Thematische Bibliographien / Cycling arena

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Cycling arena“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 28. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 1. Februar 2022

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Cycling arena"

Wang, Chun Yan, Kate Johnston und Maeve Caraher. „A Case Study into the Motivations, Challenges and Opportunities in Crowdfunding: An Entrepreneurial Perspective“. International Journal of Management and Applied Research 8, Nr. 1 (15.08.2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18646/2056.81.21-001.

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This case describes the motivation, challenges, and opportunities the founder of an innovative cycling product experienced as he attempted to use crowdfunding as a platform to establish and grow his business idea. The case begins with a brief overview of how the entrepreneur came up with the idea and the journey from product concept to product launch. The decision to crowdfund the idea is explained and the challenges and opportunities in trying to navigate the crowdfunding arena are explored; from selecting a suitable crowdfunding platform to the launch and management of the final campaign. Despite the fact the campaign failed to raise the funding target, the media coverage from the crowdfunding campaign led to a number of significant business avenues, which ultimately helped launch the product onto the marketplace. The case examines these events and closes as the entrepreneur reflects on the lessons learnt from the experience and his advice going forward to anyone considering crowdfunding.

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Henderson, Joan. „Making cities more walkable for tourists: a view from Singapore’s streets“. International Journal of Tourism Cities 4, Nr. 3 (03.09.2018): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijtc-11-2017-0059.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the meanings of walkability and relevance for tourism in modern Asian cities, including barriers to its implementation. Particular reference is made to conditions in the city state of Singapore and the manner in which urban planning and transport policies are influencing the tourist walking experience. Design/methodology/approach A case study methodology was selected as most suitable for the exercise accompanied by a literature review. Findings are derived from material in the public arena collected from a range of sources. Findings The government is shown to be actively pursuing policies to encourage both walking and cycling by residents as components of wider strategies directed at improving liveability. Several initiatives which positively affect the comfort and enjoyment of city walking by tourists are identified, but so too are Singapore’s shortcomings as a destination in which to walk. Balancing the demands on public space is a critical challenge for authorities. Originality/value The subject has been neglected within both an urban tourism and Asian city context and this paper illuminates aspects of significance pertaining to the concept and practice of walkability. Insights are afforded into factors which facilitate walkability and impediments to overcome.

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Houtkooper, Riekelt H., Carles Cantó, Ronald J. Wanders und Johan Auwerx. „The Secret Life of NAD+: An Old Metabolite Controlling New Metabolic Signaling Pathways“. Endocrine Reviews 31, Nr. 2 (01.04.2010): 194–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2009-0026.

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A century after the identification of a coenzymatic activity for NAD+, NAD+ metabolism has come into the spotlight again due to the potential therapeutic relevance of a set of enzymes whose activity is tightly regulated by the balance between the oxidized and reduced forms of this metabolite. In fact, the actions of NAD+ have been extended from being an oxidoreductase cofactor for single enzymatic activities to acting as substrate for a wide range of proteins. These include NAD+-dependent protein deacetylases, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases, and transcription factors that affect a large array of cellular functions. Through these effects, NAD+ provides a direct link between the cellular redox status and the control of signaling and transcriptional events. Of particular interest within the metabolic/endocrine arena are the recent results, which indicate that the regulation of these NAD+-dependent pathways may have a major contribution to oxidative metabolism and life span extension. In this review, we will provide an integrated view on: 1) the pathways that control NAD+ production and cycling, as well as its cellular compartmentalization; 2) the signaling and transcriptional pathways controlled by NAD+; and 3) novel data that show how modulation of NAD+-producing and -consuming pathways have a major physiological impact and hold promise for the prevention and treatment of metabolic disease.

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Hauer, F. Richard, Harvey Locke, Victoria J. Dreitz, Mark Hebblewhite, Winsor H. Lowe, Clint C. Muhlfeld, Cara R. Nelson, Michael F. Proctor und Stewart B. Rood. „Gravel-bed river floodplains are the ecological nexus of glaciated mountain landscapes“. Science Advances 2, Nr. 6 (Juni 2016): e1600026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600026.

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Gravel-bed river floodplains in mountain landscapes disproportionately concentrate diverse habitats, nutrient cycling, productivity of biota, and species interactions. Although stream ecologists know that river channel and floodplain habitats used by aquatic organisms are maintained by hydrologic regimes that mobilize gravel-bed sediments, terrestrial ecologists have largely been unaware of the importance of floodplain structures and processes to the life requirements of a wide variety of species. We provide insight into gravel-bed rivers as the ecological nexus of glaciated mountain landscapes. We show why gravel-bed river floodplains are the primary arena where interactions take place among aquatic, avian, and terrestrial species from microbes to grizzly bears and provide essential connectivity as corridors for movement for both aquatic and terrestrial species. Paradoxically, gravel-bed river floodplains are also disproportionately unprotected where human developments are concentrated. Structural modifications to floodplains such as roads, railways, and housing and hydrologic-altering hydroelectric or water storage dams have severe impacts to floodplain habitat diversity and productivity, restrict local and regional connectivity, and reduce the resilience of both aquatic and terrestrial species, including adaptation to climate change. To be effective, conservation efforts in glaciated mountain landscapes intended to benefit the widest variety of organisms need a paradigm shift that has gravel-bed rivers and their floodplains as the central focus and that prioritizes the maintenance or restoration of the intact structure and processes of these critically important systems throughout their length and breadth.

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Berridge, Graham, Daryl May, Eliza Kitchen und Gavin Sullivan. „A Study of Spectator Emotions at the Tour de France“. Event Management 23, Nr. 6 (06.12.2019): 753–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/152599519x15506259856372.

