mixture of B and T cells in the BM specimens of responders. TI has previously been correlated with suppression of the del5q clone. In our patients, TI was achieved after discontinuation of lenalidomide following a reasonable ineffective trial and no apparent suppression of the del5 clone. A similar phenomenon was described by Raza, et al. in a single MDS patient treated with thalidomide. Interestingly, one patient had lymphoid aggregates of B and T cells throughout treatment, raising the possibility that the immune stimulatory effects of lenalidomide may be a variable against the del5q clone. The transient response may be due to immunomodulatory effects but persistence of the del5q clone in two of our patients and and dysplasia in the other, is responsible for the relapse after the immune response has waned. Re-treatment with lenalidomide in our patient did not prolong or re-induce another response. References Giagounidis AAN, Germing U, Aul C: Biologic and prognostic significance of chromosome 5q deletions in myeloid malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 2006, 12:5–10. List A, Kurtin S, Roe DJ, et al.: Efficacy of lenalidomide in myelodysplastic syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2005, 352:549–557. List A: Recent advances in the treatment of MDS. Clin Advances in Hematology. Oncology. 2007, Supp 10, Vol 5, Issue 7: 4–5 Raza A, Meyer P, Dutt D, et al. Thalidomide produces transfusion independence in long-standing refractory anemias of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood. 2001 Aug 15, 98(4):958–65.

Neste estudo pretendemos analisar o modo como alunos da licenciatura em Letras-Português da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, durante o estágio curricular, atuam para ensinar seus alunos a refletir sobre a língua, concretizando um dos eixos de ensino desse componente curricular que é a análise linguística. A pesquisa, do tipo qualitativo-descritiva, teve como corpus projetos e relatórios de estágio, além de depoimentos dos estagiários, captados no seminário de encerramento das atividades de regência de turma do ensino fundamental. Para montar o referencial teórico, buscamos autores que tratam da formação docente, do estágio e do ensino de análise linguística. Os resultados mostraram que os futuros professores trabalham numa perspectiva sociointeracionista e exploram uma diversidade de gêneros textuais, como indicado nas orientações mais recentes para o ensino de língua portuguesa. No entanto, a maioria deles explicita pouco os procedimentos didáticos realizados, não indica as dificuldades dos alunos quando da avaliação da aprendizagem e aborda determinados conhecimentos linguísticos de forma expositiva e dedutiva.Referências:ALMEIDA FILHO, J. C. Crise, transições e mudança no currículo de formação de professores de línguas. In: FORTKAMP, M. B. M.; TOMITCH, L. M.B. (org.). Aspectos da linguística aplicada: estudos em homenagem ao professor Hilário Inácio Bohn. Florianópolis: Insular, 2000. p. 33-47.AZEVEDO, T. M. Ensinar gêneros? Desenredo, Passo Fundo, RS, v. 10, n. 1, p. 92-103 - jan./jun. 2014.AZEVEDO, T. M. Transposição didática de gêneros discursivos: algumas reflexões. Desenredo. Passo Fundo, RS, v. 6, n. 2, p. 198-214 - jul./dez. 2010.BARBOSA, J. Análise e reflexão sobre a língua e as linguagens: ferramentas para os letramentos. In: RANGEL, E. O.; ROJO, R. H. R. (org.) Língua Portuguesa no Ensino Fundamental. Coleção Explorando o Ensino. vol. 19. 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O texto na sala de aula: leitura e produção. Cascavel: Assoeste, 1984, p. 49-69.LARROSA, Jorge. Algunas notas sobre la experiencia y sus lenguajes. In: BARBOSA, R. L. L. (org.). Trajetórias e perspectivas da formação de educadores. São Paulo: Ed. Unesp, 2004. p.19-34.LOMBARDI, R. F. e ARBOLEA, T. A. Formando professores pesquisadores do ensino de língua materna. In: CONGRESSO LATINO-AMERICANO SOBRE FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES DE LÍNGUA. 1, Florianópolis, Anais... 2006, p. 614-619.MENDONÇA, M. Análise linguística: por que e como avaliar. In: Marcuschi, B. SUASSUNA, L. (org.). Avaliação em língua portuguesa: contribuições para a prática pedagógica. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2007, p. 95-110.NÓBREGA, J. J.; SUASSUNA, L. Aula de gramática ou de análise linguística? Investigando objetos de estudo e objetivos norteadores. Linguagens, Educação e Sociedade. Teresina, PI, n. 31, p. 246-269, jul. 2014.OLIVEIRA, M. B. F. 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ABSTRACT This research aimed to compare BRIS stock performance before and after the merger. The research method was comparative quantitative that is by comparing the data used to determine differences in variables from two different groups or from the same variable in different time periods. The population and sample for this study are monthly reports of Price to Book Value, Earning per Share, Return on Equity, Debt to Equity Ratio, and Price Earning Ratio from BRIS for the period January 2020-January 2022 so that a total sample of 25 is obtained. The data analysis were the normality test and the Wilcoxon test. The requirement to carry out this test is the data normality test which functions to measure whether the data is normally distributed or not. Meanwhile, the Wilcoxon test is a non-parametric test to measure the significance of differences between two groups of paired data or similar data but at different times. This study found that stock performance as measured by PBV and EPS showed differences in performance before and after the merger. Whereas ROE, DER, PER there is no difference in stock performance before and after the merger. With this research, it can be used reference for investors to choose an analytical method as a decisive step in investing. For company owners, this research can be used as a consideration when merging. Keywords: Stock performance, BRIS, Merger, Islamic banking. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan kinerja saham BRIS sebelum dan setelah merger. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif komparatif yakni dengan membandingkan data-data yang digunakan untuk mengetahui perbedaan variabel dari dua kelompok berbeda ataupun dari variabel yang sama dalam jangka waktu yang berbeda. Untuk teknik pengambilan data menggunakan teknik pengambilan data dokumentasi. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan populasi dan sampel laporan bulanan Price to Book Value, Earning per Share, Return on Equity, Debt to Equity Ratio, dan Price Earning Ratio dari BRIS dengan jangka waktu Januari 2020-Januari 2022 sehingga mendapatkan total sampel 25 sampel. Untuk menguji hipotesis teknik pengujian data yang dilakukan yakni uji normalitas dan uji Wilcoxon. Syarat untuk melakukan pengujian ini yakni uji normalitas data yang berfungsi untuk mengukur apakah data berdistribusi normal atau tidak normal. Sedangkan uji Wilcoxon adalah pengujian non-parametris untuk mengukur signifikansi perbedaan dua kelompok data berpasangan ataupun data sejenis tetapi berbeda waktu. Penelitian ini mendapatkan hasil bahwa kinerja saham yang diukur melalui proksi Price to Book Value dan Earning per Share terdapat adanya perbedaan kinerja sebelum dan setelah merger. Sedangkan pada proksi Return on Equity, Debt to Equity Ratio, dan Price Earning Ratio tidak terdapat adanya perbedaan kinerja saham sebelum dan setelah merger. Dengan adanya penelitian ini dapat menjadi referensi bagi investor untuk memilih metode analisis sebagai langkah untuk menentukan dalam menanam modal. Bagi pemilik perusahaan dengan adanya penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai pertimbangan ketika akan melakukan merger. Kata Kunci: Kinerja saham, BRIS, Merger, perbankan syariah. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Adawiyah, A. R., & Lisiantara, G. A. (2022). Pengaruh pandemi covid-19 terhadap kinerja keuangan perbankan. Jurnal Ilmiah Komputer Akuntansi, 15(2), 465–474. https://doi.org/10.51903/kompak.v15i2.834 Alfi. (2020). Aset perbankan syariah tetap bertumbuh di tengah pandemi. Retrieved from https://finansial.bisnis.com/read/20200923/231/1295698/aset-perbankan-syariah-tetap-bertumbuh-di-tengah-pandemi Amalia. (2022). Kinerja keuangan PT. 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Recent Trends and Future of Fog and Edge Computing, Services, and Enabling Technologies Cloud computing has been established as the most popular as well as suitable computing infrastructure providing on-demand, scalable and pay-as-you-go computing resources and services for the state-of-the-art ICT applications which generate a massive amount of data. Though Cloud is certainly the most fitting solution for most of the applications with respect to processing capability and storage, it may not be so for the real-time applications. The main problem with Cloud is the latency as the Cloud data centres typically are very far from the data sources as well as the data consumers. This latency is ok with the application domains such as enterprise or web applications, but not for the modern Internet of Things (IoT)-based pervasive and ubiquitous application domains such as autonomous vehicle, smart and pervasive healthcare, real-time traffic monitoring, unmanned aerial vehicles, smart building, smart city, smart manufacturing, cognitive IoT, and so on. The prerequisite for these types of application is that the latency between the data generation and consumption should be minimal. For that, the generated data need to be processed locally, instead of sending to the Cloud. This approach is known as Edge computing where the data processing is done at the network edge in the edge devices such as set-top boxes, access points, routers, switches, base stations etc. which are typically located at the edge of the network. These devices are increasingly being incorporated with significant computing and storage capacity to cater to the need for local Big Data processing. The enabling of Edge computing can be attributed to the Emerging network technologies, such as 4G and cognitive radios, high-speed wireless networks, and energy-efficient sophisticated sensors. Different Edge computing architectures are proposed (e.g., Fog computing, mobile edge computing (MEC), cloudlets, etc.). All of these enable the IoT and sensor data to be processed closer to the data sources. But, among them, Fog computing, a Cisco initiative, has attracted the most attention of people from both academia and corporate and has been emerged as a new computing-infrastructural paradigm in recent years. Though Fog computing has been proposed as a different computing architecture than Cloud, it is not meant to replace the Cloud. Rather, Fog computing extends the Cloud services to network edges for providing computation, networking, and storage services between end devices and data centres. Ideally, Fog nodes (edge devices) are supposed to pre-process the data, serve the need of the associated applications preliminarily, and forward the data to the Cloud if the data are needed to be stored and analysed further. Fog computing enhances the benefits from smart devices operational not only in network perimeter but also under cloud servers. Fog-enabled services can be deployed anywhere in the network, and with these services provisioning and management, huge potential can be visualized to enhance intelligence within computing networks to realize context-awareness, high response time, and network traffic offloading. Several possibilities of Fog computing are already established. For example, sustainable smart cities, smart grid, smart logistics, environment monitoring, video surveillance, etc. To design and implementation of Fog computing systems, various challenges concerning system design and implementation, computing and communication, system architecture and integration, application-based