Thematische Bibliographien / C³iel

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „C³iel“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 18. Mai 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "C³iel"

Beagley, K. W., K. Fujihashi, A. S. Lagoo, S. Lagoo-Deenadaylan, C. A. Black, A. M. Murray, A. T. Sharmanov, M. Yamamoto, J. R. McGhee und C. O. Elson. „Differences in intraepithelial lymphocyte T cell subsets isolated from murine small versus large intestine.“ Journal of Immunology 154, Nr. 11 (01.06.1995): 5611–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.154.11.5611.

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Abstract Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) have been extensively studied in the murine small intestine. However, to date no studies have assessed IEL in the large intestine, despite the marked differences in function and lumenal environment. In the present study, we isolated IEL from both small and large intestine of three mouse strains (BALB/c, C3H/HeN, C57BL/6) and determined the frequency of CD2, CD4, and CD8 expression on CD3+ IEL, as well as the frequency of alpha beta and gamma delta TCR usage and V beta distribution. Higher numbers of IEL/unit length were always isolated from the small intestine (20-30 x 10(6)/5 mice) compared with large intestine (1.1-2.5 x 10(6)/5 mice). Interestingly, IEL from the large intestine of all strains were predominantly alpha beta TCR+ whereas gamma delta TCR+ IELs predominated in small intestine. Large intestinal IELs were mainly CD4+, in both BALB/c and C3H/HeN mouse strains. IELs from large intestine of C57BL/6 mice were mainly CD8+; however, the CD4+ subset was fourfold higher when compared with small intestine IEL. Potential functional differences between IEL subsets was assessed by determining the relative levels of mRNA for IL-1, 2, 4, 5, 10, IFN-gamma, TGF-beta, and TNF-gamma. Similar patterns of IL-1, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha were seen while more IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 mRNA was noted in large intestinal IEL. Stimulation of C3H/HeJ IEL with anti-CD3 also resulted in higher levels of IL-3/GM-CSF, IL-4, and IL-6 by IEL from large intestine. These results show that marked differences occur among the T cell subsets present in IELs from mouse small and large intestine.

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Hummel, Jonas F., Patrice Zeis, Karolina Ebert, Jonas Fixemer, Philip Konrad, Christian Schachtrup, Sebastian J. Arnold, Dominic Grün und Yakup Tanriver. „Single-cell RNA-sequencing identifies the developmental trajectory of C-Myc-dependent NK1.1− T-bet+ intraepithelial lymphocyte precursors“. Mucosal Immunology 13, Nr. 2 (11.11.2019): 257–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41385-019-0220-y.

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Abstract Natural intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are thymus-derived adaptive immune cells, which are important contributors to intestinal immune homeostasis. Similar to other innate-like T cells, they are induced in the thymus through high-avidity interaction that would otherwise lead to clonal deletion in conventional CD4 and CD8 T cells. By applying single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) on a heterogeneous population of thymic CD4−CD8αβ−TCRαβ+NK1.1− IEL precursors (NK1.1− IELPs), we define a developmental trajectory that can be tracked based on the sequential expression of CD122 and T-bet. Moreover, we identify the Id proteins Id2 and Id3 as a novel regulator of IELP development and show that all NK1.1− IELPs progress through a PD-1 stage that precedes the induction of T-bet. The transition from PD-1 to T-bet is regulated by the transcription factor C-Myc, which has far reaching effects on cell cycle, energy metabolism, and the translational machinery during IELP development. In summary, our results provide a high-resolution molecular framework for thymic IEL development of NK1.1− IELPs and deepen our understanding of this still elusive cell type.

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Laky, K., L. Lefrançois und L. Puddington. „Age-dependent intestinal lymphoproliferative disorder due to stem cell factor receptor deficiency: parameters in small and large intestine.“ Journal of Immunology 158, Nr. 3 (01.02.1997): 1417–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.158.3.1417.

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Abstract Signaling through c-Kit/stem cell factor (SCF) is crucial for normal development of erythroid and myeloid hematopoietic precursors and of melanocytes and germ cells. While peripheral lymphoid populations of W/Wv and SI/SId mice appear normal, we demonstrated that the intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) populations of small (SI) and large (LI) intestine were significantly affected. IEL populations of young W/Wv animals were indistinguishable from those of their control littermates, but an age-dependent decrease in SI and LI TCRgamma delta IEL occurred in c-Kit mutant mice. In SI, but not in LI, this diminution was accompanied by gross expansion of TCRalpha beta IEL that resulted in significantly increased IEL:epithelial cell ratios in c-Kit mutant mice. Bromodeoxyuridine labeling studies revealed that the increase in cell numbers was due to lymphoproliferation that occurred in situ. Interestingly, TCRgamma delta IEL expressed cell surface c-Kit, while the expanding population of TCRalpha beta IEL did not. Analysis of radiation bone marrow chimeras demonstrated that the dysregulation required either disruption of stromal cell SCF or IEL c-Kit and showed that the effect on IEL or their precursors was not due to other changes in the intestinal microenvironment. Lamina propria T cell populations in these mice were unaffected, reinforcing the idea that the developmental requirements of these gut-resident lymphocyte populations are distinct. Overall, the results demonstrated that the development of intestinal TCRgamma delta IEL, regardless of location, shares common requirements for SCF, while SI and LI TCRalpha beta IEL may develop along distinct pathways. Possible mechanisms for the loss of proliferative regulation in gut T cells in c-Kit/SCF deficiency are discussed.

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Jiang, Wei, Isabel Ferrero, Elisa Laurenti, Andreas Trumpp und H. Robson MacDonald. „c-Myc controls the development of CD8αα TCRαβ intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes from thymic precursors by regulating IL-15–dependent survival“. Blood 115, Nr. 22 (03.06.2010): 4431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-11-254698.

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Abstract The murine gut epithelium contains a large population of thymus-derived intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), including both conventional CD4+ and CD8αβ+ T cells (expressing T-cell receptor αβ [TCRαβ]) and unconventional CD8αα+ T cells (expressing either TCRαβ or TCRγδ). Whereas conventional IELs are widely accepted to arise from recirculation of activated CD4+ and CD8αβ+ T cells from the secondary lymphoid organs to the gut, the origin and developmental pathway of unconventional CD8αα IELs remain controversial. We show here that CD4-Cre-mediated inactivation of c-Myc, a broadly expressed transcription factor with a wide range of biologic activities, selectively impairs the development of CD8αα TCRαβ IELs. In the absence of c-Myc, CD4− CD8− TCRαβ+ thymic precursors of CD8αα TCRαβ IELs are present but fail to develop on adoptive transfer in immunoincompetent hosts. Residual c-Myc–deficient CD8αα TCRαβ IEL display reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis, which correlate with significantly decreased expression of interleukin-15 receptor subunits and lower levels of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Transgenic overexpression of human BCL-2 resulted in a pronounced rescue of CD8αα TCRαβ IEL in c-Myc–deficient mice. Taken together, our data support a model in which c-Myc controls the development of CD8αα TCRαβ IELs from thymic precursors by regulating interleukin-15 receptor expression and consequently Bcl-2–dependent survival.

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Rostami, Kamran, Michael N. Marsh, Matt W. Johnson, Hamid Mohaghegh, Calvin Heal, Geoffrey Holmes, Arzu Ensari et al. „ROC-king onwards: intraepithelial lymphocyte counts, distribution & role in coeliac disease mucosal interpretation“. Gut 66, Nr. 12 (11.09.2017): 2080–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314297.