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This article contributes to the canon of literature on spectator emotions by examining spectator emotions at a major hallmark event. Spectator experience emotions were surveyed via an online questionnaire resulting in 188 valid responses. This resulted in three groups of spectators being surveyed: 1) those who watched live from the roadside, 2) those watching via a spectator viewing hub, and 3) those watching on television. Variables tested were via PANAS scale emotions. They included the positive emotions of interested, excited, strong, enthusiastic, proud, alert, inspired, determined, attentive, and active. The negative emotions were distressed, upset, hostile, irritable, scared, nervous, afraid, guilty, ashamed, and jittery. There are also nine categories within the model, which are (1) attentive, (2) excited, (3) proud, (4) strong, (5) distressed, (6) angry, (7) fearful, (8) guilty, and (9) nervous. The highest positive value feelings of "interested, excited, and enthusiastic" occurred during the live action by those watching on the roadside. Negative feelings were more variable but a highest rating for "afraid" increased during the event, suggesting feelings of not wanting to miss anything (action). Further exploration of the emotions experienced before, during, and after an event is required in order to more fully understand the complexity of the factors. For those planning and staging cycling and similar multistage or multisite events the mapping (route) and layout of the active spectator and participant arena can be carefully constructed to provide potential emotional hot spots. Emotions vary across time and this appears to be related to mode and location of spectating. It implies that event organizers can utilize different "experiential components" within an event setting to create conditions that would be conducive to an optimal viewing environment.

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Duggan, Mike. „Spatial media and cycling spaces: A theory of coded attractors“. Area 52, Nr. 2 (29.07.2019): 322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/area.12572.

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Akob, D. M., und K. Küsel. „Where microorganisms meet rocks in the Earth's Critical Zone“. Biogeosciences Discussions 8, Nr. 2 (09.03.2011): 2523–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-2523-2011.

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Abstract. The Earth's Critical Zone (CZ) is the critical, outer shell of the Earth that provides an arena for the interplay of diverse physical, chemical, and biological processes that are fundamental for sustaining life. As microbes are the principle drivers of biogeochemical cycles, it is necessary to understand the biodiversity of the CZ unseen majority and their impact on life-sustaining processes. This review aims to summarize the factors controlling where microbes (prokaryotes and micro-eukaryotes) live within the CZ and what is known to date about their diversity and function. Microbes live in all regions of the CZ down to 5 km depth, but due to changing habitat complexity, e.g., variability in pore spaces, water, oxygen, and nutrients, their functional role changes with depth. The abundance of prokaryotes and micro-eukaryotes decreases from a maximum of 1010 or 107 cells g soil−1 up to eight orders of magnitude with depth. Symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi and free-living decomposers are best understood in soil habitats, where they are up to 103 cells g soil−1. However, little is known about their identity and impact on weathering in the deep subsurface. The relatively low abundance of micro-eukaryotes in the deep subsurface suggests that these organisms are either limited in space or nutrients or unable to cope with oxygen limitations. Since deep regions of the CZ are limited in the recent input of photosynthesis-derived carbon, microbes are dependent on deposited organic material or on chemolithoautotrophic metabolism that allows for the establishment of a complete food chain independent from the surface. However, the energy flux available might only allow cell growth over tens to thousands of years. The recent development of "omics" technologies has provided microbial ecologists with methods to link the composition and function of in situ microbial communities. We should expect new metabolic discoveries as we have a closer look utilizing a polyphasic approach into the microbial communities of the CZ. Thus, future work is still needed to link microbial biodiversity to the exact role of microbes in weathering and geochemical cycling in the CZ, especially in subsurface habitats.

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Wong, Yong-Kie, Shu-Chun Lin, Che-Shoa Chang, Yu-Hsin Tseng, Chung-Ji Liu, Huey-Ching Lin und Kuo-Wei Chang. „Cyclin D1 genotype in areca-associated oral squamous cell carcinoma“. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 32, Nr. 5 (10.04.2003): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0714.2003.00131.x.

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Małolepszy, Eligiusz, und Teresa Drozdek-Małolepsza. „Jewish Sports in the Volhynian Voivodeship in the Years 1921–1939“. Sport i Turystyka. Środkowoeuropejskie Czasopismo Naukowe 4, Nr. 2 (2021): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/sit.2021.04.09.

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The Jewish population in Volhynia constituted 9.9% of the province’s total population (205,500 as of 1931). Jews were the largest national group living in cities, about 48.6%. Jewish urban population constituted 13% of the total population and were very active in sports activities. They attended instructor courses in various sports areas and actively created regional branches of sports associations in Volhynia. The most popular sports among the Jewish population were football, boxing, cycling, athletics and skiing. Jewish athletes successfully competed in different sports events in the provincial, national and international arenas. Football players of the Hasmonea Równe club won the title of the best football team in the province of Volhynia three times. After winning the Volhynia Regional Football Association football team, the Hasmonea Równe junior football team participated in the Polish Championships for junior teams. Jewish footballers from the province of Volhynia participated in the matches of the representations of the cities, the word of Province Volhynia, and the national sports competitions of the Polish Makkabi teams. Representatives of other sports disciplines such as boxing, cycling and skiing also successfully competed at the regional (provincial) level.

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Elser, James J. „Biological stoichiometry: a theoretical framework connecting ecosystem ecology, evolution, and biochemistry for application in astrobiology“. International Journal of Astrobiology 2, Nr. 3 (Juli 2003): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550403001563.

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Astrobiology is an extremely wide-ranging field and thus is in special need of conceptual and theoretical frameworks that can integrate its various arenas of study. In this paper I review recent work associated with a conceptual framework known as ‘ecological stoichiometry’ and even more recent extensions in the development of ‘biological stoichiometry’. Ecological stoichiometry is the study of the balance of energy and multiple chemical elements in ecological interactions and has developed rapidly in the study of nutrient cycling and energy flow in aquatic food webs. It identifies the elemental composition of interacting biota as central in understanding the nature of their interactions and dynamics, including key feedbacks via nutrient recycling. Biological stoichiometry extends this mode of thinking to all types of biological systems. It especially seeks to better understand, at the biochemical and genetic levels, the factors influencing the elemental composition of living things and the evolutionary forces that drive and constrain that elemental composition. By connecting key concepts of ecosystem ecology, evolutionary biology and biochemistry, stoichiometric theory integrates biological information into a more coherent whole that holds considerable promise for application in astrobiology. Several examples of potential astrobiological applications of stoichiometric analysis are offered, including ones related to pre-biotic evolution, the Cambrian explosion, biosignatures and biological feedbacks on planetary carbon cycling.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Cycling arena"

Slunečková, Magdaléna. „Favorit Brno / cyklistický stadion - bikrosová dráha / architektonická studie - design / druhá etapa“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-443701.