implementations, fault tolerance, designing efficient algorithms and protocols, availability and reliability, security and privacy, energy-efficiency and sustainability, etc. are needed to be addressed. Also, to make Fog compatible with Cloud several factors such as Fog and Cloud system integration, service collaboration between Fog and Cloud, workload balance between Fog and Cloud, and so on need to be taken care of. It is our great privilege to present before you Volume 20, Issue 2 of the Scalable Computing: Practice and Experience. We had received 20 Research Papers and out of which 14 Papers are selected for Publication. The aim of this special issue is to highlight Recent Trends and Future of Fog and Edge Computing, Services and Enabling technologies. The special issue will present new dimensions of research to researchers and industry professionals with regard to Fog Computing, Cloud Computing and Edge Computing. Sujata Dash et al. contributed a paper titled “Edge and Fog Computing in Healthcare- A Review” in which an in-depth review of fog and mist computing in the area of health care informatics is analysed, classified and discussed. The review presented in this paper is primarily focussed on three main aspects: The requirements of IoT based healthcare model and the description of services provided by fog computing to address then. The architecture of an IoT based health care system embedding fog computing layer and implementation of fog computing layer services along with performance and advantages. In addition to this, the researchers have highlighted the trade-off when allocating computational task to the level of network and also elaborated various challenges and security issues of fog and edge computing related to healthcare applications. Parminder Singh et al. in the paper titled “Triangulation Resource Provisioning for Web Applications in Cloud Computing: A Profit-Aware” proposed a novel triangulation resource provisioning (TRP) technique with a profit-aware surplus VM selection policy to ensure fair resource utilization in hourly billing cycle while giving the quality of service to end-users. The proposed technique use time series workload forecasting, CPU utilization and response time in the analysis phase. The proposed technique is tested using CloudSim simulator and R language is used to implement prediction model on ClarkNet weblog. The proposed approach is compared with two baseline approaches i.e. Cost-aware (LRM) and (ARMA). The response time, CPU utilization and predicted request are applied in the analysis and planning phase for scaling decisions. The profit-aware surplus VM selection policy used in the execution phase for select the appropriate VM for scale-down. The result shows that the proposed model for web applications provides fair utilization of resources with minimum cost, thus provides maximum profit to application provider and QoE to the end users. Akshi kumar and Abhilasha Sharma in the paper titled “Ontology driven Social Big Data Analytics for Fog enabled Sentic-Social Governance” utilized a semantic knowledge model for investigating public opinion towards adaption of fog enabled services for governance and comprehending the significance of two s-components (sentic and social) in aforesaid structure that specifically visualize fog enabled Sentic-Social Governance. The results using conventional TF-IDF (Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency) feature extraction are empirically compared with ontology driven TF-IDF feature extraction to find the best opinion mining model with optimal accuracy. The results concluded that implementation of ontology driven opinion mining for feature extraction in polarity classification outperforms the traditional TF-IDF method validated over baseline supervised learning algorithms with an average of 7.3% improvement in accuracy and approximately 38% reduction in features has been reported. Avinash Kaur and Pooja Gupta in the paper titled “Hybrid Balanced Task Clustering Algorithm for Scientific workflows in Cloud Computing” proposed novel hybrid balanced task clustering algorithm using the parameter of impact factor of workflows along with the structure of workflow and using this technique, tasks can be considered for clustering either vertically or horizontally based on value of impact factor. The testing of the algorithm proposed is done on Workflowsim- an extension of CloudSim and DAG model of workflow was executed. The Algorithm was tested on variables- Execution time of workflow and Performance Gain and compared with four clustering methods: Horizontal Runtime Balancing (HRB), Horizontal Clustering (HC), Horizontal Distance Balancing (HDB) and Horizontal Impact Factor Balancing (HIFB) and results stated that proposed algorithm is almost 5-10% better in makespan time of workflow depending on the workflow used. Pijush Kanti Dutta Pramanik et al. in the paper titled “Green and Sustainable High-Performance Computing with Smartphone Crowd Computing: Benefits, Enablers and Challenges” presented a comprehensive statistical survey of the various commercial CPUs, GPUs, SoCs for smartphones confirming the capability of the SCC as an alternative to HPC. An exhaustive survey is presented on the present and optimistic future of the continuous improvement and research on different aspects of smartphone battery and other alternative power sources which will allow users to use their smartphones for SCC without worrying about the battery running out. Dhanapal and P. Nithyanandam in the paper titled “The Slow HTTP Distributed Denial of Service (DDOS) Attack Detection in Cloud” proposed a novel method to detect slow HTTP DDoS attacks in cloud to overcome the issue of consuming all available server resources and making it unavailable to the real users. The proposed method is implemented using OpenStack cloud platform with slowHTTPTest tool. The results stated that proposed technique detects the attack in efficient manner. Mandeep Kaur and Rajni Mohana in the paper titled “Static Load Balancing Technique for Geographically partitioned Public Cloud” proposed a novel approach focused upon load balancing in the partitioned public cloud by combining centralized and decentralized approaches, assuming the presence of fog layer. A load balancer entity is used for decentralized load balancing at partitions and a controller entity is used for centralized level to balance the overall load at various partitions. Results are compared with First Come First Serve (FCFS) and Shortest Job First (SJF) algorithms. In this work, the researchers compared the Waiting Time, Finish Time and Actual Run Time of tasks using these algorithms. To reduce the number of unhandled jobs, a new load state is introduced which checks load beyond conventional load states. Major objective of this approach is to reduce the need of runtime virtual machine migration and to reduce the wastage of resources, which may be occurring due to predefined values of threshold. Mukta and Neeraj Gupta in the paper titled “Analytical Available Bandwidth Estimation in Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks considering Mobility in 3-Dimensional Space” proposes an analytical approach named Analytical Available Bandwidth Estimation Including Mobility (AABWM) to estimate ABW on a link. The major contributions of the proposed work are: i) it uses mathematical models based on renewal theory to calculate the collision probability of data packets which makes the process simple and accurate, ii) consideration of mobility under 3-D space to predict the link failure and provides an accurate admission control. To test the proposed technique, the researcher used NS-2 simulator to compare the proposed technique i.e. AABWM with AODV, ABE, IAB and IBEM on throughput, Packet loss ratio and Data delivery. Results stated that AABWM performs better as compared to other approaches. R.Sridharan and S. Domnic in the paper titled “Placement Strategy for Intercommunicating Tasks of an Elastic Request in Fog-Cloud Environment” proposed a novel heuristic IcAPER,(Inter-communication Aware Placement for Elastic Requests) algorithm. The proposed algorithm uses the network neighborhood machine for placement, once current resource is fully utilized by the application. The performance IcAPER algorithm is compared with First Come First Serve (FCFS), Random and First Fit Decreasing (FFD) algorithms for the parameters (a) resource utilization (b) resource fragmentation and (c) Number of requests having intercommunicating tasks placed on to same PM using CloudSim simulator. Simulation results shows IcAPER maps 34% more tasks on to the same PM and also increase the resource utilization by 13% while decreasing the resource fragmentation by 37.8% when compared to other algorithms. Velliangiri S. et al. in the paper titled “Trust factor based key distribution protocol in Hybrid Cloud Environment” proposed a novel security protocol comprising of two stages: first stage, Group Creation using the trust factor and develop key distribution security protocol. It performs the communication process among the virtual machine communication nodes. Creating several groups based on the cluster and trust factors methods. The second stage, the ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography) based distribution security protocol is developed. The performance of the Trust Factor Based Key Distribution protocol is compared with the existing ECC and Diffie Hellman key exchange technique. The results state that the proposed security protocol has more secure communication and better resource utilization than the ECC and Diffie Hellman key exchange technique in the Hybrid cloud. Vivek kumar prasad et al. in the paper titled “Influence of Monitoring: Fog and Edge Computing” discussed various techniques involved for monitoring for edge and fog computing and its advantages in addition to a case study based on Healthcare monitoring system. Avinash Kaur et al. elaborated a comprehensive view of existing data placement schemes proposed in literature for cloud computing. Further, it classified data placement schemes based on their assess capabilities and objectives and in addition to this comparison of data placement schemes. Parminder Singh et al. presented a comprehensive review of Auto-Scaling techniques of web applications in cloud computing. The complete taxonomy of the reviewed articles is done on varied parameters like auto-scaling, approach, resources, monitoring tool, experiment, workload and metric, etc. Simar Preet Singh et al. in the paper titled “Dynamic Task Scheduling using Balanced VM Allocation Policy for Fog Computing Platform” proposed a novel scheme to improve the user contentment by improving the cost to operation length ratio, reducing the customer churn, and boosting the operational revenue. The proposed scheme is learnt to reduce the queue size by effectively allocating the resources, which resulted in the form of quicker completion of user workflows. The proposed method results are evaluated against the state-of-the-art scene with non-power aware based task scheduling mechanism. The results were analyzed using parameters-- energy, SLA infringement and workflow execution delay. The performance of the proposed schema was analyzed in various experiments particularly designed to analyze various aspects for workflow processing on given fog resources. The LRR (35.85 kWh) model has been found most efficient on the basis of average energy consumption in comparison to the LR (34.86 kWh), THR (41.97 kWh), MAD (45.73 kWh) and IQR (47.87 kWh). The LRR model has been also observed as the leader when compared on the basis of number of VM migrations. The LRR (2520 VMs) has been observed as best contender on the basis of mean of number of VM migrations in comparison with LR (2555 VMs), THR (4769 VMs), MAD (5138 VMs) and IQR (5352 VMs).