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ObjectivesCounting intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) is central to the histological diagnosis of coeliac disease (CD), but no definitive ‘normal’ IEL range has ever been published. In this multicentre study, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the optimal cut-off between normal and CD (Marsh III lesion) duodenal mucosa, based on IEL counts on >400 mucosal biopsy specimens.DesignThe study was designed at the International Meeting on Digestive Pathology, Bucharest 2015. Investigators from 19 centres, eight countries of three continents, recruited 198 patients with Marsh III histology and 203 controls and used one agreed protocol to count IEL/100 enterocytes in well-oriented duodenal biopsies. Demographic and serological data were also collected.ResultsThe mean ages of CD and control groups were 45.5 (neonate to 82) and 38.3 (2–88) years. Mean IEL count was 54±18/100 enterocytes in CD and 13±8 in normal controls (p=0.0001). ROC analysis indicated an optimal cut-off point of 25 IEL/100 enterocytes, with 99% sensitivity, 92% specificity and 99.5% area under the curve. Other cut-offs between 20 and 40 IEL were less discriminatory. Additionally, there was a sufficiently high number of biopsies to explore IEL counts across the subclassification of the Marsh III lesion.ConclusionOur ROC curve analyses demonstrate that for Marsh III lesions, a cut-off of 25 IEL/100 enterocytes optimises discrimination between normal control and CD biopsies. No differences in IEL counts were found between Marsh III a, b and c lesions. There was an indication of a continuously graded dose–response by IEL to environmental (gluten) antigenic influence.

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Buzoni-Gatel, D., A. C. Lepage, I. H. Dimier-Poisson, D. T. Bout und L. H. Kasper. „Adoptive transfer of gut intraepithelial lymphocytes protects against murine infection with Toxoplasma gondii.“ Journal of Immunology 158, Nr. 12 (15.06.1997): 5883–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.158.12.5883.

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Abstract Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) of the gut represent a primary immune barrier against infection by orally acquired pathogens. Naturally acquired infection with Toxoplasma gondii induces the proliferation of CD8+ T cells in both the gut and spleen. Gut-derived CD8alpha/beta+ IEL exhibit MHC-restricted cytotoxicity against parasite-infected enterocytes and macrophages. In a murine model, we demonstrate that the adoptive transfer of IEL obtained from inbred mice at day 11 postinfection is able to protect against a virulent challenge in syngenic recipients. In CBA mice, the parasite cyst load within the brain of the recipients receiving primed IEL was reduced by 90%. In BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, a 50% decrease in mortality was observed following adoptive transfer of primed IEL. To determine the T cell subset responsible for protective immunity, a purified CD8alpha/beta+ IEL population was isolated from infected mice at day 11 postinfection. These cells were able to protect naive mice by adoptive transfer against a lethal parasite challenge. RNA analysis by reverse-transcriptase PCR revealed that primed CD8alpha/beta+ IEL produce significant message for IFN-gamma, an essential cytokine for host protection against toxoplasmosis. Administration of anti-IFN-gamma at the time of adoptive transfer of primed IEL abrogated protection. The adoptive transfer of these protective IEL was not restricted to the Ld class I locus. These data demonstrate that IFN-gamma-producing IEL may be an important primary barrier against acute and perhaps recurrent infection with T. gondii.

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Osborne-Pellegrin, Mary, Carlos Labat, Nathalie Mercier, Pascal Challande und Patrick Lacolley. „Changes in aortic stiffness related to elastic fiber network anomalies in the Brown Norway rat during maturation and aging“. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 299, Nr. 1 (Juli 2010): H144—H152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00040.2010.

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Adult Brown Norway (BN) rats exhibit numerous internal elastic lamina (IEL) ruptures in the abdominal aorta (AA) and a lower aortic elastin-to-collagen ratio (E/C) compared with other strains. We studied here AA mechanical properties in BN compared with control strains. AA stiffness (assessed by plotting elastic modulus/wall-stress curves obtained under anesthesia), thoracic aorta elastin and collagen contents, and IEL ruptures in AA were measured in male BN and LOU rats aged 6, 10, and 15 wk. The Long Evans (LE) control strain was compared with BN at more advanced ages (15, 28, and 64 wk). At all ages, aortic E/C was lower in BN than in control strains. At 6 wk, AA stiffness was greater in BN than in LOU. In both strains, AA stiffness decreased between 6 and 10 wk, more so in BN than in LOU, and then increased, reaching similar values at 15 wk. BN AA stiffness was not different from that of LE at 15 and 28 wk, but was significantly lower at 64 wk. The increased stiffness in young BN rat AA may be due to the decreased E/C. IEL rupture onset in the BN around 7–8 wk, which decreases stiffness, as suggested by its pharmacological modulation, abolished such differences by 15 wk. Thereafter, age-related AA stiffness increased less in BN than in LE, likely due to the numerous IEL ruptures. We conclude that, in the BN rat, the lower E/C and the presence of IEL ruptures have opposing effects on arterial stiffness.

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LefrançoisL und S. Olson. „Reconstitution of the extrathymic intestinal T cell compartment in the absence of irradiation.“ Journal of Immunology 159, Nr. 2 (15.07.1997): 538–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.159.2.538.

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Abstract Extrathymic development of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes was studied using a reconstitution model that does not require irradiation. WBB6F1/J-Kit(W)/Kit(W-v) mice were reconstituted with normal fetal liver cells. In this system, reduced c-Kit activity in host hemopoietic progenitors imparts normal precursors with a growth advantage and, thus, chimerism can be established without irradiation. In control mice, TCR gammadelta and TCR alphabeta intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) developed efficiently from fetal liver cells, with a predominance of TCR alphabeta over TCR gammadelta IEL. In contrast, development in reconstituted thymectomized mice was heavily skewed toward TCR gammadelta IEL generation. In thymectomized mice, development of CD4+ 8- and CD4+ 8+ TCR alphabeta IEL did not occur, while TCR alphabeta CD8 alphabeta development was nearly absent. The results indicated that without irradiation the majority of TCR alphabeta IEL were thymus dependent, whereas TCR gammadelta IEL developed extrathymically. Thus, the discrepancies observed between different models of athymic development may be explained by the induction of T cell development as a result of irradiation.

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Nijeboer, Petula, Georgia Malamut, Gerd Bouma, Nadine Cerf-Bensussan, Frits Koning, Jeroen van Bergen, Christophe Cellier und Chris J. J. Mulder. „Therapy in RCDII: Rationale for Combination Strategies?“ Digestive Diseases 33, Nr. 2 (2015): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000381076.

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Refractory coeliac disease type II (RCDII) is characterized by a continuous gluten-independent duodenal immune activation with an extremely high risk of malignant transformation. It is therefore considered as an indolent lymphoma. RCDII is characterized by the presence of villous atrophy (Marsh III A-C) in combination with an aberrant intra- epithelial lymphocyte (IEL) population consisting of >20% sCD3-CD7+iCD3+ IELs. The sCD3-CD7+iCD3+ IELs are a heterogeneous lineage-negative cell population, consisting of cells that do or do not express CD127/IL7Rα. Experiments using IEL from non-RCDII patients have indicated that while the CD127- cells are IL-15 responsive, the CD127+ cells are not. Together with the observation that some patients express an aberrant (monoclonal) TCRγδ phenotype, this confirms the heterogeneity of the aberrant IEL population in RCDII and suggests that the aberrant cells are heterogeneous with respect to their response to common γ-chain cytokines. Although cladribine with or without autologous stem cell transplantation is effective in the treatment of signs and symptoms of RCDII and improves survival as compared to symptomatic topical steroid therapy, cladribine failures still bear a high risk of malignant transformation, and the rate of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL) development in this subgroup is extremely high. It might be hypothesized that the heterogenous nature of aberrant IEL and the high risk of malignant transformation require a treatment strategy which is effective despite this heterogeneity. RCDII should be seen more in the light of a low-grade/no mass lymphoma or pre-EATL. We would suggest an upfront combination therapy approach integrating inhibition of downstream Jak-STAT signalling pathways with conventional therapy (2-CDA) to hopefully effectively treat signs and symptoms of RCDII and accomplish a more effective EATL prevention.