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The topic of this diploma thesis is the architectural study of the cycling arena – velodrome – as a part of The Hněvkovský sports ground in Brno-Komárov. The new velodrome is situated next to the existing bicycle motocross ground and serves as a facility for the track cycling, indoor cycling and BMX. The core of the velodrome consists of the 250-meter wooden steeply banked track, which, together with other sports ground’s parameters fits the requirements of International Cyling Uninon for hosting international competitions. Cycling arena includes premises for athletes, spectators (stands are designed for 2700 spectators) and Favorit Brno administration and also bicycle storage and service areas. Facility includes also gym, fitness room, wellness and physiotherapy, athletes‘ accomodation. The velodrome is roofed with the arch-formed membrane anchored to a robust bond beam, that is brought to the ground in the front part of the building. This V-shaped bond beam together with the arched membrane geometry defines the building dynamic expression.

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Perkins, Andrew Eugene. „Investigation and Prediction of Solder Joint Reliability for Ceramic Area Array Packages under Thermal Cycling, Power Cycling, and Vibration Environments“. Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14518.

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Microelectronic systems are subjected to thermal cycling, power cycling, and vibration environments in various applications. These environments, whether applied sequentially or simultaneously, affect the solder joint reliability. Literature is scarce on predicting solder joint fatigue failure under such multiple loading environments. This thesis aims to develop a unified modeling methodology to study the reliability of electronic packages subjected to thermal cycling, power cycling, and vibration loading conditions. Such a modeling methodology is comprised of an enriched material model to accommodate time-, temperature-, and direction-dependent behavior of various materials in the assembly, and at the same time, will have a geometry model that can accommodate thermal- and power-cycling induced low-cycle fatigue damage mechanism as well as vibration-induced high-cycle fatigue damage mechanism. The developed modeling methodology is applied to study the reliability characteristics of ceramic area array electronic packages with lead-based solder interconnections. In particular, this thesis aims to study the reliability of such solder interconnections under thermal, power, and vibration conditions individually, and validate the model against these conditions using appropriate experimental data either from in-house experiments or existing literature. Once validated, this thesis also aims to perform a design of simulations study to understand the effect of various materials, geometry, and thermal parameters on solder joint reliability of ceramic ball grid array and ceramic column grid array packages, and use such a study to develop universal polynomial predictive equations for solder joint reliability. The thesis also aims to employ the unified modeling methodology to develop new understanding of the acceleration factor relationship between power cycling and thermal cycling. Finally, this thesis plans to use the unified modeling methodology to study solder joint reliability under the sequential application of thermal cycling and vibration loading conditions, and to validate the modeling results with first-of-its-kind experimental data. A nonlinear cumulative damage law is developed to account for the nonlinearity and effect of sequence loading under thermal cycling, power cycling, and vibration loading.

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Hull, Karolina. „Cycling to school : Investigating accessibility and seasonal differences using GIS service area analysis“. Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för geografi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-172351.

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Cycling to school is one way of minimising the negative environmental effects of car use, on the one hand, and increasing children’s exercise on the other. Cycling can also be challenging in winter as bicycle paths need keep a certain standard to be cyclable (e.g. cleared of snow). An assumption is made that cycling in winter can affect the accessibility as less maintained roads will not be as cyclable. This study looks at the case of Umeå, in northern Sweden that has a long winter season and have prioritized bicycle paths in terms of maintenance. Through service area analysis in ArcGIS software, accessibility in terms of travel time is measured to the closest primary and lower secondary school in 10-minute intervals and in two seasonal scenarios. By applying soft restrictions and speed differences, the priority in the bicycle network is considered in the winter scenario. The number of children between 7 – 15 years who live within each service area is also calculated. The results show that 98 % of children in the study area can cycle to their closest school regardless of education level or season. Slight seasonal differences were found but are not significant. This is positive in terms of children’s general accessibility to school by bicycle but also in the potential possibilities for children to cycle to school all year round. The challenge now lies primarily in the individual components of accessibility and whether children are authorised to cycle by their parents/guardians.

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Jones, Colin G. „Tropical cyclone forecasting with a limited area model“. Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386034.

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Rydberg, Erik, und Andreas Johannesson. „Laserskanning av Södra Climate Arena“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-56461.

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Rapporten går ut på att se om laserskanning är en bra metod att använda sig av vid ombyggnation, tillbyggnad och renovering. För att få fram ett svar på detta har två takbalkar i Södra Climate Arena skannats av. Vid genomförandet användes en laserskanner från Leica av varianten P30. Försöket innehåller fyra stycken uppställningar som riktas mot sex stycken måltavlor. Informationen som fåtts ut från skanningen i form av en sektion i AutoCAD har jämförts med befintliga ritningar för att se om informationen från skanningen stämmer överens med ritningarna. I modellen som fåtts ut från försöket har också mätning och undersökning skett för att se hur bra det går att mäta i modellen och om det är något som fungerar lätt att använda sig av i praktiken. Arbetet går även ut på att få en god inblick i hur laserskannern Leica P30 fungerar.

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Madhura, Hande Handattu Lall Pradeep. „Prognostics health management and damage relationships of lead-free components in thermal cycling harsh environments“. Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/8.