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the fastest-growing cause of death around the world, and atherosclerosis plays a major role in the etiology of CVDs. The most recent figures show that the total number of CVD patients worldwide surged from 271 million in 1990 to 523 million in 2019. Furthermore, globally, the number of fatalities caused by coronary artery disease (CAD) went up from 1.2 million in 1990 to 18.6 million in 2019.1 The morbidity and mortality rates for patients with heart failure (HF) are still too high, despite being given the therapy according to the recommended guidelines.2 HF strains the public health system, so better treatment options are required. According to different studies, in HF, the manifestation of ventricular and vascular remodeling, as well as the progression of the illness, may be influenced by elevated oxidative stress.3,4 The most prevalent form of inflammatory arthritis in the world, gout, correlates with CVDs and is a standalone predictor of all-cause death.5,6 An important therapeutic target and potential contributor to oxidative stress is the enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO). Oxidative stress is a state in which there is excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The key generators of ROS are oxidant-producing enzymes, which are increased in various disease conditions.7 Superoxide and uric acid (UA) are produced due to increased XO activity during purine metabolism. In addition to being the primary cause of gout, elevated xanthine oxidase is also to blame for several clinical illnesses linked to hyperuricemia, such as cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, chronic wounds, and Alzheimer's disease. Numerous studies have shown a direct connection between high urate levels and CVDs. The generation of urate crystals is a complicated process. Since the same enzyme that makes urate also causes the creation of ROS. According to some research, the urate molecule can scavenge in vitro free radicals and acute urate infusions help at-risk population restore their endothelial function.8,9 More and more evidence suggests that XO activity plays a significant role in target organ damage and tissue destruction rather than UA itself. The formation of UA requires the xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) enzyme, and XOR is composed of XO and xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH). By posttranslational modification, XDH is transformed into XO, which catalyzes the final two steps of the processes that change hypoxanthine into xanthine and xanthine into UA. During this process, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide are produced. As a result, ROS can be produced when XO is activated, which might cause tissue damage. Nitric oxide (NO) and circulating XO can directly interact when the latter binds to vascular cells, causing NO levels to drop and peroxynitrite levels to rise. On the other hand, uric acid transporters (UATs) have been identified to mediate the effects of serum UA on vascular endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells, as URAT1 is only expressed on these cells and provides a route for UA to access these cells. By delaying NO generation and accelerating its breakdown, UA reduces NO levels when it enters endothelial cells.4 The organic anion transport inhibitor probenecid prevents UA-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. It reduces the generation of NO in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, suggesting that UATs are the mechanism via which UA exerts its impact.5 These findings pose the concern of whether the reduction in serum UA or the suppression of XO activity is more crucial for preventing cardiovascular and other tissue damage. However, in in vivo studies, UA performs pro- and antioxidant functions. When serum UA concentrations rise beyond 6 mg/dL, UA is taken up by vascular endothelial cells, which then triggers nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, UA causes the apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells at levels of 9 mg/dL and higher. In other words, an excessively significant increase in the serum UA level might cause oxidative stress, alter the equilibrium between oxidation and antioxidants, and result in damage to vascular endothelial cells.10 Previous studies have shown that severe hyperuricemia, which lowers ejection fraction and is related to symptoms even worse, exercise intolerance, and decreased survival, is present in about 25% of individuals with heart failure (HF).11,12 Serum UA levels must be considered when calculating HF risk scores and may be used to identify high-risk patients for potential XO inhibition therapy.13,14 The approved treatment regimens for gout have significant implications for individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to varied levels of cardiovascular and HF benefits and risks. Therefore, it is essential to treat acute gout flares while reducing the risk of severe cardiovascular events and managing hyperuricemia using urate-lowering treatment.15 Allopurinol is a powerful XO inhibitor that can potentially reverse several HF pathophysiological processes, including impaired calcium sensitivity, accelerated anaerobic metabolism, mechanoenergetic uncoupling, and energy depletion. Allopurinol has been found in studies to improve cardiac efficiency and decrease oxygen consumption in both animals and humans with HF.16,17 Allopurinol, febuxostat, and topiroxostat, the commonly prescribed xanthine oxidase inhibitors used in clinical practice, suffer from fatal side effects that constitute a severe dilemma for the healthcare system and have sparked a global emergency to find novel, potent, and safer xanthine oxidase inhibitors.9 Herbal medications are utilized worldwide due to their effectiveness, affordability, accessibility, and safety.18 The conventional medical community holds colchicine in the highest regard. Colchicine's uses have been expanded from the treatment of gout to CVDs due to its special anti-inflammatory qualities and recent knowledge of chronic inflammation's role in several human diseases.1 According to contemporary therapeutic jargon, Colchicine's recent use in the setting of CVDs is an example of successful pharmacological repurposing. Pericarditis is now considered to be included in routine treatment, and its impact on coronary artery disease, postpericardiotomy syndrome, and percutaneous coronary interventions has been the subject of numerous clinical studies. Several effective clinical trials have expanded our understanding of reducing inflammation in the management of cardiovascular disease and given us new perspectives on how inflammation affects CVDs.19 Future research towards safer and more efficient ways to treat CVDs is encouraged. Herbal remedies are a viable choice since they are accessible, safe, and efficient; however, further research is required to determine whether they can be used to treat CVDs in gout and hyperuricemia patients.18 Conflict of interest: Authors declared no conflict of interest. References Zhang F-S, He Q-Z, Qin CH, Little PJ, Weng J-P, Xu S-W. Therapeutic potential of colchicine in cardiovascular medicine: a pharmacological review. Acta Pharma Sinica. 2022;43(9):2173-90. Chen J, Normand S-LT, Wang Y, Krumholz HM. National and regional trends in heart failure hospitalization and mortality rates for Medicare beneficiaries, 1998-2008. JAMA. 2011;306(15):1669-78. Tsutsui H, Kinugawa S, Matsushima S. Oxidative stress and heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011;301(6):H2181-H90. Ashiq K, Ashiq S, Shehzadi N. Hyperuricemia and its association with hypertension: risk factors and management. Pak Heart J. 2022;55(2):200-1. Abhijit D, Bhaskar G, Jitendra ND. Traditional phytotherapy against skin diseases and in wound healing of the tribes of Purulia district, West Bengal, India J Med Plants Res. 2012;6(33):4825-483. A comprehensive review on gout: The epidemiological trends, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment. J Pak Med Assoc. 2021;71(4):1234-8. Bergamini C, Cicoira M, Rossi A, Vassanelli C. Oxidative stress and hyperuricaemia: pathophysiology, clinical relevance, and therapeutic implications in chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11(5):444-52. George J, Struthers AD. The role of urate and xanthine oxidase inhibitors in cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular Drug Rev. 2008;26(1):59-64. Singh A, Singh K, Sharma A, Kaur K, Chadha R, Bedi PMS. Past, Present and Future of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors: Design Strategies, Structural and Pharmacological Insights, Patents and Clinical Trials. RSC Med Chem. 2023;14(11):2155-91. Sekizuka H. Uric acid, xanthine oxidase, and vascular damage: potential of xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors to prevent cardiovascular diseases. Hypertension Res. 2022;45(5):772-4. Karantalis V, Schulman IH, Hare JM. Nitroso-redox imbalance affects cardiac structure and function. American College of Cardiology Foundation Washington, DC; 2013. p. 933-5. Kittleson MM, St John ME, Bead V, Champion HC, Kasper EK, Russell SD, et al. Increased levels of uric acid predict haemodynamic compromise in patients with heart failure independently of B-type natriuretic peptide levels. Heart. 2007;93(3):365-7. Ky B, French B, Levy WC, Sweitzer NK, Fang JC, Wu AH, et al. Multiple biomarkers for risk prediction in chronic heart failure. Circulation: Heart Failure. 2012;5(2):183-90. Levy WC, Mozaffarian D, Linker DT, Sutradhar SC, Anker SD, Cropp AB, et al. The Seattle Heart Failure Model: prediction of survival in heart failure. Circulation. 2006;113(11):1424-33. Mouradjian MT, Plazak ME, Gale SE, Noel ZR, Watson K, Devabhakthuni S. Pharmacologic management of gout in patients with cardiovascular disease and heart failure. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2020;20(5):431-45. Cappola TP, Kass DA, Nelson GS, Berger RD, Rosas GO, Kobeissi ZA, et al. Allopurinol improves myocardial efficiency in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2001;104(20):2407-11. Murphy R, Dutka T, Lamb G. Hydroxyl radical and glutathione interactions alter calcium sensitivity and maximum force of the contractile apparatus in rat skeletal muscle fibres. J Physiol. 2008;586(8):2203-16. Ashiq K, Hussain K, Islam M, Shehzadi N, Ali E, Ashiq S. Medicinal plants of Pakistan and their xanthine oxidase inhibition activity to treat gout: a systematic review. Turkish J Bot. 2021;45(8):723-38. Deftereos SG, Beerkens FJ, Shah B, Giannopoulos G, Vrachatis DA, Giotaki SG, et al. Colchicine in cardiovascular disease: in-depth review. Circulation. 2022;145(1):61-78.

The aim of this study was to describe the international academic mobility experienced by the Fishing Engineering students in other countries. The data was collected through an electronic semi-structured questionnaire hosted on an electronic platform by Google. A total of nine students answered the questionnaire, in which they chose countries such as France, Spain, Ireland, Canada, the United States and Australia to study abroad in. The student’s satisfaction with the Science without Borders Program (SwB) was extremely positive, where all the interviewees stated that they had learned the language from the hosting country. In relation to the negative aspects, 67% of the interviewees pointed out that they struggled to understand the language in the beginning of the academic mobility, and 78% of the students said that they missed their families during the student mobility period. In conclusion, the academic mobility performed by students from the Fishing Engineering course was rated as excellent, and as a unique and an enriching opportunity, both in professional and personal aspects.ResumoO trabalho teve como objetivo discutir sobre a mobilidade acadêmica vivenciada por estudantes de Engenharia de Pesca em outros países. A coleta de dados foi feita através de um questionário eletrônico semiestruturado, hospedado em uma plataforma eletrônica de formulários da Google. Um total de nove discentes respondeu ao questionário, realizando a mobilidade na França, Espanha, Irlanda, Canadá, Estados Unidos e Austrália. A satisfação dos estudantes com o Programa Ciência sem Fronteiras (CsF) foi positiva, todos os entrevistados afirmaram terem aprendido o idioma do país que escolheram. Em relação aos aspectos negativos, 67% dos entrevistados apontaram que tiveram dificuldades no entendimento do idioma do país no início da mobilidade acadêmica e 78% sentiram saudade da família no período da mobilidade. Concluindo, a mobilidade acadêmica realizada por discentes do Curso de Engenharia de Pesca foi classificada como excelente, sendo uma experiência única e enriquecedora tanto pelo lado profissional, quanto pessoal.Palavras-chave: Educação, Aprendizado, Internacionalização, Programa Ciência sem Fronteiras.Keywords: Education, Learning, Internationalization.ReferencesALTBACH, P. G. Comparative Higher Education: Knowledge, the University, and Development. Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong, p. 240, 1998.ANDRADE, B. P. S. O “Ciência sem Fronteiras” pelo olhar da comunidade acadêmica: O caso da Unifal-mg e da Unifei. 2018. 185f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Divulgação Científica e Cultural). Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos de Linguagem, Campinas, SP, 2018. AVEIRO, T. M. M. O programa Ciência sem Fronteiras como ferramenta de acesso à mobilidade internacional. Tear: Revista de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia, Canoas, v.3, n.2, 2014.BEINE, M.; NOEL, R.; RAGOT, L. Determinants of the international mobility of students. Economics of Education Review, mar. 2014. BETT, D. B. Jovens universitários e intercâmbio acadêmico. 2012. 34f. Monografia (Especialização em Psicologia terminalidade em Terapia Cognitiva e Comportamental). Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Psicologia, Porto Alegre, 2012.BRASIL. Decreto n.° 7.642, de 13 de dezembro de 2011, Institui o Programa Ciência sem Fronteiras. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Brasília, DF, n. 239, p. 7, seção1, 14 dez. 2011a.BRASIL. Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação. Ministério da Educação. Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. Programa Ciência sem Fronteiras: um programa especial de mobilidade internacional em ciência, tecnologia e inovação. Documento Conjunto CAPES-CNPq. Julho, 2011b. 67p. Disponível em: http://www.capes.gov.br/images/stories/download/ Ciencia-sem Fronteiras_DocumentoCompleto_julho2011.pdfBRASIL. Ministério Da Ciência Tecnologia e Inovação. Estratégia Nacional de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação 2012 – 2015: Balanço das Atividades Estruturantes de 2011. Brasília, DF, 2012. Disponível em: https://livroaberto.ibict.br/218981.pdf . Acesso em: 25 abr. 2018.BRASIL. Programa Ciência sem Fronteiras. Dados Chamadas Graduação Sanduíche 2011-2014. Brasília, 2014. Disponível em: http://www.cienciasemfronteiras.gov.br/web/csf/dados-chamadas-graduacao-sanduiche. Acesso em: 21 abr. 2018.BRASIL. Programa Ciência sem Fronteiras. Painel de Controle do Programa 2016. Disponível em: http://www.cienciasemfronteiras.gov.br/web/csf/painel-de-controle . Acesso em: 18 jul. 2018.BRUNO, R. C. et al. Mobilidade internacional para educação superior: perfil sociodemográfico e educacional de imigrantes. Almanaque Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa, Universidade Unigranrio, ano III, v.1, n.1, 2016.COMISSÃO DE CIÊNCIA E TECNOLOGIA, COMUNICAÇÃO E INFORMÁTICA. Senado Federal. Relatório. Brasília. 2015. Disponível em: http://legis.senado.leg.br/sdleg-getter/documento/download/9f8bccb3-c880-408c-9667-96582f07fa84 Acesso em: 20 maio 2018.CORREIA-LIMA, M. C.; RIEGEL, V. Mobilidade acadêmica made in South: refletindo sobre as motivações de estudantes brasileiros e colombianos. Magis Revista Internacional de Investigación en Educación, v.8, n.16, p.109-132, 2015. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.m8-16.mamsCRUZ, V. X. A. PROGRAMA CIÊNCIA SEM FRONTEIRAS: Uma avaliação da política pública de internacionalização do ensino superior sob a perspectiva do Paradigma Multidimensional. Dissertação (Mestrado em Administração Pública). 2016. 209f. Universidade Federal de Goiás, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia – FCT, Goiânia, GO, 2016.CUTTI, L. et al. Programa Ciência sem Fronteiras: relato de experiências. Revista Eletrônica de Educação, v.11, n.3, p.1020-1033, set./dez., 2017. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14244/198271991897 DALMOLIN, I. S. et al. Intercâmbio acadêmico cultural internacional: uma experiência de crescimento pessoal e científico. Rev Bras Enferm, Brasília, v. 66, n.33. p. 442-447, 2013.FERREIRA, I.G.; CARREIRA, L. B.; BOTELHO, N. M. Mobilidade internacional na graduação em medicina: relato de experiência. ABCS Health Sci., v. 42, n.2, p.115-119, 2017. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7322/abcshs.v42i2.1013INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION – IIE. Open Doors Report 2015: Fast Facts New York, 2015. Disponível em: https://www.iie.org/Research-and-Insights/Open-Doors/Fact-Sheets-and-Infographics/Fast-Facts. Acesso em: 15 nov. de 2017.INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION – IIE. International student totals by place of origin, 2012/13 – 2015/16. Open Doors Report on International Educational Exchange, 2016. Disponível em: https://www.iie.org/Research-and-Insights/Open-Doors/Data/International-Students/Places-of-Origin. Acesso em: 15 nov. de 2017.INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION – IIE. Open Doors Report 2017: Fast Facts Disponível em: https://www.iie.org/Research-and-Insights/Open-Doors/Fact-Sheets-and-Infographics/Fast-Facts. Acesso em: 01 ago. 2018.INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION – ITA. 2016 Top Markets Report Education: Brazil Country Case Study. Disponível em: https://www.trade.gov/topmarkets/pdf/Education_Brazil.pdf. Acesso em: 15 nov. de 2017.KNIGHT, J. Internationalization remodeled: definition, approaches, and rationales. Journal of Studies in International Education, v. 1, p. 5-31, 2004.LIMA, M. C.; RIEGEL, V. A influência da mobilidade acadêmica sobre a formação dos jovens. UniRitter, Negócios e Talentos, v.2 , n.11, 2013.MAJID, S. et al. Motivations for studying abroad and adjustment challenges faced by international students in Singapore. Acad. J. Educ. Res., v.5, n.8, p. 223-235, 2017. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15413/ajer.2017.0712MANÇOS, G. R.; COELHO, F. S. Internacionalização da Ciência Brasileira: subsídios para avaliação do programa Ciência sem Fronteiras. Revista Brasileira de Políticas Públicas e Internacionais, p.73, 2017.MARANHÃO, C. M. S.; DUTRA, C. I.; MARANHÃO, R. K. Internacionalização do ensino superior: um estudo sobre barreiras e possibilidades. Administração: Ensino e Pesquisa, Rio de Janeiro, v. 18, n. 1, p. 09–38, jan-abr 2017. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13058/raep.2017.v18n1.458MARQUES, F. Experiência encerrada. Revista Pesquisa Fapesp, ed. 256, 27-29, jun. 2017. Disponível em http://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/2017/06/19/experiencia-encerrada . Acesso em: 21 nov. 2017.MARTINS, V.; MONTAGUE, A.; SILVA, P. B. Cooperação internacional para mobilidade estudantil: o caso da Umesp e da Zuyd. Revista de Educação do Cogeime, ano 26, n. 50, jan/jun 2017.MOROSINI, M. C.; AMARAL, G. M. Avaliação da mobilidade acadêmica universitária: A perspectiva dos alunos intercambistas. In: SIMPÓSIO AVALIAÇÃO DA EDUCAÇÃO SUPERIOR, 2015, Porto Alegre. Anais... Porto Alegre, 17 e 18 set. 2015. OLIVEIRA, A. L.; FREITAS, M. E. Motivações para mobilidade acadêmica internacional: a visão de alunos e professores universitários. Educação em Revista, Belo Horizonte, v.32, n.03, p. 217-246, jul/set 2016. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-4698148237PEREIRA, V. Relatos de uma viagem: uma análise feita pelos bolsistas sobre o programa Ciência Sem Fronteiras. Revista Perspectivas do Desenvolvimento: um enfoque multidimensional, v. 03, no 4, jul. 2015.PROLO, I.; VIEIRA, R. C. O programa Ciência sem Fronteiras e as Universidades Brasileiras: Uma política pública a celebrar? In: Seminários em Administração (SEMEAD), XX, 2017, LOCAL. Anais..., nov. 2017. ISSN 2177-3866.SÁ, C. M. The Rise and Fall of Brazil’s Science Without Borders. International Higher Education, n.85, p.17-18, 2016. STALLIVIERI, L. As dinâmicas de uma nova linguagem intercultural na mobilidade acadêmica internacional. 2009. 235f. Tese (Doutorado em Línguas Modernas). Universidade Del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2009.SANTOS, S. R. et al. Turismo e intercâmbio: contribuições para a formação discente nos cursos de graduação das instituições de ensino superior de São Luís, Maranhão. Cultur, ano 08, n. 2, jul. 2014.SEHNEM, P. R.; LUNA, J. M. F. Os egressos do Programa Ciência sem Fronteiras pela percepção dos seus professores. Revista Eletrônica de Educação, v. 12, n. 1, p. 104-119, jan./abr., 2018. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14244/198271991919UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION FOR EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND CULTURE (UNESCO). Recueil des donneés mondiales sur l'éducation: statistiques comparées sur l'éducation dans le monde. Montreal: Unesco, 2009. Dispo­nível em: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Library/Documents/ged09-fr.pdf Acesso em: 01 abri 2019.e3633105

Introduction: Bacteria of the genus Salmonella are important pathogens involved in the contamination of various foods, such as chickens, and may cause food poisoning. Aim: The present study aimed to review the literature on the prevalence of chickens contaminated with Salmonella spp., which are commercializated in different Brazilian states. Material and methods: This was a literary review. The absolute frequency and the total percentage of contaminated samples was calculated and the Qui-square statistical test was applied, considering statistically significant p <0.05. Results: 616 publications were retrieved, but only 10 articles were included to compose the results. The cataloged studies were carried out in 14 different brazilian states, and it was observed that of 5,030 chicken samples analyzed, the mean prevalence of samples contaminated with Salmonellawas 7,3% (n= 365). In addition, the prevalence of samples in the different studies ranged from 2.5% to 44.6%. The most prevalent serotype was S. Enteritidis (28,7%) and a statistically significant association between the type of raw material for commercialization and the result of the chicken samples microbiological analysis was observed (p<0.001), where the carcasses represented 90.1% of the contaminated samples. Conclusion: Thus, the data presented in this study can serve as subsidy for the development of necessary, political or legislative, measures that allow a better control of commercialized chickens in Brazil.Descriptors: Salmonella; Foodborne Diseases; Epidemiology.ReferencesSouza GC, Gonsalves HRO, Gonsalves HEO, Coêlho JLS. Característica microbiológica da carne de frango. ACSA. 2014;10(1):12-17.Pinto LAM, Pinto MM, Bovo J, Mateus GAP, Tavres FO, Baptista ATA, et al. Aspectos ambientais do abate de aves: uma revisão. Rev Uningá. 2018;22(3):44-50.Oliveira ME, Oliveira RLZ, Souza MFLZ, Harada ES, Tech ARB. Desenvolvimento de sensores para monitoramento de ambiente aviário com ênfase em controle térmico. Int J Agric & Biol Eng. 2018;12(3):234-40.Cintra APR, Andrade MCG, Lazarini MM, Assis DCS, Silva GR, Menezes LDM, et al. Influence of cutting room temperature on the microbiological quality of chicken breast meat. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootc. 2016;68(3):814-20.Rückert DAS, Pinto PSA, Santos BM, Moreira MAS, Rodrigues ACA. Pontos críticos de controle de Salmonella spp. no abate de frangos. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec. 2009;61(2):326-30.Oliveira AP, Sola MC, Feistel JC, Moreira NM, Oliveira JJ. 2013. Salmonella enterica: genes de virulência e ilhas de patogenicidade. Enciclopedia Biosfera. 2013;9(16):1947-72.Brasil. Ministério da Saúde [homepage na internet]. Surtos de doenças transmitidas por alimentos no Brasil [acesso em 15 jul 2018]. Disponível em: http://portalarquivos2.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2018/julho/02/Apresentacao-Surtos-DTA-Junho-2018.pdf.Borsoi A, Moraes HLS, Salle CTP, Nascimento VP. Número mais provável de Salmonella isoladas de carcaças de frango resfriadas. Ciênc Rural. 2010;40(11):2338-42.Cardoso KF, Rall VLM, Mendes AA, Paz ICLA, Komiyama CM. Pesquisa de salmonella e coliformes termotolerantes em cortes de frango obtidos no comércio de Botucatu/SP. Hig Aliment. 2009;23(176/179):165-68.Cunha-Neto AD, Carvalho LA, Carvalho RCT, Dos Prazeres Rodrigues D, Mano SB, Figueiredo EES, Conte-Junior CA. Salmonella isolated from chicken carcasses from a slaughterhouse in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil: antibiotic resistance profile, serotyping, and characterization by repetitive sequence-based PCR system. Poult Sci. 2018;97(4):1373-81. Duarte DAM, Ribeiro AR, Vasconcelos AMM, Santos SB, Silva JVD, Andrade PLA, et al. Occurrence of Salmonella spp. in broiler chicken carcasses and their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Braz J Microbiol. 2009;40(3):569-73.Medeiros MA, Oliveira DC, Rodrigues DP, Freitas DR. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in chicken carcasses at retail in 15 Brazilian cities. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2011;30(6):555-60.Menezes LDM, Lima AL, Pena EC, Silva GR, Klein RWT, Silva CA, et al. Caracterização microbiológica de carcaças de frangos de corte produzidas no estado de Minas Gerais. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec. 2018;70(2):623-27.Moreira GN, Rezende CSM, Carvalho RN, Mesquita SQP, Oliveira AN, Arruda MLT. Ocorrência de Salmonella sp. em carcaças de frangos abatidose comercializados em municípios do estado de Goiás. Rev Inst Adolfo Lutz. 2008;67(2):126-30.Possebon FS, Costa LFZP, Yamatogi RS, Rodrigues MV, Sudano MJ, Pinto JPAN. A refrigeração no diagnóstico de Salmonella spp. utilizando o método microbiológico tradicional e reação em cadeia da polimerase em carcaças de frango. Ciênc Rural. 2012;42(1):131-35.Tessari ENC, Cardoso ALSP, Kanashiro AMI, Stoppa GFZ, Luciano RL, Castro AGM. Ocorrência de Salmonella spp. em carcaças de frangos industrialmente processadas procedentes de explorações industriais do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Cienc Rural, 2008; 38(9):2557-60.Yamatogi RS, Galvão JA, Baldini ED, Souza Júnior LCT, Rodrigues MV, Pinto JPAN. Avaliação da unidade analítica na detecção de Salmonella spp. em frangos a varejo. Rev Inst Adolfo Lutz. 2011;70(4):637-40.Sharma J, Kumar D, Hussain S, Pathak A, Shukla M, Kumar VP, et al. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistence and virulence genes characterization of montyphoidal Salmonella isolated from retail chicken meat shops in Northern India. Food Control. 2019;102:104-11.Harb A, Babib I, Mezal EH, Kareem HS, Laird T, O’dea M, et al. Ocurrence, antimicrobial resistence and whole-genome sequencing analysis of Salmonella isolates from chicken carcasses imported into Iraq from four different countries. Int J Food Microbiol. 2018;284:84-90.Zwe YH, Yentang VC, Aung KT, Gutiérrez RA, Ng LC, Yuk HG. Prevalence, sequence types, antibiotic resistance and, gyrA mutations of Salmonella isolated from retail fresh chicken meat in Singapore. Food Control. 2018;90:233-40.Goni AM, Effarizah ME, Rusul G. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, resistance genes and class 1 integrons of Salmonella serovars in leafy vegetables, chicken carcasses and related processing environments in Malaysian fresh food markets. Food Control. 2018;91:170-80.Zhu J, Wang Y, Song X, Cui S, Xu H, Yang B, et al. Prevalence and quantification of Salmonella contamination in raw chicken carcasses at the retail in China. Food Control. 2014;44:198-202.Kramarenko T, Nurmoja I, Karssin A, Meremae K., Horman A, Roasto M. The prevalence and serovar diversity of Salmonella in various food products in Estonia. Food Control. 2014;42:43-7.Smadi H, Sargeant JM, Shannon HS, Raina P. Growth and inactivation of Salmonella at low refrigerated storage temperatures and thermal inactivation on raw chicken meat and laboratory media: Mixed effect meta-analysis. Journal of Epidemiology and global Health. 