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Pai, Man-Hui, Jun-Jen Liu, Sung-Ling Yeh, Wei-Jao Chen und Chiu-Li Yeh. „Glutamine modulates acute dextran sulphate sodium-induced changes in small-intestinal intraepithelial γδ-T-lymphocyte expression in mice“. British Journal of Nutrition 111, Nr. 6 (14.11.2013): 1032–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114513003425.

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The present study investigated the effect of glutamine (Gln) on dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced changes in the expression of small-intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) γδ-T cells in mice. Mice were randomly assigned to a normal control (NC) group and two DSS-treated groups. The NC group and one of the DSS-treated groups (DSS-C) were fed a common semi-purified diet, while the other DSS-treated group (DSS-G) was fed an identical diet, except that part of casein was replaced by Gln, which provided 25 % of total amino acid nitrogen. After being fed the diets for 10 d, mice in the NC group were given distilled water, while the DSS-treated groups were given distilled water containing 2·5 % DSS for 5 d. At the end of the experiment, the mice were killed. The small-intestinal IEL γδ-T-cell subset was isolated for further analysis. The results indicated that DSS treatment resulted in a lower percentage of small-intestinal IEL γδ-T cells and higher mRNA expressions of interferon-γ, TNF-α, IL-17, complement 5a receptor and keratinocyte growth factor in IEL γδ-T cells. Gln administration increased the proportion of small-intestinal IEL γδ-T cells, and the expression levels of immunomodulatory mediator genes in IEL γδ-T cells were lower in the DSS-treated mice. The histological findings indicated that the immunoreactive intensity of the tight junction protein ZO-1 in the small-intestinal mucosa was higher in the DSS-G group than in the DSS-C group. These results indicate that pretreatment with Gln increases the proportion of small-intestinal IEL γδ-T cells and down-regulates γδ-T-cell-expressed inflammatory mediators, which may consequently ameliorate the severity of DSS-induced small-intestinal epithelial injury.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "C³iel"

Peroni, Raphaël. „Télédétection du contenu en vapeur d'eau au-dessus et autour de nuages convectifs“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR083.

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Malgré les avancées significatives dans la recherche en physique de l'atmosphère au cours des dernières décennies, de nombreuses incertitudes subsistent concernant notre compréhension du changement climatique. Les connaissances actuelles indiquent que les nuages jouent un rôle majeur dans ces incertitudes, en raison des interactions complexes impliquant les aérosols, la vapeur d'eau, les nuages, la circulation atmosphérique globale, la convection et les précipitations. La vapeur d'eau joue un rôle essentiel dans la formation et le développement des nuages, en particulier ceux issus de phénomènes convectifs qui, eux-mêmes, redistribuent la vapeur d'eau dans l'atmosphère par le biais d'échanges entre les nuages et leur environnement proche. Par conséquent, une compréhension plus approfondie de la teneur en vapeur d'eau au-dessus et autour des nuages est nécessaire pour améliorer notre compréhension des interactions entre la vapeur d'eau et les nuages, et aider la communauté scientifique à mieux contraindre les modèles de type LES et les modèles numériques de prévisions du temps. Notre recherche s'inscrit dans le cadre de la mission spatiale C³IEL, dont l'objectif est d'améliorer nos connaissances sur l'enveloppe 3D des nuages convectifs, leurs vitesses de développement horizontale et verticale, le contenu en vapeur au-dessus et autour, ainsi que l'activité électrique associée à ces systèmes convectifs. Au cours de cette thèse, notre attention s'est portée sur l'obtention du contenu intégré en vapeur d'eau en présence de nuages à partir d'observation satellite. La restitution de cette quantité a été effectuée grâce à une approche probabiliste Bayésienne : la méthode d'estimation optimale. Jusqu'à présent, peu d'études ont explicitement démontré la faisabilité d'une telle inversion en cas de ciel nuageux, en raison de la pénétration et diffusion du rayonnement dans le nuage qui augmente le nombre de paramètres intervenant dans la relation entre les luminances et le contenu en vapeur d'eau.Des simulations de transfert radiatif ont été effectuées dans les trois bandes spectrales SWIR défini pour l'étude du contenu en vapeur d'eau dans le contexte de la mission C³IEL, suivant l'hypothèse d'une atmosphère constituée de couches plans-parallèles homogènes afin de générer des jeux de luminances synthétiques pour tester l'algorithme d'inversion développé au cours de cette thèse. L'application de notre algorithme d'inversion en conditions idéalisées a permis de montrer la faisabilité de la restitution du contenu intégré en vapeur d'eau au-dessus du nuage, situé au-dessus de l'océan à partir des luminances dans le SWIR, avec une précision de l'ordre de 1 kg/m² lorsque le nuage est optiquement dense. Cependant, la précision de cette restitution diminue à mesure que l'épaisseur optique du nuage diminue. L'application de l'algorithme sur des profils de vapeur d'eau réalistes, c'est-à-dire présentant des profils verticaux nuageux non homogènes, a montré que le contenu intégré en vapeur d'eau au-dessus de nuages d'eau liquide était restituable avec un biais positif, lié à la pénétration dans la nuage, de l'ordre de 2,18 kg/m², c'est-à-dire du même ordre de grandeur que ceux obtenus dans des travaux antérieurs en conditions de ciel clair. En présence de nuages de convection contenant de l'eau liquide et de la glace, caractérisés par une épaisseur géométrique importante et donc une altitude de sommet élevée, avec une épaisseur optique très élevée et des contenus en vapeur d'eau très faibles, l'algorithme d'inversion que nous avons développé ne permet pas de réaliser une restitution valable. Des pistes d'améliorations sont donc proposées afin d'améliorer les restitutions du contenu en vapeur d'eau dans des cas réalistes et de définir la limite restituable pour le contenu en vapeur d'eau
Despite significant advances in atmospheric physics research over the past few decades, many uncertainties persist regarding our understanding of climate change. Current knowledge indicates that clouds play a major role in these uncertainties due to complex interactions involving aerosols, water vapor, clouds, global atmospheric circulation, convection, and precipitation. Water vapor plays a crucial role in clouds formation and development, especially those resulting from convective phenomena that redistribute water vapor in the atmosphere through exchanges between clouds and their immediate environment. Therefore, a better understanding of water vapor content above and around clouds is necessary to improve our comprehension of interactions between water vapor and clouds and to help the scientific community better constrain LES models and numerical weather forecasting models. Our research is part of the C³IEL space mission, which aims to enhance our knowledge of the 3D envelope of convective clouds, their horizontal and vertical development velocities, the water vapor content above and around clouds, and the electrical activity associated with these convective systems. The focus of this thesis concerns the retrieval of integrated water vapor content in the presence of clouds from satellite observations. This retrieval was achieved through a Bayesian probabilistic approach: the optimal estimation method. So far, few studies have explicitly demonstrated the feasibility of such inversion under cloudy atmosphere because of the complexity related to the penetration and scattering of radiation within the cloud. This increases the number of parameters involved in the relationship between radiance and water vapor content.Radiative transfer simulations were conducted in the three SWIR spectral bands defined for the study of water vapor content in the context of the C³IEL mission. The atmosphere was assumed to be composed of homogeneous plan-parallel layers, and synthetic radiance datasets were generated for testing the retrieval algorithm developed in this thesis. The feasibility of retrieving integrated water vapor content above a cloud and over the ocean from SWIR radiances was shown with a precision of approximately 1 kg/m² for optically dense clouds. However, the precision of this retrieval decreases as the cloud optical thickness decreases. Tests were then realized with realistic water vapor and cloud extinction profiles that present non-homogeneous cloudy vertical profiles. This shows that integrated water vapor content above liquid water clouds could be retrieved with a positive bias related to cloud penetration of approximately 2.18 kg/m². This value is of the same order of magnitude than those obtained in previous work under clear-sky conditions. In the presence of convective clouds containing both liquid and ice water, characterized by a significant vertical extension and thus a high top altitude, very high optical thickness and very low water vapor content, the retrieval algorithm does not succeed to provide a valid retrieval. Suggestions are therefore proposed to improve water vapor content retrievals in realistic cases and define the retrievable limit for water vapor content