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Pyland, James. „Damage metric-based thermal cycling guidelines for area-array packages used in harsh thermal conditions“. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/18851.

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Herzberg, Susie. „Urban transport planning and the use of the bicycle“. Title page, contents and abstract only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PLM/09plmh582.pdf.

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Liu, Di. „Integral Measurement of Atmospheric Particulate Matter (PM)“. VCU Scholars Compass, 2018. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5573.

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Atmospheric aerosol particles also known as atmospheric particulate matter or particulate matter (PM) are microscopic particles (solid or liquid) suspended in air, which is one of six air pollutants in US air quality standard. PM is classified as coarse particles with diameters between 2.5 to 10 mm, fine particles with a diameter less than 2.5 mm (PM2.5), and ultrafine particles with the diameter less than 0.1 mm (PM0.1). Epidemiological studies have already showed the adverse health effects (such as asthma, lung cancer and respiratory and cardiovascular disease) resulted from exposure to the fine and ultrafine particles. Monitoring the PM concentration (i.e., either mass or surface area concentration of PM) is critical for the protection of public health and environment and for the regulatory control. Various PM sensors are now available in market. A majority of these PM sensors are optical sensors, whose readouts are highly depended on the physical property and composition of PM. Several PM monitors based on the measurement principle of electrical charging are also available. However, the empirical calibration of the readout of these electrical PM monitors via the use of standard dust particles makes it difficult to obtain the true mass concentration of PM when PM size distribution is different from that of standard dust. The overall objective of this dissertation is to advance our scientific knowledge on the performance of cost-effective PM monitors for measuring either mass or surface area concentration of fine and ultrafine PM. This thesis includes two parts: (1) is on the evaluation of existing PM sensor for PM mass concentration measurement; (2) is on the development of new PM monitor for PM surface area concentration measurement. For the first part of this dissertation, four low-cost optical sensors, one Personal Dust Monitor (PDM) and DustrakTM were experimentally evaluated. Particles in the size distribution having different mean size, standard deviation value and material were used as test aerosol particles. The readouts of these low-cost and portable sensors are compared to that of a standard TEOM (Tapered Element Oscillation Microbalance). For the second part of this dissertation, a new electrical PM monitor, consisting of a corona-based aerosol charger, a precipitator and high sensitive current meter, has been proposed for measuring surface area concentration of fine and ultrafine PM. Particles are electrically charged upon entering an electrical PM monitor. Instead of using Faraday cage and current meter to measure the charges carried by particles in existed electrical PM sensors, the new PM monitor measures the current carried by particles deposited directly on the wall of the precipitator. A thorough evaluation has been carried out to evaluate the fundamental performance of this new PM monitor. In addition, small cyclones (i.e., quadru-inlet and tapered-body cyclones) were also evaluated as the size-selective inlet of these PM sensors/monitors to minimize the potential interface from the presence of PM with large sizes in the air. The small quadru-inlet cyclone is to resolve the issue of directional sampling; and the tapered-body cyclones is to reduce the cyclone pressure drop while having small cyclone cutoff particle size. Each cyclone has been evaluated via the measurement of particle penetration curve and pressure drop. Semi-empirical models have been obtained for the prediction of cyclone performance.

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Krause, Andreas, Susanne Dörfler, Markus Piwko, Florian M. Wisser, Tony Jaumann, Eike Ahrens, Lars Giebeler et al. „High Area Capacity Lithium-Sulfur Full-cell Battery with Prelitiathed Silicon Nanowire-Carbon Anodes for Long Cycling Stability“. Nature Publishing Group, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A30116.

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We show full Li/S cells with the use of balanced and high capacity electrodes to address high power electro-mobile applications. The anode is made of an assembly comprising of silicon nanowires as active material densely and conformally grown on a 3D carbon mesh as a light-weight current collector, offering extremely high areal capacity for reversible Li storage of up to 9 mAh/cm(2). The dense growth is guaranteed by a versatile Au precursor developed for homogenous Au layer deposition on 3D substrates. In contrast to metallic Li, the presented system exhibits superior characteristics as an anode in Li/S batteries such as safe operation, long cycle life and easy handling. These anodes are combined with high area density S/C composite cathodes into a Li/S full-cell with an ether- and lithium triflate-based electrolyte for high ionic conductivity. The result is a highly cyclable full-cell with an areal capacity of 2.3 mAh/cm(2), a cyclability surpassing 450 cycles and capacity retention of 80% after 150 cycles (capacity loss <0.4% per cycle). A detailed physical and electrochemical investigation of the SiNW Li/S full-cell including in-operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements reveals that the lower degradation is due to a lower self-reduction of polysulfides after continuous charging/discharging.

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Bücher zum Thema "Cycling arena"

Brown, Ann Marie. Bay Area biking: [60 of the best rides for road and mountain biking]. 3. Aufl. Berkeley, CA: Avalon Travel, 2012.

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M, Barnes M., Hrsg. Cameo Cliffs: Biking, hiking, four-wheeling. Moab, UT: Canyon Country Publications, 1992.

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Medical Area Service Corp. (MASCO). Commuteworks takes the work out of getting to work. 1992.

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Farb, Benson, und Dan Margalit. Torsion. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691147949.003.0008.

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This chapter deals with finite subgroups of the mapping class group. It first explains the distinction between finite-order mapping classes and finite-order homeomorphisms, focusing on the Nielsen realization theorem for cyclic groups and detection of torsion with the symplectic representation. It then considers the problem of finding an Euler characteristic for orbifolds, to prove a Gauss–Bonnet theorem for orbifolds, and to use these results to show that there is a universal lower bound of π‎/21 for the area of any 2-dimensional orientable hyperbolic orbifold. The chapter demonstrates that, when g is greater than or equal to 2, finite subgroups have order at most 84(g − 1) and cyclic subgroups have order at most 4g + 2. It also describes finitely many conjugacy classes of finite subgroups in Mod(S) and concludes by proving that Mod(Sɡ) is generated by finitely many elements of order 2.