2012;2(4):165-79.Cardoso ALSP, Tessari ENC. Salmonella enteritidis em aves e na saúde pública: revisão da literatura. R cient eletr Med Vet. 2013;11(21).Realpe-Delgado ME, Muñoz-Delgado AB, Donado-Godoy P, Rey-Ramírez LM, Díaz-Guevara PL, Arévalo-Mayorga SA. Epidemiología de Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes y Campylobacter spp., en la cadena productiva avícula. Iatreia. 2016;22(4):397-406.Shinohara NKS, Barros VB, Jimenez SMC, Machado ECL, Dutra RAF, Lima Filho JL. Salmonella spp., importante agente patogênico veiculado em alimentos. Ciênc. sáude coletiva. 2008;13(5):1675-83.Lv S, Si W, Yu S, Li Z, Wang X, Chen L, Zhang W, Liu S. Characteristics of invasion-reduced hilA gene mutant of Salmonella Enteritidis in vitro and in vivo. 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<p><strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong></p><p><strong><em>Backgrounds:</em></strong><em> Stunting remains a problem that still needs to be considered by the government, because children with stunting decreased of intelligence (IQ) than children who are not stunting. Optimal growth can only be achieved by the intake of nutritious food and a healthy environment. In 2013, the prevalence of stunting in Aceh amounted to 37.2% consisted of 18% very short and 19.2% short. Based on the results of monitoring nutritional status report from Public Health Office in Pidie Jaya, the prevalence of stunting increased in the last two years. That percentage increased from 14.8% in 2014 and become 17% in 2015.</em></p><p><strong><em>Objectives:</em></strong><em> This study aims to determine of stunting of BADUTA in Puskesmas Ulim, Pidie Jaya district in the year of 2016.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong><em> This research design is descriptive analytic by cross-sectional. The population in this study is all mothers who have BADUTA in Puskesmas Ulim in total of 75 respondents. The sampling method used is cluster sampling with total samples taken by 20% of the entire population from every six villagers from 30 villages. The primary data obtained directly by measuring the length of the child's body and through questionnaires by interview. The statistical test used is Chi-Square Test.</em></p><p><strong><em>Results:</em></strong><em> The study showed that 66.7% children experienced stunting, 70.7% children has less nutrition, 85.3% children does not received exclusive breastfeeding, 8.0% children with low birth weight babies, and 80.0% having infectious diseases. From the statistical analysis it can be concluded that there is a relationship between nutrient intake (p-value= 0.000), breastfeeding (p-value= 0.000), and infectious diseases (p-value= 0.029) with stunting. However, there is no relation between low birth weight (LBW) (p-value= 0.079) with stunting for BADUTA.</em></p><p><strong><em>Conclusions:</em></strong><em> There is significant correlation between nutrition, exclusive breastfeeding, infection disease with stunting of BADUTA meanwhile there is no significant correlation between LBW babies with stunting in Puskesmas Ulim at Pidie Jaya district.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> stunting, nutrient intake, exclusive breastfeeding, LBW, and infectious diseases</em></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><strong><em><br clear="all" /> </em></strong><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><strong><em>ABSTRAK</em></strong></p><p><strong><em>Latar belakang: </em></strong><em>Stunting masih menjadi masalah yang harus diperhatikan pemerintah, dikarenakan anak penderita stunting mangalami penurunan intelligence quotient (IQ) dibandingkan dengan anak yang tidak stunting. Pertumbuhan yang optimal hanya dapat dicapai dengan asupan makanan yang bergizi serta lingkungan yang sehat. Tahun 2013 prevalensi stunting di Aceh sebesar 37,2 % terdiri dari 18,0% sangat pendek dan 19,2 % pendek. Berdasarkan hasil laporan pemantau status gizi Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Pidie Jaya prevalensi stunting </em><em>mengakami </em><em>peningkatan </em><em>dakam dua tahun terakhir</em><em>. P</em><em>e</em><em>rsentas</em><em>e peningkatan tersebut</em><em> </em><em>pada</em><em> tahun 2014 sebesar 14,8%, meningkat menjadi</em><em> </em><em>17% </em><em> pada tahun 2015.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Tujuan:</em></strong><em> </em><em>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui analisis determinan stunting pada baduta di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Ulim Kabupaten Pidie Jaya Tahun 2016. </em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Metode</em></strong><strong><em>:</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><em>Penelitian ini </em><em>adalah</em><em> penelitian </em><em>deskriptif analitik </em><em>dengan desain cross sectional. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah </em><em>seluruh ibu yang memiliki ba</em><em>duta</em><em> di wilayah kerja Puskesmas </em><em>Ulim sebanyak 75 responden, </em><em>dengan metode sampling yang dipilih adalah cluster sampling, sampel yang akan diambil sebesar 20% dari seluruh populasi</em><em>, d</em><em>engan teknik gugus adalah dengan mengambil 6 desa dari 30 desa</em><em>. Data primer diperoleh langsung melalui pengukuran panjang badan anak dan melalui kuesioner dengan cara wawancara. Uji statistik yang digunakan yaitu uji </em><em>c</em><em>hi-</em><em>s</em><em>quare </em><em>t</em><em>est.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Hasil:</em></strong><em> penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak (66,7%) anak mengalami stunting, asupan gizi yang kurang (70,7%), yang tidak memberikan ASI eksklusif (85,3%), yang bayi berat lahir rendah (8,0%), dan yang ada penyakit infeksi (80,0%). Dari analisa statistik dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada hubungan antara asupan gizi (p=0,000), pemberian ASI (p=0,000), penyakit infeksi (p=0,029), dan tidak ada hubungan berat bayi lahir rendah (p=0,079) dengan stunting pada baduta.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Kesimpulan:</em></strong><em> Ada hubungan yang bermakna antara asupan gizi, pemberian ASI Ekslusif, penyakit Infeksi</em><em> dengan </em><em>stunting pada baduta, dan tidak </em><em>ada </em><em>hubungan yang bermakna </em><em>antara b</em><em>ayi </em><em>b</em><em>erat </em><em>l</em><em>ahir </em><em>r</em><em>endah</em><em> dengan </em><em>stunting pada baduta </em><em>di</em><em> </em><em>W</em><em>ilayah Kerja</em><em> Puskesmas </em><em>Ulim</em><em> Kabupaten </em><em>Pidie Jaya.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>KATA KUNCI: s</em></strong><strong><em>tunting</em></strong><strong><em>, a</em></strong><strong><em>supan </em></strong><strong><em>g</em></strong><strong><em>izi</em></strong><strong><em>, </em></strong><strong><em>ASI </em></strong><strong><em>e</em></strong><strong><em>ksklusif</em></strong><strong><em>, </em></strong><strong><em>BBLR</em></strong><strong><em>, p</em></strong><strong><em>enyakit </em></strong><strong><em>i</em></strong><strong><em>nfeksi</em></strong></p><br clear="all" /><p> </p>

ObjectiveThe objectives of this study are to evaluate the current animal rabies surveillance system in the state and suggest recommendations.IntroductionRabies is a zoonotic, neglected viral disease. Every 10 minutes, the world loses a life, especially children, to dog-mediated rabies. Yet it is 100% preventable. Africa, including Nigeria, has major share of the disease. Eradication of human rabies relies majorly on control of rabies in animals and this cannot be achieved without good surveillance system of the disease in animal, especially dogs. There is little or no information as to whether the surveillance system in Nigeria is effective.MethodsWe reviewed the medical records of all rabies cases reported in the 10 government and 5 registered private veterinary health facilities in the 16 LGAs of the state. We extracted 44 cases of rabies in all, between review period of 2012-2017. We also interviewed 25 key stakeholders in the system using Key Informant Interview (KII) and questionnaires. We followed the steps stated in CDC guideline for evaluation of public health surveillance system to assess the key attributes and components of the system, and analysed the data using Microsoft Excel.ResultsTwo (20%) of the government and only one in five private veterinary health facilities had records on rabies cases. All reported cases of suspected rabies involved dog bites. The confirmatory status of 32 (72.7%) of the suspected cases were unknown. Six (37.5%) LGAs did not have access to any veterinary health facility. Average of 1 technical staff per veterinary facility was seen. Overall, the system was useful and flexible. It was fairly simple, acceptable and representative. Both sensitivity and predictive Value Positive (PVP) were less than 1% while the timeliness, data quality and stability were poorConclusionsThe surveillance system was performing below optimal level. There is need for improvement in the animal rabies surveillance system to achieve elimination of human rabies in Nigeria.ReferencesAdedeji, A. O., Okonko, I. O., Eyarefe, O. D., Adedeji, O. B., Babalola, E. T., and Ojezele, M. O. (2010). An overview of rabies - History , epidemiology , control and possible elimination. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 4(22), 2327–2338.Aliyu, T. (2010). Prevalence of Rabies Virus Antigens in Apparently Healthy Dogs in Yola , Nigeria. Researcher, 2(2), 1–14.Ameh, V. O., Dzikwi, A. A., and Umoh, J. U. (2014). Assessment of Knowledge , Attitude and Practice of Dog Owners to Canine Rabies in Wukari Metropolis , Taraba State Nigeria. Global Journal of Health Science, 6(5), 226–240.Burgos-Cáceres, S., and Sigfrido. (2011). Canine Rabies: A Looming Threat to Public Health. Animals, 1(4), 326–342.Dutta, J. K., and Dutta, T. K. (1994). Rabies in endemic countries. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 308(6927), 488–9.Ehimiyein, A. M., and Ehimiyein, I. O. (2014). Rabies– Its Previous and Current Trend as an Endemic Disease of Humans and Mammals in Nigeria. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Science, 2(2320), 137–149.El-moamly, A. (2014). Immunochromatographic Techniques : Benefits for the Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections. Austin Chromatography, 1(4), 1–8.Fekadu, M. (1993). Canine rabies. Journal of Veterinary Research, 60, 421–427.Kasempimolporn, S., Saengseesom, W., Huadsakul, S., Boonchang, S., and Sitprija, V. (2011). Evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic test strip for detection of Rabies virus in dog saliva samples. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 23(6), 1197-1201.Muriuki J, Thaiyah A, Mbugua S, Kitaa J and Kirui. G. (2016). Knowledge,Attitude and Practices on Rabies and Socio-economic Value of Dog Keeping in isumu and Siaya countries, Kenya. International Jornal of Veterinary Science, 5(1), 29–33.National Population Commission. (2009). 2006 population and housing census of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Official Gazette of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 96(2), 1.Ogunkoya, A. ., Aina, O. ., Adebayo, O. ., Oluwagbenga, A. ., Tirmidhi, A. ., Audu, S. and Garba, A. (2012). Rabies Antigen Spread Amongst Apparently Healthy Dogs in Nigeria : A Review. Rita Brazil, 8(October), 74.OIE: World Organization for Animal Health. (2012). OIE Global Conference on Rabies Control: OIE - World Organisation for Animal Health. on-rabies-control/OIE: World Organization for Animal Health. (2014). Dog vaccination: the key to end dog-transmitted human rabies : OIE - World Organisation for Animal Health.Otolorin, G. R., Umoh, J. U., Dzikwi, A. A., and Anglais, A. E. (2014). Prevalence of Rabies Antigen in Brain Tissue of Dogs Slaughtered for Human Consumption and Evaluation of Vaccination of Dogs Against Rabies in Aba , Abia State Nigeria. World J Public Health Sciences, 3(1), 5–10.Panda, S., Mitra, J., Chowdhury, S., and Sarkar, S. N. (2016). Detection Of Rabies Viral Antigen In Cattle By Rapid Immunochromtographic Diagnostic Test. Explor Anim Medical Res, 6(1), 119–122.Sharma, P., Singh, C. K., and Narang, D. (2015). Comparison of immunochromatographic diagnostic test with heminested r everse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for detection of rabies virus from brain samples of various species. Veterinary World, 8(2), 135–138.Singh, C K; Kaw, A; Bansal, K; Dandale, M and Pranoti, S. (2012). Approaches for antemortem diagnosis of rabies 1. CIBTech Journal of Biotechnology, 1(1), 1–16.Takayama, N. (2008). Rabies: A preventable but incurable disease. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy, 14(1), 8–14.Wang, H., Feng, N., Yang, S., Wang, C., Wang, T., Gao, Y. and Xia, X. (2010). A rapid immunochromatographic test strip for detecting rabies virus antibody. Journal of Virological Methods, 170(1–2), 80–5.WHO. (2016). 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Octahedral chiral‐at‐metal complexes MX2(a‐chel)2 (a‑chel = asymmetric chelate) can rearrange their ligands by four mechanisms known as the Bailar (B), Ray‐Dutt (RD), Conte‐Hippler (CH), and Dhimba‐Muller‐Lammertsma (DML) twists. Racemization involves their interconnections, which were computed for MoO2(acnac)2 (acnac = β‐ketoiminate) using density functional theory at ωB97x‐D with the 6‐31G(d,p) and 6‐311G(2d,p) basis sets and LANL2DZ for molybdenum. Racemizing the cis(NN) isomer, being the global energy minimum with trans oriented imine groups, is a three step process (DML‐CH‐DML) that requires 17.4 kcal/mol, while all three cis isomers (cis(NN), cis(NO), and cis(OO)) interconvert at ≤ 17.9 kcal/mol. The B and RD twists are energetically not competitive and neither are the trans isomers. The interconnection of all enantiomeric minima and transition structures is summarized in a graph that also visualizes valley ridge inflection points for two of the three CH twists. Geometrical features of the minima and twists are given. Lastly, the influence of N‐substitution on the favored racemization pathway is evaluated. The present comprehensive study serves as a template for designing chiral‐at‐metal MX2(a‐chel)2 catalysts that may retain their chiral integrity.