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Brandt, Gustav. „Counter IED : Är den svenska försvarsmakten anpassad för internationellt arbete? En fallstudie av den svenska försvarsmakten“. Thesis, Swedish National Defence College, Swedish National Defence College, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-773.

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Den svenska försvarsmakten har genomgått en förändring mot ett insatsförsvar från ett invasionsförsvar. I dagsläget genomför Försvarsmakten insatser internationellt, tillsammans med flera olika nationer, något som ställer krav på interoperabilitet. Försvarsmakten har genomfört insatser i Afghanistan sedan 2002 och har där varit med om utvecklingen av IED-hotet och på så sätt blivit tvungen att genomföra en anpassning. Hur långt har denna anpassning kommit, främst i form av utbildning och direktiv utgivna av Försvarsmakten? Ett tydligt mål är uppsatt men finns underlaget för att nå detta mål? I uppsatsen kommer jag att jämföra de styrningar som finns i målet, NATO 2294 och AJP 3.15, med de direktiv som Försvarsmakten har gett ut och de krav som ställs på utbildning.

The Swedish Armed Forces have transformed from being mainly a national defence force to becoming a mission-based force, capable of being deployed within and outside the Swedish border. Currently, the Swedish Armed Forces are operating internationally, with several other nationalities. It has therefore become important for the Armed Forces to be capable of operating with other nations. Since the beginning of 2002, the Swedish Armed Forces has been operating in Afghanistan and experienced the changes in the level of IED-threat and has been forced to adapt to it. How far has this adaptation come, with focus on training and instructions? There is a goal stated, but do the necessary qualities exist? In this paper I will compare the goal, NATO STANAG 2294 and AJP 3.15, with the instructionsand the demands on training that the Swedish Armed Forces has developed.

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Boussin, Isabelle. „Le testament dans la littérature latine au début du Principat (Ier s. Avant J. -C. - Ier s. Après J. -C. )“. Paris 4, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA040067.

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Cette thèse s'intéresse à la fascination des auteurs latins du début du Principat pour le testament, document juridique par lequel un citoyen organise sa succession. La littérature permet de retracer l'évolution des formes testamentaires et l'élaboration d'un document comprenant une partie privée, secrète, qui excitait la curiosité de l'entourage et de la société, et une partie publique, qui faisait intervenir des témoins. Les textes littéraires font découvrir l'identité des héritiers et légataires, la nature des biens transmis et les autres opérations effectuées dans le document. Cependant le testament est source de problèmes : le testateur, de son vivant, se trouve entouré de captateurs qui déploient un art consommé. Après sa mort, la famille et parfois l'Etat interviennent pour contester les dernières volontés du testateur. Mais le testament joue surtout un rôle social important : il permet au testateur d'exercer un pouvoir sur son entourage à travers ses derniers jugements. En même temps il est soumis à une forte pression de la société, soucieuse de voir respectés des codes non-écrits
This thesis deals with the fascination of the Latin writers in the early Principate for the will, the legal document organizing a citizen's succession. Literature allows us to relate the evolution of the different forms of will and the elaboration of such a document. It incluses a private part, increasing the curiosity of both the family circle and society in general, and a public part which requires witnesses. Literary texts reveal the identity of heirs, legatees and the nature of the legacy, as well as the other sorts of testamentary provisions. However the will was a real source of trouble. While he was alive, the testator was surrounded by crafty legacy-hunters. After his death, his family circle, and sometimes the State itself, interceded to contest the testator’s last wishes. But the will plays an important part socially : the testator has power over the people around him in making his decisions. He is nevertheless under pressure because society is deeply concerned about respecting unwritten rules

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Landrea, Cyrielle. „Les Valerii Messallae : histoire, mémoire et pouvoir d'une famille noble (Ier s. av. J.-C. - Ier s. ap. J.-C.)“. Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010639.

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Les Valerii Messallae appartiennent à une des plus anciennes et prestigieuses familles de Rome, la gens Valeria. L'étude porte sur l'époque tardo-républicaine, jusqu'à la fin de la dynastie julio-Claudienne. C'est une époque essentielle, durant laquelle s'effondre le régime républicain, puis se constitue le Principat. Les Valerii ont contribué à l'émergence d'un régime politique nouveau, auquel ils ont partiellement apporté leur adhésion. La thèse envisage les définitions et les formes nouvelles que prennent les indices de l'appartenance à la nobilitas : carrière politique, culte des ancêtres, évergétisme, fabrique de l'histoire familiale, héritage politique, marqueurs de la richesse et de la supériorité sociale, patronat judiciaire, port des cognomina héroïques et ethniques, privilèges juridiques .... Il s'agit d'identifier les permanences et les ruptures dans la définition d'une triple identité (patricienne, nobiliaire et gentilice) des Messallae et comprendre comment ils ont justifié leur supériorité en remodelant leur passé et en réinventant l'histoire de leurs ancêtres
The Valerii Messallae belong to one of the oldest and most prestigious families of Rome, the gens Valeria. The study focuses on the late-Republican era to the Julio-Claudian dynasty. This is a critical time in which the republican regime collapses and where the Principate is being formed. The thesis focuses on the definitions and new forms that take the indices belonging to the nobilitas : political career, ancestor worship, family history, political legacy, markers of wealth and social superiority, cognomina, legal privileges ... It aims to identify the permanence and ruptures in the definition of a triple identity (patrician, noble and family) of Messallae and how they justified their superiority by reshaping their past and by reinventing the history of their ancestors

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Cormier, Anselme. „Les lits ornés d’ivoire de Cumes : art et mémoire dans les funérailles aristocratiques romaines (Ier s. av. J.-C. - Ier s. ap. J.-C.)“. Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100073.