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Cottrell, Wayne D. Best bike rides: Los Angeles : the greatest recreational rides in the metro area. 2015.

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Taber, Douglass F., und Tristan Lambert. Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190646165.001.0001.

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Organic synthesis is a vibrant and rapidly evolving field; chemists can now cyclize alkenes directly onto enones. Like the first five books in this series, Organic Synthesis: State of the Art 2013-2015 will lead readers quickly to the most important recent developments in a research area. This series offers chemists a way to stay abreast of what's new and exciting in organic synthesis. The cumulative reaction/transformation index of 2013-2015 outlines all significant new organic transformations over the past twelve years. Future volumes will continue to come out every two years. The 2013-2015 volume features the best new methods in subspecialties such as C-O, C-N and C-C ring construction, catalytic asymmetric synthesis, selective C-H functionalization, and enantioselective epoxidation. This text consolidates two years of Douglass Taber's popular weekly online column, "Organic Chemistry Highlights" as featured on the organic-chemistry.org website and also features cumulative indices of all six volumes in this series, going back twelve years.

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Barnes, M. M., und F. A. Barnes. Cameo Cliffs Biking, Hiking & Four-Wheeling (Canyon Country Series, 28). Canyon County Pubns, 1991.

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Davis, Fred J., Hrsg. Polymer Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198503095.001.0001.

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Polymer Chemistry: A Practical Approach in Chemistry has been designed for both chemists working in and new to the area of polymer synthesis. It contains detailed instructions for preparation of a wide-range of polymers by a wide variety of different techniques, and describes how this synthetic methodology can be applied to the development of new materials. It includes details of well-established techniques, e.g. chain-growth or step-growth processes together with more up-to-date examples using methods such as atom-transfer radical polymerization. Less well-known procedures are also included, e.g. electrochemical synthesis of conducting polymers and the preparation of liquid crystalline elastomers with highly ordered structures. Other topics covered include general polymerization methodology, controlled/"living" polymerization methods, the formation of cyclic oligomers during step-growth polymerization, the synthesis of conducting polymers based on heterocyclic compounds, dendrimers, the preparation of imprinted polymers and liquid crystalline polymers. The main bulk of the text is preceded by an introductory chapter detailing some of the techniques available to the scientist for the characterization of polymers, both in terms of their chemical composition and in terms of their properties as materials. The book is intended not only for the specialist in polymer chemistry, but also for the organic chemist with little experience who requires a practical introduction to the field.

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Vuorinen, Ilppo. Post-Glacial Baltic Sea Ecosystems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.675.

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Post-glacial aquatic ecosystems in Eurasia and North America, such as the Baltic Sea, evolved in the freshwater, brackish, and marine environments that fringed the melting glaciers. Warming of the climate initiated sea level and land rise and subsequent changes in aquatic ecosystems. Seminal ideas on ancient developing ecosystems were based on findings in Swedish large lakes of species that had arrived there from adjacent glacial freshwater or marine environments and established populations which have survived up to the present day. An ecosystem of the first freshwater stage, the Baltic Ice Lake initially consisted of ice-associated biota. Subsequent aquatic environments, the Yoldia Sea, the Ancylus Lake, the Litorina Sea, and the Mya Sea, are all named after mollusc trace fossils. These often convey information on the geologic period in question and indicate some physical and chemical characteristics of their environment. The ecosystems of various Baltic Sea stages are regulated primarily by temperature and freshwater runoff (which affects directly and indirectly both salinity and nutrient concentrations). Key ecological environmental factors, such as temperature, salinity, and nutrient levels, not only change seasonally but are also subject to long-term changes (due to astronomical factors) and shorter disturbances, for example, a warm period that essentially formed the Yoldia Sea, and more recently the “Little Ice Age” (which terminated the Viking settlement in Iceland).There is no direct way to study the post-Holocene Baltic Sea stages, but findings in geological samples of ecological keystone species (which may form a physical environment for other species to dwell in and/or largely determine the function of an ecosystem) can indicate ancient large-scale ecosystem features and changes. Such changes have included, for example, development of an initially turbid glacial meltwater to clearer water with increasing primary production (enhanced also by warmer temperatures), eventually leading to self-shading and other consequences of anthropogenic eutrophication (nutrient-rich conditions). Furthermore, the development in the last century from oligotrophic (nutrient-poor) to eutrophic conditions also included shifts between the grazing chain (which include large predators, e.g., piscivorous fish, mammals, and birds at the top of the food chain) and the microbial loop (filtering top predators such as jellyfish). Another large-scale change has been a succession from low (freshwater glacier lake) biodiversity to increased (brackish and marine) biodiversity. The present-day Baltic Sea ecosystem is a direct descendant of the more marine Litorina Sea, which marks the beginning of the transition from a primeval ecosystem to one regulated by humans. The recent Baltic Sea is characterized by high concentrations of pollutants and nutrients, a shift from perennial to annual macrophytes (and more rapid nutrient cycling), and an increasing rate of invasion by non-native species. Thus, an increasing pace of anthropogenic ecological change has been a prominent trend in the Baltic Sea ecosystem since the Ancylus Lake.Future development is in the first place dependent on regional factors, such as salinity, which is regulated by sea and land level changes and the climate, and runoff, which controls both salinity and the leaching of nutrients to the sea. However, uncertainties abound, for example the future development of the Gulf Stream and its associated westerly winds, which support the sub-boreal ecosystems, both terrestrial and aquatic, in the Baltic Sea area. Thus, extensive sophisticated, cross-disciplinary modeling is needed to foresee whether the Baltic Sea will develop toward a freshwater or marine ecosystem, set in a sub-boreal, boreal, or arctic climate.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Cycling arena"

Yu, Xiaofei. „Overview of the Study Area“. In Material Cycling of Wetland Soils Driven by Freeze-Thaw Effects, 31–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34465-7_2.