Abstract: This study aimed to describe the discourse structure of Gema FM radio ad in Banjarmasin, including: (1) The headline, (2) body and (3) close. This research is a qualitative descriptive method. The result showed that the Gema FM radio ad Banjarmasin has three discourse structures, namely: the main item, advertising agencies, and cover advertising. (1) The main point of the ad is divided into five types, namely: (a) the proposition that emphasizes profit potential consumers, such IM3 murahnya menemani tiap hari, (b) the proposition that arouse the curiosity of potential consumers, such as Kalau mau mengecat ulang pagar halaman rumah, tembok, dan dinding pakai cat Dana Paint aja!, (c) proposition in the form of questions that require more attention, such as Mau gratis nelpon ke sesama Telkomsel plus 100 sms ke semua operator?, (d) proposition who gave the command or commands to prospective customers such as Antangin !, and (e) proposition that makes consumers particularly interested, like Mom, there is an info for you !. (2) The advertising agency is divided into three types, namely: (a) the body part that proposition it contains subjective reasons, such as Ultra-Flu Extra !, Bujur-bujur harat (b) the body part that the proposition contains objective reasons, as we could get 5000 SMS to all operators every day for free !, and (c) the body part that the proposition contains a mix of objective and subjective reasons, such as Buat loe yang pengen gaya and tambah gaul kudu pakai Quick Silver, Roxy, and DG! Ray Surf big sale, diskon sampai 80%, loh!. (3) closing ad is divided into four types, namely: (a) the development of the hard and soft techniques, such as Ayo, nikmati murahnya IM3 seharian! Murah itu IM3!, (b) software development techniques, such as Kualitas terbaik hanya satu, beras JDR!, (c) development with a mix of software engineering and passive items, like Untuk informasi, hubungi Mila di 0511-7505044. Pesona Cipta Balon untuk acara yang meriah dan berkesan! and (d) development with a mix of hard engineering and passive items, such as Ayo, buruan belanja fashion ke Ray Surf Duta Mall lantai 3 blok b12 d15!. Keywords: discourse structure ads, and radio ads Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan struktur wacana iklan di radio Gema FM Banjarmasin, meliputi: (1) butir utama (headline), (2) badan (body), dan (3) penutup (close). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa iklan radio Gema FM Banjarmasin memiliki tiga struktur wacana, yaitu: butir utama, badan iklan, dan penutup iklan. (1) Butir utama iklan terbagi menjadi 5 jenis, yaitu: (a) proposisi yang menekankan keuntungan calon konsumen, seperti IM3 murahnya menemani tiap hari, (b) proposisi yang membangkitkan rasa ingin tahu calon konsumen, seperti Kalau mau mengecat ulang pagar halaman rumah, tembok, dan dinding pakai cat Dana Paint aja!, (c) proposisi berupa pertanyaan yang menuntut perhatian lebih, seperti Mau gratis nelpon ke sesama Telkomsel plus 100 sms ke semua operator?, (d) Proposisi yang memberi komando atau perintah kepada calon konsumen, seperti Dapatkan obat batuk herbal Antangin!, dan (e) Proposisi yang membuat konsumen khusus tertarik, seperti Bu, ada info untuk Anda!. (2) Badan iklan terbagi menjadi 3 jenis, yaitu: (a) bagian badan yang proposisinya berisi alasan subjektif, seperti Ultra Flu Ekstra bujur-bujur harat!, (b) bagian badan yang proposisinya berisi alasan objektif, seperti kita bisa dapat gratis 5000 sms setiap hari ke semua operator!, dan (c) bagian badan yang proposisinya berisi campuran alasan objektif dan subjektif, seperti Buat loe yang pengen gaya and tambah gaul kudu pakai Quick Silver, Roxy, and DG! Ray Surf big sale, diskon sampai 80%, loh!. (3) Penutup iklan terbagi menjadi 4 jenis, yaitu: (a) pengembangan dengan teknik keras dan lunak, seperti Ayo, nikmati murahnya IM3 seharian! Murah itu IM3!, (b) pengembangan dengan teknik lunak, seperti Kualitas terbaik hanya satu, beras JDR!, (c) pengembangan dengan campuran teknik lunak dan butir-butir pasif, seperti Untuk informasi, hubungi Mila di 0511-7505044. Pesona Cipta Balon untuk acara yang meriah dan berkesan!, dan (d) Pengembangan dengan campuran teknik keras dan butir-butir pasif, seperti Ayo, buruan belanja fashion ke Ray Surf Duta Mall lantai 3 blok b12 d15!. Kata kunci: struktur wacana iklan, dan iklan radio

Tujun penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkan budaya literasi dan meningkatkan prestasi siswa di SMP Negeri 1 Gianyar melalui program “TALI KASIH” (Duta Literasi dan Kompetisi Karya Litersi Sekolah). Penelitian ini tergolong praktek baik (best practice) yang dilaksanakan pada semester ganjil Tahun Pelajaran 2019/2020. Berdasarkan analisis data bahwa dampak positif program Tali Kasih terhadap peningkatan prestasi siswa, adalah: (a) Pemanfaatan perpustakaan menjadi lebih optimal, dimana hampir setiap kegiatan sekolah memfaatkan perpustakaan sekolah. (b) Jumlah kunjungan siswa ke perpustakaan setiap bulannya mengalami peningkatan secara drastis. Sesuai rekapitulasi data pada akhir bulan Oktober 2019 jumlah siswa yang berkunjung ke perpustakaan sekolah sebesar 98,16%. (c) Jumlah siswa yang meminjam buku dari berbagai jenis klasifikasi buku juga setiap bulannya mengalami peningkatan. Sesuai rekapitulasi data pada akhir bulan Oktober 2019 jumlah siswa yang meminjam buku ke perpustakaan sekolah sebesar 93,85%. (d) Dampak positif lainnya adalah prestasi yang diraih siswa secara kualitas juga mengalami peningkatan, yaitu: Siswa a.n Gede Indra Prabawa Putra mampu lolos 12 besar IJSO dan sudah sampai ikut TC di Bandung. Siswa an. Deantika Ardila Santi mendapat juara I lomba IPS dan memperebutkan piala bergilir Dekan IPS di Undiksha. Dalam Olimpiade Fisika di Universitas Udayana, dua orang siswa meraih medali yakni medali emas an. Gede Indra Prabawa Putra dan medali perak an. Ngakan Putu Bagus Aditya Pradnya

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan hasil analisis SWOT strategi promosi yang dilakukan oleh Museum Sonobudoyo. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Informan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari tiga orang dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling, yaitu meliputi Kepala Museum Sonobudoyo, Kepala Seksi Bimbingan Informasi dan Preparasi Museum Sonobudoyo dan Staff Seksi Bimbingan Informasi dan Preparasi Museum Sonobudoyo. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan wawancara semi struktur, observasi dan dokumentasi. Pengujian keabsahan data pada penelitian ini menggunakan triangulasi sumber. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa; a) kekuatan termasuk; Nilai historis dari Museum Sonobudoyo, Keanekaragaman koleksi museum. b) Sementara kelemahannya adalah; kurangnya konsistensi dalam melakukan promosi, kurangnya kreativitas. tidak tersedianya fasilitas dan penjual di Museumc) peluang adalah; dukungan pemerintah melalui Duta Wisata, komunitas yang mendukung kegiatan museum, Lokasi Museum Sonobudoyo, dukungan fasilitas dan infrastruktur pemerintah, Kerjasama dengan media dan lembaga. d) Ancaman yang dihadapi termasuk; daya saing museum, memperkenalkan museum kepada generasi muda, memunculkan citra positif museum di media dan publik kurang memiliki kesadaran dan pemahaman tentang museum. Strategi yang dapat diterapkan adalah 1) Memanfaatkan kolaborasi melalui komunitas untuk mempromosikan museum 2) Membangun divisi khusus yang berfokus pada promosi. 3) Membangun dan memelihara fasilitas museum 4) Mengelola promosi pariwisata melalui media dengan peristiwa positif 5) Meningkatkan sistem keamanan pada museum koleksi untuk mengatasi masalah keamanan.Kata kunci: Strategi Promosi, Analisis SWOT, Citra Destinasi, Museum SonobudoyoABSTRACTThis research aims to describe SWOT analysis of the promotional strategy carried out by the Sonobudoyo Museum. This research was conducted by using descriptive qualitative approach. The subjects of this research were three people and chosen by purposive sampling technique, which included the Head of the Sonobudoyo Museum, Head of the Sonobudoyo Museum's Information and Preparation Guidance Section and Staff of the Sonobudoyo Museum's Information and Preparation Section. The data collection is done by semi structure interview, observation and documentation. Triangulation Source was used to examine the data validity. The data analysis used in this research are data reduction, data display and conclusion. The results of this research shows that; a) strengths are including; The historical value of the Sonobudoyo Museum, Diversity of the museum’s collections. b) While the weaknesses are; lack of consistency in conducting promotions, lack of creativity. the unavailability of amenities and merchandise sellers in museum. c) opportunities are; government support through Tourism Ambassadors, communities that support museum activities, Sonobudoyo Museum Locations, government facilities and infrastructure support, Collaboration with media and agencies. d) Threats faced including; Museum competitiveness, Introducing the museum to the younger generation, bringing up the positive image of the museum in the media, publics are lacking of awareness and understanding of the museum. Strategies that can be applied are 1) Utilizing collaboration through community to promote the museum 2) Establishing a specific division that focuses on promotion 3) Establishing and maintaining museum amenities 4) Managing tourism promotions through media with positive events 5) Improving security systems on museum’s collections to overcome security issue.Keywords: Promotional Strategy, SWOT Analysis, Destination Image, Sonobudoyo Museum

Tujuan dari penelitan ini adalah untuk menganalisis (1) perkembangan ROA, CAR dan OER pada bank umum syariah devisa di Indonesia. (2) CAR dan OER terhadap ROA pada bank umum syariah devisa di Indonesia periode 2009-2014. Data yang digunakan adalah data time series dari Laporan Keuangan tahunan Bank Umum Syariah Devisa di Indonesia periode 2009-2014, yaitu Bank BNI Syariah, Bank Mega Syariah, Bank Muamalat Indonesia, dan Bank Mandiri Syariah. Alat analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif dan regresi berganda. Hasil analisis menemukan bahwa: 1) Rata-rata perkembangan ROA pertahun untuk Bank BNI Syariah sebesar 0.20%, Bank Mega Syariah sebesar 0.98%, Bank Muamalat Indonesia sebesar 0.19 % dan Bank Mandiri Syariah sebesar 0.62%; 2) Rata-rata perkembangan CAR pertahun untuk Bank BNI Syariah sebesar 18.42%, Bank Mega Syariah sebesar 13.18 %, Bank Muamalat Indonesia sebesar 12.65%, dan Bank Syariah Mandiri sebesar 12.57 %; 3) Rata-rata perkembangan OER pertahun untuk Bank BNI Syariah sebesar sebesar 85.1%, Bank Mega Syariah sebesar 87.12%, Bank Muamalat Indonesia sebesar 86.91% dan Bank Mandiri Syariah sebesar 80.87%; 4) Secara simultan, CAR dan OER berpengaruh signifikan terhadap ROA Bank Umum Syariah Devisa di Indonesia, sedangkan secara parsial OER berpengaruh negatif signifikan dan CAR tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan. Kata Kunci : Keuangan, Bank Umum, Syariah, Devisa REFERENCES Desfian, B, 2005. 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Introduction 1. In an era of globalization, international trade is inevitable. When we walk into a supermarket and find South American bananas, Malaysian rubber products, Brazilian coffee, we simply experience the impact of global trade. Global trade allows all countries around the world to publicise their markets and to supply goods and services that otherwise would not have been open to the domestic economy. As all goods and services are available at relatively cheaper prices in the international market, therefore domestic market becomes more competitive. People have got choices for competitive products. Therefore, the difference in the prices of goods of the foreign economy and domestic economy results in international trade. 