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Les lits funéraires de l’époque romaine sont issus d’une tradition ancienne dont les origines, au-delà des Grecs, remontent aux périodes historiques les plus reculées, en Égypte et au Proche-Orient. Depuis le XIXe siècle, les fouilles ont livré de nombreux vestiges chronologiquement situés pour la plupart entre le IIe s. av. et le IIe s. ap. J.-C. ; ils font écho à ceux découverts en contextes domestiques, certes moins nombreux, mais dont l’étude autorise des comparaisons intéressantes et une meilleure compréhension du sujet. La grande variété des modèles répertoriés m’a donc conduit à l’élaboration d’une typologie détaillée, incluant les formes les plus anciennes jusqu’à celles de la période romaine. Les publications consultées ont fait évoluer de manière significative notre connaissance des lits ornés de bronze et ceux rehaussés de décorations en os sculpté. En revanche, les attestations de lits en ivoire demeurent extrêmement rares, que ce soit en Italie ou dans l’ensemble du monde romain. La découverte à Cumes des restes de trois exemplaires, dont les décorations étaient sculptées en ce matériau précieux, constitue par conséquent un témoignage essentiel et de premier ordre. Les fragments étaient mélangés aux ossements des défunts et contenus dans des urnes, elles-mêmes déposées au sein d’importants mausolées. La remarquable qualité de facture et la grande finesse d’exécution, bien visibles sur certaines pièces conservées malgré la destruction engendrée par la crémation, ainsi que les thèmes iconographiques mis en scène, attestent des intentions ostentatoires des propriétaires, soucieux de montrer aux vivants leur statut social, leur richesse et leur vertu. La mise en contexte de ces trois lits et leur étude approfondie, au regard des occurrences connues, a permis pour chacun d’entre eux d’aboutir à une proposition de restitution graphique, préambule indispensable à une analyse iconographique et iconologique. Les résultats obtenus, mis en regard des mausolées dans lesquels ils furent découverts, ont conduit à une compréhension plus précise de la place prépondérante qu’occupaient ces lits dans le cérémonial des funérailles
The funerary beds of the Roman period come from an ancient tradition, whose origins, beyond the Greeks, can be traced to the earliest historical periods, in Egypt and in the Near East. Since the 19th century, excavations have produced many vestiges, most of them dating back to between the 2nd C. BC up to the 2nd C. AD ; they echo pieces found in domestic contexts which, though less numerous, allow interesting comparisons and a better understanding of the topic. The large variety of the identified models led me to develop a detailed typology of these forms, from the most ancient ones up to those of the Roman period. The consulted publications significantly changed our knowledge of the beds adorned with bronze as well as those adorned with bone carvings. By contrast, instances of ivory beds are extremely rare, whether it be in Italy or in the whole Roman world. Thus, the discovery at Cumae of the vestiges of three ivory beds, adorned with this precious material, serves as essential and unique testimony. The fragments were mixed with the bones of the deceased and placed in urns, themselves located in important mausoleums. Their remarkable quality and meticulous workmanship, clearly visible upon some pieces, which survived the destruction caused by the cremation, as well as the iconographic staged patterns, testify to the conspicuous intentions of their owners, anxious to show their social status, their wealth and their virtues to the living. The contextualization and close study of these three beds, along with a comparison with the known examples, led for each of them to an attempt at a graphic restoration, as a prerequisite for an iconographical and iconological analysis. The achieved results, correlated with the mausoleums where they were found, led to a much more precise understanding of those beds and of the prominent position they enjoyed at the funeral ceremony

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Berrendonner, Clara. „Les élites de l'Etrurie septentrionale (IIIe siècle av. J. -C. - Ier siècle ap. J. -C. )“. Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010615.

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L'étude prosopographique des élites d'Arezzo, Chiusi, Cortone, Pérouse, Sienne et Volterra, entre le IIIe siècle av. J. -C. Et la fin du 1er siècle ap. J. -C. , permet de nuancer l'image de notables locaux agents de Rome et introducteurs des transformations culturelles liées à la romanisation. Les élites locales, que l'on peut définir sur la base d'un niveau de cens et d'un degré de dignité, sont connues essentiellement par leurs sépultures, qui les montrent comme des groupes de parenté soit agnatiques et resserrés, soit cognatiques et de vaste extension. Le décor et le mobilier des tombeaux indiquent que les élites se représentaient comme une ligne idéalement tournée vers un passé légitimateur. Les stratégies déployées par les élites étrusques se caractérisaient apparemment en terme de repli: elles privilégiaient l'endogamie, la gestion des patrimoines fonciers, ne s'orientaient guère vers l'évergétisme. En pratique toutefois, ces comportements, interprétés comme les marques d'un volontaire isolement aristocratique, pourraient traduire les difficultés d'élites locales mises à mal par la conquête et la colonisation des lers siècles av. Et ap. J. -C. Ceci expliquerait que les domi nobiles étrusques ne se soient que mal intégrés à l'ordre sénatorial et que le groupe des notables locaux apparaisse en constant renouvellement, à la fois structurellement et à la suite d'épisodes traumatiques, tels la seconde Guerre Punique. Les élites ne se firent par conséquent pas les vecteurs principaux des transformations culturelles: les mutations que l'on perçoit à l'époque républicaine dans la culture funéraire de l'Etrurie septentrionale furent diffusées par les colons et les affranchis. L'argument par lequel on a justifié la collaboration des élites étrusques avec Rome, à savoir la menace qu'exerçaient sur elles des dépendants au statut particulier, doit par conséquent être rééxaminé.

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Gomez, Elian. „Agde et son territoire (VIIe - Ier siècles avant J. -C. )“. Aix-Marseille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX10117.

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Des fouilles de sauvetage et un vaste programme de prospections systématiques dans la région d'Agde durant ces dix dernières années ont apporté une masse considérable de données inédites. Outre la mise en évidence de nouvelles problématiques, les recherches touchant à l'occupation du sol ont permis d'en saisir les fluctuations de manière diachronique. Si l'âge du Bronze reste peu représenté, on constate durant l'âge du Fer l'émergence de nouvelles dynamiques. Le monde indigène côtier du Languedoc occidental connaît alors un important développement et une structuration forte, vraisemblablement renforcés par les premiers contacts avec la sphère grecque, antérieurement à la fondation de Marseille. L'apogée de ce système, contemporain de la fondation d'Agde dans le dernier tiers du VIe siècle avant J. -C. , se matérialise principalement autour de l'oppidum du Mont-Joui (Florensac) où s'implante un vaste réseau d'établissements ruraux régulièrement positionnés. Là où leur densité est la plus forte (1 site tous les 250 m), il a été possible d'estimer le finage de ces derniers, à 5 ha environ. Après l'effondrement du monde indigène dans le premier quart du Ve s. Av. J. -C. Les sites ruraux sont désertés. Il faut attendre le milieu du IIe s. Av. J. -C. Pour qu'apparaissent de nouvelles dynamiques dans la campagne agathoise. La découverte d'une centaine de fermes et de structures cadastrales permet de proposer une délimitation de la chora d'Agáthe, une organisation orthonormée et une estimation de surface des klèroi. De surcroît, ces établissements ruraux semblent principalement concernées par l'exploitation viticole. Les plus anciennes structures de productions de vin de Gaule et les seuls fours pour la cuisson des amphores gréco-italiques tardives et Dr 1 A y sont fouillés.

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Valerio, Gaia Deivid. „Pratiques financières dans le monde romain : le prêt d'argent et le taux d'intérêt du Ier siècle av. J.-C. au Ier siècle ap. J.-C“. Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0098.