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de Freitas Maio, António José, und José Augusto Afonso. „Wireless Body Area Network for Cycling Posture Monitoring“. In Transactions on Engineering Technologies, 503–17. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1088-0_37.

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Peeters, Thomas, Raman Garimella, Elias Francken, Senne Henderieckx, Lukas van Nunen und Stijn Verwulgen. „The Correlation Between Frontal Area and Joint Angles During Cycling“. In Advances in Simulation and Digital Human Modeling, 251–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51064-0_32.

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Moritsugu, Shuichi. „Integrating Circumradius and Area Formulae for Cyclic Pentagons“. In Mathematical Software – ICMS 2014, 214–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44199-2_34.

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Ruggieri, Nicola, und Raffaele Zinno. „Behaviour of the Borbone Constructive System Under Cyclic Loading: Preliminary Report“. In Historical Earthquake-Resistant Timber Frames in the Mediterranean Area, 43–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16187-7_4.

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Moritsugu, Shuichi. „Integrated Circumradius and Area Formulae for Cyclic Pentagons and Hexagons“. In Automated Deduction in Geometry, 94–107. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21362-0_6.

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Ramasubramanian, K. „Brahmagupta’s Formulas for the Area and Diagonals of a Cyclic Quadrilateral“. In Gaṇitānanda, 171–75. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1229-8_22.

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Prayote, Akara, und Arthit Buranasing. „Tropical Cyclone Hazardous Area Forecasting Using Self-adaptive Climatology and Persistence Model“. In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 371–82. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0344-9_32.

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Anthes, Richard A. „Advances in the Understanding and Prediction of Cyclone Development with Limited-Area Fine-Mesh Models“. In Extratropical Cyclones, 221–53. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-944970-33-8_12.

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Pech, Pavel. „Computations of the Area and Radius of Cyclic Polygons Given by the Lengths of Sides“. In Automated Deduction in Geometry, 44–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11615798_4.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Cycling arena"

Hasan, S. M. Kamrul, Abdullah Fahim, Jeffrey C. Suhling und Pradeep Lall. „Evaluation of the Creep Response of Lead Free Solder Materials Subjected to Thermal Cycling“. In ASME 2020 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2020-2693.

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Abstract In the electronic assembly arena, lead is being targeted due to the concern regarding environmental pollutants. So, the lead-free solder and its reliability are getting highlighted. During qualification testing or actual use lead-free solders in electronic assemblies, they are often subjected to thermal cycling. In the lead-free solder material, microstructural evolution and material property degradation occurs due to the thermal aging phenomena during dwell periods at the high temperature extreme of thermal cycling. In addition, during ramping between low and high temperature extreme, lead-free solders can experience additional aging phenomena. In our prior work, we have compared material properties (stiffness and strength) degradation of lead-free solder materials in isothermal aging and five different thermal cycling exposures. Changes in material properties were higher for all the thermal cycling exposures compared to the aging. In addition, microstructural evolution and material property degradation were exacerbated as the ramp rate decreased in the thermal cycling. In this study, the creep behavior evolutions occurring in SAC305 lead free solder subjected to isothermal aging and slow thermal cycling exposures have been investigated. Uniaxial test specimens were prepared by reflowing solder in rectangular cross-section glass tubes with a controlled temperature profile. Afterwards, the reflowed samples were exposed to either isothermal aging at 125 °C, or to thermal cycling from −40 to +125 °C, under a stress-free condition (no load) for various durations in an environmental chamber. A slow thermal cycling profile, e.g. 150 minutes cycle with 45 minutes ramps and 30 minutes dwells, was chosen for this study as it was found in our previous work that it caused the most detrimental effects on the mechanical behavior evolution. The thermally exposed samples were isothermally aged for 0, 1, 2, and 5 days; or were thermally cycled for 0, 48, 96, and 240 slow thermal cycles, which had the same aging times at the high temperature extreme of T = 125 °C. After aging or cycling, creep testing was performed at room temperature on the thermally exposed samples at three different stress levels (10, 12, 15 MPa). The evolutions of the secondary creep strain rate were obtained as a function of the stress level, as well as the net aging time at the high temperature extreme, and then compared. Results showed that secondary creep strain rate increased dramatically with equivalent aging time, and that the degradation effects were larger for slow thermal cycling than for pure aging. For example, the creep rate increased by 3.0–3.4X for 5 days of pure aging at T = 125 °C; while they increased by 10.9–13.1X for 240 thermal cycles, when there had been 5 days of equivalent aging at the T = 125 °C high temperature extreme.

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Tse, Louis A., Antoine Stopin, Gani B. Ganapathi, Miguel A. Garcia-Garibay und Richard E. Wirz. „Thermal Testing of Organic Fluids for Supercritical Thermal Energy Storage Systems“. In ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2013-18195.

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Concentrating solar power (CSP) continues to advance as worldwide interest in renewable energy continues to grow. CSP technologies, including parabolic troughs, power towers, and dish/engines, provide the unique potential for low-cost thermal energy storage that will ensure that renewable energy can become cost-competitive with traditional fossil fuel sources on a large scale and comprise a significant portion of the global energy portfolio. The challenge is to develop cost-effective thermal energy storage to ensure that renewable energy can become a major part of the national and global energy supply. Storage fluid selection is a critical decision that must fulfill a number of criteria to not only provide long-term reliability, but also to remain cost-competitive in the power generation arena. The state-of-the-art thermal storage design uses a 2-tank molten salt configuration. However, most molten salt mixtures have a relatively high freezing temperature, which poses some system design issues. Additionally, the price of molten salt mixtures is steadily increasing. Current laboratory and industry research efforts have shifted focus to exploration of alternative storage fluids to significantly reduce costs. In this study, several storage fluid candidates have been selected based on an attractive combination of thermodynamic properties, cost, and availability. In this paper, rapid screening of fluid candidates is reported, and an expanded series of thermal cycling and supercritical characterization experiments have been planned and are being implemented to determine the long-term durability of the fluid candidates over a range of operating temperatures for extended periods of time. Commercial-grade materials were used, and in the case of naphthalene and biphenyl, the testing procedure was carefully controlled to prevent sublimation of the sample. This paper presents the results of a study investigating the thermal stability of several organic fluids. Samples were extracted and chemical analyses such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography (GC) were conducted to observe degradation behavior and decomposition pathways. The rapid screening phase provided a timely and effective filter of the best-performing fluid candidates for supercritical thermal energy storage.