2. Why nations trade with each other ? Not a single nation alone can generate all the goods and services for its households in today’s world of limitless desires. There is an unequal distribution of factors of production over the countries of the world. Countries of the world differ from each other in terms of natural resources, technology, entrepreneurial and managerial skills which determine the ability of the country concerned, at the lowest cost of production, to manufacture goods and services. For example, South Korea can manufacture cars or microelectronic products effectively in comparison with any other nation in the world, similarly Malaysia could produce rubber and palm oil more efficiently. The ability to manufacture these products, such as electronics or rubber, is much greater than their ability to consume these goods within the country so that they can sell these goods at comparatively cheaper prices to other countries around the world. Similarly, India and Brazil can import certain products from South Korea and Malaysia at lower prices and can in exchange, import Brazilian coffee or Indian textiles at a lower price. Therefore, generally trade benefits all the countries of the world provided it is free trade. If one country has a belief in free trade and the other beliefs in the opposite, only the previous one will end practicing free trade and suffering in the end. Economists say that trade conflicts safeguard economic interests and are advantageous to the local market, but critics claim that they ultimately hurt local companies, consumers, and the economy in long run. Protectionist policies always harm the concept of globalization. According to the World Commission on the social dimension of globalization (2004). “Globalisation should benefit all the countries and should raise the welfare of all people throughout the world”. Advocates of protectionist view put arguments in favour of restrictions of the trade like the expansion of the home market, keeping money at home, counteracting foreign low wages, defence or national security arguments, protection of infant industry, anti-dumping arguments, and balance of payment arguments. Trade restrictions are of two types; tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers. The tariff barrier is the most common barrier to trade. It is the tax or duties that one country imposes on exported or imported goods. There are various types of tariff barriers in international trade. If the tariff is imposed based on the physical weight of some goods, imported or exported, called a specific tariff. • If a tariff is imposed on the value of some goods, imported or exported is called “Ad Valorem tariff”. • If different rates of the tariff are imposed on different countries called discriminatory tariffs. • If the same rates of a tariff are imposed on different countries, called non-discriminatory tariff’. • If the main purpose of imposing a tariff is to produce revenue, called a revenue tariff. • And the most commonly used tariff is the Protective tariff. if the tariff is imposed mainly to protect domestic industries from foreign competitions are called the protective tariff 4. Followers of the protectionist policy argue that tariff imposition has two impacts; revenue increases after the imposition of tariff and home production increases which is called protective effect but if other countries retaliate in the same manner, the trade war is inevitable. A situation of trade war erupts when one nation or economy strike back against another economy by imposing trade barriers. The application of trade restrictions is not a new concept in international trade. If we study the background of the global trade war, we find that countries frequently used trade restrictions in global trade. The situation was aggravated after the second world war. Most of the countries were intentionally devaluing their currency to increase their export and minimise imports. This was also the reason for the currency war between countries. 5. We can divide the world trade in the pre-Bretton Woods and post Bretton Woods period. An efficient international monetary system is very essential for the smooth functioning and expansion of international trade. From the early 19th century until the first world war, the era was regarded as a period of internationalism. Most of the major industrialised nations of the world started participating in world trade. After the second world war and the hectic slump and currency war that followed it all the countries of the world wished to return to normalcy. Two causes were responsible for this wish: - • Reconstruction of the economies ravaged by the war. • To end the currency war. As far as the second cause is concerned many countries or the trading partners of the world started devaluating its currency to improve the conditions of their BOP. This resulted in a trade war between nations. Therefore, in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA, members of 44 countries met to discuss these problems and to find realistic solutions for them. This conference proposed the establishment of: - • The International Monetary Fund (IMF), to help member countries to meet their BOP deficit problem. • IBRD, to reconstruct and develop economies of member countries. • An International Trade Organisation (ITO), to solve the problem of international trade and proper liberalisation of it. 6. However, the proposal for the International Trade Organisation did not materialise and the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) was formed. The GATT was established in 1948 with a big and important objective of “free trade” and “no trade war”. Its main purpose was to remove trade restrictions which sooner or later converts into a trade war. The first seven rounds of GATT were focussed on the removal of trade barriers only. Despite these discussions in several rounds of GATT, it couldn’t provide a useful forum for discussion on international trade issues. 7. The 8th round of GATT is called Uruguay Round which started in 1986. Member countries negotiated in the areas of Tariffs, Non-Tariff Measures, Tropical Production, Natural resource-based products, Agriculture, GATT articles, Safeguards, Multilateral trade negotiation agreement, Subsidies, Disputes Settlement, Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPPS), Trade-Related Investments measures (TRIMS), Functioning of GATT system (FOGS). Despite serious discussion on these issues’ agreement could not be reached and member countries kept on using trade and non-trade barriers on each other. 8. COVID-19 pandemic, which started in March 2020, has adversely affected global trade. As per WTO statistics, a 3% fall in the volume of merchandise (export and import) trade is seen in the first quarter of 2020. Lockdown in many economies of the world aggravated the problem and declines are historically large. Strict social distancing and majors and restrictions on travel and transport adversely affected the service sector of the world economy which is the main contributor to gross domestic product (GDP) of many countries. Therefore, the economic recovery from the COVID situation is highly uncertain. This situation might give a boost to the global trade war which will be the endeavour during the research to be found out and a description of the same has been covered in Chapter 3. The research has tried to reveal how the pandemic has crippled the world economy and aggravating the pre-existing problem of the trade war. The recent trade war between China and the USA is an apt example. Recent Examples of Trade War​​ 9. Since the year 2018 world has been witnessing trade conflict which was earlier currency conflict between the USA and its economic partners mainly the EU and China. But in this conflict US’s all-weather friend Canada and Mexico were also hit. However, retaliation by other countries has been very limited. In March 2018, the United States announced the imposition of additional tariffs under Section 232 on imports of steel (25%) and aluminium (10%) from China to the United States. This might harm the Chinese economy as China is the major contributor of crude and finished steel in the world. 10. In the same month, the US President announced his strategy to endorse restrictions against China over its Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) policies which were severely affecting its stakeholders. In this sanction, the US raised tariffs by 24 to 25% on selected Chinese products which were valued to the tune of approximately $50 billion. By adopting the policy of quid pro quo China on 01 April responded with 25% tariffs on $50 billion in US exports on various American products, like agriculture, pork, and cars. On 3rd April 2018, the US administration released a list of 1,333 goods equivalent to $50 billion in trade, which it said would enforce a 25% tariff. 11. These Chinese products mainly belong to the category of important sectors like robotics, rail and shipping, information technology, health care, and medicine, and high-technology. China retaliated and published a list of 106 products on which 25% tariffs were imposed and its value was worth $50 billion in trade. Thus, quid pro quo tactics kept ongoing between China and the US. The US plans to tax $50 billion worth of Chinese imports was replied with threats by China to impose tariffs on American products worth $50 billion. China announced to hit back with additional taxes on American chemicals, automobiles, and other products. Interestingly all these 106 American products are produced in those regions of the US where President Trump enjoys great support of his people. Earlier this year both countries signed the first phase of the trade agreement to reduce trade pressures between them, which last year weakened global growth and scaled-down business investment around the world. But due to the blame game over the pandemic, progress has been derailed. 12. Apart from the above, the subsidy has been one of the major causes of dispute amongst countries of the world. According to the WTO agreement on agriculture, developed economies had to reduce their subsidies by 21% in six years and developing countries by 12% in 10 years. Recently restriction on Indian agriculture produce by US, EU, Canada, Brazil, and Japan has been imposed in August 2020. They have questioned that India is not following the WTO peace clause for surpassing the limit on support or, subsidy it can render to its peasants. In the platform of WTO, the ceiling for subsidy is 10% of the value of the produce. India provided the WTO with details that the value of its rice production in 2018 was $43.6 billion and subsidies were worth just $5 billion. Subsidies have therefore remained a major bone of contention between the various countries of the world, but there is one peace arrangement in the WTO that protects the WTO members’ food procurement program for developing countries from taking action in the event of a violation of the subsidy cap. It will also be a litmus test to observe if in circumstances like the ongoing pandemic, WTO members grant food security pre-eminence to emerging economies or whether developed nations are pursuing market entree. Globalisation has reached a few obstructions in recent times, following decades of surges in world trade, worldwide tourism, and global cooperation, as some of the development achieved in the past has been undone by the re-emergence of patriotism and protectionism. The COVID-19 pandemic is predicted to trigger an unprecedented deterioration in global trade after trade growth decelerated dramatically in 2019, owing in huge part to trade conflict between the United States and China. As per the forecasts of the WTO, merchandise business is going to plunge between 12.98% and 31.88% this year, depending on how easily the coronavirus is controlled and trade will return to pre-crisis levels. According to the WTO Director-General, Roberto Azevêdo, the swift and robust rebound is only possible through the focus on free trade. Global markets have to be kept open and predictable, in addition to promoting a more desirable business climate. 13. Though before the onset of the pandemic, the Indian economy was not affected much by the ongoing trade conflict between the USA and China because of the combined effect of the pandemic and trade war India’s GDP shrunk by 23.9% in the first quarter of FY 2020-21. In the first quarter, the worst-hit industry was construction, which contracted by 50 percent. The hotel industry contracted by 47%, production by 39.3%, and mining by 23.3%. Agriculture, which posted a 3.4 percent rise, was the only industry that managed to survive the recession. The economy is believed to have suffered the most during the June quarter as a result of the nationwide lockdown. 14. In January 2019, as the trade war was raging, India also placed anti-dumping duties on more than 99 Chinese goods to protect its domestic markets, such as anti-dumping duties on chemicals, petrochemicals, fabrics, yarn, pharmaceutical equipment, rubber, and steel products. As a follower of protectionist policy Indian government also imposes anti-dumping duty on imports of steel products, an alloy of aluminium. The total value of duty imposed was $13.07 per ton to $ 173.1 per ton, which is a big amount. China, Vietnam, South Korea for five years in June 2020. India needs to take some major steps and reforms to bounce back its economy back on track. 