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Ce travail a comme objectif d'étudier de quelle façon les Romains ont réagi aux crises financières, aux tensions sur le marché du crédit ; de quelle façon aussi ils se sont accommodés du crédit et du prêt d'argent à intérêt, moralement admis ou réprouvés selon les époques et les milieux sociaux tout en étant indispensables au fonctionnement de la société. Plus précisément, il s'agit d'étudier le prêt d'argent et taux d'intérêt à Rome et en Italie depuis la fin de la République (à partir de 89 av. J. -C. ) jusqu'au 1er siècle ap. J. C. Jusqu'à 64 ap. J. C. ). Les variations du taux d'intérêt seront abordées surtout à partir de la confrontation entre périodes « normales» et périodes de « crise » financière, ces dernières mettant en évidence le rôle des pouvoirs publics dans la limitation de l'intérêt et dans la résolution des problèmes financiers. La documentation est relativement abondante, mais très dispersée et d'interprétation délicate; nous ferons appel à toutes les sources littéraires, juridiques et épigraphiques disponibles, susceptibles d'éclairer, directement ou indirectement la question centrale de cette recherche
Financial practices in the Roman world: money loan and interest rates from the: 1st century BC to the 1st century AD -The objective of this research is to study how the Romans reacted to the financial crisis and tensions in the credit market; how they benefited from credit and money loan at interest, morally accepted on condemned according to the time and social environment, even though totally indispensable for the functioning of society. More specifically, the study focuses on the analysis of money loan at interest in Rome and the Italian peninsula in the, late Republic (from 89 BC) until the 1st century AD (until 64 AD), giving primary' emphasis to the study of the changes interest rates in "normal" periods and in "crisis" periods, and the role of government in limiting interest rate and in solving financial problems. As for the documentation, it is relatively abundant but extremely dispersed and of delicate interpretation. Thus, to cover the entire study period, ail literary, legal and epigraphic sources available are analyzed, and are susceptible to clarify, directly or indirectly the central question of this research

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Péré-Maffre, Catherine. „Les décrets honorifiques à Priène, étude d'une société : (IVème siècle a. C.-Ier siècle a. C.)“. Bordeaux 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR30024.

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Priene, petite cité grecque d'ionie, offre grace a ses decrets honorifiques, une image de son idéal civique et de son evolution. Ces documents permettent également de définir la place des notables/évergètes dans la cité et leurs rapports avec la polis
Priene, a small ionian city-state, presents with its honorific decrees, an image of its civic ideal and its evolution. This documents allow to define the situation of the notables/evergetes in the city and their relationship with the polis

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Charbonnier, Julien. „Les systèmes d'irrigation en Arabie méridionale (IVe millénaire av. J. -C. - Ier millénaire ap. J. -C. )“. Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010616.

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Dans le sud de la péninsule Arabique, l'irrigation est pratiquée depuis le IVe millénaire avant J. -C. De nombreuses techniques de captage de l'eau ont été mises au point localement ou adoptées précocement : terrasse, déviation des crues des wâdî-s et galeries drainantes souterraines. Au cours du Ier millénaire avant l'ère chrétienne, certaines oasis atteignent une taille considérable, plusieurs milliers d'hectares. Il s'agit ici avant tout de mener une étude technique des systèmes d'irrigation d'Arabie méridionale, des origines à l'avènement de l'Islam. Nous nous intéressons à l'organisation générale des oasis (lorsque celle-ci est connue) et au fonctionnement des ouvrages hydrauliques. Dans un deuxième temps, nous analysons la répartition spatiale des techniques au cours des quatre derniers millénaires avant l'arrivée de l'Islam. Puis nous essayons d'en comprendre les raisons (contraintes environnementales ? Choix humains?). Les vestiges sont ensuite replacés dans leur contexte social, c'est-à-dire rattachés à des méthodes de gestion de l'eau. La pratique de l'irrigation nécessite en effet la coopération des paysans qui doivent s'organiser pour, d'une part, construire et entretenir les ouvrages hydrauliques et, d'autre part, répartir l'eau. Elle influence ainsi l'organisation des sociétés. L'objectif est de comprendre et comparer les différents modes de gestion de l'eau employés dans la péninsule Arabique.

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Bücher zum Thema "C³iel"

Mouckaga, Hugues. La Rome ancienne: Ier s. av J.-C.-Ier s. ap J.-C. Paris, France: L'Harmattan, 2006.

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Herrmann, Dietmar. C++ für Naturwissenschaftler: Beispielorientierte Einführung ; [entspricht dem C++-Standard ISO/IEC 14882]. München: Addison-Wesley, 2001.

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Kazanski, Michel. Les Goths: Ier-VIIe siècles ap. J.-C. Paris: Editions Errance, 1991.

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Les burgondes: Ier-VIe siècles apr. J.-C. Paris: Errance, 2006.

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Roman, Danièle. Rome et l'hellénisme: IIIe-Ier siècle av. J.-C. Paris: Ellipses, 2005.

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Fichtl, Stephan. Les peuples gaulois: IIIe-Ier siècles av. J.-C. Paris: Errance, 2004.

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Annamária, Facsády, Musée de la civilisation gallo-romaine. und Budapesti Történeti Múzeum, Hrsg. Romains de Hongrie: Ier-Ve siècles après J-C. Lyon: Département du Rhône, Pôle archéologique, 2001.

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Institut National d'Archéologie et d'Art de Tunisie. und École française de Rome, Hrsg. L' Afrique dans l'Occident romain: Ier siècle av. J.-C.-IVe siècleap. J.-C. Roma: École française de Rome, 1990.

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Deberge, Yann, und Thomas Pertlwieser. Les fortifications de l'oppidum de Gergovie: Bilan historiographique & nouvelles recherches (VIe et Ve s. av. J.-C., Ier s. av. J.-C. et Ier s. ap. J.-C.). Clermont-Ferrand: Presses universitaires Blaise Pascal, 2019.

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Rémy, Bernard. Les vieux en Gaule romaine: Ier siècle avant J.-C.-Ve siècle après J.-C. Arles: Éditions Errance, 2015.

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Buchteile zum Thema "C³iel"

Mee, Robert W. „Upper Percentiles for Lenth t Statistics, $$\mathop C\nolimits_\alpha ^{{\rm IER}}$$ and $$\mathop C\nolimits_\alpha ^{{\rm EER}}$$“. In A Comprehensive Guide to Factorial Two-Level Experimentation, 477–79. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b105081_17.

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Hajek-Rosenmayr, Agathe, und Ilias Doxiadis. „Identification of HLA-C Locus Products by One-Dimensional Isoelectric Focusing (1D-IEF)“. In Immunobiology of HLA, 338–39. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3552-1_68.

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Trubchaninov, Serhii. „International Standard Bases“. In Cyber Security and Safety of Nuclear Power Plant Instrumentation and Control Systems, 27–55. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3277-5.ch002.

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The main standard bases for NPP instrumentation and control (I&C) systems are documents of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Standards are interconnected through the following: IAEA develops general safety principles for NPP I&C systems, and IEC develops technical requirements that use and specify safety principles. Structures of both bases are considered. IAEA and IEC safety classification principles are described. Classifications of I&C systems and their components are given on the basis of their safety impact. According to IEC, functions to be performed by I&C systems shall be assigned to categories according to their importance to safety. The importance to safety of a function shall be identified by means of the consequences in the event of its failure, when it is required to be performed, and by the consequences in the event of a spurious actuation.

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Yastrebenetsky, Michael A., und Grygoriy Gromov. „International Standard Bases and Safety Classification“. In Nuclear Power Plant Instrumentation and Control Systems for Safety and Security, 31–60. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5133-3.ch002.