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Roberts, Jordan, M. Kaysar Rahim, Safina Hussain, Jeffrey C. Suhling, Richard C. Jaeger und Pradeep Lall. „Stresses in Area Array Assemblies Subjected to Thermal Cycling“. In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11925.

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Thermal cycling accelerated life testing is often used to qualify area array packages (e.g. Ball Grid Arrays and Flip Chip) for various applications. Finite element life predictions for thermal cycling configurations are challenging due to the complicated temperature/time dependent constitutive relations and failure criteria needed for solders and encapsulants and their interfaces, aging/evolving material behavior (e.g. solders), difficulties in modeling plating finishes, the complicated geometries of typical electronic assemblies, etc. In addition, in-situ measurements of stresses and strains in assemblies subjected to temperature cycling is difficult because of the extreme environmental conditions and the fact that the primary materials/interfaces of interest (e.g. solder joints, die device surface, wire bonds, etc.) are embedded within the assembly (not at the surface). For these reasons, we really know quite little about the evolution of the stresses, strains, and deformations occurring within sophisticated electronic packaging geometries during thermal cycling. In our research, we are using test chips containing piezoresistive stress sensors to continuously characterize the in-situ die surface stress during long-term thermal cycling of several different area array packaging technologies including plastic ball grid array (PBGA) components, ceramic ball grid array (CBGA) components, and flip chip on laminate assemblies. The utilized (111) silicon test chips are able to measure the complete three-dimensional stress state (all 6 stress components) at each sensor site being monitored by the data acquisition hardware. The die stresses are initially measured at room temperature after packaging. The assemblies are then subjected to thermal cycling over various temperature ranges including 0 to 100 °C, −40 to 125 °C, and −55 to 125 °C, for up to 3000 thermal cycles. During the thermal cycling, sensor resistances at critical locations on the die device surface (e.g. the die center and die corners) are recorded. From the resistance data, the stresses at each site can be calculated and plotted versus time. The experimental observations show significant cycle-to-cycle evolution in the stress magnitudes due to material aging effects, stress relaxation and creep phenomena, and development of interfacial damage. The observed stress variations as a function of thermal cycling duration are also being correlated with the observed delaminations at the die surface (as measured using scanning acoustic microscopy (C-SAM)) and finite element simulations that include material constitutive models that incorporate thermal aging effects.

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Roa, Sergio D., Diego A. Ferreira, Luis E. Muñoz und Omar D. López. „Analysis of Aerodynamic Drag on Cycling Based on Complementary Numerical and Experimental Studies“. In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-60287.

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Aerodynamic drag is the main opposing force that a cyclist has to overcome when cycling on level ground at moderate-to-high speeds. Therefore, the aerodynamic study of the bike-cyclist set has been identified as a key factor for the analysis and improvement of performance. Although there are many reference aerodynamic studies, for the specific analysis of a bike-cyclist set it is necessary to take into account the particular influence of the cyclist’s body shape, cyclist position and cycling equipment on aerodynamic drag. In addition, there are quantitative studies focused on analyzing aerodynamic drag using numerical and experimental methodologies; nonetheless, these studies are generally not complementary or comparative. The aim of this paper is to present the first stage of a current work that seeks to develop a complementary methodology for the aerodynamic drag analysis using numerical and experimental studies. In this stage, a numerical study based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is presented. A digitalized cyclist body model is analyzed while the mesh characteristics and the results of the CFD simulations are addressed. On the other hand, field experimental tests were carried out by the same cyclist to determine the power demand at two cyclist’s body positions. A method for monitoring the cyclist’s body position in order to achieve repeatable positions during experimental trials is presented. Complementary information for the aerodynamic evaluation is obtained through the numerical and experimental studies, and the aerodynamic drag area results from both approaches is compared.

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Polanco, Alejandra, Juan Fuentes, Sebastián Porras, Daniel Castiblanco, Julián Uribe, Daniel Suárez und Luis Muñoz. „Methodology for the Estimation of the Aerodynamic Drag Parameters of Cyclists“. In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98067.

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Abstract The aerodynamic drag force has a relevant effect on cycling performance since it is one of the major resistive forces acting on the bicycle. For this reason, this paper presents the development of an experimental methodology to estimate the aerodynamic parameters of a bicycle-cyclist set. The methodology combines outdoor measurements to estimate the drag area with indoor measurements to measure the projected frontal area. The methodology was implemented to quantify the effect of posture in the aerodynamic parameters of a group of cyclists. The tests were performed to characterize the drag parameters associated with three postures defined by the position of the grip on the handlebar: tops, hoods, and drops. Significant differences in the aerodynamic parameters were found for the postures studied through the proposed methodology. The posture variation led to reductions of up to 11.8% in the drag area of the cyclists when passing from tops to drops posture. The results obtained are in agreement with the literature indicating that the implementation of the methodology is feasible for the estimation of the aerodynamic parameters in cycling.

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Morales, Mateo, Sergio D. Roa, Luis E. Muñoz, Diego A. Ferreira und Omar D. Lopez Mejia. „Influence of Altitude on the Performance of a Bicycle-Cyclist Set“. In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-67955.