15. Review of Literature… To complete the research number of books, literatures in the forms of articles, journals, independent views of various economists have been reviewed and referred. Books…. ​Various books reviewed and which have contributed in the course of the research include the following: - (a) ​Trade War Are Class War: How Rising Inequality Distorts the Global Economy and Threatens International Peace by Mathew C. Klein and Michael Pettis published by Yale University Press, May 19, 2020. ​The roots of today’s trade wars are traced by Klein and Pettis to decisions taken over the past thirty years by policymakers and business leaders in China, Europe, and the United States. The authors include a coherent narrative in this book that demonstrates how the growing injustice of class wars is a challenge to the global economy and international peace, and what the ways ahead are. (b)​ Has China Won by Kishore Mahbubani published by PublicAffairs, March 2020. ​​The author of this book aims to provide an insight into the trade war between the USA and China. He also claims that China is not as is claimed, an expansionist country. By extending its trade, diplomacy and military might in the region, it secures its national interest. But his view appears to be skewed toward the Chinese target. (c)​ Superpower Showdown: How the Battle between Trump and Xi Threaten a New Cold War by Bob Davis and Lingling Wei published by HarperCollins, June 9, 2020. ​As told by two Wall Street Journal reporters, one based in Washington, D.C., the other in Beijing, who had more access to the decision-makers in the White House and China’s Zhongnanhai leadership compound than anyone else, this is the inside story of the US-China trade war, how ties between these superpowers unravelled, darkening prospects for global peace and prosperity. Over the seven years, they have collaborated on writing for the Wall Street Journal, Davis and Wei have conducted hundreds of interviews with government and business officials in both nations. They explain how we have reached this turning point and look at where we might be going, evaluating U.S.-China ties. (d) ​COVID-19 Challenges for the Indian Economy: Trade and Foreign Policy Effects by EEPCINDIA and AIC, 2020. ​​A study entitled ‘COVID-19: Challenges for the Indian Economy – Trade and Foreign Policy Consequences’ was developed by the ASEAN-India Centre(AIC) Research and Information System for Developing Countries(RIS) in collaboration with the Engineering Export Promotion Council (EEPC), it presents freshly written 40 primary comments on India’s trade and foreign policy challenges raised by this crisis and the way forward by Indian professors, economists, and practitioners. (e ) ​Global Economic Effects of COVID-19 by Congressional Research Service August 2020 by James K. Jackson, Martin A. Weiss, and Rebecca M. Nelson.​ It’s a Congressional Research paper published to analyse the effects of the pandemic on the world economy particularly, the USA. It’s a crystal gazing done by two seasoned economists and gives an excellent perspective of ongoing trade and its likely directions post COVID-19. Research is full of authentic data, facts and Pictures gathered from governmental and non-governmental sources. (f) ​Trade is Not a Four-Letter Word: How Six Everyday Products make the case for Trade, January 2014 by Fred Hochberg published by Simon and Schuster. ​Fred P. Hochberg breaks down colourful and convincing real-world examples through the prism of six traditional American items to reject the common myths and misunderstandings surrounding trade. Mr. Hochberg illustrates the story of America’s most unexpected business partnerships by using six commonly consumed American products; the taco salad, the minivan, the banana, the iPhone, the college degree, and the HBO series Game of Thrones – thus sharing the fundamentals of trade that everybody should know. (g) ​Indian Economy by Dutta and Sundhram published by S. Chand, New Delhi, 66th Revised Edition.​This book analyses structure of the Indian Economy, national income, study of human and natural resources in the context of economic development, pattern of foreign trade of India, broad cross-section of the Indian economy. Chapter 6 of this book deals with foreign trade in India and its balance of payment position which is significant for my study. (h) ​International Economics by Francis Cherunilam published by Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, Third Edition. The author is a professor at the School of Management Studies at Cochin University of Science and Technology. This book deals with the conflicting national interest, international economic relations, and solutions of conflicting interests. Chapter 3 of this book shows the picture of international trade. Chapter 9th and 10th clear the picture of free trade versus protection and different types of trade barriers. (i) ​International Economics by H.G. Mannur published by Vikas Publishing House Private Limited, Second Revised Edition. ​The author of this book, H.G. Mannur paid his gratitude to the school of social sciences of the university of science in Penang Malaysia, which provided him a great opportunity to learn about the International economics of Malaysia related to the world. This book is dealing with the International economy of Malaysia which is the highest foreign trade-dependent economy. Chapter 1 explains why do nations trade with each other. Chapter 7 of this book deals with obstacles to trade and trade restrictions. (j) ​International Economics by Dominick Salvatore by Wiley, January 1, 2014. ​​Dominick Salvatore, the author of international economics is an American economist. This book presents theories of international economics and its relevance through real-world examples and applications. Articles. ​ Several articles on the subject relating to the global trade, trade conflict and its effects on world have been written by many noted columnists and authors. Apart from that in last 10 months number of organisations and research bodies also carried out the analysis and likely effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world trade and ongoing trade conflict. Articles from publications such as ‘The Economics Times’, ‘Business Today’, ‘The Hindu’, ‘National Council of Applied Economic Research’, ‘BBC Economic Research’, ‘Economic Research and Statistics Division (ERSD)’, ‘Investopedia’ and ‘Business Insider’ form a part of the literature review for the research. In addition to the articles and journals by various writers certain data were also taken from the governmental and non-governmental reports like United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD), WTO Press releases and Economic Survey of India. The existing literature provides great insight into the reasons of trade between the countries, trade conflict and its catalyst and how an unforeseen event like the pandemic brings the entire world to a standstill where even largest and strongest have no solution. There are number of literature and research available which brings out many scenarios where the current trade conflict can go. Besides, a large number of research papers have also been written about the likely recovery of the world trade in various different scenarios. Study of some of has definitely given an insightful perspective on the subject. There is, however a void in the research writings on the subject from Indian government’s concerned ministry like Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Trade and Commerce and Ministry of Agriculture. The Economic Survey of India was the only document where authentic data could have been found but that too was almost six to eight months old. The updated analytical facts and data from the ministry’s sites will go a long way in helping a researcher for his work. A critical study of books and articles mentioned above has assisted in the research to address the issues identified. ​16. Statement of Problem.​ The research seeks to investigate: - (a) ​How the current global trade war (GTW) has impacted the nations having a considerable share in world trade? (b) ​How has the Global Trade War (GTW) impacted the Indian economy? (c)​What are the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Global Trade War? (d) ​What are the likely effects of the COVID -19 pandemic on the Indian economy? 17. Statement of Problem.​ The research seeks to investigate: - (a) ​How the current global trade war (GTW) has impacted the nations having a considerable share in world trade? (b) ​How has the Global Trade War (GTW) impacted the Indian economy? (c)​What are the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Global Trade War? (d) ​What are the likely effects of the COVID -19 pandemic on the Indian economy? 18. Objectives of the Study. The specific objectives of the study are as under: - (a) ​To study the reasons and effects of the global trade war on nations having a major share in world trade. (b) ​To study the effects of COVID-19 pandemic and GTW on international trade with specific emphasis on the Indian economy. 19. Hypothesis The research is intended to deliberate and validate the following hypothesis: - (a) ​Global Trade War has severely impacted nations from having a major share in world trade. (b) ​India has not been affected much by the Global Trade War. (c)​COVID-19 pandemic is going to aggravate the Global Trade War. (d) ​Indian economy will be adversely affected by the ongoing pandemic. 20. The relevance of the Study… This study will contribute to academia with an in-depth insight into the existent trend of international trade and trade war. The present study will evaluate the effect of COVID-19 on international trade and its role in aggravating trade war. Besides, this study will also endeavour to furnish both analysis and suggestions towards: - (a) ​Trend of global trade and reasons behind trade war. (b) ​Likely direction of international trade post-COVID-19. (c)​Its impact on the Indian economy and recommendations for future economic policies. 21. Research Methodology Owing to the current and contemporary nature of the topic, research was based on the primary and secondary method of data collection wherein the number of books, open-source articles, internet blogs, periodicals, and research papers were referred and perused. Apart from the same reports and analysis of both governmental and non-governmental agencies, which were available in the open domain, were also accessed during the research. To support the arguments, an online public opinion, based on close-ended questionnaire, was be taken through Google forms. The survey questionnaire was analysed based on responses using Likert Scale. Non-random convenient sampling was used for selection of participants. A total of 114 respondents took part in the survey. 22. Organisation of the Research Research has been completed under five chapters. Headings of the chapters and their broad contents have been covered in succeeding paragraphs. (a) ​Chapter 1: Introduction and Research Methodology. In this chapter background of global trade, particularly after World War II, the role of WTO for free and fair trade amongst member nations along with research methodology have been covered in detail. (b) ​Chapter 2: Background of Global Trade War and Situation up to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemics. In this chapter issues like background of trade war, currency war and current state of global trade amidst ongoing trade conflict between the USA and China has been covered in detail. Apart from the same it has also been brought out in this chapter that which are the countries and which all products and services have been severely affected. All the affected nations are adopting their own policies to deal with the current situation of COVID-19 and ripples of trade dispute. Same have also been brought forward in this chapter. (c)​Chapter 3: Likely Directions of Global Trade War post-COVID-19 pandemics. COVID-19 pandemic has added a new dimension to the way nations were doing trade with each other, particularly in the light of disruption in production, supply chain, unpredicted market, and labour issues. Apart from that, it has severely affected the ongoing global trade war. The revival of the economy is incumbent on medical success in finding the vaccine for the disease. In this chapter likely direction of the trade war has been discussed in details. Apart from the foregoing, long and short term effects of the pandemic on global trade have also been covered in this chapter. (d) ​Chapter 4: Impact of Global Trade War and COVID-19 pandemics on the Indian Economy. The Indian economy was not affected much by the global trade war but since the onset of a pandemic, the combined effect of COVID-19 and trade war has started affecting the Indian economy. Apart from the same in this chapter impact on export and import capability of India during pandemic times have also been covered in detail. Recent development at Galwan valley in Eastern Ladakh which includes the steps taken by India and its likely implications on the trade between India and China has also been covered in this chapter. In the end an analysis of the Online survey with the help of Google form has been covered to check the hypothesis. (e)​ Chapter 5: Way Ahead for the Indian Economy, Recommendations and Conclusion. ​In continuation of the previous chapter, this chapter contains nthe state of global trade in the current times along with certain recommendations which can be followed to have a fair world trade. During COVID-19 pandemic the Indian government has taken large number of fiscal measures to control to the damage and bring the economy back on track and same have been covered in great details in this chapter. Apart from that actions which Indian government should take to minimise the impact of trade dispute between other nations have also been recommended. In last way ahead for the Indian economy has been recommended.