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The main standard bases for NPP I&C systems are documents of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Standards are interconnected through the following: IAEA develops general safety principles for NPP I&C systems, and IEC develops technical requirements that use and specify safety principles. Structures of the bases are considered. Classifications of I&C systems and their components are given on the basis of their safety impact. According to the IAEA classification, all systems are divided into safety important and non-safety important. According to IEC, functions to be performed by I&C systems shall be assigned to categories according to their importance to safety. The importance to safety of a function shall be identified by means of the consequences in the event of its failure, when it is required to be performed, and by the consequences in the event of a spurious actuation. All functions are divided into categories A, B, C.

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Maigari, Mukhtar, Changfeng Fu, Jie Deng und Ali Bahadori-Jahromi. „Indoor Environmental Quality Study for Higher Education Buildings“. In Indoor Environmental Quality and Health [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.113332.

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Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in school buildings has been concerned widely for many years, whilst research into the IEQ issues in higher education (HE) buildings has been overlooked to some extent. This chapter presents an experimental study of the IEQ issues in two typical HE buildings in London using the post-occupancy evaluation (POE) methods. Various aspects of the IEQ have been considered in terms of human comfort in buildings, including indoor air quality, noise level, lighting, occupants’ perception, and so on. IEQ data have been collected using various IEQ meters and data loggers, as well as questionnaire surveys taken by the respondents. The results of the study reveal important findings. In terms of thermal comfort, several spaces were found to exceed the recommended temperature limit of 25°C. The data on indoor air quality indicated that rooms, particularly those with natural ventilation, such as the architectural studio, significantly exceeded the recommended CO2 limit of 1500 ppm. Moreover, the survey feedback collected from the building occupants aligned with the IEQ data, particularly in the area of thermal comfort. The respondents’ feedback provided valuable insights into their experiences and perceptions of the indoor environment, further reinforcing the findings obtained from the objective IEQ measurements. The work also discusses recommendations and possible actions to improve the IEQ in HE buildings.

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„Appendix C: Frequently asked questions (IEC 61499 FAQ)“. In Modelling Control Systems Using IEC 61499, 181–89. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pbce095e_appendixc.

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Badel, Christophe. „Le conuiuium priuatum : un théâtre de la compétition aristocratique ? (Ier siècle av. J.-C.-Ier siècle apr. J.-C.)“. In Le banquet du monarque, 261–84. Presses universitaires François-Rabelais, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.pufr.23347.

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Arnould-Béhar, Caroline. „RÉTRIBUTION ESCHATOLOGIQUE ET ICONOGRAPHIE FUNÉRAIRE (JÉRUSALEM, IER S. AV. – IER S. APR. J.-C.)“. In Repenser la retribution. Rethinking Retribution, 397–408. Peeters Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jj.9165185.28.

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Landrea, Cyrielle. „La familia méconnue des Valerii Messallae (Ier s. av. – Ier s. ap. J.-C.)“. In Esclaves et maîtres dans le monde romain. Publications de l’École française de Rome, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.efr.3203.

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Alexandropoulos, Jacques. „Chapitre 3. Juba Ier (60 ? - 46 av. J.-C.)“. In Les monnaies de l’Afrique antique, 173–86. Presses universitaires du Midi, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.pumi.11256.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "C³iel"

Bäwald, A. „IEC 61508 and MISRA C - the benefits of utilising IEC 61508 and MISRA C for automotive applications“. In 1st IEE Automotive Electronics Conference. IEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20050489.

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Watson, Venesa, Edita Bajramovic, Xinxin Lou und Karl Waedt. „Example of Graded and Lifecycle Phase-Specific Security Controls for Nuclear I&C and EPS Use Cases“. In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-81601.

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Working Group WGA9 of IEC SC45A (Nuclear I&C and ES), has recently completed a further working draft (WD) of the new IEC 63096 (unpublished) standard, aptly entitled Nuclear Power Plants – Instrumentation, Control and Electrical Systems – Security Controls. IEC 63096 specifically focuses on the selection and application of computer security controls for computer-based I&C and ES systems. This standard follows the commonly accepted ISO/IEC 27000 series security objectives of confidentiality, integrity and availability, and borrows and expands the objectives and implementation guidance from ISO/IEC 27002, while considering recommendations on sector-specific standards by ISO/IEC 27009. In addition, this guidance introduces a security grading, as well as lifecycle phase-specific controls. The grading aligns with the stringency of security controls, starting with Baseline Requirements (BR), Security Degree S3 and up to S1 (from lowest to highest degree). The lifecycle phase concerns the I&C development (D), project engineering (E) and operation and maintenance phases (O). This paper applies a sub-clause of IEC 63096 clause 15 (Supplier Relationships), to a programmable logic controller (PLC) that is typically used in power plants, to show the intended use of this standard and how it complements highest safety requirements in power plants. The Supplier Relationship clause concerns topics related to supply chain security, and is used to develop a use case example for the PLC. This example demonstrates how the controls and security degrees fits the implementation guidance from ISO/IEC 27002 and how they can be methodically applied to an I&C system.

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Schilling, Hendrik, Wolfgang Gross und Wolfgang Middelmann. „Self-adaptive road tracking in hyperspectral data for C-IED“. In SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, herausgegeben von Sylvia S. Shen und Paul E. Lewis. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.929695.

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Suh, Ki-Hwan, Yong-Gu Jo, Young-Gon Hong, Kyung Sik Son und Hyoung-Nam Kim. „Implementation of the ISO/IEC 18000-6 Type C Prototype Reader“. In 2008 Second International Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icee.2008.4585275.

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Suh, Ki-Hwan, Yong-Gu Jo, Young-Gon Hong, Kyung Sik Son und Hyoung-Nam Kim. „Implementation of the ISO/IEC 18000-6 Type C Prototype Reader“. In 2008 International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce.2008.4588095.

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García, Ricardo, Héctor Martínez-Pinna und Luis Rejas. „Assessment of I&C Products vs. IEC SC 45A Standards“. In 12th Nuclear Plant Instrumentation, Control and Human-Machine Interface Technologies (NPIC&HMIT 2021). Illinois: American Nuclear Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/t124-34312.

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Babeshko, Eugene, Vyacheslav Kharchenko, Kostiantyn Leontiiev, Oleg Odarushchenko und Oleksiy Strjuk. „NPP I&C Safety Assessment by Aggregation of Formal Techniques“. In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-82270.

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Safety assessment of nuclear power plant instrumentation and control systems (NPP I&Cs) is a complicated and resource consuming process that is required be done so as to ensure the required safety level and comply to normative regulations. A lot of work have been performed in the field of application of different assessment methods and techniques, modifying them and using their combinations so as to provide unified approach in comprehensive safety assessment. Anyway, performed research have shown there are still challenges to overcome, including rationale and choice of the safety assessment method, verification of assessment results, choosing and applying techniques that support safety assessment process, especially in the nuclear field. In our work we present developed framework that aggregates the most appropriate safety assessment methods typically used for NPP I&Cs. Key features that this framework provides are the formal descriptions of all required input information for every safety assessment method, possible data flows between methods, possible output information for every method. Such representation allows to obtain possible paths required to get necessary indicators, analyze the possibility to verify them by application of different methods that provide same indicators etc. During safety assessment of NPP I&Cs it is very important to address software due to its crucial role in I&C safety assurance. Relevant standards like IEC 60880 [1] and IEC 62138 [2] provide requirements for software related activities and supporting processes in the software safety lifecycle of computer-based I&C systems of nuclear power plants performing functions of safety category A, B and C, as defined by IEC 61226 [3]. Requirements and frameworks provided by IEC 60880 and IEC 62138 for the nuclear application sector correspond to IEC 61508, part 3 [4]. These standards define several types of safety related software and specify particular requirements for each software type. So as to verify software and confirm correspondence to required safety level, different techniques are suggested in normative documents. We share our experience obtained during software failure modes and effect analysis (software FMEA) and software fault insertion (software FIT) processes into FPGA-based platform, NPP I&C systems based on that platform, and RPCT, integrated development environment used by RPC Radiy and end users to design user application logic, specify hardware configuration etc. We apply software FIT to outputs of RPCT, considering source code, configuration files and firmware files. Finally, we provide a case study of application the developed safety assessment framework and software FMEA/FIT practices during practical assessment of FPGA-based NPP I&C system.