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There is a tradeoff between power delivery and aerodynamic drag force when cyclists ride at different altitudes. The result is particular to the characteristics of the bicycle as well as the aerobic fitness of the cyclist. This work proposes a methodology based on an integrated approach to the study of the influence of altitude on power output and aerodynamic drag over a particular bicycle-cyclist set. The methodology consists of an independent analysis for each of the effects, to conclude with an integration of results that allows estimating the overall effect of altitude on cycling performance. A case study for the application of the methodology was developed, and the obtained results apply for the specific bicycle-cyclist set under analysis. First, the relationship between power and time was analyzed for a male recreational cyclist based on all-out effort tests at two different altitudes: 237 meters and 2652 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l). Second, the effects of environmental conditions on air density and drag area coefficient due to altitude changes were analyzed based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. It was found that for the bicycle-cyclist set under study, the sustainable power output for 1-hour cycling was reduced 45W for the high-altitude condition as a consequence of the reduction in the maximum oxygen uptake capacity. In addition, the aerodynamic drag force is reduced in greater proportion due to the change in air density than due to the change in drag coefficient. Finally, the results of both effects were integrated to analyze the overall influence of altitude on cycling performance. It was found that for the analyzed case study, the aerodynamic advantage at higher altitude dominates over the disadvantage of reduction in power output: despite delivering 45W less, the subject can travel an additional distance of 900 meters during a one hour ride for the high-altitude condition compared to that in low altitude.

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Garimella, Raman, Koen Beyers, Thomas Peeters, Stijn Verwulgen, Seppe Sels und Toon Huysmans. „A Novel Training Bike and Camera System to Evaluate Pose of Cyclists“. In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24069.

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Abstract Aerodynamic drag force can account for up to 90% of the opposing force experienced by a cyclist. Therefore, aerodynamic testing and efficiency is a priority in cycling. An inexpensive method to optimize performance is required. In this study, we evaluate a novel indoor setup as a tool for aerodynamic pose training. The setup consists of a bike, indoor home trainer, camera, and wearable inertial motion sensors. A camera calculates frontal area of the cyclist and the trainer varies resistance to the cyclist by using this as an input. To guide a cyclist to assume an optimal pose, joint angles of the body are an objective metric. To track joint angles, two methods were evaluated: optical (RGB camera for the two-dimensional angles in sagittal plane of 6 joints), and inertial sensors (wearable sensors for three-dimensional angles of 13 joints). One (1) male amateur cyclist was instructed to recreate certain static and dynamic poses on the bike. The inertial sensors provide excellent results (absolute error = 0.28°) for knee joint. Based on linear regression analysis, frontal area can be best predicted (correlation > 0.4) by chest anterior/posterior tilt, pelvis left/right rotation, neck flexion/extension, chest left/right rotation, and chest left/right lateral tilt (p < 0.01).

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Marin-Perianu, Raluca, Mihai Marin-Perianu, David Rouffet, Simon Taylor, Paul Havinga, Rezaul Begg und Marimuthu Palaniswami. „Body area wireless sensor networks for the analysis of cycling performance“. In the Fifth International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2221924.2221926.

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Zhang, Rongrong, Hassine Moungla, Jihong Yu, Lin Chen und Ahmed Mehaoua. „Multi-channel broadcast in asymmetric duty cycling wireless body area networks“. In ICC 2017 - 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications. IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icc.2017.7997085.

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Mustafa, Muhannad, Jordan C. Roberts, Jeffrey C. Suhling und Pradeep Lall. „The Effects of Aging of the Cyclic Stress-Strain and Fatigue Behaviors of Lead Free Solders“. In ASME 2013 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2013-73240.

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Solder joints in electronic assemblies are typically subjected to thermal cycling, either in actual application or in accelerated life testing used for qualification. Mismatches in the thermal expansion coefficients of the assembly materials cause the solder joints to be subjected to cyclic (positive and negative) mechanical strains and stresses. This cyclic loading leads to thermomechanical fatigue damage that involves damage accumulation, crack initiation, crack propagation, and failure. In addition, the microstructure, mechanical response, and failure behavior of lead free solder joints in electronic assemblies are constantly evolving when exposed to isothermal aging and/or thermal cycling environments. While the effects of aging on solder constitutive behavior (stress-strain and creep) have been examined in some detail, there have been no prior studies on the effects of aging on solder failure and fatigue behavior. Aging leads to both grain and phase coarsening, and can cause recrystallization at Sn grain boundaries. Such changes are closely tied to the damage that occurs during cyclic mechanical loading. In this investigation, we have examined the effects of aging on the cyclic stress-strain behavior and fatigue life of lead free solders. Uniaxial solder test specimens (SAC105 and SAC305) have been prepared and subjected to cyclic stress/strain loading at different aging conditions. A four-parameter hyperbolic tangent empirical model has been used to fit the entire cyclic stress-strain curve and the hysteresis loop size (area) was calculated using definite integration for a given strain limit. This area represents the energy dissipated per cycle, which is correlated to the damage accumulation in the joint. Using the recorded cyclic stress-strain curves, the evolution of the solder hysteresis loops with aging have been characterized and empirically modeled. Similar to solder stress-strain and creep behavior, there is a strong effect of aging on the hysteresis loop size (and thus the rate of damage accumulation) in the solder specimens. Fatigue experiments were also performed, where the uniaxial specimens were subjected to cyclic loading over a particular strain range until failure. Fatigue failure in the experiments was defined to occur when there was a 50% peak load drop during mechanical cycling. Prior to testing, the specimens were aged (preconditioned) at 125 °C for various aging times, and then the samples were subjected to cyclic loading at room temperature (25 °C). It was found that aging decreased the mechanical fatigue life, and the effects of aging on the peak load drop have been studied. It has also been observed that degradations in the fatigue/failure behavior of the lead free solders with aging are highly accelerated for lower silver content alloys (e.g., SAC105). Various empirical failure criteria such as the Coffin-Manson model and the Morrow model have been used to fit the measured data, and the parameters in the models have been determined as a function of the aging conditions.

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