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Naito, Itsuki, Taisuke Koyamada, Keisuke Yamamoto, Kingo Igarashi, Hideo Harada und Hirotsugu Suzuki. „Development of Instrumentation and Control Systems for UK ABWR“. In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67866.

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This paper introduces the Instrumentation and Control (I&C) system for the proposed UK Advanced Boiling Water Reactor (UK ABWR) offered by Hitachi-GE Nuclear Energy, Ltd (Hitachi-GE). Hitachi-GE has been progressing the UK Generic Design Assessment (GDA) licensing process over the last 3 years. This is the process through which the Office for Nuclear Regulations (ONR) assesses the UK ABWR for suitability from a nuclear safety, security, environmental protection and waste management perspective and it is the first step towards proceeding with the construction phase in the UK. ONR’s regulatory expectations setting out relevant good practice are described in the Safety Assessment principles (SAPs), which are considered into the I&C design for UK ABWR. In addition, it has also been designed to take into account relevant good practices and regulations. In accordance with expectations derived from SAPs, the UK ABWR I&C systems are categorized and classified as required by IEC 61513 and IEC 61226. In addition, the overall I&C architecture, including all associated Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs), abides by the principles independence and diversity of safety measures, segregation and separation of the protection and control systems. As a result, the UK ABWR I&C architecture is composed of major eight sub-systems. The eight sub-systems are: -Safety System Logic and Control system (SSLC) -Hardwired Backup System (HWBS) -Safety Auxiliary Control System (SACS) -Plant Control System (PCntlS) -Reactor/Turbine Auxiliary Control System (RTACS) -Plant Computer System (PCS) -Severe Accident Control and Instrumentation system (SA C&I) -Other dedicated C&I systems. The features for each sub-system such as redundancy of safety train or segregation among divisions are specified so that each sub-system will achieve its reliability as well as increase availability. While in the Japanese ABWR safety I&C system, the main protection system (SSLC), is microprocessor-based from the decades of successful operating experience in the past BWR, to meet the UK regulatory regime expectation on diversity between Class 1 platform and non-Class 1 platform, the SSLC (Class 1) for the UK ABWR is by Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). This system is currently under development and complies with IEC 62556. Its safety integrity level is planned to be SIL 3 (as a single division) and SIL 4 (as a four division system) as defined in IEC 61508. The HMIs which constitute an integral part of the I&C systems are also designed to comply with the I&C architecture regarding their categorization and classification with consideration of Human Factors (HF) modern methods taken into accounts.

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Zingre, Kishor T., Xingguo Yang und Man Pun Wan. „An Investigation of Microclimatic Impact of Cool Coating for Buildings in Low-Latitude and Tropical Climate“. In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-39739.

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This study investigates the impact of cool coating on air-conditioning energy savings and micro-climate of buildings in low-latitude and tropical climate by performing a computational study. The computational study was carried out using Integrated Environmental Solutions (IES) software which is plugged in with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) program [1]. IES simulations (which uses the heat balance equations at building envelope surfaces and in indoor environment) were performed to investigate the roof surface temperature, while CFD simulations (which uses the Finite Volume Method) were performed to investigate the impact on micro-climate above a real-size single storey air-conditioned building. The computational models in the software were validated by comparing the simulations results against the experimental results obtained from the test building in the industrial area of Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore. Results showed that by applying a cool coating having solar reflectivity of 0.8 on the concrete roof with original solar reflectivity of 0.27, the surface temperatures of roof and ceiling can be reduced by up to 17.5°C and 1.2°C respectively in an air-conditioned room maintain at 22°C. In addition, after applying this high solar reflectance coating, a maximum reduction of 1.0°C, 0.7°C and 0.6°C for air temperature at a height of 0.5 m, 1 m and 1.5 m above the roof surface could be achieved.

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Swindell, Rob, Hisao Izuchi, Denis Karczub, Daniel Eilers und J. Adin Mann. „Predicting Pressure Relief Valve Generated Acoustic Induced Pipe Wall Vibration“. In ASME 2022 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2022-84916.

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Abstract The calculation of acoustic induced vibration (AIV) for piping downstream of a valve is a critical step in predicting the damage from extreme levels of noise generated by pressure relief valves in flare systems. Three noise prediction schemes are considered for this purpose: International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 60534-8-3, the Carucci-Mueller (C-M) formulation for sound power, and an industry valve noise prediction methodology published in the 1980’s. The application of these prediction methods is reviewed utilizing data from a full-scale test system consisting of an NPS6x8 pressure relief valve flowing into a NPS12 tailpipe that is connected through a tee to an NPS20 header. The results show good correlation between the IEC-based predictions and measured internal sound pressure and pipe wall vibration in the AIV frequency region. The industry method provides useful predictions without requiring the level of detailed information needed for the IEC method, whilst the C-M sound power model has limitations when applied to discrete predictions of vibration and strain levels. Observations are also made regarding the relative importance of the FIV contribution to the overall dynamic stresses and associated fatigue life.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "C³iel"

Brueckner, Sven A., Keith Decker und Robert Savit. ONR C-IED STIFLE (Stigmergic Tracking of IED Factories, Locations and Events. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Juni 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada502359.

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Clark, Vincent T. The Future of JIEDDO - The Global C-IED Synchronizer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Oktober 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada494284.

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Putz, Sabine. IEA-SHC TECH SHEET 45.C.2.1 - ESCo models – General. IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme, April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task45-2015-0008.

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Putz, Sabine. IEA-SHC TECH SHEET 45.C.2.1 - ESCo models – General. IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme, April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task45-2015-0009.

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Byford, George J. COUNTER Improvised Explosive Device (C-IED) Operations as an Element of Counter Insurgency (COIN): Balancing C-IED Efforts to Support Commander International Security Assistance Force (COMISAF) Operational Objectives. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Oktober 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada535553.

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Putz, Sabine. IEA-SHC TECH SHEET 45.C.2.3 - Template for ESCo contract – extended version. IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme, Dezember 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task45-2014-0006.

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Putz, Sabine. IEA-SHC INFO SHEET 45.C.2.3 - Template for ESCo contract – short version. IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme, Dezember 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task45-2014-0007.

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Nijak, Jr, Talley Gary M. und Jeffrey W. Novel Task Functionalized Biopolymers for Enhanced Change Detection in Support of C-IED Operations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada584574.

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Putz, Sabine. IEA-SHC TECH SHEET 45.C.2.2B - ESCo services, best practise example: Wasserwerk Andritz, Graz, Austria. IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme, April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task45-2015-0011.

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Putz, Sabine. IEA-SHC INFO SHEET 45.C.1 - Categorization and applications of large solar heating and cooling systems. IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme, Dezember 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task45-2014-0004.

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